Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other people named Grand Duchess Maria of Russia, see Grand Duchess Maria of
Russia (disambiguation).

Marie

Grand Duchess Vladimir of Russia

 Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, late 1880s

Born 14 May 1854

Ludwigslust Palace, Ludwigslust, Grand Duchy of

Mecklenburg-Schwerin, German Confederation

Died 6 September 1920 (aged 66)

Hôtel de la Souveraine, Contrexéville, France

Burial Chapel of St. Vladimir and St. Mary

Magdalene, Contrexéville

Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia

Spouse

(m. 1874; died 1909)

Issue Grand Duke Alexander Vladimirovich

Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia

Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich

Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich

Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna

Names
 Marie Alexandrine Elisabeth Eleonore

House Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Father Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Mother Princess Augusta Reuss of Köstritz

Religion Russian Orthodox

prev. Lutheranism

Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, later Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna,

Grand Duchess Vladimir "Miechen" of Russia (Russian: Мари́ я Па́ вловна; 14 May
[O.S. 2 May] 1854 – 6 September 1920), also known as Maria Pavlovna the Elder,
was the eldest daughter of Grand Duke Friedrich Franz II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin by
his first wife, Princess Augusta Reuss of Köstritz. A prominent hostess in Saint
Petersburg following her marriage in 1874 to the Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of
Russia, she was known by many as the "grandest of the grand duchesses".[1]
Appearance and personality[edit]
Marie was noted for her attractiveness and sense of style. When Prince Arthur, Duke of
Connaught and Strathearn visited Germany in search of brides, Queen Victoria noted
that Marie was "said to be very pretty."[2] When they first met, her future husband Grand
Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia admired her "wonderfully expressive eyes."[3] At
her wedding, Thomas W. Knox observed that "Vladimir's bride is good-looking, solid,
well-formed, with plump and finely rounded shoulders; a neck neither long nor short;
regularly formed features, with the exception of the nose, which has a slight tendency to
pugginess."[4] At the coronation of her brother-in-law Alexander III, her niece, Marie of
Edinburgh, noted that "she is not thin enough for classical lines but she wears her
clothes better than any other woman present; her shoulders are superb and as white as
cream; there is a smartness about her that no one else can attain."[5] In 1910,
author Elinor Glyn wrote that Marie was "a most stately, magnificent looking princess."[6]
Marie was famous for her wittiness and sociability. Meriel Buchanan attended one of
Marie's dinner parties at Vladimir Palace, and she wrote that Marie "know[s] exactly
what to say to each individual person, an inimitable gift which royalties do not always
possess, but which she had at her command in the fullest sense.”[7] When she
visited Sofia, Bulgaria, she impressed A.A. Mossolov, head of the court Chancellery,
with her wit and vivacity. He wrote: "For three hours, the Grand Duchess was the centre
of the animated and brilliant conversation. She was talking to persons whom she had
never before met; and she did not make a single mistake.”[8] Author Elinor Glyn reflected
that Marie "had a very highly cultivated and far-seeing mind, with a delightful sense of
humour, and was adored by everyone."[9]
Marie was interested in literature. In late 1909, she invited the popular British
novelist Elinor Glyn to come to Russia to write a Russian-based story. She told Glyn:
"Everyone always writes books about our peasants. Come and write one about how real
people live."[10] Glyn produced a piece of fiction called His Hour, which she dedicated to
Marie, saying "her kind appreciation of the finished work is a source of the deepest
gratification to me."[11] Glyn modeled one of the characters, Princess Ardacheff, after
Marie.[12]
Like her husband, Marie loved the arts. After her husband's death, Marie succeeded
him as president of the Academy of Fine Arts.[13]
Marie was addicted to gambling. The painter Henry Jones Thaddeus attended one of
Marie's parties, where she insisted that her guests play roulette.[14] When she and her
husband traveled abroad, she liked to frequent the casinos of Monte Carlo.[15] During
Nicholas II's reign, she defied a prohibition on the playing of roulette and baccarat in
private homes, and she was temporarily banned from Court.[16]
Early life[edit]
Marie Alexandrine Elisabeth Eleonore was born a duchess of the Grand Ducal House of
Mecklenburg to Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin - the then
Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and his first wife, Princess Augusta Reuss of
Köstritz (1822–1862) - in the Schloss Ludwigslust. She was eight years old when her
mother died in 1862. Her father married twice more.
Marriage[edit]

Marie wearing her original sapphire tiara with the

137 carat centre stone
Marie married Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, the third son of Alexander
II of Russia. She was one of the very few Royals with Slavic patriline to ever marry a
male dynast of the House of Romanov. Previously, she had been engaged to George
Albert I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, but broke it off as soon as she met Vladimir.
Marie and Vladimir married on 28 August 1874. The wedding took place in the chapel of
the Winter Palace. It was not as lavish as the wedding of Vladimir's sister Grand
Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia to the Duke of Edinburgh. Lord Augustus
Loftus noted, "Every thing went off very well; although the marriage was not so
resplendent as that of the Duke of Edinburgh. At this season of the year this town is a
desert and therefore only those came who were obliged to come."[17]
As the Russian Emperor's daughter-in-law, Marie took on a new style Her Imperial
Highness.
Marie and Vladimir had four sons and one daughter.
Upon her marriage she took the Russian name of Maria Pavlovna. She was
Emperor Paul I of Russia's great-great-granddaughter, and she wished to emphasize
her exalted ancestry with the patronymic "Pavlovna."[18]
Religion[edit]
For three years, Marie and Vladimir could not marry, because Marie refused to convert
from Lutheranism to the Russian Orthodox Church. Vladimir's mother, Empress Maria
Alexandrovna was disappointed by Marie's refusal to convert: She herself had
converted from Lutheranism to Russian Orthodoxy, and she thought that the Russian
Orthodox church was “quite good enough for any daughter-in-law of hers.”[19] She told
Vladimir that she hoped that Marie would "become Russian in body and
soul,"[20] indicating her hope that Marie would convert.
Emperor Alexander II finally agreed to let Vladimir marry Marie without insisting on her
conversion to Orthodoxy.[21] Every bride of a Russian Grand Duke needed to convert to
Russian Orthodoxy before Marie, so Marie's decision was shocking and
unprecedented. Lord Augustus Loftus noted, "It is a matter of surprise here for a
Foreign Princess married to a Grand Duke to retain her own religion but it is a process
to which they will have to accustom themselves or they will find no wives for the
Russian Grand Dukes. I think it is a healthy practice and it will do them good." [22] In a
letter to Hamilton Fish, Eugene Schuyler wrote “The Grand Duchess will retain the
Lutheran religion. This is worthy of note, as hitherto the Russian laws have required the
wives of all grand dukes to adopt the orthodox Russian faith.”[23]
Marie set the precedent for brides who did not have to convert to Russian Orthodoxy to
marry Russian Grand Dukes. At the time of Marie's marriage, Alice, Grand Duchess of
Hesse and by Rhine wrote to her mother, Queen Victoria, "My mother-in-law tells me
that since Miechen has been allowed to retain her religion, this right will of course be
conceded to all Princesses in the future.”[24] Many years later, Alice's daughter Princess
Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine would use Marie's precedent to retain her Lutheran
faith and marry Marie's brother-in-law, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia.
Marie was furious when her sister-in-law Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of
Russia converted to Russian Orthodoxy after her marriage. Grand Duchess Elizabeth
predicted Marie's response, and she asked her father Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse
and by Rhine: "Please do not yet tell anybody at Darmstadt until I write again when
Miechen [Marie] knows."[25]
In 1908, Marie converted to Orthodoxy. The decision was unexpected because she had
been Lutheran for 35 years.[26] Meriel Buchanan, daughter of a British ambassador to
Russia, defended Marie's conversion as sincere: “For some time past the Grand
Duchess had turned more and more to the colour and ceremonial of the Russian
Church. She had prayed to the Virgin for the safety of her son [Kirill] when he was
injured [during the Russo-Japanese War], and seeing in his escape from death an
answer to these prayers, she finally adopted the Orthodox religion.”[27] However, some
believed that the ambitious Marie acted to improve the chances of her own sons
ascending the throne.[28] After Emperor Nicholas II's sickly son Tsesarevich Alexei and
unmarried, childless brother Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Marie's
husband and her sons were in line for the throne. In 1916, Vladimir Purishkevich wrote
in his diary: "I shall never forget the story of Ivan Grigorevich Scheglovitov, former
Minister of Justice. He said that one day Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich asked him
whether the descendants of the Vladimir line have any legal rights to the throne and if
not, why not? Scheglovitov . . . told him that the Grand Dukes had no rights whatsoever
because their mother continued in the Lutheran faith even after marriage. Boris left him
but came back sometime later with a paper showing that the Grand Duchess had given
up her Protestant religion and had embraced the Orthodox."[29]
Life in Russia[edit]
Marie lived at the Vladimir Palace situated on the Palace Embankment on the Neva
River.
Marie was famous for being one of the best hostesses in the capital. During the reign of
her nephew Emperor Nicholas II, her Grand Ducal court was the most cosmopolitan and
popular one in the capital.[30][31] The painter Henry Jones Thaddeus recalled that she was
the "ideal hostess" and that "Her Imperial Highness was the life and soul of the
company, the most brilliant contributor to the general discussion."[32] Meriel
Buchanan attended Marie's dinner party at Vladimir Palace, and she wrote, "Here one
always met only the prettiest and smartest women, the most distinguished men, the
most entertaining members of the diplomatic body."[33]
During Alexander II's reign, Marie survived the Winter Palace explosion of February
1880. Revolutionaries had planted 125 pounds of dynamite in the dining room, and the
Imperial family narrowly avoided death only because Alexander II had unusually gone to
dinner late.[34] She told painter Henry Jones Thaddeus about her experience.[35] She
explained that she was late for dinner because one of her children was ill. At the palace,
Alexander II delayed going to the dining room to ask about her child. She recalled that,
"At this moment the most awful explosion rents the air. The dining-room vanished from
our view, and we were plunged into impenetrable darkness. A poisonous gas filled the
room, suffocating us, as well as adding to our horror."[36] She reflected that "It really
seemed as if the hand of Providence had delayed the Czar’s arrival; otherwise we
should have shared the same fate [as the dining room]."[37]
Marie was close to her father-in-law, Alexander II. She recalled that he was "devoted to
her" and "kindness itself."[38] However, she incurred his anger by refusing to accept his
second wife, Catherine Dolgorukov.[39] She privately criticized Alexander II for his
obsession with Catherine: "The creature... seems to have him bound as in a spell, to
make him deaf and blind."[40] She resented him for forcing his family to accept Catherine,
and she expressed her anger in a letter to the late Empress Maria's brother, Louis III,
Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine: “The Tsar has commanded us as his subjects to
be friendly with this wife; if not he would force us to it. You can imagine the internal
conflict that agitates us all, and the perpetual struggle between feelings, duty, and
external pressure.”[41]
Marie had a distant relationship with her sister-in-law, Maria Feodorovna. Maria
Feodorovna disliked Marie because of her German origins.[42] Marie openly declared that
her husband would make a better Emperor than Maria Feodorovna's
husband, Alexander III of Russia.[43] After the Borki train disaster in which Alexander III,
Maria Feodorovna, and their children narrowly escaped death, Marie allegedly said,
"We shall never have such a chance again."[44]
Marie had an antagonistic relationship with Emperor Nicholas II and Empress
Alexandra, because of her ambitions for her own sons. On 14 June 1897, the Boston
Daily Globe reported that she had "consulted a gypsy fortune teller, who had predicted
that one of her sons would sit on the throne of Russia."[45] At this time, Empress
Alexandra had given birth to her third daughter Grand Duchess Maria. As girls were
ineligible for the Imperial Throne, Emperor Nicholas' heirs were his two unmarried,
childless brothers and his uncle Vladimir, Marie's husband. In 1912, Emperor Nicholas's
only living brother Grand Duke Michael married a commoner, which led Emperor
Nicholas to strip him of his military command, imperial honors, and right as the heir
presumptive to serve as regent for Tsesarevich Alexei should Emperor Nicholas die
prematurely.[46] According to the laws of the succession, Marie's oldest son Kirill, the heir
presumptive now that Grand Duke Michael was ineligible and his own father, Vladimir,
was dead, would become regent should the Emperor die before Alexei turned 21.
However, Emperor Nicholas overruled the existing law and nominated his oldest
daughter Grand Duchess Olga as regent with his wife Empress Alexandra as guardian
during Alexei's minority.[46] Marie was furious, but Emperor Nicholas refused to change
his mind. In 1916, Marie approached Empress Alexandra about a potential marriage
between Grand Duchess Olga and her second son Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich.
Empress Alexandra refused Marie's proposal, claiming that she could not let "a pure,
fresh girl, 18 years his junior" marry a "well used, half worn out, blasé young
man."[47] Marie was outraged by Empress Alexandra's abrupt refusal.
In 1909, Marie's husband died. She was devastated by his death and wore mourning
clothes for the rest of her life.[48]
During World War I, Marie whole-heartedly supported Russia. Born a German princess,
she was troubled by the outbreak of WW I but decided that she was now a Russian.
She reflected: "Neither in my heart nor my mind have I found anything which is not
utterly devoted to my Russian fatherland... it is my forty years’ residence in Russia— all
the happiness I have known here, all the dreams that have come to me, all the affection
and kindness I have received— which has given me a wholly Russian soul.”[49] She
hated Wilhelm II, German Emperor and denounced him in the strongest terms: "I am
only a Mecklenburger on one point: in my hatred for the Emperor William. He represents
what I have been taught from my childhood to detest the most—the tyranny of the
Hohenzollerns. Yes, it is the Hohenzollerns who have perverted, demoralized, degraded
and humiliated Germany and gradually destroyed in her all elements of idealism and
generosity, refinement and charity.”[50] The French ambassador Maurice Paléologue was
impressed by Marie's “long diatribe which made me feel all the sentiments of inveterate
hatred, of mute and tenacious detestation which the small and once independent states
of Germany have for the despotic house of Prussia.”[51]
Marie supervised many projects for the Russian army. She oversaw hospital trains for
the troops. Albert Stopford admired Marie's efficiency and skill in organizing, claiming
that Marie "spar[ed] herself no trouble" and was "quite thorough."[52] She developed a
charity to give complete outfits and money to disabled Russian soldiers who were sent
home.[53] Granted permission from Emperor Nicholas, she ran the charity with state
money and money from her personal wealth.[54]
Like many other Romanovs, Marie feared that Empress Alexandra would "be the sole
ruler of Russia" after Nicholas took supreme command of the Russian armies on 23
August 1915 (O.S.), hoping this would lift morale. It was widely speculated that along
with her sons, she contemplated a coup against the Emperor in the winter of 1916–17,
that would force the Tsar's abdication and replacement by his son Tsesarevich Alexei,
and her son, Grand Duke Kirill or Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich, as regent.[55] There
is no documentary evidence to support this, though the Duma president Mikhail
Rodzianko famously reported that she said that the Empress must be "annihilated".[56]
Escape from Russia[edit]
Marie was the last of the Romanovs to escape Revolutionary Russia and the first to die
in exile. She remained in the war-torn Caucasus with her two younger sons throughout
1917 and 1918, still hoping to make her eldest son Kirill Vladimirovich the Tsar. As
the Bolsheviks approached, the group finally escaped aboard a fishing boat to Anapa in
1918. Maria spent fourteen months in Anapa, refusing to join her son Boris in leaving
Russia. When opportunities for escape via Constantinople presented themselves she
refused to leave for fear she would be subjected to the indignity of delousing. She finally
agreed to leave when the general of the White Army warned her that his side was losing
the civil war. Maria, her son Andrei, Andrei's mistress Mathilde Kschessinska, and
Andrei and Mathilde's son Vladimir, boarded an Italian ship headed to Venice on 13
February 1920.[57]
Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia encountered Maria at the port
of Novorossiysk in early 1920: "Disregarding peril and hardship, she stubbornly kept to
all the trimmings of bygone splendour and glory. And somehow she carried it off...
When even generals found themselves lucky to find a horse cart and an old nag to bring
them to safety, Aunt Miechen made a long journey in her own train. It was battered all
right--but it was hers. For the first time in my life I found it a pleasure to kiss her..." [58]
She made her way from Venice to Switzerland and then to France, where her health
failed. Staying at her villa (now the Hotel La Souveraine), she died on 6 September
1920, aged 66, surrounded by her family at Contrexéville.[59]
Jewels[edit]
 Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna in middle age,
wearing the Vladimir Tiara
Marie had a passion for jewels, and her collection was renowned. It included a 100
carat emerald once owned by her great-great-great-grandmother, Empress Catherine
the Great and the 5 carat ruby of Josephine de Beauharnais. In 1899, she and Vladimir
received a number of jewels for their silver wedding anniversary.[60] Nicholas II of
Russia and Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) gave them “an aigrette and diadem
composed of magnificent diamonds."[61] It was reported that "the three stones of the
aigrette alone are worth a fortune.”[62] Each grand duke and grand duchess gave them a
golden plate, which formed a collection of 36 plates, “the most magnificent service that
can be imagined.”[63] Marie was a major client of Cartier, and she bought many jewels
from them.[64] These jewels included an aigrette tiara with "three curving aigrette bundles,
set with Indian-cut briolettes like cascades of blossom" that "evoked the illusion of
dewdrops shaken from a stem” whenever they were moved, a ruby tiara, a kokoshnik
tiara with a 137-carat sapphire in the center, and a large stomacher with a 162-carat
sapphire.[65]
Following the Revolution, a family friend Albert Stopford rescued the jewels from her
Palace safe and smuggled them out of Russia. After the Duchess's death, they were
sold by her children to support their lives in exile. Queen Mary, Queen Consort of the
United Kingdom purchased a Bolin tiara of diamond loops with pearl drops, later worn
by Queen Elizabeth II, although the original gold frame has been replaced by Garrard
with one of platinum; Her niece by marriage, Queen Marie, Queen Consort of
Romania purchased a sapphire kokoshnik-style tiara by Cartier and Nancy Leeds (later
Princess Christopher of Greece), the ruby parure. Some of her emeralds were
purchased by Barbara Hutton. It had been rumored that some of the stones in Elizabeth
Taylor's Bulgari Emerald necklace were from the Vladimir collection but this has been
disproved by jeweler historian Vincent Meylan.
In 2008 a collection of cufflinks, cigarette cases and other small jewellery items
belonging to the Vladimir family were discovered in the archives of the Swedish foreign
ministry, having presumably been deposited at the Swedish Embassy in St
Petersburg following the Revolution. They were sold on behalf of the Vladimir heirs;
some of the proceeds were used to restore the Grand Duchess's tomb in Contrexéville.
[66]