Energy-Depth Relationships Objectives

2.1 The term alternate depths is used in open channel flow to denote the
depths
(a) having the same kinetic energy for a given discharge
(b) having the same specific force for a given discharge
(c ) having the same specific energy for a given discharge
(d) having the same total energy for a given discharge
2.2 The two alternate depths in a 4.0 m wide rectangular channel are 3.86 m
and 1.0 m respectively. The discharge in the channel in m3 /s is
(a) 15 (b) 1.5 (c) 7.76 (d) 31.0
2.3 In a rectangular channel, the alternate depths are 1.0 m and 2.0 m
respectively. The specific energy head in m is
(a) 3.38 (b) 1.33 (c) 2.33 (d) 3.0
2.4 A rectangular channel carries a certain flow for which the alternate depths
are found to be 3.0 m and 1.0 m. The critical depth in m for this flow is
(a) 2.65 (b) 1.65 (c) 0.65 (d) 1.33
2.5 The critical flow condition in a channel is given by
(a) αQT2 /gA3 =1 (b) αQ2 T2 /gA 3 =1
(c) αQ2 T /gA3 =1 (d) αQT/ gA3 =1
2.6 In defining a Froude number applicable to open channels of any shape,
the length parameter used is the
(a) ratio of area to top width (c) depth of flow
(b) ratio of area to wetted perimeter (d) square root of the area
2.7 For a triangular channel of side slopes m horizontal : 1 vertical, the Froude
number is given by F =
(a) m g y (b) V 2g y (c) V g y 2 (d) V g y
2.8 A triangular channel has a vertex angle of 90° and carries a discharge of
1.90 m3 /s at a depth of 0.8 m. The Froude number of the flow is
(a) 0.68 (b) 1.06 (c) 0.75 (d) 1.50
2.9 A triangular channel of apex angle of 120°carries a discharge of 1573 l/s.
The critical depth in m is
(a) 0.600 (b) 0.700 (c) 0.800 (d) 0.632
2.10 A triangular channel of apex angle of 60° has a critical depth of 0.25 m.
The discharge in l/s is
(a) 60 (b) 640 (c) 160 (d) 40

2.11 At critical depth

(a) the discharge is minimum for a given specific energy
(b) the discharge is maximum for a given specific force
(c ) the discharge is maximum for a given specific energy
(d) the discharge is minimum for a given specific force
2.12 For a given open channel carrying a certain discharge the critical depth
depends on
(a) the geometry of the channel (c) the roughness of the channel
(b) the viscosity of water (d) the longitudinal slope of the channel
2.13 In a triangular channel the value of Ec / yc is
(a) 1.25 (b) 2.5 (c) 3.33 (d) 1.5
2.14 In a parabolic channel x ay 2 ( ) = 4 the value of Ec / yc is
(a) 1.5 (b) 2.0 (c) 3.33 (d) 1.25

2.17 If F0 = Froude number of flow in rectangular channel at a depth of flow =

y0 then yc / y0 =
(a) F0 (b) F0 2 3 (c) F0 1 3 (d) F0 3 2
2.18 Supercritical flow at Froude number of F0 = 2.0 occurs at a depth of 0.63
m in a rectangular channel. The critical depth in m is
(a) 0.857 (b) 0.735 (c) 1.000 (d) 0.500

2.19 The Froude number of a flow in a rectangular channel is 0.73. If the depth
of flow is 1.50 m, the specific energy in metres is
(a) 1.90 (b) 1.50 (c) 1.73 (d) 0.73

2.20 A trapezoidal channel of bed width of 3.5 m and side slope of 1.5 H: 1 V
carries a flow of 9.0 m3 /s with a depth of 2.0 m. The Froude number of flow is
(a) 0.156 (b) 0.189 (c) 0.013 (d) 0.506

2.21 For a triangular channel the first hydraulic exponent M is

(a) 2.0 (b) 3.0 (c) 5.0 (d) 5.33

2.22 For a trapezoidal canal section with side slope of m horizontal : 1 vertical
the value of the first hydraulic exponent M is
(a) a constant at all stages (b) a function of S0 and Manning’s coefficient n
(c ) a function my/B (d) a function of y/B only

2.23 In a rectangular channel with subcritical flow the height of a hump to be

built to cause subcritical flow over it was calculated by neglecting energy
losses. If, after building the hump, it is found that the energy losses in the
transition are appreciable, the effect of this hump on the flow will be
(a) to make the flow over the hump subcritical
(b) to make the flow over the hump supercritical
(c ) to cause the depth of flow upstream of the hump to raise
(d) to lower the upstream water surface
2.24 For an exponential channel (A = ky a ) the first hydraulic exponent M is
(a) (a + 1) (b) (2a) (c) (2a + 1) (d) a2

2.25 The flow in a rectangular channel is subcritical. If the width is expanded at

a certain section, the water surface
(a) at a downstream section will drop (b) at the downstream
section will rise
(c ) at the upstream section will rise (d) at the upstream section will
drop
2.26 A bottom rack in a channel is used to withdraw a part of the discharge
flowing in a canal. If the flow is subcritical throughout, this will cause
(a) a rise in the water surface on the rack
(b) a drop in the water surface over the rack
(c ) a jump over the rack
(d) a lowering of the water surface upstream of the rack.
2.27 The flow in a channel is at critical depth. If at a section M a small hump of
height ΔZ is built on the bed of the channel, the flow will be
(a) critical upstream of M (b) critical at M
(c ) subcritical at M (d) supercritical at M
 UNIFORM FLOW OBJECTIVES
3.1 In a non-prismatic channel
(a) unsteady flow is not possible
(c) uniform flow is not possible
(b) the flow is always uniform
(d) the flow is not possible

3.2 In a uniform open channel flow

(a) the total energy remains constant along the channel
(b) the total energy line either rises or falls along the channel depending on
the state of the flow
(c) the specific energy decreases along the channel
(d) the line representing the total energy is parallel to the bed of the channel

3.3 Uniform flow in an open channel exists when the flow is steady and the
channel is
(a) prismatic
(b) non-prismatic and the depth of the flow is constant along the channel
(c) prismatic and the depth of the flow is constant along the channel
(d) fricionless

3.4 In uniform flow there is a balance between

(a) gravity and frictional forces (b) gravity and inertial forces
(c) intertial and frictional forces (d) inertial and viscous forces
3.5 Uniform flow is not possible if the
(a) friction is large (b) fluid is an oil (c) S0 ≤ 0 (d) S0 > 0

3.6 A rectangular channel of longitudinal slope 0.002 has a width of 0.80 m and
carries an oil (rel. density = 0.80) at a depth of 0.40 m in uniform flow mode.
The average shear stress on the channel boundary in pascals is
(a) 0.00314 (b) 0.00628 (c)0.00393 (d) 0.01256

3.7 A triangular channel with a side slope of 1.5 horizontal: 1 vertical is laid on
slope of 0.005. The shear stress in N/m2 on the boundary for a depth of flow of
1.5 m is
(a) 3.12 (b) 10.8 (c) 30.6 (d) 548

3.8 The dimensions of the Chezy coefficient C are

(a) L2 T-1 (b) L T −1/2 (c) M0 L0 T0 (d) L1/2 T-1

3.9 The dimensions of Manning’s n are

(a) L1/6 (b) L1/2 T −1 (c) L−1/3 T (d) L−1/3 T −1

3.10 The dimensions of the Darcy–Weisbach coefficient f are

(a) L1/6 (b) L T −1
(c) L1/2 T −4 (d) M 0 L0 T 0

3.11 A channel flow is found to have a shear Reynolds number u v * s ε = 25 ,

where εs = sand grain roughness, u* = shear velocity and v = kinematic
viscosity. The channel boundary can be classified as hydrodynamically
(a) rough (b) in transition regime
(c) smooth (d) undular
3.12 If the bed particle size d50 of a natural stream is 2.0 mm, then by Strickler
formula, the Manning’s n for the channel is about
(a) 0.017 (b) 0.023 (c) 0.013 (d) 0.044

3.13 In using the Moody chart for finding f for open-channel flows, the pipe
diameter D is to be replaced by
(a) R (b) D/2
(c) P (d) 4R
3.14 The Manning’s n for a smooth, clean, unlined, sufficiently weathered
earthen channel is about
(a) 0.012 (b) 0.20 (c) 0.02 (d) 0.002

3.17 The Manning’s n for a straight concrete sewer is about

(a) 0.025 (b) 0.014 (c) 0.30 (d) 0.14

3.18 An open channel carries water with a velocity of 0.605 m/s. If the average
bed shear stress is 1.0 N/m2 , the Chezy coefficient C is equal to
(a) 500 (b) 60
(c) 6.0 (d) 30

3.19 The conveyance of a triangular channel with side slope of 1 horizontal: 1

vertical is expressed as K = C y8/3; where C is equal to
(a) 28/3 (b) 1/n (c) 1/2n (d) 2 2/ n

3.20 In a wide rectangular channel if the normal depth is increased by 20 per

cent, the discharge would increase by
(a) 20% (b) 15.5% (c) 35.5% (d) 41.3%
3.21 In a uniform flow taking place in a wide rectangular channel at a depth of
1.2 m, the velocity is found to be 1.5 m/s. If a change in the discharge causes a
uniform flow at a depth of 0.88 m in this channel, the corresponding velocity of
flow would be
(a) 0.89 m/s (b) 1.22 m/s (c) 1.10 m/s (d) 1.50 m/s

3.22 It is expected that due to extreme cold weather the entire top surface of a
canal carrying water will be covered with ice for some days. If the discharge in
the canal were to remain unaltered, this would cause
(a) no change in the depth
(b) increase in the depth of flow
(c) decrease in the depth of flow
(d) an undular surface exhibiting increase and decrease in depths

3.23 By using Manning’s formula the depth of flow corresponding to the

condition of maximum discharge in a circular channel of diameter D is
(a) 0.94 D (b) 0.99 D (c) 0.86 D (d) 0.82 D

3.24 In a circular channel the ratio of the maximum discharge to the pipe full
discharge is about
(a) 1.50 (b) 0.94 (c) 1.08 (d) 1.00

3.25 For a circular channel of diameter D the maximum depth below which
only one normal depth is assured
(a) 0.5 D (b) 0.62 D (c) 0.82 D (d) 0.94 D
 3.26 A trapezoidal channel had a 10 per cent increase in the roughness
coefficient over years of use. This would represent, corresponding to the same
stage as at the beginning, a change in discharge of
(a) +10% (b) –10% (c) 11% (d) +9.1 %

3.27 For a hydraulically-efficient rectangular section, B/y0 is equal to

(a) 1.0 (b) 2.0 (c) 0.5 (d) 1 3

3.28 A triangular section is hydraulically-efficient when the vertex angle θ is

(a) 90° (b) 120° (c) 60° (d) 30°

3.29 For a hydraulically efficient triangular channel with a depth of flow y, the
hydraulic radius R is equal to
(a) 2 2y (b) y/2 (c) 2y (d) y /2 2

3.30 A hydraulically-efficient trapezoidal channel has m = 2.0. B/y0 for this

channel is
(a) 1.236 (b) 0.838 (c) 0.472 (d) 2.236

3.31 In a hydraulically most efficient trapezoidal channel section the ratio of the
bed width to depth is
(a) 1.155 (b) 0.867 (c) 0.707 (d) 0.50

3.32 In a hydraulically efficient circular channel flow, the ratio of the hydraulic
radius to the diameter of the pipe is
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.5 (c) 2.0 (d) 0.25
3.33 For a wide rectangular channel the value of the fi rst hydraulic exponent N
is
(a) 3.0 (b) 4.0 (c) 3.33 (d) 5.33

3.34 If the Chezy formula with C = constant is used, the value of N for a wide
rectangular channel will be
(a) 2.0 (b) 3.0 (c) 3.33 (d) 5.33

3.35 For a trapezoidal channel of most-efficient proportions Qn B S /( ) 8 3/ / 0

1 2 ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ = =φ
(a) 1 3 / (b) 0.7435 (c) 0.8428 (d) 1.486

3.36 In a given rectangular channel the maximum value of uniform-flow Froude

number occurs when
(a) y = B/6 (b) R = y/2 (c) y = B/2 (d) y0 = yc

3.37 The limit slope of a rectangular channel 10 m wide and n = 0.015 is

(a) 0.000423 (b) 0.00372 (c) 0.00273 (d) 0.0732

3.38 In a rectangular channel 10 m wide and n = 0.015, the critical depth

corresponding to the limit slope is
(a) 1.333 m (b) 0.667 m (c) 2.667 m (d) 1.667 m

3.39 A rectangular channel B = 4.0 m, n = 0.015 is to carry a uniform discharge

at a depth of 1.0 m and Froude number = 0.5. The required bottom slope is
(a) 0.0035 (b) 0.00505 (c) 0.00095 (d) 0.00045

3.40 A trapezoidal channel with 0 < m < 0.46 will have x number of limit slopes
where x is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0

GVF THEORY OBJECTIVES

4.5 Uniform flow is taking place in a rectangular channel having a longitudinal
slope of 0.004 and Manning’s n = 0.013. The discharge per unit width in the
channel is measured as 1.2 m3 / s /m. The slope of the channel is classified in
GVF analysis as
(a) mild (b) critical (c) steep (d) very steep

4.6 In a GVF, dy/dx is positive if

(a) K > K0 and Z > Zc (b) K > K0 and Z< Zc
(c) K0 > Kc and Z0 > Zc (d) Z > K and Zc > K0

4.7 A 2.0-m wide rectangular channel has normal depth of 1.25 m when the
discharge is 8.75 m3 /s. The slope of the channel is classified as
(a) steep (b) mild
(c) critical (d) essentially horizontal

4.8 Identify the incorrect statement: The possible GVF profiles in

(a) mild slope channels are M1 , M2 and M3
(b) adverse slope channels are A2 and A3
(c) horizontal channels are H1 and H3
(d) critical slope channels are C1 and C3

4.9 The following types of GVF profiles do not exist:

(a) C2 , H2 , A1 (b) A2 , H1 , C2
(c) H1 , A1 , C2 (d) C1 ,A1 , H1

4.10 The total number of possible types of GVF profiles are

(a) 9 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 15

4.11 dy/dx is negative in the following GVF profiles:

(a) M1 , S2 , A2 (b) M2 , A2 , S3
(c) A3 , A2 , M2 (c) M2 , A2 , H2 , A2

4.12 If in a GVF dy/dx is positive, then dE/dx is:

(a) always positive (b) negative for an adverse slope
(c) negative if y > yc (d) positive if y > yc

4.13 In a channel the gradient of the specific energy dE/dx is equal to

(a) S0 − Sf (b) Sf − S0
(c) S0 − Sf dy dx (d) S0 (1 − F 2)

4.14 In a wide river the depth of flow at a section is 3.0 m, S0 = 1 in 5000 and q
= 3.0 m3 /s per metre width. If the Chezy formula with C = 70 is used, the water
surface slope relative to the bed at the section is
(a) −2.732×10−4 (b) 1.366×10−4
(c) 1.211×10−5 (d) −6.234×10−4

4.15 The M3 profile is indicated by the following inequality between the

various depths:
(a) y0 > yc > y (b) y > y0 > yc
(c) yc > y0 > y (d) y > yc > y0

4.16 A long prismatic channel ends in an abrupt drop. If the flow in the
channel far upstream of the drop is subcritical, the resulting GVF profile
(a) starts from the critical depth at the drop and joins the normal depth
asymptotically
(b) lies wholly below the critical depth line
(c) lies wholly above the normal depth line
(d) lies partly below and partly above the critical depth line

4.17 When there is a break in grade due to a mild slope A changing into a
mider slope B, the GVF profile produced is
(a) M3 curve on B (b) M2 curve on B
(c) M1 curve on B (d) M1 curve on A

4.18 In a channel the bed slope changes from a mild slope to a steep slope.
The resulting GVF profiles are
(a) (M2, S2) (b) (M1, S3)
(c) (M2, S2) (d) (M2, S1)

4.19 A rectangular channel has B = 20 m, n = 0.020 and S0 = 0.0004. If the

normal depth is 1.0 m, a depth of 0.8m in a GVF in this channel is a part of
(a) M1 (b) M2 (c) M3 (d) S2

4.20 A rectangular channel has uniform flow at a normal depth of 0.50 m. The
discharge intensity in the channel is estimated as 1.40 m3 /s/m. If an abrupt
drop is provided at the downstream end of this channel, it will cause
(a) M2 type of GVF profile
(b) S2 type of GVF profile
(c) No GVF profile upstream of the drop
(d) M1 type of profile

4.21 The flow will be in the supercritical state in the following types of GVF
profiles:
(a) All S curves (b) M2
(c) A3, M3 , S2 (d) S2 , M2 , S3

4.22 At the transitional depth

(a) dy/dx = ∞
(b) the slope of the GVF profile is zero
(c) dy/dx = −S0
(d) the slope of GVF profile is horizontal

GVF COMPUTATION OBJECTIVES

5.3 The Keifer and Chu varied-fl ow functions are useful for GVF computations in

(a) all types of channels

(b) channels with closing top

(c) circular channels only

(d) rectangular channels only

5.4 The Kutta-Merson method of solving the GVF differential equation involves

(a) evaluation of the function four times for each step

(b) evaluation of the function fi ve times for each step

(c) three evaluations of the function per step

(d) iteration procedure

5.5 The standard-step method aims to solve

(a) the differential equation of GVF

(b) the differential-energy equation of GVF

(c) the Bernoulli equation

(d) the momentum equation

5.6 The trapezoidal method (TRAP) of numerical integration of GVF involves

(a) direct solution involving evaluation of the function four times

(b) iterative procedure

(c) Simpson’s rule

(d) Graphical procedure

5.7 Bresse’s backwater function is applicable to

(a) Circular channels

(b) Trapezoidal channels

(c) Any shape of channel

(d) Wide rectangular channel

5.9 In the direct-step method and standard-step methods, the calculations

(a) must proceed upstream in subcritical fl ow

(b) must end on a control section

(c) must always proceed upstream

(d) must proceed upstream in supercritical fl ow

5.10 The direct-step method

(a) is best-suited for natural channels

(b) is accurate for all step sizes

(c) is most accurate for calculating supercritical fl ow profi les

(d) is none of these

5.11 The standard-step method is

(a) an unguided trial-and-error method

(b) a rapidly-converging iterative procedure

(c) not applicable to natural channels

(d) not applicable to artifi cial channels

5.12 The standard Runge-Kutta method for solving GVF profi les is

(a) an iterative procedure

(b) not rapidly converging

(c) dependent on the nature of the profi le

(d) independent of the direction of computation

5.14 In a simple island-type divided channel of rectangular cross-section, the discharge division

(a) is judged by common sense

(b) is inversely proportional to Manning’s n

(c) is to be found by iterative GVF calculations

(d) has no fi xed value

5.15 For an uncontrolled canal inlet at a reservoir, the discharge drawn

(a) is fi xed by the critical depth that occurs at the inlet

(b) is determined by a control on the downstream end

(c) depends on whether the channel is steep or otherwise

(d) is a constant

5.16 A mind channel connecting two reservoirs is called a short channel if

(a) the discharge varies with the downstream-pool elevation (b) the channel is on a steep slope (c)
the channel is frictionless (d) some M2 curves extend all the way up to the reservoir 5.17 A mild
slope channel enters a lake with a sudden drop in its bed. If the depth of water in the lake measured
above the channel bed at its outlet yL is greater than the critical depth, then the depth of fl ow in the
canal at the outlet yd (a) = yL (b) = yc (c) = normal depth = y0 (d) < y0