John Carlo R.

Tabije, CE
Instructor I
• Recognize the applications of mechanics of bending in concrete flexural
elements.
• Determine the flexural strength of plain concrete beam sections.
• Analyse singly-reinforced and doubly-reinforced rectangular beam
sections.
• Analyse singly-reinforced and doubly-reinforced T-beam sections.
NSCP 2015, Section 402
Ig = moment of inertia of gross concrete section
INA = moment of inertia of RC section about centroidal (global axis)
Mn = nominal moment
Mu = factored moment
1. The Uncracked Concrete Stage
2. The Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses
3. The Ultimate Strength Stage
• When the tensile stress is less than the modulus of rupture of
concrete(bending tensile stress at which the concrete begins to crack),
the entire section of the beam resists bending, with compression on
one side and tension on the other.
fc εc – strain in compression

ft εc - strain in tension
[a] stresses [b] strain
• NSCP 2015
• 424.2.3.5 For non-prestressed members, effective moment of inertia
Ie , shall be calculated by eq 424.2.3.5a unless obtained by a more
comprehensive analysis, but Ie shall not be greater than Ig .
• NSCP 2015

Ig = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement,
mm4.
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete, Mpa (NSCP 419.2.3.1)
yt = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to tension face, mm
• When the load is increased, the tensile stress in the bottom of the
beam becomes equal to the modulus of rupture, the cracks then
starts to develop. The moment at which these cracks begin to form is
referred to as the cracking moment, Mcr .
fc

fs
• This stage will continue as long as the compression stress in the top
fiber is less than about one-half of the concrete’s compression
strength f ’c, and as long as the steel stress is less than the yield stress.
fc

fs

• Compression stress < 0.5 f ’c

• Steel stress < fy
• As the load is increased further so that compressive stresses are
greater than 0.50 f ’c , the tensile cracks move farther upward, as does
the neutral axis, and the concrete compression stresses begins to
change appreciably from a straight line.
• It is assumed that the reinforcing bars have yielded.
• First Stage
- small moments less than the
cracking moment.
- the entire beam cross-section is
available to resist bending.
• Second Stage
- when the moment is increased
beyond the cracking moment,
Mcr.
• Third Stage
- until the steel yields, a fairly
large additional load is required
to appreciably increased the
beam’s deflection.
• The stress in the concrete at any point a distance y from the neutral
axis of the cross-section can be determined from the following
flexure formula in which M is the bending moment equal to or less
than the cracking moment of the section Ig is the gross moment of
inertia of the cross section.

𝑀𝑦
𝑓=
𝐼𝑔
• If Ma  Mcr , (fa  fr)
Uncracked
 Icr = Ig

• If Ma  Mcr , (fa  fr)

 Icr ≠ Ig Cracked
• Centroid and Moment of Inertia of Common Areas
• Shear and Bending Moment Diagram
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
ON UNCRACKED STAGE
1. Assuming the concrete is uncracked, compute the
bending stresses in the extreme fibers of the
beam shown for a bending moment of 32 kN.m .
The normal weight concrete has a f ’c = 28 MPa.
Determine also the cracking moment of the
section.
2. [a]Calculate the stress in the concrete at the top
and bottom extreme fibers under a positive
bending moment of 100 kN.m and also
[b] if f ’c = 21 MPa and normal-weight
concrete is used, what is the maximum
uniformity distributed load the beam can carry
if it is used as a simple beam with 7m span
without exceeding the modulus of rupture of
concrete?
[c] repeat part [b] if the beam is inverted.
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