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PSIR 1B Notes by Mridul Shivhare, IAS
PSIR 1B Notes by Mridul Shivhare, IAS
Paper 1B
Notes
By
Mridul Shivhare, IAS
Table of Contents
a) The Preamble
b) Fundamental Duties
f) Judicial Review
3. Principal Organs of the Union Government: Envisaged role and actual working of the
Executive, Legislature, and Supreme Court.
4. Principal Organs of the State Government: Envisaged role and actual working of the
Executive, Legislature, and High Courts.
8. Planning and Economic Development: Nehruvian and Gandhian perspectives; the role
of planning and public sector; Green Revolution, land reforms and agrarian relations;
liberalization and economic reforms.
9. Caste, Religion, and Ethnicity in Indian Politics.
10. Party System: National and regional political parties, ideological and social bases of
parties; patterns of coalition politics; Pressure groups, trends in electoral behavior;
changing socio-economic profile of Legislators.
11. Social Movements: Civil liberties and human rights movements; women’s
movements; environmentalist movements.
2. Making of the Indian Constitution: Legacies of the British rule; different social and
political perspectives.
3. Fundamental Rights
4. Grassroot movements.
Perspectives on INM
Colonial Perspective on INM
JOHN STRACHEY— 1st & most essential thing to learn about India is that there is not & never was
any country of India
John SEELEY—India is not a political name, but “a mere geographical expression”.
Valentine Chirol (Indian Unrest)— India was a ‘mere Geo expression’ & even this Geo was forged by
British—India is ‘an antithesis to all that the word “national” implies
Colonial discourses considered India’s cultural, linguistic & religious diversity as a barrier to for dev
of Indian nationhood.
NATIONALIST VIEWS
LIBERAL Nationalists
Accepted that India was not yet a formed nation despite common history, Geo, culture.
But they denied that India could not become a nation.
They regarded India as ‘a nation-in-the-making’ (S.N Banerjee)
They argued that India was old civilization, but a new nation.
Acc to them, the task of INM was to nutture nationhood
Cultural Nationalists
Radha Kumud Mookerji in Fundamental Unity of India (1914)—idea of Indian Nationalism
existed since ancient times. Lajpat Rai asserted in his Young India that ‘fundamentally India has
been a nation for the last 2,000 years’
Lajpat Rai asserted in Young India that India has been a nation for the last 2,000 years’
Aurobindo held that India was always a nation. Nation has a spirit and spirit never dies.
Bipan Chandra—INM Was a result of spread & realization of idea or spirit of nationalism’
R.N Tagore—India possessed a much broader civilizational & cultural unity.
Bose—India possessed ‘a fundamental unity’ despite endless diversity.
Ranajit Guha—criticised 3 main trends in Indian historiography –(Colonialist, Nationalist, Marxist)—for
not incorporating subaltern domain of politics
Liberal perspective
Highlighted imp of modern Western ideas in making India a nation state
SN Banerjee—India was a nation in making.
Considered British rule as
‘Blessing in disguise’—Intro virtues of law & order, liberty & justice
Providential nature
‘Sine qua non’ for India’s progress as a civilized nation.
Criticism by by cultural nationalists
Ghosh—India is not a nation in making, rather India was always a nation and is like a immortal
spirit due to strength of God in it.
Marxist perspective
Nature
Perceive that there was a basic contradiction b/w imperialism & Indian society
Informed by a class approach related to politics & ideology. They were critical of both colonialist as
well as nationalists.
Their analysis is based on understanding role of economic factors & classes in INM
Although INM was an exp of antagonism b/w Indians & imperialist Govt, it was a mov either directly
influenced by bourgeoisie or indirectly working in direction of capitalist dev.
Although various classes participated but its basic character remained bourgeois.
What they says?
Dev on ideas of Marx, who himself has analysed 1857 Revolt—called it as a revolt by feudal
elements. He considered nationalism as an ideology of ‘Upper-class’ indigenous bourgeoisie.
Benedict Anderson considers nation as an invented concept to serve needs bourgeoise class.
M.N. Roy—‘India in transition’—
Referred congress as a bourgeoise party & Gandhi as a bourgeoise leader.
Calls Indian nationalism as political ideology of native capitalism dev in the shadow of
imperialism.
AR Desai—founder of Marxist historiography on Indian nationalism—
criticised class character of Indian nationalism
calls INM as “bourgeoise mov”—mov of Indian elite exclusively—Interests of peasantry & other
lower-class people were ignored by nationalist elite.
Instead of working for masses, used masses to advance interest of bourgeoisie class
‘Peaceful & bloodless’ approach was adopted by nationalists as ‘a basic guarantee for interests
of propertied classes
Masses never became an independent political force & their activities were rigidly controlled
from the top.
R.P. Dutt (India Today)—
Safety valve theory
INC leadership remained in hands of propertied classes—They prevented any radicalisation of
mov
Calls Gandhi as ‘the mascot of bourgeoisie’.
NCM was withdrawn bcz masses were becoming too militant & a threat to propertied classes
Congress had a ‘2-fold character’—On one hand contradictions with imperialism & on the
other hand, its fear of a militant mob made it to co-op with imperialism.
INC played a vacillating role throughout INM
Moderate phase was dominated by ‘big bourgeoisie’ while extremist phase by ‘urban petty
bourgeoisie’.
However this instrumentalist approach was criticized by later Marxists— Sumit Sarkar & Bipin Chandra.
SN Mukherjee—Indian nationalism was a complex process with multiple layers & cannot be
understood by a reductionist class analysis.
Sumit Sarkar (Modern India)—
INC had no conscious or planned strategy against masses.
Marxist interpretation suffers from ‘defect of assuming too direct an economic motivation for
political action & ideals’.
Actions of nationalist leaders could be better understood by using Trotsky’s concept of
‘substitutism’ whereby intelligentsia acts as proxy for passive social forces with which it had
little organic connection
Gandhi was not a bourgeois tool although his leadership had ‘a certain coincidence of aims
with Indian business interests at specific points’
Bipin Chandra—
INM was ‘a bourgeois democratic mov, that is, it rep interests of all classes but under the
hegemony of industrial bourgeoisie’.
He says ‘the hegemony of bourgeoisie over INM was even more firmly clamped down in
Gandhian era than before’.
For resolving primary contradiction b/w Indians & British rule, other secondary contradictions
based on classes, caste etc were compromised & all sections came together under nationalist
ideology.
Nationalist leaders were acting above interests of their narrow class or group
Considers freedom struggle led by INC as the most spectacular mass mov
Dalit perspective
Dalit intelligentsia was critical of lack of commitment of INC to share power with Dalits & expressed
doubt about commitment of upper caste leadership to bring social equality.
Ambedkar condemned notion of a nation in a caste-divided society & felt that oppressive
brahmanical hegemony was worse than foreign rule. He held that INM was wrongly aimed resulting
in a life of contradiction of political democracy w/o social democracy which is sine qua non for a
nation to exist.
Dalit scholars like Phule acknowledged +ve aspect of colonial rule—‘Peshwa Raj’ was worse than
British Raj.
Ambedkar (Book—‘What Congress & Gandhi had done to Untouchables’)—
Gaining political freedom has no meaning unless internal oppression is abolished + dignity of life &
equal rights ensured to all its citizens.
Supported British for sharing power as upper caste leaders were not inclined to share power with
Dalits.
Gail Omvedt—Analyesed Dalit mov in MH,AP etc ‘Dalit mov & overall anti-caste mov were a crucial
expression of democratic rev in India, more consistently democratic & end more consistently
“nationalistic” – than the elite controlled INC’
Relevance of Dalit perspective of INM
Reject Nationalist view that INM was a broad-based & all-inclusive mov
INM failed to achieve its objective of Nation making—creation of a qualitatively diff society, devoid
of caste antagonism
Rejected the very basis of INM that India was a nation
Criticism of Dalit perspective
For being Narrowly conceived.
Ambedkar is criticised as anti-national by nationalists & right wing historians.
ALL these approaches r nothing more than sectional at least segmented in their nature. One cannot
grasp the entire gamut of INM by using anyone of them singularly.
Preamble
Introduction
‘Preamble’ refers to the introduction or preface to the Constitution that
embodies the fundamental values, guiding principles and basic philosophy of
the constitution
It contains the summary, essence and spirit of the Constitution.
It contains the grand & noble vision of C.A and reflects the dreams &
aspirations of founding fathers. SC held that Preamble is the key to
understanding the mind of constitution makers.
It is based on the ‘Objectives Resolution’, drafted & moved by Nehru
Commentaries
A.K Iyer--‘The Preamble expresses what we had thought or dreamt so long’.
K.M. Munshi-- Preamble is the ‘horoscope of our sovereign democratic
republic’.
Pt Thakur Das Bhargava-- ‘The Preamble is the most precious part of
Constitution. It is the soul of Constitution. It is a key to the Constitution. It is a
jewel set in the Constitution'
Ernest Barker-- Described the Preamble as the ‘key-note’ to the Constitution.
Nani Palkhivala--called Preamble as the ‘identity card of the Constitution.’
Significance of PREAMBLE
It is a majestic expression of constitutional morality
It embodies the ultimate and conclusive objective of the framers
It highlights--
1. Source of authority of the Constitution-- The phrase "We the people of
India" shows that Constitution have originated out of collective will of
Indians-- Sovereignty resides in and flows from the people
2. Nature of Indian State--Sovereign, socialist, secular. democratic &
republican polity
3. Objectives of the Constitution-- Justice, liberty, equality & fraternity
Philosophical key to constitution
1. Minerva Mills case--Edifice of our Constitution is built upon the concepts
crystallised in Preamble
2. Golaknath Vs State of Punjab--Preamble is all about the democratic
aspirations & ideals of the people of India
3. J. B. Kriplani-- Preamble not only contains legal & political principles, but
also the great moral & spiritual principles
Guide for the state in its functioning whether it is the socialist nature or secular
government functioning.
Amplifies DPSPs
Beacon light for judiciary
PREAMBLE AS PART OF THE CONSTITUTION
Berubari Union case (1960)-- Preamble shows the general purposes behind
several provisions in Constitution, and is thus a key to the minds of
Constitution makers. It can be a guiding light for interpretation of any
ambiguous article. But Preamble is not a part of the Constitution.
Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)--
1. SC held Preamble as a part of the Constitution.
2. Preamble can be amended, subject to the condition that no
amendment is done to ‘basic features’.
3. Constitution should be read and interpreted in the light of grand and
noble vision expressed in the Preamble.
LIC of India case (1995)-- Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution.
Conclusion
It will not be wrong to say that the spirit or the ideology behind the
Constitution is sufficiently crystallized in the preamble.
It embodies the Soul, Conscience & Spirit of the Constitution
Important words in the Preamble
"We the people of India"-- It means that Constitution is created by & for the
people of India,
Sovereign--India is an independent state and is free to conduct its own affairs
Socialist--
1. Even before 42nd CAA, Constitution had socialist content in form of DPSPs
2. Congress adopted resolution to est a ‘socialistic pattern of society’ in its
Avadi session (1955)
3. "Democratic socialism"--Mixed economy + Aims to end poverty,
ignorance, disease & inequality of opp
4. However LPG diluted the socialist credentials of Indian State.
Secular-- Declared as part of basic structure in S. R. Bommai Vs UoI
Democratic--
1. Est a form of Govt which derives its authority from the will of the people.
2. Used in broader sense-- Not only political democracy but also S-E
democracy.
3. Ambedkar-- Political democracy cannot last unless there lies at the base
of it social democracy. What does social democracy mean ? It means a way
of life which recognises liberty, equality and fraternity.
Republic--
1. Head of state is elected for a fixed term
2. Political sovereignty is vested in the people and not in a single individual
like a king
3. Absence of any privileged class & hence all public offices being opened to
every citizen without any discrimination.
Justice (S, E, P-- Russian Revolution)
1. Social justice-- Equal treatment of all citizens w/o any social distinction
based on caste, colour, race etc
2. Economic justice-Non-discrimination on basis of economic factors +
Elimination of glaring inequalities in wealth, income and property.
3. Political justice-- All citizens should have equal political rights, equal access
to all political offices & equal voice in Govt government. The ideal of
justice–social, economic and political–has been taken from the (1917).
Liberty
1. Absence of restraints on the activities of individuals
2. Providing opp for dev of individual personalities
Equality
1. Absence of special privileges to any section of the society
2. Equal opp for all individuals without any discrimination.
Fraternity
1. Promoted by the system of single citizenship.
Fundamental Duties
Introduction
Moral & socio-civic duty that every R/S citizen should follow & practice.
Ideals that State should keep in mind while formulating policies & enacting laws--
‘Instrument of Instructions’ to State in L, E & A matters.
DPSPs are the principles of Rajya Dharma.
Based on Phil of Democratic Socialism
Ambedkar—
Origin
Granville Austin—“DPSPs had their origins in INM, which strove to achieve social
welfare as goal of independent Indian State.”
Nehru Report.
Sapru Report of 1945– Distinction b/w justiciable & Non-justiciable rights.
Features
Criticisms of DPSPs
K Santhanam— Centre can give directions to state to implementation of DPs, and in case of
non-compliance, can dismiss state govt. (Destroys federal structure)
o Sir B.N Rau — These “Moral precepts”, atleast have an “Educative value”—
remind those in power that the very goal of Indian Republic is Welfare State.
o Dr.Ambedkar— Political sanctions
o Beacon light for Courts
However, at instances SC itself dilutes the spirit of the DPSPs, by Violating Art 50.
Should DPSPs be made enforceable? ---Not necessarily.
DPSPs r still relevent--Bedrocks for good governance & S-E justice in the society.
Way Forward
"Miniature Parliaments"—
o Deliberative core of Parl—Year round forum
o Strengthens Parl A/C of Govt
o Lawmaking—Detailed scrutiny of bill + solicit domain expert advice & elicit
public opinion
Forum for building—
o cross party & Inter-Ministerial consensus on legislation
o ↑ engagement with Opposition & relevant stakeholders
Financial Prudence & 3Es--E.C—scrutiny of budget estimates—Help in Economic
growth
Work in non-partisan way— Not bound by populistic demands + closed door
Meetings + members not whip bound
Ensure Answerability of Executives—Committee on Govt Assurance
Bypassing PCs— Only 25% bills referred in 16th LS , (71% in 15th & 60% in 14th) +
Bypassed in Matters of Great Public Imp— 370, Agri bills
Politicization of proceedings— MPs follow party lines + Declining attendance of MPs
Ordinance route, Money bill, Decline of Parl
Short tenure of 1 yr—so Lack of specialisation & expertise
Way
Estimates committee
Its role
Way Forward:
Parliamentary privilages
Arguments for not legislating
Proceedings r very dynamic—thus FoS & vote necessary to express sovereign will of
people
Codification will—
Rampant misuse—
o To hide misdeeds like corruption. Ex—SC in P.V. Narasimha Rao case held
that bribe takers for raising question & voted r immune from prosecution
o Misused as a tool against critics—civil society & media—violates FoSE. Ex—
In KN, journalists sent to jail for for writing defamatory articles against
legislators
o Gross misbehavior—Violence etc—go unpunished for anything said or done
in House
Fault lies in comparison with British Parl—In India Constitution is supreme, not
Parliament. Thus too wide impunity impinges on constitutionalism.
To remove vagueness, uncertainty
Way forward
Conclusion
Restriction on FoSE of The 'sovereign people of India' While free speech to their rep
needs to be revisited to est a greater balance b/w FRs & PP
Role of Opposition
Introduction
Evolution of Opposition
Congress system— Opposition was at the margins— its status was like a Pressure
group
Coalition era— Its stature increased
Present era—2nd Dominant party system-- LoP not appointed
Significance of Opposition
Critical
Rajni Kothari— Opp in India continues to be poorly organised & a divided force
Opp More often use Parl as a site of protest
Reflexive anti-govt approach— ↑“ordinance raj” & contributed to “Decline of
Parliament"
Reforms needed
If no party secures 1/10 seats- Then leader of largest opp party, be recognised as LoP.
Strenghten role of opposition:-
o Govt shd +vely act on concerns of Opp & need for R/S & constructive opp
Conclusion
For 'combating the evil of political defections'—prevent “Aaya Rams & Gaya Rams”
Issues
Loopholes enables formation of Govt by the Defectors, Govt of the Defectors &
Govt for the Defectors.
Defection vs Dissent-- Restricts a legislator from voting acc to conscience + impedes
legislative oversight
Wholesale Resignation—> Politics of sequestration
It is often flouted in spirit, if not in letter.
Law Commission (170th Report )—Limit issuance of whip only when Govt is in
danger.
A line shd be drawn b/w “crossing over” & intra-party dissent
SC in Keisham Meghachandra Singh case recommended to est a ‘permanent
Tribunal headed by a retired SC judge or CJ of HC for ADL
UK Model— Expulsion from party but continue to remain independent member.
Conclusion
ADL shd only be used as an insurance against betrayal of people’s mandate & not as a
tool to suppress dissents.
Parties shd respect constitutional propriety as law cannot ensure everything.
o Gautam Bhatia—ADL has resulted in destruction of democratic process.
Members are switching sides not bcz of ideological compulsions but bcz of
political blackmail.”
Rajya sabha
What reforms are needed?
Recently VP held that RS has played a significant role in S-E transformation of country but
there are “Miles to go” w.r.t proper functions
YES needed
Not needed
Prof Shibban Lal Saksena-- Would only prove to be a “clog in the wheel of progress”
of nation.
+ve role of RS
Progressive legislations-
o Penalise untouchability (1954), prohibit dowry (1959), RTE (2009).
o Passed Women’s Reservation bill (2010) though LS didn’t take it up.
Revising Chamber, Federal Chamber, Deliberative Chamber, Chamber of
Continuity & Ventilating Public Grievances
House for sobriety & second thought--During passage of GST Bill
JS Mill-- . A majority in a single assembly when assurem powerful character easily
becomes despotic & overweening.
Jeremy Waldron explained virtues of bicameralism—
o Though it has problem, but TINA at present—As electorate move away from
'Identity Quotient' to 'Devt Quotient' more & more would win with majority
support of voters.
o PR would lead to promotion of further social & political cleavages besides
being not practical due to implementation issues.
Stuff
Credibility, capability & capacity should be the yardstick for anyone to enter legislature
& not caste, cash and criminality.
Indian Dem is witnessing a paradoxical phase —Respect towards parliamentarians is ↓
whereas towards democracy is ↑.
Judicial Backlog
NJDG—2.93 cr in Sub-ord court, 49 lakh in HCs, 58000 in SC—3.5
cr ( 88% in lower jud)
Soli Sorabjee— “Justice delayed will not only be justice denied, it will be the rule of
law destroyed”.
Denial of “Timely Justice” amounts to Denial of Justice itself— violates Right
to speedy trial under Art 21.
Social cost— Higher crime rate, poverty, Criminalization of politics, Erodes
faith in RoL
Overcrowding of Prisons— 68% undertrials— violation of HRs
Economic cost— ES 2017-18— Judicial pendency discourages investment,
hampers tax collection, decreases EoDB--Judicial delays cost India an
estimated 1.5% of its GDP annually.
Steps taken
Address Vacancy—
1. 120th report of LCI recommended for Judges Fixation Formula
2. AIJS
Strengthen ADR + Initiatives like Gram Nyayalaya, Mobile Village
courts, Lok Adalats
Capitalise over IT —
o P.S.C Recommended for e-courts
o Digitizing courts records
Better case & Court Management system— '
Est of Indian Courts & Tribunal Services to focus on the adm aspects of legal
system
Deployment of tech to improve efficiency — e-courts.
CJI Bobde—Public trust is “only legitimate source of power for judicial system"
+ves
To fill vacancies—PSC on Law & Justice (2013)— It would help fill approx 5k
vacancies across the District & Subord Judiciary-- Address Judicial pendency
Recruitment in lower judiciary happens state-wise--so low stds--AIJS will improve
Efficiency of lower judiciary
A meritocratic judiciary is the need of the hour which is possible with a competitive
recruitment process.
To standardise process of appointments to lower judiciary.
Rep for marginalised & attract best legal talent based on merit—Efficiency of
judiciary would be increased.
Address issue of judicial pendency, Corruption & nepotism
Centre-State conflict-- will mean transferring recruitment & app powers of from
State Govt (Art 233) to centre
Issue of differences in local laws of each state.
Against IoJ as some other body will have a control in app
AIJS no panacea— Vidhi legal service study
Local languages and dialects would pose problems
ONLINE JUSTICE DELIVERY
+ves—
Initiatives:
Challenges
Contempt of Court
Introduction
Judicial cases
Way-forward:
ADR Mechanisms
Conflict Mgt in civil cases via a mechanism of dispute resolution that is alternative to
traditional adversarial litigation.
o Sec 89 of CPC--Settlement of disputes outside court through—Arbitration,
Conciliation, Mediation, settlement through Lok Adalat
o Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 -
o LSA Act 1987— To encourage out-of-court settlements
+ves-- less formal, Less time consuming, flexible, cost-effective and expeditious
Mediation
o Settlement b/w parties with help of impartial & unbiased 3rd party mediator
o Commercial Courts Amendment Act 2018—Gave great impetus to Pre-inst
Mediation & Settlement
Arbitration
Conciliation
Negotiation
Self counseling b/w the parties to resolve dispute.
Settlement by exchange of views & issues concerning parties.
No statutory recognition
Erodes public trust & confidence in IoJ, on which legitimacy of Judiciary rests.
Raises suspicion over Sanctity of Pre-retirement judgments, irrespective of their
merits.
Conflicts of interest & ? over his Integrity
Violates fundamentals of SoP—as Govt is largest litigant—so Law Commission
Said— Ban them
KT Shah:- Judges should not take executive offices with Govt.
Argument in favour
No legal/ const bar— Art 124(7) restricts post-ret app in Judiciary itself, not in Other
posts.
Presence of judges in Parl—expertise
Conclusion:
Judicial credibility rest on— ‘Not only Justice being done but also seen to be
done’.
Consider a “cooling off” period of 2 yr as mooted by former CJIs Kapadia & Justice
Thakur.
Judiciary & Executive should remain mutual watchdogs and not the mutual
admirers
Rojer Mathew case—Tribunals should not be a heaven for retired judges.There
should be restriction on Post-Retirement app
Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy— Since 1950–only 8 women judge in SC & HCs 9%
+ no women CJI till now + Only 1 woman so far in SC collegium
PSC on L&J (2015)—Reservation for women in higher judiciary.
MASTER Of ROSTER
Campaign for Judicial A/C & Reforms vs UoI (2017)—There cannot be
any “Presumption of Mistrust” As CJI is “inst in itself" with ‘exclusive
prerogative’ to allocate cases.
Its purpose is to ensure the disciplined & efficient transaction & not to assert superior
authority.
CJI as 1st among equals should exercise his powers reasonably + consult colleagues.
App an administrator to help in carrying business of inst.
Collegium for allocating cases.
Quasi-Judicial Bodies
Introduction
Org on which powers resembling a court of law have been conferred but it is not a
court
They deal basically with disputes with Adm
Their powers are usually limited to a particular area of expertise, such as financial
markets (SEBI), HRs (NHRC)
Ex—NHRC, Lok Adalats, CIC, CVC, CAT, Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
Shortcomings
Tribunalisation of Justice
Intro—
Need / Significance--
Issues
Way
SC in Madras Bar Ass vs UoI & 272nd LC report of—Est a National Tribunal
commission—as an independent supervisory body to oversee working Of tribunals—
app, eligibility, functioning, adm & infra etc
Qualifications—R. Gandhi vs UoI (2010)—Tribunal members shd be persons
of a rank, capacity & status as nearly as possible equal to that of court.
Conclusion
Challenges
2 Imp acts - WPA, FRA— have been kept out of NGT’s jurisdiction
Lack of clarity on its position in relation to HC— Decisions frequently challenged in
HCs under argument that HC are superior to NGT
Moving from a judicial forum to an oversight body:- By shutting down the
redressal mechanism through court-room argumentation, the NGT seems to have
limited its role to merely an oversight body, rather than a judicial forum.
Excessive delegation to committees—To oversee compliance of diff env laws
etc—Committee Raj is taking over the Tribunal.
Its Decisions often criticised & challenged due to their repercussions on
economic growth & Dev
Lack human & financial resources—high pendency
Landmark cases:
2nd ARC—LSG is the lowest tier of Govt, but not the least imp—So need for ‘Principle of
subsidiarity’ & devolution of 3Fs
PRIs & Covid-19
Front warriors in collective fight against covid-19
Helped in “Flattening the curve”— Kerela
Panchayats worked in 3 areas—
1. Awareness generation
2. Setting up isolation conditions,
3. Streamlining social security measures
4. Community policing & Community kitchens
Criticism
Merits
Upheld in Rajbala vs State of Haryana—“It is only edu which gives person the power
to discriminate b/w right & wrong, good & bad”.
Will encourage people for education.
It will lead to betterment of other social indicators
Conclusion
Finances of PRIs
ES 2017-18—LSGs suffer from “Low equilibrium trap”—
1. Overwhelmingly depend on devolved funds (95%)—generate only 5% reve-
nue from own sources (40% in Brazil & Germany)
2. Tied nature of a funds—constrains spending autonomy
3. Recommendations of SFCs very sparingly implemented by states
4. “Yawning gap” b/w tax potential & actual collection—resulting in colossal
underperformance.
PRIs in Coimbatore—Raise funds by generating wind energy
+ve
Challenges
No policy operates in vacuum.--Patriarchal & caste ridden society makes difficult for
women to actively participate in Public sphere
MSA Report-- Around 1 ml women Rep but w/o empowerment of panchayats …then
How panchayats will contribute to women empowerment
It may have given sense of achievement but sense of empowerment is yet to reach
at equal level
Certain legislative measures also adversely impact women participation
MEQ
2 child norms
Functional toilets at home
Share of municipality’s own revenue declined from 55% in 2007-08 to 43% in 2017-
18 .
In India, property tax is their only major tax base , whereas in the world , they have
access to wider taxes– tax on urban land use , real estate tax .
Municipal borrowing is very low— Only 1% of their need is met by municipal bonds
as opposed to 10% in USA.
Way
2nd ARC
Economic Survey of 2017-18— 1/3 population now lives in urban areas which
produce 3/5 of GDP. But India’s overflowing cities lack capacity, infra &
leadership
Stuff
RGSY—"SS, Sabka Gaon, SV”
e-GramSwaraj—To strengthen e-Gov in PRIs + ↑ T/P in decentralised planning
Although PRIs are the lowest tier but shd not be seen as least imp, as they r the key to
G.G & S.D .
Sarkaria & Punchhi Commission—G.D is essential to deal with regional threats
In era of globalization, decentralization is a principal countervailing trend which can
ensure that the growth process is inclusive.
Even after 3 decades, local Govt’s seems ‘local’ only in ‘form’ but ‘central & state in
content’.
Constitutional morality & its linkages with transformative
constitutionalism .
As Indian const is a transformative const, const morality is seen as guiding spirit to
achieve transformation in society.
This phrase existed in Indian constitutional debate since times of Ambedkar—He
invoked George Grote to explain its sig
Only way to realize objectives of constitution in country like India with inequality &
inequity.
Guiding light for judiciary
-ves
Identity politics—Bad
Marxist
Liberal School
Identity politics
Adversely effects dev Paul Brass & Andre Bete
dilutes solidarity of
in Prismatic society Conferres greater imp on d
poor
like India consider identity politics as
Eg : Kerala -
Eg : Backwardness of reasons of communal viole
ideologically very strong
UP, Bihar
- developed
Caste Politics
Caste-ridden feature of politics--Rep by process of mobilisation & voting on basis
of caste factor.
Politicization of caste--Evident as caste has become an imp factor for acquiring
secular benefits such as access to education, employment through instrument of
reservation.
But
Christophe Jaffrelot ( ‘Do Indians vote their castes?’)— Beneath the nationalist
discourse & claims of politics of Dev, there’s also exist ‘caste calculus’—But caste is
now more imp at ‘Jati-Level'
Gill Vernier—Caste plays an imp role but it is itself also getting transformed.
Electoral behaviour
Elections are bedrock of Rep democracy—Their imp is evident as the elitist
theory does not look at democracy beyond elections.
Behavioural Rev—Growth of study of electoral behaviour-- Imp area for
Political sociology
Recent works on changing trends—
o ADR survey 2018—Preference to criminal candidates—2x
o Christophe Jaffrelot—Caste politics is reaching to its end—Saturation
of Reservation politics
o Milan Vaishnav—Following trends are evident – Good economics
makes good politics & Caste remains imp but not entrenched.
o Dynastic politics mayn’t be popular, but dynastic
politicians are
o Mukulika Banerjee’s ethnographic survey
Distributive politics of Indian state—
o Reservations, other welfare measures & freebies . (Politics of Mandalisation)
Role of ethnicity—Atul Kohli— It is natural in prismatic society like India
Deinstitutionalisation of parties—
o Yogendra Yadav— Indian parties reflect Inst as well as De-inst. on one hand
, their reach is increasing, But their disconnect with the voters is also growing
.
o Zoya Hasan— De-inst of parties has reduced them to singular role as
electoral machines .
Subnational dynamics—
o Paul Brass calls regionalism as the long term trend of Indian politics ,
whereas nationalism is a short term trend .
Arguments Against
Conclusion
Strengthen LSGs, promote RoL, multiculturalism and deliberative
democracy.
A systematic & planned approach for Dev within current state can handle
issue of growth better than division.
Scholars
Grassroots movements
A mov that develops organically at a local level before spreading
throughout the state or country.
Not org by political forces but springs up spontaneously due to some
pressing issue that a community feels needs to be changed or
enhanced—NBA, IAC, RTI mov, Anti-Sterlite mov.
GRMs have ensured that imp issues become the common parlance of
people & reinforced belief in power of masses.
Farmer movement.
S-E transformations post-LPG—Shift in PE--Agri is passing through a
crisis phase—Agrarian distress, as evident in increasing farmer’s
protests.
Recurring feature of India polity. It has a long history dating back to colonial time.
NCRB—11370 farmers’ suicide in 2016-17.
Why?
Scholars
Utsa Patnaik & P. Sainath—State’s inability to prioritise Agri dev is primary factor
for agrarian crisis.
Sudha Pai—Though Agri is a state subject, yet framer’s frequent marches to Delhi
show that it has become a complex mesh of interest groups
Prof Mridula Mukherjee—draw parallels b/w present farmers protests & peasant
mov of 1st half of 20th cen
+ves
Environmental Movements
Anil Agarwal— Coined term—“Gross nature product”
Sunita Narain— Reasons for early EMs were not “Greenie green”— their cause
were selfish as they perceived their culture & survival at stake.
Arundhati Roy— Draws parellel b/w Big dams & Big Bombs
+ve Impacts
It for the first time catapulted Env into political discourse & shaped understanding of
environmentalism in India
Guha (‘The Unquiet Woods’)— trace origin of modern EMs to Chipko mov. It led to
emergence of new env consciousness
Prompted Govt to amend IFA 1927 & intro FCA 1980
Led to other similar mov like Appiko, Silent Valley
Had Intl impact even beyond south Asia
Inspired eco-feminism in India & worldwide.
Vandana Shiva—It stands out as eco-feminist mov. It was a struggle to recover
invisible, i.e, value of natural resources & right of women.
It can also be seen as a peasant & women’s mov in evolution of India’s SMs And
also as a cultural response of people's love for their env
-ve Impacts
+ves
Esther Duflo & Abhijit Banerjee – ‘Good Economics for Hard Times’--
There has been increase in overall wealth but equitable distribution has
lacked behind .
High poverty, inequality (Oxfam--Top 10% of Indian pop holds 77% of the
total national wealth)
Economic reform is a continuing process & not a one-time action.
Structural problems in economy—Jobless growth, Poor Mfg sector, poor
performance in health, edu etc.
Agri crisis
4 Labour codes
GST
-ves
Atul Kohli
o Consensus on LPG—made ideological diff redundant--led to
Identity based Mobilisation
o Dem widened but ethos has not deepened
+ves
Inst MCC
Empowered by Mohinder Singh Gill vs CEC-- ECI under Art 324 vested with plenary
powers to ensure free & fair election
Electoral integrity
Challenges
Alistair McMillan-- ECI has an Adm remit , but the outcomes have imp political
consequences
Rudolph and Rudolph--EC has a key position at the heart of new regulatory
centrism of Indian state acting as enforcer of rules which safeguard democratic
legitimacy . While duties of EC are technical , yet it can have decisive partisan
implications.
Ujjwal Kumar Singh & Anupama Roy (ECI: Institutionalising Democratic
Uncertainties)--
Parl Govt—Prime ministerial Govt (Crossman), though decline in PM’s inst during
coalition .
If PM is the pivot of Parl system, it is natural that PMO will emerge as “fulcrum of
Indian Adm ”.
Initially— PMO was a low profile inst , but over time it has aquired a formidable
influence to extent that the experts call it as “a parallel Govt” (S. R. Maheshwari)
o Every PM has shaped the inst in their own unique way--“the office is what ,
the holder make of it .”
CAG
Dr S Radhakrishnan--CAG is not responsible to the government rather he serves the
people.
Vinod Rai (“Not Just an Accountant”)-- CAG has played a sig role as the 5th pillar.
However , the institution must be reformed so that it can fulfill its constitutional
obligations more effectively
Indian Constitution
PBM — I.C is a revolutionary document— basis for transformation of
India’s Traditional society into a modern society.
Incorporated idea of UDHR
Transformative constituion
Ambedkar—
Back door for discredited party functionaries & an inst for offering
patronage.
Due to huge Heterogenity, the council in spirit neither serves as a revisory chamber
nor as an effective brake against hasty legislation & only as an unnecessary Drain on
Exchequer.
Recent Ruckus in Karnataka LC—DC was dragged out—shows indecency of SLC
Critical Perspective
There was no unanimity of opinion in C.A with regard of having second chamber in
S.L.
Unlike RS,Legislative Councils lacks the constitutional mandate to play a
substantial role in legislative enactments.
It seems that SLC exists at the mercy & whims of ruling dispention, as any
opposition to populist agenda of Govt leads to its abolition. Ex-AP(Jagan to
abolish SLC as it blocked 3 capitals bill)
Way Forward
Parl. standing committee recommended for a National policy for creation of L.C in
States.
2nd ARC recommended that voting role of teachers & graduates should be done
away with and more say should be given to local bodies.
Art 356
Issues
H.V. Kamath termed it as a surgical operation for a mere cold— But He criticised
the word ‘otherwise’ & said only god knows what ‘otherwise’ means.
Shibban Lal Saksena—‘we are reducing the autonomy of the states to a farce.’
‘otherwise’ negates the ideals of constitutionalism by giving unlimited powers to
the Centre
Its invocation more than 125 times belied Ambedkar’s idea of it being a “Dead
letter"
Art 356 should be used sparingly, as a matter of last resort, when all the alternatives
fails to ractify the Breakdown of Constitutional machinery.
Art 356 should be amended to ensure that S.L.A is dissolved only after Parliamentary
approvel.
Report of Governor should be a “Speaking Document”, containing all material facts
Inter-state council can be consulted before proclaimation of Art 356, to preserve the
spirit of "Cooperative federalism"
Death penalty
Argument for Abolition of death penalty
Courts have restricted to only rarest of rare cases that shock the conscience of
society(13 yr 4 executed
The hanging of Kasab & Yakub Memon strongly affirms India’s commitment to the
protection of life & fight against terrorism.
Bachan Singh case— “Rarest of rare”
Problem with Death penalty in india is not esential but it is incidental.Thus faith
in due process, Rule of law, wisdom of courts can be the remedy.
There is no harm in retaining death penalty as if it is miscarried then ultimately
can be commuted by President.— safety valve.
Reports of commissions
262nd Report of LCI (2015) Abolish death penalty except in terror cases
In 2012, India upheld its stance on capital punishment by voting againt UNGA resolution
that called for its global abolition.
Death Penalty & Rape cases
POCSO (Amendment) Act 2019 Provided for Death penalty for the rape with
minors.
SC in Machhi Singh (1983) & Devender Pal Singh (2002) -Death penalty only in
RoR cases.
Robin Conley in his book, Confronting the Death Penalty— Death penalty may
seem just in abstract but practicality, it is less appealing.
Prison Reforms
Issues—
Reform needed—
[]Mulla Committee—All India Prison Service—with appropriate job requirements, sound
training
[]Model Prison Manual 2016–To bring uniformity in laws, rules & regulations governing
Prison adm
Who have completed 1/3 of max sentence for offences up to 7 yr be released on bail.
Those awaiting trial for offences punishable with >7 yr be bailed if had completed 1/2
of sentences.
Comprehensive anti-torture legislation
of adm action
Signifies that punishment should not be disproportionate to the offence committed or the
nature & extent of State’s interference in exercise of a right must be proportionate to the goal
it seeks to achieve.
SC On Section 144 of CrPC:
Cannot be used to suppress legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise
of any democratic rights
Imposition of Sec 144 must strike a balance b/w rights of individual & concerns of the
state.
Should be exercised in a reasonable & bona fide manner & based on material facts
Internet shutdowns
1. India tops list of shutdowns globally— Software Freedom Law Center’s tracker—
381 shutdowns since 2012
2. Under IT Act, CrPC, Telegraph Act, 1885 & Temporary Suspension of Telecom
Services Rules 2017
3. +ve—Based on intelligence inputs—Preventive measure used as a last resort to deal
mass protests, civil unrest, so as to ensure peace + tackle issue of rumours spread
4. -ve—makes HRs hostage to the whims of executives + An information blackout can
also create hysteria, panic
Quotes
Ambedkar—"Constitution is not a mere lawyer’s document; it is a vehicle of life and
its spirit is always the spirit of age”.
Rationale for citizens’ duties can be summarised in the words of Gandhi: “The best
way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.”
John .F. Kennedy—"Do not ask what the country can do for you, but ask what you
can do for the country”
Modi-- ‘We need a new KYC campaign – Know Your Constitution’
Ambedkar— “Working of Const does not depend wholly on its nature, but on
people & the political class”
Indian Constitution-- Ethical document that defines our values & guiding principles.
“The best argument against Democracy is five minute conversation with an average
voter”— Churchill.
"Democracy is not a state in which people act like sheep. Under democracy individual
liberty of opinion and action is jealously guarded”.— Gandhi
Astra Taylor - Democracy May Not Exist, But We’ll Miss It When It’s Gone
Winston Churchill—For Representatives first came the nation, then the
constituents & then the party.
Indian Constitution of 1950 may be viewed
1st truly transformational constitution.
Aimed not only to restructure the state, but also to unleash social rev by transcendent
constitutional values such as L,E & F.
SC in ADR vs UoI—“One-sided information, disinformation, misinformation & non
information, all equally create an uninformed citizenry which makes democracy a
farce.
Separation of Power
Introduction
It means exe, legislative & judicial powers of Govt shd be divided
into diff branches & not concentrated in one.
1st propounded by Montesquieu in "The spirit of laws"
Part of Basic structure—KBC (1973)
Functional separation—Art 50, 121 & 211, 122 & 212, 361
India vs USA
US--Watertight SoP (Due to Presidential system)
Indian constitution embraces idea of SoP in an implied
manner—Reasonable & flexible SoP—Principle of “Checks &
balances”
Bcz of Parliamentary Govt-- India does not follow an
Absolute separation-- Exe is part of legislature & also is
responsible to legislature + courts can strike down
unconstitutional amendments made by legislature.
Objectives
To ensure that diff branches of Govt shd work autonomously
with minimal interference from others.
Reduces over-centralisation of power in any branch + ensure
checks & balance
Importance of SoP
Imperative for smooth functioning of vibrant democracy--
checks & balances prevent abuse of power
Judicial pronouncements
KBC -- SoP is part of basic structure
Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain-- In Indian Const, there is SoP
in a broad sense only—A rigid SoP as in America does not
apply to India