MASSEY UNIVERSITY

Institute of Fundamental Sciences

Mathematics

160.103 METHODS OF MATHEMATICS

Solutions to Final Examination

Semester 1, 2005

1. (a) 4 ( 3 + !n(3x + 2)) !=!21

3 + !n(3x + 2)!=! 21
4
!n(3x + 2)!=! 21
4
!3

3x + 2!=!e
( 214 ! 3)
( 21 ! 3) ! 2
3x!=!e 4
(e 214 ! 3) ! 2
x!=! !=!2.4959!=!2.50 (2 dp).
3

(b) 5 ( e3x+2 + 4 )!=!850

e3x+2 + 4!=! 850
5
!=!170
e3x+2 !=!166
3x + 2!=!!n(166)
3x!=!!n(166) ! 2
!n(166) ! 2
x!=! !=!1.0373!=!1.04 (2 dp).
3

#
(c) 73°21! !=!73.35°. 73.35 " !=!1.280199006 rad .
180

2!
(d) a = 4. Period = =! .
2

y = 4 sin 2x

–1–
 " !!3 !2 % " !12 !!8 %
2. (a) (i) !4 $ !=!
# !1 10 '& $# !!!4 !40 '&

" !!2 4 % 1 !2 0 " 22 !!8 !!8 %

$ !1 0 ' " %
(ii) !=! $ !1 !!2 !!0 '
$ !!3 6 ' $# 5 !!3 2 '& $ 33 12 12 '
# & # &
!!!!3 (!2!!!!!!2!!(!3 !!!!!!!!!!!3 ( 3

" !3 % " !24 !!!6 %

(iii) $# !!6 '& ![ 8 !2 ]!=! $# !!48 !12 '&
2 (!!1!!!1!!(!2 !!!!!!!!2 ( 2

" !3 %
(iv) [8 !2 ]! $ ' !=![ !24 ! 12 ]!=![ !36 ]
# !!6 &
!!1 (!!2!!!2!!(!1!!!!!!!!1 ( 1

1 "10 !2 % 1 "10 !2 %
(v) !=!
30 + 2 $# !1 !!3'& 32 $# !1 !3 '&

(b) (i) PQR PQ !=!m ! p PQR = m!q

(m!n)(n! p) (m! p)( p!q)

(ii) PQR is square if q = m.

(c) (i) det of M = ( x 2 ! 20 ) (1) ! 8x = !32

" x 2 ! 8x ! 20 + 32 = 0
" x 2 ! 8x + 12 = 0
" (x ! 2)(x ! 6) = 0 x = 2,!!x = 6.

(ii) det ≠ 0
( x 2 ! 20 ) (1) ! 8x!"!0 !!!!!!!
x 2 ! 8x ! 20!"!0!!#!!(x ! 10)(x + 2) " 0 so x " !2 and x " 10.

+8 ± 64 + 80 8 ± 144 8 ± 12
OR x! !!! !!! !!!10,!"2 .
2 2 2

(d) (i) ! !!!!2 "3 !!!!5 (5)

"10 15 "25
!!!!0 !!0 !!!!0

0y = 0!!!!!y "R Check in row 2:

Let y = t ⇒ 2x ! 3t = 5 !10x + 15y = !25
2x = 5 + 3t " 5 + 3t %
!10 $ + 15t = !5(5 + 3t) + 15t
5 + 3t # 2 '&
x=
2 = !25 ! 15t + 15t
= !25. 

–2–
 (ii) ! !!1 "2 "1 !!!!2 ! (2) ("3)
"2 !!1 !!3 !!!!8
!!3 !!4 !!3 !!22
! !!0 "3 !!1 !!12 (10)
!!0 10 !!6 !!16 ! (3)
!0 28 168

28z = 168
z=6
Substitute into pivot row 2: Check:
!3y + z = 12
Row 2: !2x + y + 3z = 8
!3y + 6 = 12
!2(4) ! 2 + 3(6)
!3y = 6
=!!8 ! 2 + 18 = 8 
y = !2

Substitute into pivot row 1: Row 3: 3x + 4y + 3z = 22

3(4) + 4(!2) + 3(6)
x ! 2y ! z = 2
=!12 ! 8 + 18 = 22 
x+4!6=2
x=4

!3 1$ 1 " !!5 !1% 1 " ! 5 !1%

(e) A=# , A !1 = !=! $ ,
" 2 5 &% 15 ! 2 # !2 ! 3 & 13 # !2 ! 3 '&
$ '

1 " ! 5 !1% " 20 % 1 " 100 + 4! % 1 "104 % " ! 8 % " x %

A !1b = $ ' $ ' !=! $ ' !=! $ !=! !=!
13 # !2 ! 3 !4
& # & 13 # !40 ! 12 & 13 # !52 '& $# !4 '& $# y '&

Thus x = 8, y = –4 Check: row 1: 3x + y = 20,!!24 ! 4 = 20 

row 2: 2x + 5y = !4, 16 ! 20 = !4 

d ( 5x 4 ) d ( 4x !5 ) d ( 6x1/3 ) d ( 6x !1/3 )
3. (a) (i) ! + ! = 20x 3 + 20x !6 + 2x !2/3 + 2x !4 /3 .
dx dx dx dx

(ii) 4x 3 sin x + x 4 cos x .

4x 3 ( x 2 + 2x + 3) ! x 4 (2x + 2)
(iii) .
(x 2
+ 2x + 3)
2

3( 2
4x + 3x + 1) (8x + 3) .
1/2
(iv)
2

" " 1% %
(v) 5 $ 3e!0.02t (!0.02) ! 4 $ ' ' .
# # t &&

–3–
 (b) (i) f !(x) = 4x 3 + 24x 2 + 32x .

(ii) f !!(x) = 12x 2 + 48x + 32 .

(iii) f !(1) = 4 + 24 + 32 = 60
f !("1) = "4 + 24 " 32 = "12.

(iv) f (!1) = (!1)4 + 8(!1)3 + 16(!1)2 = 1 ! 8 + 16 = 9 .

(v) f !("1) = "12 = m and y = mx + b

f ("1) = 9!!#!!("1,!9) is the point so!9 = "12("1) + b!!#!!b = "3
Thus y = –12x – 3.

(vi) f !(x) = 0 when 4x 3 + 24x 2 + 32x = 0

4x ( x 2 + 6x + 8 ) = 0
4x(x + 2)(x + 4) = 0
x = 0,!!!2,!!!4.

(vii) x ! "4! "2 ! 0 ! OR:

f #(x) " +
!!0 !!0 " 0 +!
! ! f !!(x) = 12x 2 + 48x + 32
f (x) ! ! " ! " f !!(0) = 32 > 0!!!"!rel min
Rel. min. at x = –4 and x= 0 f !!(#2) = #16 < 0!"!rel max
f !!(#4) = 32 > 0!!!"!rel min.
Rel. max. at x = –2.

4. (a) f !(x) = 12x 2 " 4x 3 .

(i) f !(x) = 0 when 12x 2 ! 4x 3 = 0

4x 2 (3 ! x) = 0!!"!!x = 0,!!x = 3.
f (0) = 4
f (3) = 31
Critical points at (0, 4) and (3, 31).

(ii) x ! 0 ! 3 !
f "(x) + 0 + 0 # f (x) is increasing on (!",!0) and (0,!3)
! f (x) is decreasing on (3,!").
f (x) ! ! ! "

(iii) At x = 0, point of inflection.

At x = 3, rel. max.

–4–
 (iv) Candidates for points of inflection when f !!(x) = 0 .

f !!(x) = 24x " 12x 2 = 0

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!12x(2 " x) = 0, x = 0,!!x = 2.

!!!x ! 0 ! 2 ! concavity changes at x = 0 and x = 2

f ""(x) # 0 + 0 # so they are both points of inflection.

(v) Concave up on (0, 2)

Concave down on (–∞, 0) and (2, ∞).

(b) SA = 2(4xy) + 2(xy) + 2(4x 2 )

= 8xy + 2xy + 8x 2 = 10xy + 8x 2

Vol = 4xy(x) = 4x 2 y = 6400

6400
!!!!!! y = 2
= 1600x !2
4x

! 1600 $ 16000
⇒ SA = 10x # 2 & + 8x 2 = + 8x 2 = 16000x '1 + 8x 2
" x % x
16000
SA( = '16000x '2 + 16x = ' 2 + 16x
x

16000
SA! = 0 when ! + 16x = 0
x2
⇒ !16000 + 16x = 0
3

16x 3 = 16000
x 3 = 1000
x = 10
SA!! = 32000x "3 + 16

32000
SA!!(10) = + 16 > 0!!"!!relative minimum at x = 10
10 3
6400
!!!!!!!!y = = 16
4(10 2 )

SA = 10(10)(16) + 8(10)2
= 1600 + 800 = 2400 cm 2 .

–5–
 "2 % " " 1% %
( (
1 !2
5. (a) (i) $# ! 4x + 2 ! 2 '& dx !=! $# 2 $# '& ! 4x + x ! 2 '& dx
x x x
= 2!n x ! 2x 2 ! x !1 ! 2x + c.

" 1 !3x 2x % 1 " 1 % !3x 1 2 x

(
1 !3x 1 2 x
(ii) $# e + e '& dx !=! $# '& e + e + c = ! e + e + c.
3 3 !3 2 9 2

! 1 $ ! 1$
'
1
(iii) #" 3cos 3x + sin x &% dx !=!3 #" &% sin 3x ( 4 cos x + c .
4 3 4

x 2 ( x 3 ! 4 ) dx
"
8 1
Let u = x ! 4 so du = 3x dx hence
3 2
(iv) du = x 2 dx.
3

"
1
=! u 8 du
3
1 # 1&
=! % ( u 9 + c
3$ 9'
1 ( 3
x ! 4 ) + c.
9
=
27

" "
( sin 2x ! cos x ) dx !=! $& ! 1 cos 2x ! sin x ')
(v)
#" /2 % 2 ( " /2
$ 1 ' $ 1 "'
=! & ! cos 2" ! sin " ) ! & ! cos " ! sin )
% 2 ( % 2 2(
$ 1 ' $1 '
=! & ! ! 0 ) ! & ! 1)
% 2 ( %2 (
$ 1 1'
= & ! + ) = 0.
% 2 2(

1 1 31
! !
1 1
(vi) dx !=! du Let u = 1 + 2x so du = 2 dx hence du = dx.
0 1 + 2x 2 1 u 2
When x = 0,!!u = 1 and when x = 1,!u = 3.
= ( !n u )
1 3
2 1
1
= ( !n 3 " !n1)
2
1
=! (!n 3) = 0.55 (2 dp).
2

(b) y=
! (2 sin x + 3cos x ) dx
General solution: y = !2 cos x + 3sin x + c
6 = !2 cos " + 3sin " + c
6 = 2 + 0 + c!!#!!c = 4.
Particular solution: y = !2 cos x + 3sin x + 4 .

–6–
 (c) Points of intersection: x2
! 3!=!x + 1
2
x 2 ! 6 = 2x + 2
x 2 ! 2x ! 8 = 0
(x ! 4)(x + 2) = 0, x = 4,!!x = !2.

–2 < 0 < 4 and f (0) = 1,!!g(0) = !3

1 > !3!!"!! f (x) > g(x) on [!2,!4]

"
4 " x2 %%
Area =
( !2
$# x + 1 ! $#
2
! 3' ' dx
&&
4
" 4 1 2% "1 2 1 3%
=!
(
!2
$# x + 4 ! x '& dx !=! $# x + 4x ! x '&
2 2 6 !2
"1 1 % "1 1 %
=! $ (4)2 + 4(4) ! (4)3 ' ! $ (!2)2 + 4(!2) ! (!2)3 '
#2 6 & # 2 6 &
" 2% " 4% 2 4
=! $ 8 + 16 ! 10 ' ! $ 2 ! 8 + ' =!30 ! 10 ! !
# 3 & # 3 & 3 3
2 1
=!30 ! 10 ! 1 !=!30 ! 12!=!18.
3 3

6. z = f (x, y) = x 3 ! 6xy + 8y 3 .

(a) f x = 3x 2 ! 6y f y = !6x + 24y 2

f xx = 6x f yy = 48y
f xy = !6 f yx = !6!=! f xy .

1 2
(b) f x = 3x 2 ! 6y = 0 ...(1) "!!6y = 3x 2 , y = x
2
f y = !6x + 24y 2 = 0 ...(2)
2
"1 %
Substitute into (2): !6x + 24 $ x 2 ' = 0
#2 &
!!!!!!!!!!!!6x + 6x 4 = 0!!(!!6x ( !1 + x 3 ) = 0
!!!!!!x = 0,!!!x = 1
1
!!!!!!y = 0,!!!y = .
2
( 0,!0,! f (0, 0))!=!(0,!0,!0)
(1,! ,! f (1, ))!=!(1,!
1
2
1
2 )
1 ,!!1
2

Critical points f xx f yy f xy ! = f xx f yy " ( f xy )2 Conclusion

(0, 0, 0) 0 0 –6 0 ! (!6)2 = !36 < 0 Saddle-point

(1,! 12 ,!!1) 6>0 24 –6 144 ! (!6)2 = 108 > 0 Rel. min.

–7–