SE-505 : Steel Structures

Composite Steel-Concrete
Construction (Part - 2)

Dr. Nauman Khurram

Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
UET Lahore
AISC I3-2
Strength of Composite Beams with Shear
Connectors

1. Positive Moment Section

The design positive flexural strength, bMn,
and the allowable flexural strength, Mn / b, is
to be determined for the limit state of yielding
as given in the next slide.

b = 0.9 (LRFD), b = 1.67 (ASD)

Design Strength of Fully Composite
Section
1. Positive Moment Section

h
i ). For  3.76 E  106.5 for A36 Steel
tw Fyf

Mn is determined from plastic stress distribution

h
ii ). For  3.76 E
tw Fyf

Mn is determined from the superposition of elastic

stresses, considering the effects of shoring, for the
limit state of yield moment.
Design Strength of Fully Composite Section
2. Negative Moment Section
Design strength is to be determined form steel
section alone.
OR
Strength is calculated using plastic stress distribution
using b =0.9 or  b =1.67, provided that:
 Steel beam is adequately braced compact section.

 Shear connectors connect the slab in the negative

moment region

 Slab reinforcement parallel to the steel beam, within

effective width of slab, is properly developed.
 Positive Moment Strength Based on
Plastic Stress Distribution
1. Plastic N.A with in the slab
2. Plastic N.A. within the beam
i. In the flange
ii. In the web
Case-I: Plastic N.A Within Slab
0.003 0.85fc’
bE
a/2

P.N.A ts c a Cc
d1

d T
d2

Strain Internal Force

Diagram Fy Diagram
Stress Diagram
 Cc  0.85 f c  bE  a
T  As .Fy

For longitudinal Equilibrium

T  Cc
Mn  Cc .d1 or T .d1
As .Fy  0.85 f c  bE  a
d a
As .Fy d1    t s  
a  2 2
0.85 f c  bE
d a
a M n  As Fy .  t s  
and c  2 2


If c  ts , P.N.A is within the slab

If c > ts , P.N.A is within the beam
EXAMPLE
Compute the design moment capacity of the
given composite section assuming full composite
behavior, fc’ = 20 MPa.

Solution bE = 1650 mm

W 460 x 60 125 mm
d = 455 mm
A = 7160 mm2
h/tw = 51.0 mm
 As .Fy 7610  250
a    67.8 mm
0.85 f c  bE 0.85  20 1650
a 67.8
c   80 mm  t s P.N.A is within the slab
 0.85

h Plastic stress distribution can be used

 51.0  106.5
tw
d a
b M n  b As Fy .  t s  
2 2
 455 67.8 
b M n  0.9  7610  250 .  125   / 10
6

 2 2 
b M n  545.5 kN  m
 Case-II: Plastic N.A. Outside the Slab
Rare case. When b E is very small

Cc  0.85 f c  bE  a
Cs  As .Fy A’s = Area of steel section in compression
T   As  As .Fy A s = Total area of steel section

bE 0.003 0.85fc’
ts/2

ts c a Cc
P.N.A Cs
d 2’ d2”
d df
Fy T’
yb

Strain Diagram Fy Internal Force

Stress Diagram at Diagram
ultimate stage
 For longitudinal equilibrium

T  As .Fy  As .Fy T   Cc  Cs

T  As .Fy  Cs As .Fy  Cs  Cc  Cs
Cs  As .Fy  T  As .Fy  Cc
Cs 
2

Steps for Capacity Calculation

1. Find position of N.A.

2. Calculate tension and compression area.
3. Locate centroid of tension area. y b is the location of centroid
of the area below N.A.
4. d2’ = d + t s/2 –yb
5. d 2 ” = d –d f /2 - yb [If P.N.A is within the top flange]
 b M n  b (Cc  d 2  Cs  d 2)

b  0.9
  1.67
When P.N.A. is within steel section (flange or
web) some portion of section is in compression.
But there is no concern of flange local buckling
or LTB as it is continuously braced. Web local
buckling can be checked.
EXAMPLE
Determine the flexural capacity of the shown
composite section. Use A36 steel and concrete of
fc’ = 20 MPa.

Solution
W 920 x 253
bE = 1800 mm
d = 919 mm
A = 32,300 mm2 175 mm
h/tw = 47.8 mm
bf = 306 mm
tf = 27.9 mm
bf/2tf = 5.5
Assuming the N.A. within the slab
As .Fy 32,300  250
a    264 mm
0.85 f c  bE 0.85  20 1800
a264
c   310 mm  t s  175 mm P.N.A is within the steel
 0.85
The above value of “c” is now invalid.

Cc  0.85 f c  bE  t s
Cc  0.85  20 1800 175 / 100 0
bE = 1800 mm
Cc  5355 kN
As .Fy  Cc 175 mm
Cs 
2
(32,300  250) / 1000  5355
Cs 
2
Cs  1360 kN
 Check location of N.A, by first making some assumption.
1. N.A. is within the flange of N.A.
Cs  b f  d f  Fy
Cs 1360 1000
df  
b f  Fy 306  250
So N.A. is within the
df  17.8 mm  t f  27.9 mm flange of W-Section

If N.A. is outside flange bE = 1800 mm

175 mm
Cs  b f  t f  t w  depth outside flange  Fy P.N.A
 Cs 1 df
depth outside flange    b f  t f 
F t
 y  w
 Now, we need to calculate d2’
ts
d 2  d   yb yb is the location of centroid of
2 the area below N.A.
Area in tension:
AT  32,300  306 17.8  26,853 mm 2
A  d / 2  b f  d f  (d  d f / 2)
yb   368 mm
AT
ts 175

d 2  d   yb  919   368  638.5 mm 2
2 2
df 17.8 bE = 1800 mm

d2  d   yb  919   368  542.1 mm 2
2 2
175 mm

b M n  b (Cc  d 2  Cs  d 2 ) P.N.A

df
 
b M n  0.9 5355  638.5  1360  542.1 / 1000
b M n  3740 kN  m
Shear Connectors
“Mechanical shear connectors are required for the full
transfer of longitudinal shear except for concrete
encased beam”.

1. Shear Studs Head to avoid

vertical lifting of slab

Hs
d
s

Hs /d s ≥4
Shear Connector
[AISC I1.3]
2. Channel Connectors

Lc

Lc = Length of channel section

AISC suggests only studs and channels

3. Spiral Connectors

Not suggested by AISC

4. Angle Connectors

Not suggested by AISC

 Horizontal Shear Force for which Connectors
are to be Designed

For Positive Moment Sections

AISC I3 Shear force shall be smallest of the following limit states

1. Concrete crushing V  0.85 f c ' Ac

2. Tensile yielding of the steel section V  A s F y
3. Strength of shear connectors V   Q n
A c = Area of concrete slab within effective width
A s = Area of concrete steel cross section
Q n = nominal strength of one connector
ΣQn = strength of total number of connectors between the point of
maximum positive moment and the point of zero moment.
Horizontal Shear Force for which Connectors
are to be Designed

For Negative Moment Section

AISC I3 Shear force shall be lesser of the following limit states:

1. V  A r F yr Tensile yielding of the slab reinforcement.

2. V   Q n Strength of shear connectors

Ar = Area of reinforcement in slab parallel to beam with

in effective width of slab
Fyr = Minimum specified yield strength of steel
reinforcement.
AICS I3: Strength of Stud Connector

Qn  0.5 Asc f cEc  Rg R p Asc Fu

Hs
A sc = Area of shear connector  4
ds
Ec = M.O.E of concrete in MPa
Fu = Specified minimum tensile strength of a stud shear
connector
Usually, dia of stud = 12 to 25 mm, Hs = 50 to 200 mm
R g and R p are equal to 1.0 in case no decking is used. For
different types of decking, the values are given in AISC
specification.
AISC I3: Strength of Channel Connector

Qn  0.3  t f  0.5t w  Lc . f cEc

Lc = Length of channel connector

t f and t w are for the channel

AICS I3.2d.(5) Required Number of Shear Connector

(between max. and zero moment section)

Horizontal Shear Force

Number of Shear Connector 
Qn
AICS I3.2d.(6):
Shear Connector Placement and Spacing

Shear connectors required on each side of maximum BM

(+ve or –ve) shall be distributed uniformly between that
point and the adjacent point of zero moment.

 Minimum cover for the shear connector is 25 mm.

 Diameter of stud should not be greater than 2.5 tf
 smin = 6ds (longitudinal direction)
 smax = lesser of 8ts and 915 mm (all directions) ≥ 4ds
 smin = 4ds (transverse direction)
Spans and Proportions of Composite
Sections
For steel building frames economical span = 7.5 m to 15 m
Bridges
 For Simple span, > 12m is economical
 For Continuous span, > 18 m is economical

Steel plate may be attached with bottom flange of steel beam to

increase tensile capacity.

Approximate Minimum Depth of Steel Beam

(Not AISC requirement)
 Steel beams without cover plate, L/24 for static load
 Steel beams without cover plate, L/20 for moving load
Estimate of Self Weight

 
 M u ( N  mm ) 
Self Weight     0.007850 kg / m
  d  Y  a .F 
  2 con 2  y 

Yconc. = Distance from top of steel section to top of

concrete slab
a =depth of stress block, 50mm for initial guess
Y conc.
Yconc.
EXAMPLE
Determine the number of 20mm dia x 80mm shear
stud connectors made of A36 steel to develop fully
composite section shown in figure. Assume that the
applied loading is uniform and beam is simply
supported. fc’=20 MPa.
Solution
bE = 1800 mm
W 920 x 253
d = 919 mm
175 mm
A = 32,300 mm2
h/tw = 47.8 mm
bf = 306 mm
tf = 27.9 mm
Hs = 80 mm
ds=20 mm
Solution
Hs / ds = 4 O.K.
Strength of One Stud

Qn  0.5 Asc f cEc  Rg R p Asc Fu

bE = 1800 mm
  20 2
Asc   314 mm 2 175 mm
4
Ec  4700 f c  4700 20  21019 MPa

Qn  0.5 Asc f cEc  Rg R p Asc Fu

Rg R p Asc Fu  11 314  400 / 1000 125.6 kN
Qn  0.5  314 20  21019 / 1000 101.79 125.6 kN
Horizontal Shear Force (between +ve max. and zero BM)

V’ is lesser of

0.85 fc ' Ac  0.85 20 1800175

1000  5355kN

As F y  32,300 250  8075kN

1000

Not used here because we are designing studs and don’t know
Qn the number of studs, in fact, we are going to calculate them.

V  5355 kN

V 5355
N    53
Q n 101 .79
2 studs at each cross section and at 27 locations in half span (L/2) .
EXAMPLE
Design an interior composite beam for the floor plan shown in
figure, assuming that no shoring will be used during
construction. Use A36 steel, fc’ = 20 MPa, 100 mm slab
thickness, flooring, false ceiling and partition load = 155
kg/m2, live load = 750 kg/m2 and construction live load
= 100 kg/m2. The beam is having shear connection with the
main beam. Try minimum depth section..

Slab,
h = 100 mm
8.5 m

4 @2.5m
Steel Structures
Slab, h = 100 mm
Solution

L 8500
d    354 mm 8.5 m
24 24

Use W 360
4 @2.5m

Slab Weight    2400   2.5  600 kg / m

100
 1000 

Other dead loads  155  2.5  388 kg / m

Assumed Self weight = 10% of other dead loads

 0.1(600  388 )  99 kg / m
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Total Dead Load  600  388  99  1087 kg / m

Live Load  750 kg / m 2

 750  2.5  1875 kg / m

Total Factored Load  1.2 1087  1.6 1875 

9.81
1000
wu  42.23 kN/m

42 .23  8.52
M u  381.41kN - m
8
  
 M u ( N  mm ) 
Self Weight     0.007850 kg / m
  d  Y  a .F 
  2 con 2  y 
 
 381.41106 
Self Weight     0.007850 kg / m
  360  100  50   0.9  250 
  2 2
 

 52 .18 kg / m  99 kg / m
We are on safer side, can be revised also.

Assuming N.A. to lie within the slab

 As req 
Mu
d a
b Fy   t s  
2 2
381.41106
 As req   6648 mm 2
 360 50 
0.9  250  100  
 2 2
Trial Section
W 360 x 57.8, A = 7230 mm2
d = 358 mm, I = 16000 x 104 mm4, bf = 172 mm

Effective Slab Width

bE is smaller of
bE = 2125 mm
1. L/4 = 8500/4 = 2125 mm
2. s = 2500 mm

Checking the Position of N.A

As .Fy 7320  250 Coincidently same

a    50 mm
0.85 f c  bE 0.85  20  2125 as assumed value

a50
c   58.9 mm  t s  100 mm O.K. N.A. is within slab
 0.85
 d a
b M n  b As .Fy   t s  
2 2
 258 50 
b M n  0.9  7230  250.  100   / 106
 2 2
b M n  413.2 kN  M u  381.41 kN (OK )

Local Stability Check

h
 39.6   p  107 O.K. (For flexure stress in web)
tw
For A36 Steel

h
 39.6   p  69.5 O.K. (To get maximum Shear Strength)
tw
bf
 6.6   p  10.8 O.K. Not compulsory to be checked
2t f
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Shear Strength Check

42.23 8.5
Vu   179.5kN
2
vV n  v 0.6Fy  d  t w
 0.90.6  250 358  7.9 /1000

 381.8kN  179.5kN O.K.

Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Flexural Strength Check at Construction Stage

Actual Self Weight = 57.8 kg/m

Wet slab weight = 600 kg/m (included in Live Load)
Construction live load = 100 x 2.5 = 250 kg/m

wu  1.2 57.8  1.6  850

9.81
1000
 14.02kN / m O.K.

14.02  8.52
Mu   126.7kN  m
8
bM p  0.9Z x  Fy  225kN  m  M u O.K.
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Design of Shear Connectors
V’ is lesser of
0.85 fc ' Ac  3612.5kN
As Fy  1807.5kN

Vuh  1807.5kN
If we use 20mm Φ x 80mm, cover at the top will be 20 mm, which is
less than 25 mm so, let we use

15mm  60mm
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)


Asc  15 2  176.7mm 2
4
E  21019 MPa
Qn  0.5 Asc fc ' Ec  Asc Fu Rg = Rp = 1.0

Qn  0.5 176.7 20  21019  176.7  400

1000 1000
 57.28kN  70.6kN

Qn  57.28kN
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Number of Shear Connectors V  1807.5
   32
b/w Mmax & zero moment section.
Qn 57.28
Transverse Spacing
bf = 172 mm
smin = 4ds = 4 x 15 = 60 So two rows are easily possible

Longitudinal Spacing
8500 2 smin  6d s  90mm  265 O.K.
s  265 mm smax  lesser of 8t ands 915 mm
32 2
 800mm  265 O.K.
Total no. of connectors = 2 x 32 + 2 = 66 2 additional
Anchor Arrangement
Concluded