Year level

However, According to the findings on study of Mir, M., Nabi, A., Aziz, S., &

Ahmad, S. (2020), it proven that second-year college students face the most peer

pressure, while fourth-year college students face the least. The result is strikingly

demonstrate that university students experience varying levels of peer pressure

depending on their academic background; consequently, more investigation is

required to ascertain the causes of the variable concentrations of peer pressure

based on academic background. Peer pressure varies among students from the

same subject as well as those from diverse subject backgrounds. Students from

the same subject as well as those with different subject backgrounds experience

different levels of peer pressure.

Birth order

In particular, there are notable differences between the studies' findings

concerning the prevalent personalities and behavioral patterns of each birth order.

In this regard, Adler's theory implies that neuroticism manifests in firstborns

because they generally receive a greater amount of care from their parents before

being dethroned (Hartmann & Gouaarzi, 2019).

According to (Angelie, M., & Cabacungan, S. ,2021), It pertains to the

placement into which one is born – first born, middle child, last born, or only child.

It also connotes an individual’s role with which he/she most closely identifies,

regardless of his/her biological position. Their study revealed that male

respondents, who perceived that their Psychological Birth Order is

Pleaser/Organizer, obtained a correlation of .458, which indicates moderate

correlation. Also, male respondents who perceived that their Psychological Birth

Order is Neglected/Rejected, obtained a correlation of -.297 which indicates little

correlation to academic performance. Thus, it reveals that respondents who

perceived themselves as Pleaser/Organizer and male respondents who perceived

themselves as the Neglected/Rejected are more likely to have higher academic

performance.

Decision making

Decision making is a selection of one option at the expense of another

requires an individual to put in place an overall assessment of the alternatives,

using specific methods of reasoning and information processing (Bailo et al., 2019;

Kondylakis et al., 2017; Kou et al., 2014). In most cases, decision making means

thinking in conditions of uncertainty: we cannot predict with certainty the future

outcome of the available alternatives, but in the best of cases we can only

estimate the probability of these outcomes (Savioni, L., Triberti, S., Durosini, I., &

Pravettoni, G. 2022).

But, Birkeland, Breivik, and Wold (2014) writes in their research that feeling

accepted by peers promote positive self-esteem and selfefficacy in the

adolescents who do not have close and warm relationships with their parents.

Adolescence is not just a time for the increasing importance of peer relationships,

but it is also a time of increased susceptibility to peer pressure. It is clear from

previous studies that peers affect adolescents’ decisions to engage (or not

engage) in risky behaviors (Blakemore and Mills 2014).

Foreign
Mettoh, J., Hellen. (2016). Male Students at The University Endanger Academic Performance and
Graduation To Endear Peers. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21(07):31-40. doi:
10.9790/0837-2107063140

Olivera, Knežević, Florić., Aleksandra, Pavlović., Stefan, Ninković. (2021). Peer pressure and academic
achievement as predictors of adolescent risk behaviors. Tm-technisches Messen, 1123-1135. doi:
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Laetícia, Rodrigues, de, Souza., Cristine, Campos, de, Xavier, Pinto., Bernardo, Lanza, Queiroz., Dimitri, de,
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Ma, Z. (2023). The study on the influence of academic pressure on academic

performance. Journal of Education and Educational Research, 3(2), 106–109.
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