Iqra University Islamabad

Submitted To Sir. Usman Nasir

Submitted By Nabeel Ahmad

Program BSSE

Department DCCN

Batch Fa-20

Date 31/5/2023
Question No. 01: (03 Marks) List different types of Routing Protocols in Computer
Networks.
Ans: There are several types of routing protocols used in computer networks. Here are some of the
commonly used routing protocols:
Distance Vector Protocols:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Link-State Protocols:
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)
Hybrid Protocols:
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Path Vector Protocols:
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Exterior Gateway Protocols:
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Interior Gateway Protocols:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
It's important to note that different routing protocols have different characteristics, use cases, and are
suitable for specific network environments. The selection of a routing protocol depends on factors such as
network size, scalability requirements, network topology, and administrative policies.

Question No. 02: (10 Marks) Differentiate between RIP, EIGRP and OSPF with the aid of
neat diagrams?
Ans:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP):
RIP is a distance vector routing protocol that uses the hop count as the metric to determine the best path to a
destination network.
It has a maximum hop count limit of 15, which limits its scalability in larger networks.

RIP exchanges routing information with its neighboring routers periodically (every 30 seconds) using
broadcast messages.
It does not support authentication, and its convergence time can be slow in large networks with frequent
changes.

RIP uses the Bellman-Ford algorithm for its routing calculations.

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP):

EIGRP is a hybrid routing protocol that combines features of both distance vector and link-state protocols.
It calculates the best path based on bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and MTU (Maximum Transmission
Unit) values.
EIGRP exchanges partial routing tables with its neighboring routers, reducing the amount of routing
information shared and saving bandwidth.
It supports fast convergence and provides features like load balancing and route summarization.
EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol but has been partially opened to the industry standard.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF):

OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm to determine the best
path.
It exchanges link-state advertisements (LSAs) containing information about the state of each router and
network segment.

OSPF calculates the best path based on the cost metric, which is typically based on bandwidth.
It supports hierarchical design, enabling efficient routing in large networks by dividing them into areas.
OSPF supports authentication, route summarization, and load balancing.
It is an open standard protocol widely used in enterprise networks.

Please note that while diagrams can enhance the understanding of these routing protocols, the information
provided above should give you a solid overview of their key differences.

Q3.Sketch a diagram showing each of the layers in the TCP/IP model. Include the position
of each protocol layer in the diagram which we studied in the class.
Ans:
TCP/IP Model:
Application Layer:
Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, DHCP, Telnet, SNMP, etc.
Transport Layer:
Protocols: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Internet Layer:
Protocols: IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol), RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol), IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)
Network Interface Layer:
Protocols: Ethernet, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), Frame Relay, ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

Question No. 04: (12 Marks) Suppose client A initiates an HTTP session with the server S.
At about the same time, client B initiates an HTTP session with the server S. Provide
possible source and destination port numbers for: i. The Segments from A to S ii. The
Segments from B to S iii. The Segments from S to A iv. The Segments from S to B v. If A
and B are different hosts, is it possible that the source port number in the segments from A
to S is the same as that from B to S? vi. How about if they are the same host?
Ans:
i. The Segments from A to S:
Source Port: A random port number assigned by the operating system.
Destination Port: Port number used by the HTTP service on the server S (typically port 80).
ii. The Segments from B to S:
Source Port: A different random port number assigned by the operating system.
Destination Port: Port number used by the HTTP service on the server S (typically port 80).
iii. The Segments from S to A:
Source Port: Port number used by the HTTP service on the server S (typically port 80).
Destination Port: Port number assigned by the operating system on client A.
iv. The Segments from S to B:
Source Port: Port number used by the HTTP service on the server S (typically port 80).
Destination Port: Port number assigned by the operating system on client B.
v. If A and B are different hosts, it is highly unlikely that the source port number in the segments from A
to S would be the same as that from B to S. The operating system assigns random port numbers to
different clients to maintain uniqueness and avoid conflicts.
vi. If A and B are the same host, it is possible that the source port number in the segments from A to S is
the same as that from B to S. This is because the source port number is determined by the client's
operating system, and if both sessions are initiated from the same host, it is possible that the operating
system assigns the same source port number to both sessions. However, it is still not guaranteed as the
operating system may use different randomization techniques or there may be other factors influencing
the port assignment.