Ch 6- TRANSPORTATION

Q1. What are the components of transport system in humans? what are its
functions?
A- various components of the transport system in human beings are
i- heart
ii. blood vessels
iii. Blood and
iv. Lymph
1. Heart- heart is a muscular organ which pumps oxygenated blood to all parts
of the body and receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body
2. Blood vessels- they carry blood to the tissues and from the tissues to heart.
Arteries, veins and capillaries are the blood vessels in our body.
3. Blood- it is a fluid connective tissue. Its transport various substances like
oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, hormones etc to different parts of the
body.
4. Lymph- it carries digested and absorbed fat from the intestine. It drains
excess fluid from extracellular space back into the blood.
Q2. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in
mammals and birds?
A- It is necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood for a highly
efficient supply of oxygen to the body. Because birds and mammals have high
energy needs to maintain a constant body temperature.
Draw and label the sectional view of the human heart

1
Q3. Describe double circulation in human beings.
1. In mammals and birds the blood goes twice through the heart during each
cycle, so it is known as double circulation.
2. Pulmonary circulation- It starts from the right ventricle, from here the
pulmonary aorta carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it gets
oxygenated and pure blood is brought back to the heart by pulmonary vein.
3.Systemic circulation- It starts from the left ventricle, from here the aorta
supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues through its branches such as arteries
and capillaries. From the tissues the deoxygenated blood is collected by veins,
all veins join to form vena cava. The vena cava gives blood to the heart again
through the right atrium

Q4. Write the importance of double circulation.

• Double circulation is necessary for the continuous supply of oxygenated
blood to all cells
• It helps in the efficient supply of oxygen.
• It is important to produce high energy to maintain constant body
temperature.

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
Q 5. Differentiate between Xylem and phloem?
Or What are the Differences between the transport of materials in xylem and
phloem?

2
 XYLEM PHLOEM
*Xylem transports water and *Phloem transports food from leaves
minerals from roots to leaves to different parts of the plant.
*Xylem transport water only in the * phloem transport food materials in
upward direction, through xylem both upward and downward
vessels and tracheids direction through sieve tubes and
companion cells.
Q6. How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Transport of water and minerals takes place through xylem tissues like
tracheids and vessels. Root pressure and transpiration pull are the two physical
factors helps in the transportation of water. Through the xylem water and
minerals are transported in the upward direction towards the stem, leaves and
flowers.
Q7. What are the components of transport system in highly organized plants?
The main components of transport system in plants are xylem and phloem.
Tracheids and vessels of the xylem transport water. Sieve tubes and
companion ells of phloem transport food in plants.
Q 8. What is the importance of root pressure and transpiration pull in plants?
Root pressure –a. root cells in contact with the soil take up mineral ions
b. This creates a difference in the concentration of these ions between root
and soil.
c. therefore water enters into the cell from soil by osmosis and creates a
pressure. This pressure is called root pressure.
D. Root pressure helps in the upward movement of water through the xylem.
Transpiration pull- a.transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water
vapour from the aerial parts of the plant.
b.Evaporation of water creates a suction which pulls water from xylem cells of
roots.
c. during daytime when stomata are open transpiration is the major driving
force in the movement of water through the xylem.
Q9. What is translocation?

3
The movement of soluble products of photosynthesis through the phloem is
called translocation.
Q 10. How is food transported in plants?
• Food is Transported in plants by the process of translocation. The
transportation in phloem is achieved by utilizing energy from ATP
• Materials like sucrose is transported into phloem tissue by using energy
from ATP.
• This increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water to move
into it.
• This pressure moves the material from the phloem to the tissues which
have less pressure.( for example ,in spring season sugar stored in the
roots or stem would be transported to the buds which needs more
energy to grow.)

EXCRETION
Q11. Explain the structure of nephron with the help of a labeled diagram.
• Nephron is a structural and functional unit (filtration unit) of kidney.
• It Consists of a cup shaped structure at it’s one end known as Bowmans
capsule.
• The Bowman’s capsule runs down as a narrow tube called renal tubule.
• The renal tubule finally opens into a common tube called collecting duct.
• A branch of renal artery enters the Bowman capsule and forms a bundle
of capillaries known as glomerulus.
• The other end of the glomerulus comes out of the Bowman’s capsule
and surrounds the renal tubules of nephron and finally joins to the renal
vein.
• Draw the diagram of nephron.(page 111,figure-6.14)
Q12. Explain the function of nephron or
Explain the process of urine formation.
(Three Steps in urine formation- filtration, selective reabsorption, secretion)

4
• In human beings the nitrogenous waste products, excess water and salts
are removed by the nephrons in the kidney.
• The blood containing nitrogenous waste enter the kidney through the
renal artery.
• When the branch of renal artery forms glomerulus, it builds up pressure
in the capillaries.
• It helps in the movement of substances from the capillaries into
bowmans capsule. This fluid is called initial filtrate (filtration), which
contains urea, uric acid, water, glucose and amino acid.
• As the filtrate passes through the renal tubule, the useful components
like glucose amino acids and water are selectively reabsorbed into the
capillaries (selective reabsorption).
• The filtrate which remains after reabsorption is called urine. Later urine
passes into collecting duct and drains into ureters, through the ureters
urine reaches in the urinary bladder where it is stored until there is an
urge to pass it through the urethra.
Q13. How is the amount of urine regulated?
The amount of urine produced depends upon how much excess water is
there in the body and the amount of nitrogenous wastes .it is also
regulated by a hormone known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH).
Q14. Compare alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidney with
respect to their structure and function.
a. Structural difference- alveoli are balloon like structure found in the
lungs, they are one celled thick wall with a net work of capillaries while
nephrons are long coiled tubes with a cup shaped structure at its one
end.
b. Functional difference- alveoli helps in the exchange of gases while
nephrons helps in the removal of nitrogenous wastes like urea, uric acid
etc. from the blood. In both cases exchange of materials takes place
from the blood through capillaries.
Q15. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory
products?
*Plants get rid of dead tissues to eliminate wastes.
*Waste products are stored in large vacuoles.
*Waste products stored in the leaves are removed when the leaves fall
off.

5
*Resins and gums are stored in non- functional old xylem.
*Plants also excrete waste through roots to the soil

xxxxx