Sure, I can help with that! Let's go through each question step by step.

### Q.1

1) **Negotiable Instruments**:

Negotiable instruments are documents that guarantee the payment of a specific amount of money
either on demand or at a set time. Examples include promissory notes, bills of exchange, and
cheques. These instruments are transferable, meaning they can be passed from one party to
another, often used in commercial transactions to facilitate payments.

2) **Debt Recovery Tribunal**:

Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) are legal bodies established under the Recovery of Debts Due to
Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993. Their primary function is to facilitate the speedy recovery
of debts from individuals or entities that have defaulted on their loans from banks and financial
institutions. DRTs provide a forum for resolving disputes related to debt recovery.

### Q.2

The **System of Banking and Banking Instruments** encompasses various mechanisms and entities
involved in financial transactions:

- **Banking Institutions**: These are organizations that provide financial services like accepting
deposits, lending money, and facilitating payments.

- **Banking Instruments**: These are documents or mechanisms used in financial transactions, such
as cheques, promissory notes, bills of exchange, and electronic fund transfers.

- **Banking Services**: These include services like savings and current accounts, loans, investment
products, and payment services.

- **Regulatory Framework**: Banking systems are governed by regulatory bodies that set rules and
guidelines to ensure stability, transparency, and fair practices within the banking industry.

### Q.3
The **Banking Regulation Act, 1949** and **Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2017**
have the following salient features:

- **Banking Regulation Act, 1949**: It regulates the functioning of banking companies in India. Key
features include licensing of banks, regulation of banking business, control over management,
restrictions on loans and advances, and supervision by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

- **Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2017**: This amendment introduced changes to

the Banking Regulation Act to empower RBI to deal more effectively with non-performing assets
(NPAs) and stressed assets in banks. It gave RBI more authority to issue directions to banks for
resolution of NPAs and to initiate insolvency proceedings.

### Q.4

1) **Central Banking Functions of RBI under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934**:

The RBI performs various central banking functions, including issuing currency, regulating the
banking system, managing foreign exchange, acting as a banker to the government, and controlling
credit in the economy. These functions are aimed at maintaining monetary stability, promoting
economic growth, and ensuring financial stability.

OR

2) **Meaning, Nature, and Relationship of Banker and Customer**:

The relationship between a banker and a customer is primarily contractual, where the banker
agrees to provide banking services to the customer, such as holding deposits, providing loans, and
facilitating payments. This relationship is based on trust and confidentiality, with the banker owing a
duty of care to the customer.

### Q.5

**Nationalisation of Banks** refers to the process of transferring private banks into public
ownership by the government. In India, nationalization occurred in two phases:

1) **1969**: Fourteen major private banks were nationalized to promote social welfare, expand
banking services to rural areas, and mobilize resources for economic development.
2) **1980**: Six more banks were nationalized to further the goals of financial inclusion, credit
allocation for priority sectors, and strengthening the banking sector's stability.

Examples of nationalized banks in India include State Bank of India (SBI), Punjab National Bank (PNB),
and Bank of Baroda (BOB).

### Q.6

**Banking as a service under Consumer Protection law** ensures that banking customers are
protected and treated fairly by banks. This includes:

- **Transparency**: Banks must provide clear and accurate information about their services,
charges, and terms and conditions to customers.

- **Fair Practices**: Banks should follow ethical practices and not engage in unfair or deceptive
practices that harm customers.

- **Redressal Mechanisms**: Customers have the right to seek redressal for grievances through
internal complaint mechanisms within banks and external avenues like consumer courts.

- **Data Protection**: Banks must safeguard customers' personal and financial information and
comply with data protection laws.

These measures ensure that banking services are provided responsibly and in the best interests of
customers, promoting trust and confidence in the banking system.