Lie Detection and Investigation

MR. RENZ RHIO L.
SOLMAYOR
RCrim, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
Department Head
- College of Criminal Justice Education
Rizwood Colleges Inc. – Main Campus
CRIMINALISTICS/ FORENSIC SCIENCE
Former Department Head
Univ. of Cebu at Pardo and Talisay Campus CRMTCS 5: POLYGRAPHY
College Consultant
Sto. Nino Mactan College – Lapu – Lapu City
National Review Lecturer

- Criminologist Licensure Examination - CLE
- Napolcom Entrance Examination
- BFP Entrance Examination
- BJMP Entrance Examination
Polygraphy = the scientific method of detecting deception with
the aid or use of a polygraph instrument.
Polygraph = a delicately engineered instrument that

simultaneously records the changes in respiration, electrodermal
activity and cardiovascular activity.
Thomas Jefferson = first person known who used the term

Polygraph to described one of his inventions
RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
Thomas Jefferson
(first man to used the word “polygraph”)
Polygraph machine is a sensitive machine which is likened or
compared to an X-ray, which requires proper interpretation for
validation and its accuracy is said to be directly proportional to the
knowledge, skills, education, desire, competency and integrity of
the operator

Uses of Polygraphy
1. Pre-Employment Screening
2. Periodic Audit (Loyalty Checking)
3. Case Investigation
4. Paired Testing – two persons who has contradictory statements
5. Post – Conviction Sex Offender Testing – convicted of sex crimes
to monitor their behavior while under parole or probation.

HISTORY OF POLYGRAPHY
* Adam and Eve

act of Deception was born
* Book of First King

Judgement of Solomon
Erasistratus (300-250 B.C.)
-a well - known Greek Anatomist and Royal Physician under

the Seleucus I Nicator of Syria
- he discovered the disease of Antiochus I Soter, the king’s

eldest son, who was deeply in love with her step mother
Stratonice but only kept it to himself.
- detecting deception by feeling the pulse (quickening of the

pulse of Antiochus I) RRLS,
RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
Polygraph Examiner
= is one who is capable of detecting deception and verifying
the truthfulness of statement through the use of a polygraph
instrument.
= is someone who has successfully completed formal
education and training in conducting polygraph examination and is
certified by his agency to conduct such examination.

Subject
= is any person who undergoes polygraph examination.
Polygraph Examination
= a process that encompasses all activities that take place
between a polygraph examiner and an examinee during a specific
series of interactions. For a valid polygraph examination to exist,
respiration, EDA, and Cardiovascular activity must be monitored
and recorded. RRLS,
EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION
1. Trial by Combat = a method to settle accusations in the absence
of witnesses or a confession, in which two parties in dispute
fought in single combat.
2. Trial by Ordeal = a judicial practiced by which the guilt or
innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to an
unpleasant, usually dangerous experience or in the present term
would mean an employment of “3rd degree”. The word “ordeal”
was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which
means “a miraculous decision”. RRLS,
TYPES OF ORDEAL
1. Ordeal of Heat and Fire = in this test the suspect walked a
certain distance, usually nine feet, over red-hot plowshares or
holding a red-hot iron.
2. Ordeal of Hot Water = this test requires that the water had to
be boiled, and the depth from which the stone had to be retrieved
was up to the wrist for one accusation, and up to the elbow for
three or more accusations.
3. Ordeal of Boiling Oil
= this ordeal was practiced in villages of India and certain
parts of West Africa.
4. Red Hot Iron Ordeal
= the accused will be required to touch his tongue to an
extremely hot metal nine (9) times (unless burned sooner), Once
his tongue is burned, he will be adjudged guilty. In some country
instead of hot iron, they used a hot needle to tease the lips and
once the lips bleed it is an indication of guilt. RRLS,
5. Ordeal of Cold Water
= this ordeal has a precedent in the Code of Ur-Nammu and
the Code of Hammurabi under which a man accused of sorcery
was to be submerged in a stream and acquitted if he survived.
= in 16th and 17th centuries, ordeal by water was associated

with the witch-hunts. Floating is an indication of witchcraft.

6. Ordeal of Rice Chewing = a method of detecting deception
whereby an accused will be required to take rice (to clergy bread
or cheese).If the accused failed to swallow even a single grain of
concentrated rice he/she will be adjudged guilty.
7. Ordeal of Red Water (Food and Drink Ordeal) = in this method

the accused will be required to run fast for twelve (12 hours), take
a cap of rice and drink a dark colored water (as much as one
gallon). RRLS,
8. Ordeal of the Cross
= the accuse and the accuser stood on either side of a cross
and stretched out their hands horizontally. The one to first lower
his arms lost.
9. The Test of the Axe
= in Greece, a suspended axe was spine in the center of a
group of suspects, when the axe stopped, whosoever was in line
with the blade was supposed to be the guilty as pointed by divine
providence. RRLS,
10. The Test of the Candle
= this ordeal was used in Burma, the accuser and accused were
each given identical candles and were lighted at the same time. The
candle that burns the longest determines which the truth.
11. Donkey’s tail (Ash tail) Ordeal
= a method of ordeal where all accused persons will be
instructed to select a cage with a donkey, using a donkey’s tail they
will strike the donkey and whichever cries first will be adjudged
guilty. RRLS,
12. The “Hereditary Sieve”
= Dr. Hans Gross mentioned this Ordeal in his famous book
on Criminal Investigation in which beans were thrown into a sieve
as the name of each suspect was called. The deception criteria
were described as follows--- “If the bean jumps out of the sieve,
the owner of the name pronounced is innocent, if the bean
remains in the sieve, the person named is the thief.

Cesare Lombroso
= In 1895, Cesare Lombroso, an Italian Criminologist and
tutor of Angelo Mosso, published the second edition of his book
entitled “L’Homme Criminel” which he relates the used of
hydrosphygmograph during interrogation of suspects. He called it
blood pressure pulse test.
= he is considered as the first person to conceive the idea of
lie detection and the first to apply the technique in actual criminal
suspects RRLS,
Francis Galton
= in 1879, introduced the Word Association Test using series of
irrelevant questions and relevant question separated in time.
B. Sticker
= believed that the origin of the galvanic skin phenomenon
was under the influence of the exciting mental impressions and that
the will has no effect upon it.
= he made the earliest application of psychogalvanometer to
RRLS,RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
forensic problems.
Sir James Mackenzie
= an English clinician and cardiologist, constructed the Clinical
Polygraph in 1892, an instrument to be used for medical examinations
with the capability to simultaneously record undulated line tracings of
the vascular pulses (radial, venous and arterial), by way of a stylus
onto a revolving drum of smoked paper.
In 1906, Sir James Mackenzie refined his clinical polygraph of
1892 when he devised the Clinical Ink Polygraph with the help of
Lancashire watchmaker, Sebastian Shaw. This instrument used a
clockwork mechanism for the paper-rolling and time-marker
movements and it produced ink recordings of physiological functions
that were easier to acquire and to interpret. RRLS,RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
S. Veraguth
= he is said to be the first person to use the term
Psychogalvanic Reflex. Veraguth was the first scientist to use the
word association test with galvanometer.
= in 1907, he described his observation on galvanic
phenomena and emotions that there was an ascending
galvanometer curve during the presentation of relevant stimuli
versus the rest curve on non-crucial stimuli.
Vittorio Benussi
= in March 1913, he presented a paper before the second
meeting of the Italian Society for Psychology in Rome where he
described how he record the subject’s breathing patter using a
Marey Pneumograph which he noted the changes in inspiration-
expiration ratio during deception.
= he also included recording of heart rate and blood pressure
curve in detection of deception and probably the first person to
record more than one physiological response.
Dr. William M. Marston
= in 1915 was credited as the creator of the systolic blood-

pressure test used in an attempt to detect deception during
questioning, and using a standard blood pressure cuff and
stethescope, requiring repeated inflation of the pressure cuff to
obtain readings at intervals during examination. This was called
Discontinuous Technique.
Harold Burtt
= In 1918, Burtt suggested that the changes in respiration
were an indication of deception.
= He was able to determine that the changes in respiration
were of less value in the detection of deception than the changes
in blood pressure

John A. Larson
= encouraged by August Vollmer of the Berkeley Policwe
Department to conduct a research on deception.
= Cardio-Pneumo Psychogram was Larson’s first instrument which
was borrowed from Dr. Robert Jessel and was invented by Earl Bryant
= in 1921, Earl Bryant made an instrument for Larson in which he
used a breadboard as a base and from that it became in the industry as
Breadboard Polygraph – capable of recording continually and
simultaneously the respiration and cardiovascular activities.
= today he is known as the Father of Scientific Lie Detection and at
the same time the Father of Polygraphy
Leonarde Keeler
= in 1926, he made a modification of Larson’s instrument. He
developed that metal bellows and kymograph that pulled a chart paper
at a constant speed under recording pens from a roll of chart located
inside the instrument.
= in 1938, 1938, Keeler included the Psychogalvanometer (PGR), a
third measuring component of his instrument which was also known as
Galvanic Skin Reflex (GSR) invented by Italian Physiologist Galvani in
1791.
= credited as the creator on Relevant-Irrelevant Technique.
= today Keeler is known as the Father of Modern Polygraphy.
Ruckmick = in 1936, the term Psychogalvanic Reflex used by Veraguth
was repudiated by Ruckmick and proposed the term Electrodermal
Response.
John E. Reid
= in 1950, he developed the Control Question which consist of a
known lie and incorporated it into the relevant/irrelevant technique.
= he developed a movement or activity sensor a means of
recording arm and leg movements
= Reid also developed the silent answer test and guilt-complex
test to be administered to overly responsive examinee RRLS,
Cleve Backster
= developed the psychological set theory and the anticlimax
dampening concept.
= he also developed and introduced the Quantification
System of Chart Analysis (Numerical Scoring) which permits the
examiner to score the charts numerically according to standard
rules.

Richard O. Arther
= introduced the Arther II polygraph instrument which
contains a stimulus marker capable of recording the beginning and
ending of question and the moment the examinee answered.
= credited as the creator of Stimulus Marker
= developed an instrument with two Galvanic Skin
Resistance
Computerized Polygraph Instrument
= in 1992, the polygraph made its official entrance into the

computer age

TRIPOD FOUNDATION OF POLYGRAPHY
1. Psychological Leg Premise
= states that specific nervous system component whose
stimulation can thus be diagnosed are so stimulated by the
involuntary and emotional processes of the individual who is
continuously attempting concealment of deception especially if
that individual has something at stake and the prevailing
circumstances lead him to believe that exposure to deception is
quite possible although undesirable.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POLYGRAPHY
Emotion – came from the French word “emouvoir” which means
to “stir from up”
- defined as an agitation, disturbance constituting a
departure from the calm state.
6 Basic Emotions by Paul Ekman

1. Anger 2. disgust 3. fear
4. Happiness 5. Sadness 6. surprise RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
2. Physiological Leg Premise
= that among the physiological responses that may be
recorded are those that automatically occur only following the
stimulation of specific nervous component system
3. Mechanical Leg Premise

= polygraph is capable of making graphic record containing
reliable information regarding physiological responses of the
subject. RRLS,
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LYING
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
= is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. All other
nerve ways are within the peripheral nervous system which
separates into two: The Somatic Nervous System and the
Autonomic Nervous System.

1. Somatic Nervous System
= is involved with voluntary comparative over skeletal
muscles
2. Autonomic Nervous System
= involved those involuntary physiological functions of the
body and has considerable psychological impact as well.

TWO DIVISIONS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
= the house keeping or braking system. It is responsible for
conserving energy and making sure necessary bodily functions. I
= restrains sympathetic arousal and attempt to maintain
homeostatic (homeostasis) normal.
2. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
= is our emergency, or action system.
= a system which causes the sudden and dramatic change.
Homeostasis
= is complex interactive regulatory system by which the body
strives to maintain a state of internal equilibrium.
Hypothalamus
= is a series of groups of nerve cells of the brain that control
the entire endocrine-hormonal system.

Fight, flight, freeze
= are the three stereotypic behavioral responses to threat,
sometimes simply called F3. The physiological responses concomitant
to these behaviors are the same, namely mobilizing bodily resources
for an expenditure of energy, and narrowing attention and focus to
the features of the threat.
When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it

immediately prepares the body for fight or flight by causing the
adrenal glands to secret hormones known as epinephrine and
norepinephrine and the blood will be distributed to those areas of the
body where it is most needed to meet the emergency. RRLS,
Epinephrine
= is the hormonal stimulator of the sympathetic nervous
system. It acts to constrict peripheral blood flow, raise blood
pressure, increase cardiac activity, promote metabolic activity
through the release of glucose, and inhibit digestive processes.
= it is called Adrenaline in British

Norepinephrine
= is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland, it works
alongside with epinephrine/adrenaline to give the body sudden
energy in times of stress, known as the "fight or flight" response.
=it is called Noradrenaline in British.

Lying
is the act of uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a
false or misleading impression with the intention of affecting
wrongfully.
Lie - prevarications or falsehood
Jocular - (jocolus , jocose) means “jokes”
White Lie- “officious lie”
Emergency Lie- “strategic lie”

TYPES OF LIE
Lie of Fabrication – is something made up or a
misrepresentation of a truth. It is often used by the subject in an
interview.
Lie of Omission – a lie used by omitting an important fact,
deliberately leaving another person with a misconception.
Noble Lie – is one that would normally discord if uncovered but
offers some benefit to the liar and assists in an orderly society
therefore potentially beneficial to others.
Puffery Lie – is an exaggerated claim typically found in
advertising and publicity announcements. For example, “the
highest quality at the lowest price.” Such statement is unlikely to
be true but cannot be proven false and so do not violate trade
laws.
Lie of Compliment or False Reassurance – a lie intended to
please others. For example, “that looks good to you” or
“everything is going to be alright.”

White Lie – a lie that would cause only relatively minor discord if
it were uncovered and typically offers some benefit to the hearer.
It is often used to maintain harmony of friendship in the home or
in the office.
Red Lie – a lie used to destroy the ideologies by means of
propaganda which is common in communist countries.
Malicious Lie – a lie usually used to mislead or a dishonesty
intended to obstruct justice.
KINDS OF LIAR
1. Panic Liar = a person who lies to avoid the consequences of
certain actions
2. Occupational Liar = is a practical liar and usually lies when there
is a higher pay off than telling the truth
3. Tournament Liar = a person who loves to lie and is excited by
the challenge of not being detected
4. Ethnological Liar = person who is trained not to be squealer.
This person loves to be interrogated and has taken the creed that
he will never reveal the truth, usually the creed of the underworld
gang RRLS,
5. Psychopathic Liar = a liar that shows no regret for his dishonest
actions and no manifestations of guilt. Most difficult type of liar to
deal with because such is a good actor
6. Pathological Liar = a person who cannot distinguish between

right and wrong.
7. Black Liar = a person who always pretend

Verbal Signs of Deception
Speech Patterns – higher pitch in tone, stuttering, clearing the

throat and frequent pauses. Liars also cut out contractions, using
“was not” instead of “wasn’t”.
2. Repeating Questions -Liars need time to think

Verbal Signs of Deception
3. Strong Denial- defensive behavior, denial and trying to make

others feel guilty, tries to create empathy, “I will never Lie!”.
(Everyone tells lies, sometimes, so anyone say they “will never lie”
is lying.)
4. Changing the subject or story
5. Unwillingness to cooperate
Non-Verbal Signs of Deception
1. Mouth Cover
2. Nose Touch- once a person tries to lie, a chemical named
“catecholamine” is released and causes the tissues inside the nose to
swell due to the mental pressure.
3. Itchy Nose
4. Eye Rub- men do this gesture more
5. Ear Grab- liars show this to avoid anxiety
6. Neck Scratch
7. Collar Pull
8. Fingers in the Mouth
*Ayur Vida
a hindu book of science and health around 500B.C. Considered as
an earliest known reference to a method of detecting deception.
*Dharmasatra of Gautama
discuss the nature of lie.
*Vassitra of Dharmasastra
gives justification for lying.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF POLYGRAPH
1. Pneumograph = designed to detect and record changes in
respiration of the subject which consists of the ff:
Rubber Convoluted Tube = about 10 inches corrugated rubber
attached to the body of the subject.
Beaded Chain = used to lock the rubber convoluted tube.
Recording Pen Unit = consisting of two 5 inches recording pen

Centering Knob = used to center the pen
Sensitivity Knob = used to adjust the desired size of tracings
Vent = used to release excess pressure from the system
Pneumo Module = located inside the instrument that receives

the reactions detected by the corrugated tube and moves the pen
to record the reactions on the chart
2. Cardiosphygmograph
= Designed to detect changes in the cardiovascular activity of
the subject. It consists of:
a. Blood Pressure Cuff = attached to the upper right arm of the
subject, above the brachial artery.
b. Sphygmomanometer = used to indicate the amount of air
pressure inflated to the system. Usually about 60 mm of mercury
for male subject
d. Air Pump/Pump Bulb = designed to supply air to the system
e. Cardio Module = located inside the instrument that receives the
reactions detected by the cuff and moves the pen to record the
reactions on the chart
f. Sensitivity Control = used to adjust the desired size of tracings
g. Centering Control = designed to center the pen on the chart
h. Vent = Used to release excess pressure from the system

Cardiosphygmograph provides a record of the following:
1. Relative Blood Volume/Pressure = is the changes in the
average value of the cardio tracing (waveform) with respect to a
baseline.
a. Diastolic Blood Pressure = refers to the downward blood
pressure representing the low pressure to the closing of the valves
and heart relaxed.
b. Systolic Blood Pressure = the upward blood pressure as the
apex of the curve caused by the contraction of the heart, valves
are open and blood is rushing into the arteries. RRLS,
2. Pulse Amplitude = is the changes in pulse amplitude (tracing
height) independent of baseline.
3. Pulse Rate = changes in heart rate or time between pulses.
4. Dicrotic Notch
= changes in relative position of the dicrotic notch or pulse
waveform
= short horizontal notch in a cardio-tracing located at the middle
of the diastolic stem
3. Galvanograph = designed to detect changes in skin resistance of
the subject. Consists of:
a. Finger Electrode Assembly consists of:
a.1. finger Electrode Plate and Retainer Bond = attached to the

index and ring finger of the subject.
a.2. Connecting Plug = attached the system to the instrument
b. Recording Pen Unit = usually 7 inches RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
c. Amplifier Unit = designed to support the galvanometer in
converting electrical to mechanical current.
d. Sensitivity Control = used to adjust the desired size of tracings
e. Centering Control = designed to center the pen on the chart
f. GSR Module = located inside the instrument that receives the
reactions detected by the finger electrodes and moves the pen to
record the reactions on the chart

How does it Records?
Galvanic Skin Response
= is the change in the body’s resistance to the passage
of a minute electrical sensing current.
The electrodes electrically connect the subject to
the instrument. These provide a 5 microamp sensing current
to the subject, far below the threshold of feeling.

Kymograph
= serves as the paper feed mechanism of the polygraph
machine
= It is a motor that pulls or drives the chart paper under the
recording pen simultaneously at the rate of five seconds per
vertical chart division or twelve divisions in one minute run.
a. Cutter Bar = used to cut the paper at the end of the test
b. Rubber Roller = the one responsible for pulling the paper
out of the machine. RRLS,RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
c. Pen Table = flat portion where the pen write on the chart.
d. Paper Rail Guide = serves as the security for the unnecessary

movement of the chart paper or to ensure the paper’s forward
movement without shaking.
e. Synchronous Motor = runs the chart paper at the uniform rate

speed regardless of the voltage change.

Polygraph Chart = approximately 100 ft. rolled graph paper with
approximately ¼ inch horizontal division and ½ inch vertical
division equivalent to 5 seconds run
Pen and Inking System = the one that provides for the permanent
record of the test
Capillary Ink = a water based ink intended for polygraph

instruments RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
FORMULATION OF TEST QUESTIONS
General Rules in formulating Test Questions
Questions must be simple and direct
They must not involve legal terminologies
They must be as simple and as short as possible
Answerable by Yes or No.
They must not be in a form of accusatorial.
Their meaning must be clear and they must be phrased in a
language that the subject can easily understand. RRLS,
FORMULATION OF TEST QUESTIONS
General Rules in formulating Test Questions
They must never contain inference which presupposes
knowledge on the part of the subject.
They must refer to one offense only
They must refer to one element of the offense.
They must not contain inference to ones religion, race or
belief.
1. Irrelevant Question
= a question that has no connection with the matter under

investigation and deals with known facts that the subject cannot
be denied. It is designed to be emotionally neutral to examinees
and usually answerable by “yes’. Also called Neutral Question.

Characteristics of Irrelevant
1. It has no connection to the matter under investigation.
2.No threat to subject (usually).
3. Neither innocent nor guilty suspects have reason to lie.
4. Usually about the suspect’s background.
5. Generally used at the beginning of polygraph technique to
establish a ‘norm’ for examinee, or throughout the examination as
needed to reestablish norm pattern.
Purposes of Irrelevant Question
1. Establish the professional authority in the room that means, the
examiner asks questions and the suspect answers.
2. It allows the examiner to assess the subject’s normal behavior
for this heightened emotional situation.
3. Allows the examiner to identify something he has in common
with the subject, to establish rapport.
4. It minimizes resistance.
2. Symptomatic Question = is designed to ensure that the
examiner will not ask un-reviewed questions or that the examinee
is not afraid that the examiner will ask un-reviewed questions.
Examples:
Do you believe me when I promised not to ask a question in
this test I have not gone over word for word?
Even though I promised I would not, are you afraid I will ask a
question in this test I have not gone over word for word?
3. Sacrifice Relevant Question
= it introduces the relevant question to the subject
= designed to absorb the response generated by the
introduction of relevant question in the series
Example:
Regarding the (matter under investigation), are you willing to
answer the questions truthfully?

4. Relevant Question
= a question deals with the matter under investigation. Color
coded red in computerized instruments. It is designed to generate
reactions from deceptive subject.

Types of Relevant Question
a. Primary Relevant (Strong Relevant) = addresses the primary
issue or direct involvement of the subject on the matter under
question. It is use primarily with the single-issue examination.
Ex. Did you take that missing money?
b. Secondary Relevant (Weak Relevant) = deals with the physical
acts that support the primary issue. This is usually use in multi-
issue examination.
Ex. Did you participate in the theft of that missing money?
Types of Weak Relevant Question
*Weak Relevant
indirectly proving the guilt of the subject and is further sub-
divided into three:
a. Knowledge questions
given for the purposes of determining information
known or the subject possess
Types of Weak Relevant Question
*Weak Relevant
b. Evidence Connecting
designed to obtain link between the subject and the crime.
c. Sacrifice
questions designed to determine truthfulness of the subject.

c. Guilty Knowledge = designed to probe whether the subject
possesses information regarding the identity of the offender or
the facts of the case under question.
Ex. Do you know who took that missing money?
d. Evidence Connecting Question = test question in which the
examinee is asked about a particular piece of physical evidence
that would incriminate the guilty person. It could be items left at
the crime scene by the perpetrator or stolen property.
Ex. Do you know where any of that missing money is right now?
5. Control Question
= a question which is the same in nature with that of the
relevant question but broad in scope. Also known as Comparison
Question.
= is used for comparative purposes with the relevant
question.
= designed to generate reactions from truthful subject.

Types of Control Question
a. Directed Lie Control Question (DLC) = a comparison question in
which the examinee is instructed by the examiner to answer the
questions untruthfully.
Some examiners actually get admission to comparison
questions and then instruct the examinee to lie to that question
when it is asked.

b. Probable Lie Control Question (PLC)
= a question to which it is likely that the examinee is
untruthful with his answer.
= PLC questions are broad in scope and usually based on
actions categorically similar to that of the issue under
investigation

Types of Probable Lie
a. Inclusive
= a control question which include the relevant time period
under investigation. It was originally designed by Reid.
= this type of question usually starts with the phrase: “In
your entire life,…..”. Also termed as inclusionary.

b. Exclusive = a control question separated in time, place and
category from the relevant question. It was introduced by Cleve
Backster. He believes that this prevents the guilty suspect from
perceiving the comparison question as an ambiguous relevant
question.
Example:
During the first __ years of your life, did you ever ____?
Prior to 2009, did you ever _____ ?
While in college ______?
Between the ages of __ & __, did you ever _____?RRLS,
Types of Polygraph Technique/Test
1. General Question Test
= consist of series of relevant, irrelevant control questions in
a planned order. Developed by John E. Reid
2. Relevant/Irrelevant Test
= consists primarily of series of irrelevant questions and
relevant question pertaining to the crime under investigation.
Developed by Keeler.
3. Peak of Tension Test
= consist of only one relevant and a series of irrelevant
questions.
= resemble, in every general way, the card test, for it consist
essentially of the asking of a series of question in which only one
has any bearing upon the matter under investigation.
= padding questions before and after the relevant questions.

Two Types of POT Test
Known Solution Peak of Tension Test (KSPOT) = is used to
determine whether the examinee is aware of details of a crime
that have been kept from the general public and would
presumably only be known to the perpetrator of the crime or
those with incriminating knowledge.
Searching Peak of Tension Test (SPOT) = is used to determine
details of a crime that are not known to officials, such as the
location of an unrecovered body, but would be known to a
participant in the crime. RRLS,
4. Guilt Complex Test
= used primarily for overly responsive subjects.
= a totally fictitious incident but a similar nature to the
matter being investigated and make him believe it is real.
= The purpose is to compare the response with those
response made concerning the actual matter under investigation
5. Silent Answer Test
= Subject is instructed not to give any verbal answer, the
subject will only answer in his mind.
6. Comparison Question Test (CQT) = the reactions on the control
and relevant questions are compared via numerical scoring
7. Card test / Acquaintance Test / Stimulation Test
= the subject is presented with seven (7) previously numbered
cards face down.
= he will be instructed to take one, look at it and return it with
the rest of the cards.
= the examiner will shuffle the cards and each card will be shown
to him, with the instruction that he will answer “NO” to all cards ,
even if the one being shown to him is the one he has seen earlier.
Two Types of Polygraph Exam
1. Mixed Issue Exam
= multiple-issue polygraph testing like screening of applicants
or audit of employees or persons with security clearances.
2. Diagnostic Exam
= a test which involves specific case investigation.

Stages in the Conduct of the Polygraph Test
Initial Interview With the Investigator
1. Pre-test Interview = an interview conducted by the polygraph

examiner designed to prepare or condition the subject for the
actual test. It usually last for about 20 – 30 minutes
a. Determining the subject physical, mental and psychological
suitability to undergo the test
a.1 the subject should avoid taking drugs at least 12 hrs
before the test
a.2 the subject if female should not be pregnant
a.3 the subject should not be hungry
a.4.the subject should not be physically or emotional
abuse
a.5 the subject should not be suffering high blood or
hypertension.
b. Informing the subject of his Constitutional Rights
(if the examiner is a law enforcement officer)
c. Taking of the subject consent
d. Taking of the subject personal data
e. Preparing the subject for the test
– administration of stimulation test

2. ln-Test (Actual Test) = is the actual conduct of the test
administered by a polygraph examiner
Conditions of the Room

It should be spacious for two persons
Well lighted
Well ventilated
Sound Proof
Not decorated RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
3. Post-test Interview or Interrogation
= is an interview or an interrogation administered by a
polygraph examiner after the test designed to obtain confession or
admission by the subject.
= interview is conducted when the reactions indicate an
innocent response and very cooperative to the examiner.
= interrogation is conducted when the reactions show sign of
deception and being uncooperative to open an information.
Chart markings
= are annotations of the physiologic tracings to denote
stimulus (question) onset and offset, examinee’s answer, question
number, question label, artifacts, and other details important to
the interpretation of the physiological data.

Two Types Chart Markings
Primary Markings = these are markings which indicate the
beginning and end of examination as well as the questions and
answers of the subject. These are usually placed at the bottom or
top of the polygraph chart
Secondary Markings = are markings which are placed only if
the examinee does something which will cause the physiological
tracings to distort. These markings are usually placed below the
affected tracing. RRLS,
1. Primary Markings
X – it indicates the start of the test. The examiner informs the
subject that the test is about to begin.
I – is a stimulus mark. The first vertical line marks when the

examiner starts asking question. Second vertical line marks when
the examiner finish asking question.

1. Primary Markings
+ - a positive sign which indicates that the subject answers the
question with “yes”. This also indicates the period when the
subject answers the question and usually followed by a “number”
indicating the order number of question, example +3, +4, +5….)
– a negative sign indicating that the subject answers the stimulus

with “no”. This also indicates the period when the subject answers
the question and usually followed by a “number”.
XX – indicates the end of test. RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
1.OSN – Outside Noise
1.M – Movement 2.ISN – Inside Noise
2.T – Talking 3.EE – Examiner Error
3.DB – Deep Breath 4.WRQ – Will Repeat
4.C – Cough Question
5.CT – Clear Throat 5.MI – Movement Instruction
6.SW – Swallow 6.TI – Talking Instruction
7.SNF – Sniff 7.AI – Answering Instruction
8.Y – Yawn 8.BI – Breathing Instruction
9.SZ – Sneeze 9.WU – Wake-Up
10.LGH – Laugh 10.TDB – Take Deep Breath
11.SLP – Sleep RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.
INTERPRETATION OF POLYGRAPH DATA
Two types of Chart Interpretation

Global Analysis
Numerical Scoring
Manual Numerical Scoring
Computer Scoring Algorithm

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
In global analysis, the examiner looks for significant
reactions that occur repeatedly which is referred to as
“Conspecnificance”. Conspecnificance is the consistency of
reaction to a specific question with significant magnitude
NUMERICAL SCORING
The numerical scoring is a method of rendering polygraph
decisions that are based exclusively on numeric values that have
been assigned to physiological responses recorded during a
structured polygraph examination RRLS,
ELEMENTS OF SCORING SYSTEM
1. Reaction Features
= are raw physiological data that a polygraph examiner
should look into the polygraph chart for numerical interpretation.
It can be scored using the seven position or three position rules.
Only reactions on the relevant and comparison questions are
scored during interpretation.

2. Transformations = In transforming physiological data, combine
observations of reactions to relevant and control stimulus into a single
value for each component and for each presentation of each of the
target stimuli.
Red questions (relevant) are compared to Green question (control)
Assign a - score when there is a larger response to a relevant question
Assign a + score when there is a larger response to a control question
Different scoring systems used different scoring rules in assigning
numerical value to particular reaction features on the relevant and
comparison questions.
3. Decision Rules
= determines when data meet the criteria for inclusion in a
particular category.
= final step in polygraph numerical scoring, producing
decisions of Deception Indicated, No Deception Indicated, and
Inconclusive.
= artifacts such as deep breaths, coughs, movements, and
physiological abnormalities (premature ventricular contractions)
affect the quality of tracings for scoring. All these should not be
scored. RRLS,
ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF POLYGRAPH RESULTS
Accuracy
= the condition or quality of being true, correct, or exact
= refers to validity (state or quality of being well founded).
Reliability
= refers to stability or consistency of measurement.
Reliability studies in PDD often examine the rate of decision
agreement among examiners on polygraph test charts.
Two Types of Reliability
1. Interrater reliability = denotes agreement among examiners
2. Intrarater agreement (test-retest reliability) = pertains to an
examiner agreement with his own decisions when evaluating the
charts on different occasions.
Note:
Reliability is not the same as validity, which means accuracy.
A technique cannot be more valid than it is reliable. A technique
can have high agreement without high accuracy, though the
reverse is not true.
Goals of Polygraph Testing
Sensitivity = Ability to detect or notice the issue.
Specificity = Ability to reject non-involved cases.

Threshold of Accuracy According to
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)
Ninety (90) Percent = for evidentiary polygraph
examinations. Evidentiary polygraph examinations are those
conducted specifically for courtroom purposes.
Eighty (80) Percent = for investigative polygraph
examination. Investigative polygraph examinations are used for
non-judicial purposes.
Both evidentiary and investigative examinations are
permitted to an inconclusive rate of twenty (20) percent.
Result Errors
False Negative
= refers to the failure to detect the presence of a particular
event or item.
= in polygraphy refers to the incorrect decision that deception
was not practiced by the examinee.
False Positive
= is the false detection of something that is not actually
present. In polygraphy
= it is the incorrect decision that deception was practiced by
the examinee. RRLS,
Admissibility of Result
Philippines
Rule 130 section 49 of the Rules on Evidence provides that:
“The opinion of a witness on matter requiring special
knowledge, skill, experience or training which he shown to posses,
may be received in evidence.”
In the Philippines, polygraph results are not admitted as

evidence. Many polygraph examiners and lawyers have attempted
presenting polygraph evidence in court but all resulted to futile.
U.S.
U.S. United States v. Frye – 1923
NOT ADMITTED AS EVIDENCE (First case in Polygraphy)
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals - 1993

Areas of Inquiry:
the theory or technique in question can be (and has been)
tested;
whether it has been subjected to peer review and
publication;
its known or potential error rate;
the existence and maintenance of standards controlling its
operation; and
whether it has attracted widespread acceptance within a
relevant scientific community.
In New Mexico, the Supreme Court, in State v. Dorsey in
1973, ruled that:
“Polygraph results are admissible as long as (1) the

polygraph operator is competent, (2) the procedure used is
reliable, and (3) the “tests made on the subject” are valid.”

In 1983, New Mexico then codified the admissibility of polygraph
results with Rules of Evidence, which states that:
"Subject to the provisions of these rules, the opinion of a
polygraph examiner may in the discretion of the trial judge be
admitted as evidence as to the truthfulness of any person called as
a witness if the examination was performed by a person who is
qualified as an expert polygraph examiner.”

THANK YOU!
FUTURE CRIMINOLOGIST!

Lie Detection and Investigation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Lie Detection and Investigation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lie Detection and Investigation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MR. RENZ RHIO L.

National Review Lecturer

Polygraph = a delicately engineered instrument that

Thomas Jefferson = first person known who used the term

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

* Adam and Eve

* Book of First King

-a well - known Greek Anatomist and Royal Physician under

- he discovered the disease of Antiochus I Soter, the king’s

- detecting deception by feeling the pulse (quickening of the

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

= in 16th and 17th centuries, ordeal by water was associated

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

7. Ordeal of Red Water (Food and Drink Ordeal) = in this method

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

= in 1915 was credited as the creator of the systolic blood-

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

= in 1992, the polygraph made its official entrance into the

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

6 Basic Emotions by Paul Ekman

3. Mechanical Leg Premise

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

Jocular - (jocolus , jocose) means “jokes”

White Lie- “officious lie”

Emergency Lie- “strategic lie”

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

6. Pathological Liar = a person who cannot distinguish between

7. Black Liar = a person who always pretend

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

Speech Patterns – higher pitch in tone, stuttering, clearing the

2. Repeating Questions -Liars need time to think

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

3. Strong Denial- defensive behavior, denial and trying to make

4. Changing the subject or story

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

Sensitivity Knob = used to adjust the desired size of tracings

Vent = used to release excess pressure from the system

Pneumo Module = located inside the instrument that receives

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

a. Finger Electrode Assembly consists of:

a.1. finger Electrode Plate and Retainer Bond = attached to the

a.2. Connecting Plug = attached the system to the instrument

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

d. Paper Rail Guide = serves as the security for the unnecessary

e. Synchronous Motor = runs the chart paper at the uniform rate

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

Capillary Ink = a water based ink intended for polygraph

= a question that has no connection with the matter under

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.

RRLS, RCIM, CSP, CSMS, CSISP, MSCJ.