Database Systems

Lec# 4
Topics
Database System Models:
• Concept and Evaluation Of Database Model
• Flat file Model
• Hierarchical model
• Network Model
• Relational Model

• Object Based data Model

• Object Relational Model
 Database Model
• An integrated collection of concepts for describing and manipulating data,
relationships between data, and constraints on the data in an organization.
• Its types are
• Flat File Model
• Hierarchical model
• Network Model
• Relational Model
• Object Relational Model
• Object Based data Model
 Flat File Model
• Flat File Model
• A flat file model is a simple way of storing data in a computer system.
• In this model, data is organized and stored in a single table with no
relationships between tables.
• Each line or record in the file represents a single entity or entry, and each
field within the record holds a specific piece of information.
• Suitable for very simple databases
 Hierarchical Model

• model organizes data into a tree-like structure, with a single root, to which
all the other data is linked.
• hierarchy starts from the Root data, and expands like a tree,
adding child nodes to the parent nodes
• allows a child node to have only one parent node.
• represented as a tree graph, with records appearing as nodes.
• efficiently describes many real-world relationships like the index of a
book, etc.
• Provide lack of flexibility
• Data is organized into a tree-like structure with a one-to-many
relationship between two different nodes , for example,
one department can have many courses, many teachers, and of course
many students
 Database Model
• Hierarchical Model
 Database Model
• Hierarchical Model

University
 Network Model
• extension of the Hierarchical model.
• data is organized more like a graph, and allowed to have more than one
parent node.
• have many to many relationship among nodes or record sets
• accessing the data is also easier and fast
• complex, and it's very difficult to maintain it.
 Network Model

IT IT

Faculty
 Database Model
• Relational data model
• data and relationships are represented as tables, each of which has a
number of columns with a unique name.

a relationship between
Staff and Branch: a branch office has
staff.
 Object-Based Data Models

• Object-based data models use concepts such as entities, attributes, and

relationships.
• An entity is a distinct object (a person, place, thing, concept, event) in the
organization that is to be represented in the database.
• An attribute is a property that describes some aspect of the object to record
• a relationship is an association between entities.
• Some of the more common types of object-based data model are:
• Entity-Relationship (ER): (for database design )
• Semantic: (represents entity as classes and objects)
• Object-oriented: (define entity with its attributes and behavior)
Object-Based Data Models
 Object Relational Model

• a combination of a Object oriented database model and a Relational

database model.
• So, it supports objects, classes, inheritance etc. just like Object Oriented
models and has support for data types, tabular structures etc.
• ORM is a way to work with relational databases using an object-oriented
programming language, like Java or C#.