Fundamentals of Optical Networks and

Components 1st Edition Sahu Partha

Pratim
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmeta.com/product/fundamentals-of-optical-networks-and-components-1s
t-edition-sahu-partha-pratim/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Fundamentals of Optical Waves and Lasers 1st Edition

Sanichiro Yoshida

https://ebookmeta.com/product/fundamentals-of-optical-waves-and-
lasers-1st-edition-sanichiro-yoshida/

Engineering Optical Networks 1st Edition Sudhir Warier

https://ebookmeta.com/product/engineering-optical-networks-1st-
edition-sudhir-warier/

Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides 3rd Edition

Katsunari Okamoto

https://ebookmeta.com/product/fundamentals-of-optical-
waveguides-3rd-edition-katsunari-okamoto/

Optical Networks Solutions Instructor Solution Manual

1st Edition Debasish Datta

https://ebookmeta.com/product/optical-networks-solutions-
instructor-solution-manual-1st-edition-debasish-datta/
Fundamentals of Computer Networks Matthew N. O. Sadiku

https://ebookmeta.com/product/fundamentals-of-computer-networks-
matthew-n-o-sadiku/

Opportunistic Networks: Fundamentals, Applications and

Emerging Trends 1st Edition Anshul Verma

https://ebookmeta.com/product/opportunistic-networks-
fundamentals-applications-and-emerging-trends-1st-edition-anshul-
verma/

Handbook of Environmental Economics 1st Edition Partha

Dasgupta (Editor)

https://ebookmeta.com/product/handbook-of-environmental-
economics-1st-edition-partha-dasgupta-editor/

Organic Flexible Electronics: Fundamentals, Devices,

and Applications (Woodhead Publishing Series in
Electronic and Optical Materials) 1st Edition Piero
Cosseddu
https://ebookmeta.com/product/organic-flexible-electronics-
fundamentals-devices-and-applications-woodhead-publishing-series-
in-electronic-and-optical-materials-1st-edition-piero-cosseddu/

Developing Web Components with Svelte: Building a

Library of Reusable UI Components 1st Edition Alex
Libby

https://ebookmeta.com/product/developing-web-components-with-
svelte-building-a-library-of-reusable-ui-components-1st-edition-
alex-libby/
Fundamentals of Optical

Networks and Components

Taylor & Francis

Taylor & Francis Group

http://taylorandfrancis.com

Fundamentals of Optical

Networks and Components

Partha Pratim Sahu

First edition published 2020

by CRC Press

6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-
2742
and by CRC Press

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and

information, but the author and pu

blisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or

the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have
attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in
this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to
publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book

may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by
any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this

work, access www.copyright.

com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222

Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that
are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions@

tandf.co.uk

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or

registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 978-0-367-26545-8 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-29376-4 (ebk)

Typeset in Times

by codeMantra

To my family:

My grand mother Sushila Sahu and

my parents Harekrishna Sahu and Jyotsana Sahu,

My wife Arpita Sahu, and

my daughters Prakriti and Ritushree Sahu.

Taylor & Francis

Taylor & Francis Group

http://taylorandfrancis.com

Contents

Preface...........................................................................................
.........................xvii

Acknowledgements
.................................................................................................xxi

Author
......................................................................................................
............ xxiii
Chapter 1 Introductory Concept
........................................................................... 1

1.1

Basic Communication Model .................................................... 1

1.1.1

Local Area Network ..................................................... 2

1.1.1.1

OSI

Model

..................................................... 2

1.1.1.2

TCP/IP

Protocol

............................................ 3

1.1.2

Wide Area Network ...................................................... 5

1.1.2.1

Circuit

Switching

.......................................... 5
1.1.2.2

Packet

Switching

........................................... 5

1.1.2.3

Frame

Relay

.................................................. 6

1.1.2.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode ...................... 6

1.1.3

VSAT Network via Satellite ......................................... 6

1.1.4

Integrated Services Digital Network .......................... 10

1.1.4.1

Narrowband

ISDN

...................................... 11

1.1.4.2

Broadband

ISDN
......................................... 11

1.2

Optical Fiber Principle ............................................................ 11

1.2.1

Optical

Fiber

............................................................... 12

1.2.1.1 Optical Transmission in Fiber .................... 12

1.2.1.2 Difference between Single- and

Multimode Fibers........................................ 15

1.2.2

Attenuation in Fiber ................................................... 17

1.2.2.1

Absorption

.................................................. 17

1.2.3

Scattering

Loss

........................................................... 18

1.2.4
Dispersion in Fiber ..................................................... 19

1.2.5

Nonlinearities

............................................................. 21

1.2.6

Nonlinear

Refraction

.................................................. 21

1.2.7

Stimulated Raman Scattering .................................... 22

1.2.8

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering ................................. 22

1.2.9

Four-Wave

Mixing

...................................................... 22

1.3

Optical

Transmitters

................................................................ 22
1.3.1

Laser

Action

............................................................... 23

1.3.2

Semiconductor Diode Laser .......................................24

1.3.3

Multiple Quantum Well Laser .................................... 25

1.3.4

Tunable and Fixed Lasers ........................................... 25

1.3.4.1

Laser

Characteristics

.................................. 25

1.3.4.2 Mechanically Tuned Lasers ........................ 26

1.3.4.3 Acoustooptically and Electrooptically

Tuned Lasers ............................................... 27

vii

viii

Contents
1.3.4.4

Injection-Current-Tuned

Lasers

.................. 27

1.3.5

Laser

Arrays

............................................................... 28

1.4

Optical Receivers and Filters .................................................. 29

1.4.1

Photodetector

.............................................................. 29

1.4.1.1

PIN

Photodiode

........................................... 30

1.4.1.2

Avalanche

Photodiode
................................ 31

1.4.2

Tunable Optical Filters ............................................... 32

1.4.2.1

Filter

Characteristics

................................... 32

1.4.2.2

Etalon

.......................................................... 33

1.4.2.3

Mach–Zehnder

Chain

................................. 34

1.4.2.4

Acousto-optic

Filters

.................................. 34

1.4.2.5

Electrooptic
Filters

..................................... 35

1.4.2.6 Liquid Crystal Fabry–Perot Filters ............. 35

1.4.3

Fixed

Filters

................................................................ 35

1.4.3.1

Grating

Filters

............................................. 35

1.4.3.2 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) ....................... 35

1.4.3.3 Thin-Film Interference Filters .................... 36

1.4.4

Comparison between Different Filters ....................... 36

1.5

Optical

Modulation

.................................................................. 36

1.5.1
Digital-to-Digital

Modulation

.................................... 37

1.5.1.1

NRZ

............................................................ 37

1.5.1.2

Bipolar

AMI

............................................... 37

1.5.1.3

Pseudo

Ternary

AMI

.................................. 38

1.5.1.4

Biphase

Coding

........................................... 38

1.5.1.5
B8ZS

Code

.................................................. 39

1.5.1.6

HDB3

Code................................................. 39

1.5.2

Digital-to-Analog

Modulation

....................................40

1.5.3

Analog-to-Analog

Modulation

................................... 41

1.5.3.1

Amplitude

Modulation

............................... 41

1.5.3.2

Frequency
Modulation

................................ 41

1.5.3.3

Phase

Modulation

....................................... 42

Summary
............................................................................................ 43

Exercises
............................................................................................. 43

References
.......................................................................................... 45

Chapter 2 Different Optical Network Node

....................................................... 49

2.1

Non-Reconfigurable

Node

....................................................... 49

2.1.1

Non-Reconfigurable Wavelength Router Node .......... 49

2.1.2

Arrayed Waveguide Grating-Based Node .................. 50

2.1.3

ode Architecture of a Passive-Star WDM

Network ................................................................... 51

2.2

Reconfigurable Wavelength-Routing Node ............................. 53

2.2.1

Add/Drop Multiplexer-Based Reconfigurable

Node in a Ring WDM Network ................................. 54

2.2.2

Wavelength Convertible Node Architecture .............. 57

Contents

ix

2.2.3

Reconfigurable Node Architecture in

WDM-Based Mesh Optical Network ......................... 58

2.2.3.1

Wavelength-Router–Based

Reconfigurable Node .................................. 59

2.2.3.2 Fully Wavelength Convertible Node

Architecture of a WDM Mesh Network ..... 59

2.2.4

SONET over WDM Node Architecture for a

Mesh Optical Network ............................................... 59

2.2.5

Transport Node of a WDM Optical Network ............. 62

2.2.6

IP over WDM Network Node Architecture ............... 62

2.2.7

Node Architecture for Multicasting Optical

Network ................................................................... 62

2.2.8

Traffic Grooming Node Architecture for an

Optical Mesh Network ...............................................64

2.2.9

Node Architecture of Optical Packet-Switched

Network ......................................................................66

2.3

Network Node Based on Delivery and Coupling Switch ........ 68

2.4
Multihop Network Node Architecture .................................... 68

Summary
............................................................................................ 70

Exercises
............................................................................................. 70

References
.......................................................................................... 71

Chapter 3 Devices in Optical Network Node

..................................................... 75

3.1

Basic Components of Integrated Waveguide Devices ............. 75

3.1.1

Directional

Coupler

.................................................... 76

3.1.1.1 Coupled Mode Theory ................................ 77

3.1.1.2 Power Transferred between Two

Waveguides Due to Coupling ..................... 77

3.1.1.3

Coupling

Coefficient

................................... 79
3.1.2

MMI

Coupler

.............................................................. 79

3.1.2.1 Guided Mode Propagation Analysis ........... 81

3.1.2.2 Power Transferred to the Output

Waveguides ................................................. 82

3.1.3

TMI

Coupler

............................................................... 82

3.1.3.1

Power Transferred to Output Waveguides .... 83

3.1.4

Array Waveguide Grating .......................................... 83

3.1.5

MZ Active Device ...................................................... 85

3.1.5.1 TE Polarization ........................................... 85

3.2

Wavelength Division Multiplexer/Demultiplexer-Based

Waveguide Coupler .................................................................. 88

3.2.1

WDM-Based TMI Coupler ........................................ 88

3.3

Optical

Switching

....................................................................90

3.3.1

MZ

Switch

.................................................................. 91

3.3.1.1 TOMZ Switch-Based DC ........................... 91

3.3.1.2 TE Polarization ........................................... 92

Contents

3.3.1.3

EOMZ-Based

DC

....................................... 93

3.3.1.4 MMI Coupler-Based MZ Switch ................ 94

3.3.1.5 TMI Coupler-Based MZ Switch ................. 94

3.3.2

X-Junction

Switch....................................................... 95

3.3.3

DC-Based Electrooptic Switch ................................... 96

3.3.4

Gate

Switches

............................................................. 97

3.4

Optical Crossconnect (OXC) ................................................... 98

3.4.1

Architecture-Based

Crossconnect

..............................99

3.4.2

Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) ............99

3.5

Optical ADM (OADM) ......................................................... 100

3.5.1

Thermooptic Delay Line Structure .......................... 103

3.6

SONET/SDH

......................................................................... 106

3.6.1

Transmission Formats and Speeds of SONET ......... 106

3.6.2

SONET/SDH

Rings

.................................................. 109

3.7

Optical

Regenerator

............................................................... 109

3.7.1

Optical

Amplifiers

.................................................... 109

3.7.2
Optical Amplifier Characteristics ............................ 110

3.7.3

Semiconductor Laser Amplifier ............................... 111

3.7.4

Doped Fiber Amplifier ............................................. 112

3.7.5

Raman

Amplifier

...................................................... 116

3.8

Channel

Equalizers

............................................................... 117

3.9

Wavelength

Conversion

......................................................... 122

3.9.1

Opto Electronic Wavelength Conversion ................. 123

3.9.2
Wavelength Conversion Using Coherent Effects ...... 124

3.9.3

Wavelength Conversion Using Cross Modulation .... 125

3.9.3.1 Semiconductor Laser Based

Wavelength Conversion ............................ 126

3.9.3.2 All-Optical Wavelength Conversion

Based on CPM in Optical Fiber ................ 126

3.10 High-Speed Silicon Photonics Transceiver ........................... 127

3.10.1 Silicon Photonics Transceiver Architecture ............. 127

3.10.2

Performance

............................................................. 128

Summary
.......................................................................................... 129

Exercises
........................................................................................... 129

References
........................................................................................ 130

Chapter 4 Processing of Integrated Waveguide Devices for Optical

Network Using Different Technologies ............................................

135

4.1
Fabrication and Characteristics of Silica (SiO )/Silicon

Oxynitride (SiON)-Based Devices ........................................ 135

4.1.1

Deposition of Thin Film SiON Layer by Using

LPCVD ..................................................................... 136

4.1.2

Deposition of SiO /SiON Layer by Using PECVD ... 137

4.1.2.1 Silicon Dioxide (SiO ) .............................. 138

4.1.2.2 Silicon

Nitride

........................................... 138

Contents

xi

4.1.2.3 SiON

Layer

............................................... 139

4.1.3
Tuning of Refractive Index Using Thermooptic

Effect ........................................................................ 144

4.1.4

Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by Using

SiO /SiON Material .................................................. 144

4.1.5

Properties of SiO /SiON ........................................... 145

4.2

Fabrication and Characteristics of

SiO /GeO -SiO Waveguide Material .................................... 145

4.2.1

Deposition of SiO /GeO -SiO Layer Using

2
PECVD ..................................................................... 146

4.2.2

Deposition of SiO /GeO -SiO Material Using

Flame Hydrolysis ...................................................... 147

4.2.3

Tuning of Refractive Index Using Thermooptic

Effect ........................................................................ 148

4.2.4

Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by

Previous Authors Using SiO /GeO -SiO Material ... 149

4.2.5

Properties of SiO /GeO -SiO .................................. 149

2
2

4.3

Fabrication and Characteristics of SOI

Waveguide Material ........................................................... 150

4.3.1

Fabrication of SOI Wafer ......................................... 150

4.3.1.1 BESOI

Processing

..................................... 150

4.3.1.2 SIMOX

Method

........................................ 150

4.3.2

Device Fabricated and Demonstrated by

Previous Authors Using SOI Material ...................... 151

4.3.3

Properties of SOI ...................................................... 152

4.4

Fabrication and Characteristics of Ti:LiNbO Waveguide

3
Material ................................................................................. 153

4.4.1

Processing of LiNbO -Based Waveguide................. 153

4.4.1.1 Thermal in Ti-Diffusion Method .............. 153

4.4.1.2 Proton Exchange Method ......................... 157

4.4.2

Tuning of Refractive Index Using Electrooptic

Effect ........................................................................ 158

4.4.3

Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by

Previous Authors Using LiNbO Material ............... 158

4.4.4

Properties of LiNbO ............................................... 158

4.5

Fabrication and Characteristics of InP/GaAsInP

Waveguide Materials ............................................................. 159

4.5.1
Processing of InP/InGaAsP Waveguide ................... 159

4.5.1.1 Deposition of GaAsInP and InP Layers

Using MBE Growth System ..................... 160

4.5.1.2 InP/GaAsInP Waveguide Fabrication ....... 163

4.5.2

Tuning of Refractive Index of InP/GaAsInP

Waveguide ................................................................ 163

4.5.3

Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by

Previous Authors Using InP/GaAsInP Material ...... 163

4.5.4

Properties of InP/GaAsInP ....................................... 164

xii

Contents

4.6

Fabrication and Characteristics of Polymeric Waveguide

Material ................................................................................. 164

4.6.1

Fabrication of Polymeric Waveguides ...................... 165

4.6.2
Tuning of Refractive Index Using Thermooptic

Effect ........................................................................ 166

4.6.3

Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by

Previous Authors Using Polymer Technology.......... 166

4.6.4

Properties of Polymeric Material ............................. 167

4.7

Comparative Study of Integrated Waveguide Materials ....... 167

Summary
.......................................................................................... 169

Exercises
........................................................................................... 169

References
........................................................................................ 169

Chapter 5 Data Link Control for Optical Network

........................................... 173

5.1

Frame

Synchronization

......................................................... 173

5.1.1
Asynchronous

Transmission

.................................... 173

5.1.2

Synchronous

Transmission

....................................... 174

5.2

Flow

Control

.......................................................................... 175

5.2.1

Stop and Wait Flow Control ..................................... 175

5.2.2

Sliding Window Flow Control ................................. 176

5.3

Error Detection and Control .................................................. 179

5.3.1

Error

Detection
......................................................... 179

5.3.1.1 Vertical and Horizontal Redundancy

Check ........................................................ 179

5.3.1.2 Cyclic Redundancy Check ........................ 181

5.3.2

Error

Control

............................................................ 185

5.3.2.1 Stop and Wait ARQ .................................. 186

5.3.2.2

Go-Back-N

ARQ

....................................... 188

5.3.2.3

SREJ

ARQ

................................................ 189

5.4

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) ................................ 191

5.4.1
Types of Station ........................................................ 191

5.4.2

Types of Configurations ........................................... 191

5.4.3

Types of Data Transfer Modes ................................. 191

5.4.4

HDLC Frame Format ............................................... 192

5.4.5

Operation of HDLC .................................................. 194

5.4.5.1

Initialization

.............................................. 194

5.4.5.2

Data

Transfer

............................................ 195

5.4.5.3

Disconnect

................................................ 196

5.4.6
Examples of HDLC Operations ............................... 196

5.5

Other Link Control Protocol ................................................. 197

5.5.1

LAPB

........................................................................ 197

5.5.2

LAPD

....................................................................... 198

5.5.3

LLC/MAC

................................................................ 198

5.5.4

LAPF

........................................................................ 198

Contents

xiii

5.5.5

ATM

......................................................................... 199
5.5.5.1

ATM

Protocol

...........................................200

5.5.5.2 ATM Logical Connections ....................... 201

5.5.5.3 Transmission of ATM Cells ......................206

Summary
..........................................................................................208

Exercises
...........................................................................................208

References
........................................................................................ 210

Chapter 6

Data Communication Networks Having No Optical Transmission ..... 2

13

6.1

History and Background of Networking-Different

Generations ............................................................................ 213

6.2

First Generation of Network .................................................. 214

6.2.1
Protocol

Architectures

............................................. 214

6.2.2

Topologies

................................................................ 216

6.2.2.1

Bus

Topology

............................................ 216

6.2.2.2

Tree

Topology

........................................... 218

6.2.2.3

Ring

Topology

.......................................... 218

6.2.2.4

Star
Topology

............................................ 220

6.2.2.5

Mesh

Topology

......................................... 221

6.2.3

Medium Access Control ........................................... 221

6.2.3.1

Round

Robin

............................................. 221

6.2.3.2

Reservation

...............................................224

6.2.3.3

Contention

................................................. 225

6.2.4

Logical Link Control ................................................ 229

6.2.5

Wireless

LANs

......................................................... 230

6.2.5.1 Medium Access Control (MAC) .............. 231

6.2.6

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) LAN ............ 232

Summary
.......................................................................................... 233

Exercises
........................................................................................... 233

References
........................................................................................ 235

Chapter 7 Fiber-Optic Network without WDM

................................................ 237

7.1

Bus

Topology

......................................................................... 237

7.1.1

Fasnet

........................................................................ 238
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back