33 UP (M) - 2301-English Model Answer

UPPSC-23/ UP(M)_SPL-2301
MODEL ANSWER
UPPSC-GENERAL STUDIES
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Model Answer
SECTION – A
1. Describe the extent of Indus Valley Civilization in Uttar Pradesh.

(Answer in 125 words) 8
Approach:
* Start writing introduction/answer by describing the Indus Valley Civilization.
* Discuss the extent of IVC in Uttar Pradesh.
* Write a suitable conclusion.
Answer: The Indus Valley Civilization
(IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization,
was one of the most advanced and earliest
civilizations of the ancient world. It flourished Hulas
in the northwestern regions of the Indian Mandi
Sonauli
subcontinent, including parts of modern-day Alamgirpur
Pakistan and India, from approximately 2600
BCE to 1500 BCE.
The extent of Indus Valley Civilisation in

Uttar Pradesh:
m Archaeological evidence shows that the
Harappan Civilization had evidence of
urban settlement in the Ganga-Yamuna
Doab region, which includes parts of
present-day Uttar Pradesh. It is believed
that the Harappans traded with the
people of this region for goods such as
ivory, precious stones, and copper.
m In Uttar Pradesh, the areas around which
urban settlements were found are Alamgirpur (Meerut), Badagaon (Baghpat), Hulas (Saharanpur), Mandi
(Muzaffarnagar), Sanauli (Baghpat), etc.
Alamgirpur:
m It is the most prominent archaeological site of the Indus Valley Civilisation in Uttar Pradesh’s Meerut district.
m It is also known as ‘Parasaram-ka-khera’.
m This settlement along with the Yamuna River existed from 3300 BC to 1300 BC from the Harappan-Bara period.
m Among the major discoveries made here during the excavation were several ceramic items like roof tiles, cups,
vases, beads, and carts. A humped bull and a broken copper blade have also been unearthed at this site.
Mandi:
m It is located to the east of the Yamuna River in Muzaffarnagar district.
m The sheer quantity of the jewellery recovered from the site makes it the largest hoard of ancient jewellery ever found
in India.
Hulas:
m It is in Saharanpur district. The site was explored by Shankar Nath, of the Archaeological Survey of India, under
a village-to-village survey of the Antiquarian Remains.
m These settlements are small as the largest one measures 200 × 150 m.
m A terracotta seal bearing three Harappan letters was found here.
m Handmade and wheel-made pottery with geometric or naturalistic designs painted in black was also discovered.

Sanauli:
m It is situated in Baghpat district.
m The excavation started in 2005.
m It is India’s largest known burial site, where 126 burials have been discovered.
m A horse-drawn chariot, four-legged wooden coffins, and a war shield were found here.
The discovery of several archaeological sites and artifacts in Uttar Pradesh provides valuable insights into the ancient
history of the region and its connections with the Harappan Civilization.
2. Discuss about the ancient republic states that were present in Uttar Pradesh.
Approach:
* Give a brief introduction of ancient republic states of Uttar Pradesh.
* Explain different republics of Uttar Pradesh during ancient period.
* Conclude in brief by mentioning their impact on culture and tradition of Uttar Pradesh and working etc.
Answer: Uttar Pradesh, located in the northern part of India, witnessed developments in political systems from the
Rigvedic era. One interesting feature of this system is that it includes ancient traces of republic forms of governance like
the institutions of Sabha, Samiti, and Vidath, mentioned in the Rigvedic texts. During the Mahajanapada, these republic
states flourished competing with several monarchial states. Uttar Pradesh was home to several republic states, which were
independent and self-governing.
Republics of Uttar Pradesh during ancient period:

One of the most notable republics of ancient Uttar Pradesh was the Shakya Republic, which was in the present-day
region of Kapilavastu, in the state of Uttar Pradesh. It was famous for being the birthplace of Gautama Buddha, who was
born into the Shakya clan. It had a democratic form of government, with a council of elders called the Gana Parishad,
making decisions on behalf of the people.
Another prominent republic in ancient Uttar Pradesh was the Vajji Republic, which was in the region of Mithila in
present-day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. It was known for its efficient governance and its ability to maintain its independence
from external powers. It had a council of representatives called the Vajji Sangha, which was responsible for making
decisions on behalf of the people.
Other republics that existed in ancient Uttar Pradesh included the Malla Republic, which was located in the present-
day region of Gorakhpur and was known for its skilled warriors and artisans.
The Kuru Republic, located in the present-day regions of western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Haryana, was earlier
a monarchial state and was known for its rich cultural heritage.
Though these republics played a crucial role in shaping the history and culture of Uttar Pradesh and India as a whole,
they do not resemble the modern form of republic governance. The rulers of these republics were selected from amongst
the clan chiefs, part of that republic. They were known for their democratic and decentralized forms of government and
their ability to maintain their independence from external powers. Today, the legacy of these ancient republics can still be
seen in the culture and traditions of Uttar Pradesh and the wider region.
3. Describe the rise of Buddhism and identify major Buddhist sites with respect to Uttar Pradesh.
Approach:
* Start your answer by mentioning the rise of Buddhism in Uttar Pradesh.
* Discuss the major sites of Uttar Pradesh which are associated with Buddhism.
* Write a suitable conclusion.

Answer: Buddhism started in India over 2,600 years ago as a way of life that had the potential to transform a person.
It had its origins in the ancient region of Magadha, which is in present-day Bihar. The religion is based upon the teachings
and life experiences of its founder, Siddhartha Gautam (Mahatma Buddha), born in 563 BCE in the Shakya Republic in
Lumbini, Nepal. The Shakya Republic was located in what is now eastern Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh was a significant
centre of Buddhist activity during ancient times.
The Rise of Buddhism in Uttar Pradesh:

m Buddhism started gaining popularity in Uttar Pradesh when Buddha delivered his first sermon after attaining
enlightenment, at Sarnath near present day Varanasi. During the reign of Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, Buddhism
was further popularized as he turned to it after the Kalinga War. He sponsored the construction of several Buddhist
monasteries and stupas in the region.
m The state is also home to several of the Eight Great Places of Buddhist Pilgrimage, including Sarnath and
Kushinagar, where Buddha achieved enlightenment and passed away, respectively.
Major Buddhist Sites of Uttar Pradesh:

m Kapilavastu: This ancient city near Lumbini, is believed to be the birthplace of Buddha. Located near the modern-
day city of Siddharthnagar in UP.
m Sarnath: Its ancient name was ‘Rishipattan’. Located near the
city of Varanasi, it is one of the most important Buddhist sites in
India. This is the place where Buddha delivered his first sermon
after attaining enlightenment, which is known as the
‘Dharmachakra Pravartana’. The site is home to several stupas,
monasteries, and temples, including the famous Dhamek Stupa,
which is believed to mark the spot where Buddha gave his first
sermon.
m Kushinagar: This is the place of Parinirvana, or the death of
Buddha. The town is home to several Buddhist temples, including
the Mahaparinirvana Temple, which houses a 6-metre-long statue
of Buddha in the reclining position.
m Shravasti: The city is home to several important Buddhist sites, including the Jetavana Monastery, the place where
Buddha delivered most of his sermons.
m Kaushambi: The famous Ghositarama Monastery, which is believed to have been built by Buddha’s disciple,
Ananda is located here.
Buddhism played a significant role in the cultural and religious history of Uttar Pradesh, which attracts thousands of
pilgrims and tourists from all over the world every year. These sites serve as reminders of the rich Buddhist heritage of Uttar
Pradesh and the contributions of the religion to Indian culture and philosophy.
4. Describe the emergence of Awadh as a regional power during the post Mughal Era.
Approach:
* Give a brief introduction to the conditions of Awadh during the post Mughal era.
* Illustrate the rise of Awadh as a regional power.
* Explain the factors that favored its rise.
Answer: Awadh, also known as Oudh, emerged as a significant regional power during the post-Mughal era in India.
The Mughal Empire had been in decline and various smaller states began to assert their independence and power. Awadh
was one such state that rose to prominence.

The emergence of Awadh as a regional power can be traced back to the 18th century when the Mughal Empire was
facing internal conflicts, and the East India Company was expanding its territories in India. The Nawabs of Awadh, who
were originally appointed as governors by the Mughals, began to assert their independence and consolidate their power in
the region.
It was Sadat Khan Burhan ul Mulk who founded the independent principality of Awadh.
Factors responsible for the rise of Awadh:

m Strategic location: One of the significant factors that contributed to the rise of Awadh was its strategic location.
Situated between the Mughal heartland in the north and the Deccan plateau in the south, Awadh was a crucial
crossroads of trade and commerce. The Nawabs of Awadh took advantage of this location and developed a thriving
economy based on agriculture, trade, and crafts.
m Cultural richness: Another crucial factor that contributed to the rise of Awadh was its cultural and artistic
legacy. The Nawabs of Awadh patronized the arts and literature, and the region became known for its music, poetry,
and cuisine. This cultural richness attracted scholars, artists, and intellectuals, who contributed to the region’s
intellectual and spiritual life.
m Political alliances: In the 18th century, the Nawabs of Awadh entered alliances with the British, which further
strengthened their power. The British saw Awadh as a strategic ally, and the Nawabs looked up to the British to
protect their territories and interests from other powers. However, this alliance had negative consequences for
Awadh, as it became increasingly dependent on British support and eventually lost its independence in 1856.
Overall, the emergence of Awadh as a regional power during the post-Mughal era was the result of a combination of
factors, including its strategic location, cultural richness, and political alliances. However, its relationship with the British
also highlights the complex and often fraught nature of power dynamics in the colonial era.
5. Describe Kushinagar as an important pilgrimage site in Uttar Pradesh.

Approach:
* Briefly describe Kushinagar and its valuable past.
* Discuss the significance of the region as a pilgrimage site.
* Summarise the answer highlighting the current development in the region.
Answer: Kushinagar is a town and a historical place located in northeastern Uttar Pradesh. The present Kushinagar is
identified with Kusavati (in the pre-Buddha period) and Kushinara (in the post-Buddha period).
Significance of Kushinagar as pilgrimage site:

m It is an international Buddhist pilgrimage centre. It is also at the centre of a Buddhist tourist circuit, which includes
Lumbini (Nepal), Sarnath and Bodhgaya.
m The place is famous for the Parinirvana temple with Parinirvana Stupa.
m Other Buddhist destinations are located nearby include Nalanda, Sravasti and Kapilavastu.
m Buddhist pilgrims consider Kushinagar a sacred site where, they believe, Gautama Buddha delivered his last sermon
and attained ‘Mahaparinirvana’ or salvation and was cremated at Ramabhar at Mukut Bandhan.
m Kushinagar also finds mention in the accounts of Chinese travellers Fa-Hien and Hieun Tsang.
m The place is also significant for having a Sun Temple dedicated to the Sun God, built during the Gupta Period and
mentioned in the Puranas. The temple is famous for its idol of the Sun God, which was carved out of a special black
stone (Neelmani Stone).
Recently, the place has been in the news with the entrance of Kushinagar Airport in Uttar Pradesh on India’s list of
international airports. The airport is expected to provide seamless connectivity to people from Southeast and East Asian
countries for Buddhist pilgrimage tourism.
This is welcomed considering the cultural diplomacy of India. India will become a major tourist destination in the
Southeast Asian region. The world class facilities will be able to attract Buddhist tourists to India, boost revenues and employment
generation. Also, this will consolidate India’s position as the original centre of Buddhism against the claims of China.

6. Write a note on the popular folk dances in the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh.
Approach:
* Give a brief description of Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh.
* Mention various folk dances of the region.
* Summarise the answer highlighting the significance of folk dances.
Answer: The state of Uttar Pradesh has a rich tradition of performing arts including music and dance from ancient
times. The state is considered as the land where a major part of Bharat Muni’s Natyashastra was compiled. Purvanchal,
a geographical region in eastern Uttar Pradesh, is among the most ancient and culturally rich regions of India. It enjoys a
rich heritage and culture including folk songs and folk dances.
Folk dances of Purvanchal region:

1) Dhobia: This dance is generally performed by the males of the Dhobi community. The dance is performed during
marriages, childbirth and other auspicious occasions.
2) Kathghodwa: The dancer sits on a wooden horse and dances by encircling other dancers.
3) Dheevar: The dance is performed by people of the Kahar community during auspicious occasions.
4) Natwari: This dance is performed in praise of Lord Krishna. It is performed during Janmashtami and Holi by the
people of the Ahir community.
5) Natua or Naktura: This dance is performed on the occasion of marriage by the women of the groom’s family. Women
dance in the guise of men after the departure of the Barat.
6) Chaurasia: This folk dance is from Jaunpur. It is performed by people of the Kahaar community.
7) Dadra: It is a popular folk dance of Uttar Pradesh and north Bihar. The dancer lip-syncs during the dance.
The folk dance of the Purvanchal region shows the rich cultural heritage of the state. The dance dramas based on the
mythological stories of divine characters like Lord Krishna reflect the traditional essence of the region. Folk dances reflect
the beliefs and traditions of a particular culture. These are simple demonstrations of joy performed to celebrate the passage
of time, childbirth, marriages, and festivals.
7. Discuss ‘Adopt a heritage scheme’. Identify the heritage sites in Uttar Pradesh under this scheme.
Approach:
* Briefly explain what is ‘Adopt a heritage scheme’?
* Mention the heritage sites in UP under the scheme.
* Discuss the objectives and challenges associated with the scheme.
* Summarise the answer giving suggestions to overcome the challenges.
Answer: The ‘Adopt a Heritage: Apni Dharohar, Apni Pehchaan’ scheme is an initiative of the Ministry of Tourism
in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and the Archaeological Survey of India. The government of Uttar Pradesh
adopted the scheme for developing tourism amenities at Heritage Monuments and Archaeological sites spread across the
state to make them tourist friendly.
Heritage sites selected in UP:

10 heritage sites have been selected in the second phase of ‘Adopt a Heritage Scheme’ in the state- Potra Kund (Mathura),
Kalpa Devi and Astik Baba Temple (Sitapur), Buddhist Caves of Deogarh (Lalitpur), Raj MandirGuptar Ghat (Ayodhya),
Lakshmi Temple (Jhansi), Alambagh Bhawan of Lucknow, Tahrauli Fort (Jhansi), Balabehat Fort (Lalitpur), Digara Garhi
(Jhansi) and Shiv Mandir (Tikait Rai Bithoor Kanpur).
Objectives of the Scheme:

m Development of basic tourism infrastructure in and around historic sites, monuments, natural sites, and tourist attractions.
m Promote the cultural and heritage significance of the country and create awareness about them.

Challenges Involved:
m It may undermine local communities and their relationships with historical sites.
m The ethical values of the monuments during beautification and conservation can be hampered.
m Monitoring progress on various development initiatives undertaken by adopters poses another challenge.
Suggestions:
m The monument which does not attract many visitors and does not have cultural/religious sensitivity can serve as a
place for increasing local engagement.
m Conservation activities must be ensured to be carried out by professionals only.
m Industrial houses can support the meaningful conservation of heritage buildings such as use of equipment that
releases less noxious gases that corrode marble buildings.
Adopting a Heritage is a well-conceived initiative and by leveraging Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), this would
help in providing the basic amenities. Monument mitras can help citizens understand why monuments matter by earmarking
CSR funds for research and development.
8. ‘The revolt of 1857 broke the socio-religious boundaries in Uttar Pradesh.’ Explain.
Approach:
* Start writing answer with a general introduction of the revolt of 1857.
* Discuss how this movement breaks the socio-religious boundaries.
* Substantiate your points with examples.
* Give a brief conclusion.
Answer: The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny or the First War of Indian Independence, was a
significant event in the history of India. It broke out in Meerut in May 1857 and quickly spread to other parts of the country,
including Uttar Pradesh, which was then known as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.
One of the major consequences of the revolt was that it broke the socio-religious boundaries that existed in Uttar
Pradesh. The revolt was led by sepoys, or Indian soldiers, who were mostly Hindus and Muslims. They were joined by
people from all walks of life, including peasants, artisans, and traders breaking down traditional caste and class boundaries.
Socio religious outcomes of revolt of 1857:

In Uttar Pradesh, the revolt was particularly significant, as Hindus and Muslims during the revolt, came together
to fight against the British. The most famous example of this unity was the siege of Lucknow, where Hindus and Muslims
fought together against the British forces.
During the revolt, the Sepoys and their supporters did not discriminate on the basis of religion. They fought together
as one force against the British, who were seen as the common enemy. This unity was a significant departure from the
traditional socio-religious boundaries that existed in Indian society.
The revolt also saw the emergence of leaders who transcended religious boundaries. For example, the leaders of the revolt
in Lucknow, such as Begum Hazrat Mahal and Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah, were Muslims who fought alongside Hindu sepoys and
other supporters. In Kanpur, Nana Sahib and Tantia Tope, both Hindus, fought alongside the Muslim leader, Azimullah Khan.
Thus, the Revolt of 1857 marked a turning point in Indian history, not only because of its impact on British rule in India
but also because of its social and cultural consequences. It broke down the rigid socio-religious boundaries that had existed
in Indian society for centuries and paved the way for a more inclusive and diverse India.
9. Briefly discuss the land revenue system of Uttar Pradesh under the British administration.
Approach:
* Briefly introduce the land revenue systems of Uttar Pradesh during the British rule.
* Discuss the pros and cons of these systems.
* Conclude with critical analysis of these systems.

Answer: During the British administration in Uttar Pradesh, several land revenue systems were implemented, with the
main goal of maximizing revenue for the colonial government. They were:
m Zamindari System: Under this system, the land was owned by a class of intermediaries known as zamindars, who
were responsible for collecting revenue from the cultivators and paying it to the government. The zamindars had
considerable power and influence in the rural areas and often exploited the peasants.
m Ryotwari System: In this system, the land was owned by individual cultivators, who were directly responsible for
paying revenue to the government. The revenue was calculated based on the area of the land and its productivity.
This system was introduced in some parts of Uttar Pradesh, such as the Doab region.
m Mahalwari System: This system was implemented in western districts of Uttar Pradesh, such as Agra, Meerut,
and Saharanpur. Under this system, the land was owned by individual proprietors, who were responsible for paying
revenue to the government based on the productivity of the land.
m Taluqdari System: This system was implemented in the Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh. Under this system, the
land was owned by a class of intermediaries known as taluqdars, who were responsible for collecting revenue from
the cultivators and paying it to the government.
All these land revenue policies had the sole purpose of exploitation and making the peasant class dependent on
intermediaries. This in turn created absentee landlordism, uneven distribution of land, neglect of agricultural development,
limited growth of agricultural fields and ultimately resistance as well as rebellion.
10. Write a note on women’s participation from Uttar Pradesh in Indian Freedom Struggle.
Approach:
* Give a general introduction to women’s participation from U.P.
* Discuss some women freedom fighters from U.P.
* Conclude concisely.
Answer: During the Indian independence movement, women from Uttar Pradesh played a critical role in mobilizing
the masses. They participated in rallies, marches, and protests against British rule. Prominent leaders like Sarojini Naidu,
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, and Sucheta Kriplani were from Uttar Pradesh and were at the forefront of the movement. They
inspired and encouraged other women to join the struggle for independence.
Here are some notable women from Uttar Pradesh who played an active role in the Indian freedom struggle:
m Rani Laxmi Bai: She was the Queen of Jhansi. She led the revolt of 1857 in Jhansi and Gwalior. She was a fierce
warrior and got martyred at the age of only 31. The British general Huge Rose called her ‘Man among the Mutineers’.
m Jhalkari Bai: She played a significant role in the revolt of 1857 by leading the Durgadal of Rani Laxmibai. She
risked her own life to save the queen from being captured by the British.
m Begum Hazrat Mahal: She took charge of the rebellion and led her troops to fight against the British. Though the
rebellion was not successful, her contribution to the freedom struggle was significant.
m Sarojini Naidu: She was known as the “Nightingale of India”, a poetess. Her poems inspired many Indians to join
the freedom struggle. She was also the first Indian woman to become president of the Indian National Congress
m Sucheta Kriplani: She was a prominent freedom fighter, a social activist and the first woman Chief Minister of Uttar
Pradesh. Sucheta Kriplani actively participated in the Quit India Movement in 1942 for which she was imprisoned.
m Kamala Nehru: She was the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister. She played an active role in
the Indian independence movement.
m Bimla Rani: She was a freedom fighter who participated in the Quit India movement in 1942. She was arrested and
imprisoned for two years for her role in the movement.
m Durgavati Devi (Durga Bhabhi): Durga Bhabhi’s real name was Durgavati Devi. She was born on 7 October 1907
in Shahzadpur village of Kaushambi district of Uttar Pradesh. She was married to Bhagvati Charan Vohra, a famous
revolutionary bomb expert. She was a major ally of the freedom fighters. After the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat
Singh planned to kill Saunders.
Thus, it could be seen that women freedom fighters of Uttar Pradesh shouldered critical responsibilities of India’s
struggle for freedom. They held public meetings, organized picketing of shops selling foreign alcohol and articles, sold
Khadi and actively participated in National Movements. They bravely faced the baton of the police and went to jail.

SECTION – B
11. Discuss the agricultural practices and settlement patterns in the Gangetic plains during the Vedic period.
Approach:
* Give a general introduction to the gangetic plains of vedic time.
* Discuss agricultural methods practiced during the Vedic period.
Answer: The Gangetic Plain during the Vedic period (1500-600 BC) was an important center of agricultural activity
and human settlement. Vedic literature provides a detailed account of the agricultural practices and settlement patterns
prevalent during that time. The Gangetic Plain was endowed with fertile alluvial soil, abundant water resources, and favorable
climatic conditions, which made it an ideal location for agriculture and settlements.
Agricultural Practices:
m The Rig Vedic Aryans were pastoral people, but when they got permanently settled in North India, they began to
practice agriculture.
m Shifting agriculture was practiced and fire was used to burn down forest cover and the patch of land thus cleared,
was then sown.
m The main crop grown was yava or barley, besides the main crop, wheat, cotton and oilseeds were also grown.
m The Rig Vedic people used wooden ploughs (phala, langala, and ‘sira’).
m The Vedic god Indra is also described as Urvarajit (winner of fertile fields), and there are also references to Kshetrapati
(guardian deity of agricultural fields).
m With the knowledge and use of iron during the later Vedic period, they were able to clean forests and bring more
lands under cultivation.
m The earliest literary references to the use of iron in the Indian sub-continent are found in the Yajuraveda.
Settlement Practices:
m The early Vedic Aryans lived in the area known as sapta-sindhu, meaning area of seven rivers. This area largely
covered the northwestern part of India up to the river Yamuna. Gradually moving eastward, they came to occupy
eastern U.P. (Kosala) and north Bihar (Videha) during the Later Vedic period.
m The settlement pattern in the Gangetic Plain during the Vedic period was primarily rural. The Vedic people lived in
small villages or settlements called Grama.
m These settlements were usually located near a source of water, such as a river or a stream. The Vedic people also
built fortified cities or towns called pura, which served as administrative centers.
The development of agriculture and the use of iron in the latter Vedic era led to more organized settlements as we see
from the traces of different cities in the Gangetic area. These cities were working as trade nodes and were established on
popular trade paths.
12. ‘The Ashokan pillars are the best examples of Mauryan architecture available today.’ Write a note on the
Ashokan Pillar in Sarnath and its significance.
Approach:
* Briefly explain the Mauryan architecture.
* Mention the features of Ashokan Pillars found in Uttar Pradesh.
* Describe the Ashokan Pillar of Sarnath.
* Summarise the answer by mentioning the significance of Ashokan pillar of Sarnath.

Answer: The Mauryan period is known for its structured development of architecture. The archaeological evidence as
well as the information received from Megasthenes’ Indica show that the construction of stupas and viharas became part
of monastic establishments. Apart from these, stone pillars, rock-cut caves and monumental figure sculptures were carved
at several places.
Ashokan pillars are the best examples of Mauryan architecture. Mauryan pillars have been found in Kausambi, Meerut,
and Sarnath in Uttar Pradesh.
Features of Ashokan pillars:

m These pillars were usually made from polished red sandstone (chunar sandstone).
m These are examples of rock cut monoliths.
m They aimed to spread religious messages and royal commands among the public.
m They were upto 16 meters in height and weighed upto 80 tonnes.
The Ashokan pillar of Sarnath:

m Located at Sarnath, near Varanasi, the pillar showcases one of the finest examples of Mauryan sculpture, built around
250 BCE.
m Currently, the pillar is in its original place, but the capital is on display at the Sarnath Museum.
m It was commissioned to commemorate the first sermon of the Buddha, or the ‘Dharmachakraprivartana’ at Sarnath.
m Originally, the capital had five components: the shaft (now broken into many parts), a lotus bell base, a drum on the
bell base with four animals proceeding clockwise (abacus), the figures of four majestic lions and the crowning
element, Dharmachakra, a large wheel (this is also broken and displayed at the museum).
m The capital without the crowning wheel and the lotus base has been adopted as the National Emblem of independent
India.
m The four lions are seated back-to-back on a circular abacus. The figures of the lions are grand and evoke magnificence.
m The abacus has four wheels (chakra) with 24 spokes in all four directions. This is part of the Indian National Flag
now.
m The wheel represents Dharmachakra in Buddhism (the wheel of dhamma). Between every wheel, there are animals
carved. They are a bull, a horse, an elephant and a lion. The animals appear as if they are in motion. The abacus is
supported by the inverted lotus capital.
The Ashokan pillars have significant value in the present time. While adopting symbols from the Ashokan period, the
modern nation of India borrows ideals and values from a rich and glorious past. The adoption of the National Emblem from
Sarnath reflects the country’s reaffirmation of its ancient ideals of peace and tolerance as also reflected in the teachings of
Buddha. On the other hand, the Mauryan symbolism of the lions represents power, courage, pride and confidence.
13. How did the teachings of Tulsidas help in reducing the social evils of their time in Uttar Pradesh?
Approach:
* Discuss in brief the life of Tulsidas.
* Mention the works of Tulsidas.
* Discuss his teachings along with related social subjects.
* Summarise the answer mentioning the significance of his teachings.
Answer: Goswami Tulsidas was born in Rajpur village in the Banda district in 1523 AD. He was a contemporary of
Akbar and the Mewar king Pratap. He was the most prominent saint poet of the Saguna Bhakti sect. He composed the
Ramcharitamanas, praising and describing the life of Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu.
Works of Tulsidas:
The works of Tulsidas, like Ramcharitmanas, are majorly about Sri Ram, except for Krishna Gitavali and Parvati
Mangal. His major long works include Dohavali, Kavitta Ramayana, Gitavali, Vinay patrika, and Krishnavali. His shorter
works include Hanuman Bahuk, Janki Mangal and Parvati Mangal, etc.

The teachings of Tulsidas helped reduce social evils in the following ways:
m Tulsidas was not only a saint or philosopher but also a great reformer who brought about the Hindu Renaissance
through his writings. It was the solemn beauty and strength of his writings in Ramcharitmanas, Hanuman Chalisa,
Ramkatha, and Ramleelas that made him the savior of society.
m Tulsidas was ardently devoted to Sri Ram. In his works, Sri Ram functions as a symbol on which the human mind
can focus for the double purpose of conceiving the ultimate reality and expressing devotion to it.
m At a time when it was natural for common people to equate religion with occultism, his teaching bailed out religion
from this pitfall and made it plain and simple. He emphasized living a virtuous life and developing human perfection,
as opposed to supernatural achievement.
m With his devotion and teachings, he provided an alternative to the cults that showed a proclivity for debauchery. He
placed before the people the ideal of a chaste grihasta life.
m Tulsidas presented a picture of human perfection achievable by common people, through which one could uplift
and divinise one’s own character.
m The onus of the survival and flourishing of a civilization (culture) to sustain itself while upholding its values against
the onslaughts of time and invasions often falls on the guiding lights of the society that include poets, historians,
writers and spiritual leaders. They are important in shaping the minds and social conduct of people.
m Goswami Tulsidas was one such iconic figure who was a Ramanandi Vaishnava saint and poet, with immense
spiritual, intellectual, and academic learning.
m Tulsidas was never attracted to miracles or money. He was guileless but fearless and frank, innocent but outspoken
and plain in speech.
m He did not preach any particularized doctrine, nor did he find a sect or school. Yet his pure life and enchanting,
forceful, and touching poetry have cast a permanent spell on society.
Tulsidas with his various ideas like ‘Loak Mangal ki Bhavna’, ‘Parhit Saris Dharam Nahi Bhai’, and the ideal character
of Rama ‘Purusottama’ guided societies from the sixteenth century till today. Thus, his teachings are relevant for modern
societies.
14. Write a note on the various types of crafts found in Uttar Pradesh along with those which received Geographical
Indication tags.
Approach:
* Briefly explain the position of various crafts of Uttar Pradesh.
* Mention those crafts which received GI tags in Uttar Pradesh.
* Discuss government initiatives.
* Summarise the answer highlighting the significance of craft.
Answer: Uttar Pradesh is known for its ancient and diverse crafts. These were majorly seen in the ancient and medieval
period when artisans organised themselves into guilds known as Shreni during the Gupta period. The present contribution
of handicrafts to the state’s economy is significant. Handicraft exports from Uttar Pradesh contribute 44% to the total
handicraft exports from the country.
Crafts of Uttar Pradesh:

Embroidery crafts:
m Zardozi: It is known for silver and gold embroidery, where the embroidery is done in three dimensions. This style
was brought to India by the Afghan invaders in the 12th century. It is majorly practiced in Varanasi, Agra, Rampur,
Lucknow, Farrukhabad and Bareilly regions of Uttar Pradesh.
m Chikankari: It owes its origin to Nur Jahan. It entails delicate and traditional hand embroidery practiced in Lucknow.
Traditionally, this embroidery was done with white thread on cotton or muslin.

m Banarasi Brocade: Its existence can be traced back to the Rig Vedic period which also had fabric of gold known
as ‘Hiranya vastra’. Brocade refers to the sophisticated fabrics which are eloquently decorated and generally worn
by the rich and aristocratic class.
z Glassware: Glassware was patronised by the Mughals and used for the decoration of monuments like sheesh-
mahal. Glass crafts are very famous in Firozabad (city of bangles). Now, other than bangles, glass tableware,
toys, beads, etc. are made.
z Metal and Brassware: Moradabad is the major centre of this craft. UP is the largest brass and copper producing
state in India. The ritual articles are made largely of brass or copper. Khudai and Nakashi are metalworks done
on metal and brassware.
z Carpet weaving: Uttar Pradesh caters for upto 90% of the country’s carpets. This came into being during the
reign of the Mughals. Major centres include Mirzapur, Agra, and Bhadoi.
z Hand printing: It is popularly practiced in Lucknow, Banaras and Farrukhabad. It is majorly restricted to traditional
patterns and prints like butis (polka dots).
Crafts with Geographical Indication (GI) tags in Uttar Pradesh:
Some of the crafts with GI tags in UP are Lucknow Chikankari Craft, Banaras Brocades and Sarees, Handmade Carpets
of Bhadohi, Agra Durries, Farrukhabad prints, Lucknow Zardozi, Firozabad Glass, Banaras Hand Block Print, Moradabad
Metal Crafts, Saharanpur Woodcraft, Varanasi hand beads, Gorakhpur Terracotta, etc.
Challenges faced by the crafts sector:

m Craftsmen are highly underpaid as the middlemen pay less
m Low standards of living and work associated medical issues
m Unavailability of any vocational training or skill enhancement training
m No social security in the absence of the mainstreaming of various crafts
m Problems faced by entrepreneurs include long waiting time for the completion of a single piece, Dwindling exports,
etc.
The government in partnership with the private sector should encourage integrated enterprise development by providing
support services such as local centres for skill training, product adaptation, vocational training and entrepreneurship
development.
Schemes of UP government for Handicrafts:

m One District, One Product Scheme: Under this scheme, certain indigenous and specialised crafts and products
from each district are identified and production and marketing facilities for those products are developed.
m UP Institute of Design (UPID): It has been established under the guidance of the National Institute of Design to
ensure the availability of trained designers for handicrafts and handloom sectors.
Crafts reflect the idea of self- sufficiency which was of crucial importance to Mahatma Gandhi. The Indian crafts industry
is growing rapidly as it is an important supplier of craft products around the world. In developed countries where crafts have
died out and skilled crafts communities no longer exist, there is a sharp increase in demand for Indian crafts. The Internet
and e-commerce are new forums for promotion and sales, along with the development of the retail sector, thus creating new
distribution channels for the craft industry.
15. What were the objectives and result of the ‘EKA Movement’? Give a brief note on Oudh Rent (Amendment)
Act 1921.
Approach:
* Describe the timeline and aim of the Eka movement.
* Mention the reasons, methods used and major events that took place during ‘EKA movement’.
* Conclude with the outcomes of the movement along with its significance.

Answer: The Eka movement/Unity movement formed part of the series of peasant movements which broke out in Uttar
Pradesh in late 1921. The peasant discontent surfaced in the regions of Hardoi , Bahraich , Sitapur in northern UP.
The initial thrust for this movement was provided by Congress and Khilafat leaders.
Reasons of unity movement/ EKA Movement:

m The extraction of rent was 50 % higher than the recorded rent,
m Oppression by thekedar (contractor) to whom the work of rent collection was farmed out,
m The practice of sharing rents.
Methods used:
m Religious symbols: A hole, which represented the river Ganga was dug in the ground and filled with water, a priest
was brought in to preside over, and the assembled peasants vowed that they would pay only recorded rent but pay
it on time,
m They will not leave when ejected,
m Refusal to perform forced labor,
m The peasant would give no help to criminals,
m Peasants would abide by the decisions of the panchayat.
But soon this movement found its own grassroot leader in Madari Pasi, who was not satisfied with the principle of
non-violence of Congress and Khilafat leaders, consequently, severe repression followed which bought an end to the Eka
Movement by March 1922.
Oudh rent (amendment) act 1921:

It was given by the British government in response to the unity movement, and its provisions included
m Removal of extraction of Nazrana (renewal fees),
m The statutory period of tenancy was raised from 7 to 10 years,
m Every resident tenant was given life tenure, which means they were not supposed to get ejected by the end of the
statutory period of 7 years,
m A roaster year system was evolved for the determination and sanction of fair and equitable rent rates.
Although this movement failed, but it fulfilled the very purpose of making the British government realize about the
grievances of the peasant class of northern Uttar Pradesh.
The government came up with the Oudh Rent (amendment) Act of 1921. This amendment pacified some, but some
remained unsatisfied which led to the decline of the Eka movement.
16. ‘Mughal architecture is a perfect synthesis of Hindu, Islamic and Central Asian culture.’ In the light of this
statement, give a brief account of the UNESCO acclaimed world heritage sites in Uttar Pradesh.
Approach:
* Write a brief introduction about Mughal architecture.
* Mention the key features of Mughal architecture.
* Discuss in detail the UNESCO world heritage sites of Uttar Pradesh.
Answer: The Mughal emperors, who ruled over India from the 16th to the 19th centuries, were great patrons of art and
architecture. The architecture under them marked a striking revival of Islamic architecture in northern India. Under their
patronage, Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to produce works of unusual quality and refinement.
Important features of Mughal architecture:

m Mixed Architecture: It was a blend of Indian, Persian, and Turkish architectural styles.
m Diversity: Different types of buildings, such as majestic gates (entrances), forts, mausoleums, palaces, mosques,
sarais, etc., could be seen.
m Building material: Mostly, red sandstone and white marble were used.

m Speciality: Specific features such as the Charbagh style of the mausoleums, pronounced bulbous domes, slender
turrets at the corners, broad gateways, beautiful calligraphy, arabesque, and geometric patterns on pillars and walls,
and palace halls supported on pillars.
m They used Islamic arches, domes, and minarets, along with Hindu motifs, such as lotus flowers, peacocks, and
elephants, to embellish their buildings.
UNESCO acclaimed world heritage sites of Uttar Pradesh: There are three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Uttar
Pradesh.These sites are as follows:
Taj Mahal:
m The Taj Mahal is an iconic Mughal mausoleum located in Agra.
m It was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz. The construction of the Taj Mahal was
completed within a period of 17 years from 1631 to 1648 AD.
m The Taj Mahal is considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture and is renowned for its white marble
facade, intricate carvings, and geometric patterns.
m It was inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites in 1983.
Agra Fort:
m It is a massive historical fort built out of red sandstone in the city of Agra.
m It was built by Emperor Akbar in the 16th century and served as the residence of the Mughal emperors for several
generations. The Agra Fort is a remarkable example of Mughal military architecture and features several palaces,
mosques, and audience halls.
m It was inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites in 1983.
Fatehpur Sikri:
m It is a city, which is bounded on three sides by a wall 6 km long, fortified by towers, and pierced by nine gates,
includes a number of impressive edifices of secular and religious nature that exhibit a fusion of prolific and versatile
Indo-Islamic styles.
m It was the first planned city of the Mughals to be marked by magnificent administrative, residential, and religious
buildings comprised of palaces, public buildings, mosques, and living areas for the court, the army, the servants of
the king and an entire city.
m It is known as the “city of victory”, it was made the capital by the Mughal emperor Akbar. Among the most famous
structures of the city are the Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza, the Tomb of Salim Chisti, and the Panch Mahal.
Mughal architecture is a unique blend of various architectural styles and cultural traditions, that reflect the richness and
diversity of Indian culture. The UNESCO-acclaimed world heritage sites in Uttar Pradesh are some of the finest examples
of Mughal architecture, and they serve as a testament to the artistic and cultural achievements of the Mughal dynasty.
17. Varanasi is not just a city of Uttar Pradesh but also carries the cultural identity of India. Discuss.
Approach:
* Give a brief introduction of Varanasi.
* Historical significance- show how Varanasi is related to the cultural identity of India.
* Tales related to the city.
* Conclude suitably.
Answer: Varanasi is a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Situated on the banks of the river Ganga, it is a sacred city
that sits at the Centre of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain thought.
During the ancient period, the kingdom of Kashi was in the region around its capital Varanasi, bounded by the Varuna
rivers in the north and the Asi River in the south which gave Varanasi its name.
Varanasi is a place of learning, a Centre for literature and the arts. It is believed to be one of the oldest continuously
inhabited cities in the world. Right through its existence, Varanasi has flourished, all whilst retaining its unique identity.

Historical Significance:
m Varanasi not only grew during the 6th century BCE under the Mahajanpadas but is also known for Sarnath where
Lord Budha delivered his first sermon and has also remained under the influence of Buddhist dynasties like Ashoka
the Great.
m It is a city of Jain religion where the 23rd Tirthankara Bhagawan Parshvanath, was born. Ayurveda is also said to
have originated in Varanasi and is believed to be the basis of modern medical sciences such as plastic surgery,
Cataract surgery and calculus operations. Maharshi Patanjali, the preceptor of Ayurveda and Yoga, was also affiliated
with Varanasi, the holy city.
Religious Significance:
m The Land of Kashi is the ultimate pilgrimage for Hindus from ages. It is believed that one who is graced to die at
Varanasi gets salvation. Vaishnavism and Shaivism have co-existed harmoniously in Varanasi.
Literary Significance:
m Varanasi is also associated with the promotion of spiritualism, mysticism, Sanskrit, yoga, and the Hindi language
as well as honored authors such as the ever-famous novelist Prem Chand and Tulsi Das, the famous saint-poet who
wrote Ram Charit Manas.
Cultural Significance:
m Aptly called the cultural capital of India, Varanasi has provided the right platform for all cultural activities to flourish.
Many exponents of dance and music have come from Varanasi. Ravi Shankar, the internationally renowned Sitar
maestro and Ustad Bismillah Khan, (the famous Shehnai player) are all sons of the blessed city or have lived here
for a major part of their lives.
Mythological Significance:
m Varanasi is the city of Lord Shiva, and the place where he and the goddess Parvati founded the universe. It is believed
to be the site where Lord Rama did penance, after his victory over the demon-king Ravana, and may also have been
a battlefield in the Mahabharata, where the god Krishna set fire to an imposter Krishna.
m If the boon of life starts at Dashashwamedh Ghat then it ends at Manikarnika. A unique combination of life and
death and the desire for salvation attract the pilgrims.
The paradox of Varanasi is highlighted as it is a lively city, with something or other happening somewhere or the other
at all hours. There is also a deep sense of peace, serenity, and spirituality all around.
18. Describe the modern architecture in Uttar Pradesh that developed under the Nawabs of Awadh and the British.
Approach:
* Give a general introduction to the architectural development in Uttar Pradesh.
* Discuss in detail the architecture built under Nawabs of Awadh and British with examples.
Answer: The modern architecture in Uttar Pradesh that developed under the Nawabs of Awadh, and the British is a
fascinating blend of Indo-Islamic and European styles, reflecting the unique cultural and historical influences of the region.
Architecture under Nawabs of Awadh:

The Nawabs of Awadh, who ruled from the mid-18th to the mid-19th century, were renowned patrons of architecture
and the arts. They were passionate about creating grand, ornate buildings that reflected their wealth and power, and they
commissioned many magnificent palaces, mosques, and tombs.
m Bara Imambara : The most famous example of Nawabi architecture is the Bara Imambara in Lucknow. It was
built by Asaf-ud-Daula, Nawab of Awadh in 1784. The building includes the large Asfi mosque, the Bhool-bhulaiya
(the labyrinth), and Bowli, a step well with running water.

m Rumi Darwaza (Turkish Gate): It is a massive sixty feet tall gate which stands imposingly between Bara Imambara
and Chhota Imambara in Lucknow. It was constructed in 1784 under the rule of Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula. It is a fine
example of Awadhi architecture, or the Lucknow School of Architecture.
m Chhota Imambara: It is also known as Imambara Hussainabad Mubarak, is located in Lucknow. It took 54 years
for its completion. It was built as an imambara or congregation hall, for Shia Muslims, by Muhammad Ali Shah,
the Nawab of Awadh in 1838.
m Sikandar Bagh: It is located in the city of Lucknow. It was built by the last Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah
(1822–1887), as a summer residence. The name of the villa signifies “Garden of Sikandar”, perhaps after Sikandar
Mahal Begum, the Nawab’s favourite wife.
m Hussainabad Clock Tower: It is a clock tower located in Lucknow. It was constructed in 1881 by Hussainabad
Trust to mark the arrival of Sir George Couper, the first Lieutenant-Governor of the United Province of Oudh. It is
located adjacent to the Rumi Darwaza and Bada Imambara. It is adjudged as the tallest among all the clock towers
in India. It was built as a replica of the Big Ben clock tower of London.
Architecture under British:

The British, who took control of Awadh in the mid-19th century, also left their mark on the region’s architecture. They
introduced new building styles and materials, and commissioned many buildings that reflected their own tastes and preferences.
m All Saints Cathedral (Prayagraj): It is modelled after 13th -century Gothic style churches and is among the Gothic
revival buildings built by the British during their rule in India.
m Residency in Lucknow: It was built in the early 1800s as a home for the British Resident General, it was later
converted into a military barracks and was the site of a famous siege during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The
Residency is now a museum and a popular tourist attraction, showcasing the region’s rich colonial history.
m La Martiniere College: It was built in the mid-19th century in Lucknow. It is a stunning Gothic-style building that
was originally a school for European boys.
m Kanpur Memorial Church: It is an Anglican church built in 1875 in honour of British valour during the Siege of
Cawnpore (now Kanpur) in 1857. The church was designed by Walter Granville, architect of the East Bengal Railway.
It has a handsomely carved Gothic screen designed by Henry Yule. Its centre is occupied by a beautiful carved figure
of an angel by Baron Carlo Marochetti, with crossed arms, holding palons, i.e., symbols of peace.
These buildings are not only important historical landmarks but also works of art that showcase the creativity and
ingenuity of their architects and builders.
19. Give an account of the contribution of the revolutionaries of Uttar Pradesh in the Indian freedom struggle?
Write a brief note on at least two of them.
Approach:
* Give a general introduction about revolutionaries’ activity in Uttar Pradesh.
* Discuss the contribution of revolutionaries in Indian freedom struggle.
* Explain in detail the role of two revolutionaries from Uttar Pradesh.
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh played a significant role in India’s freedom struggle, with several revolutionaries emerging from the state.
These revolutionaries were driven by a strong sense of patriotism and were prepared to give their lives to secure India’s
independence. They had put in endless efforts to end British rule and motivated a generation of Indians to join the fight for
freedom.
Contribution of revolutionaries:
m Spreading patriotism: The two newspapers of Kanpur, ‘Pratap’ and ‘Prabhu’ were holistically engaged in
publishing the ideals of nationalism.

m Creating fear in the minds of British: For example, the Kakori train robbery was the first act of revolution in
the United Provinces. They robbed the train carrying the government treasury on 9th August 1925.
m Self-reliance: More emphasis was laid on becoming self-sufficient and indigenous handicraft industries were
promoted.
m Vernacular education: Establishment of primary schools and colleges led by Indians. Including military and
professional training regarding weapons
m Uniting the people of India: For instance, the Azamgarh Proclamation, which the rebels released on August
25, 1857. It stated that all facets of Indian society had suffered greatly under British rule and urged unification in
opposition to the tyranny of the Britishers.
Prominent revolutionaries from Uttar Pradesh are:

Chandrashekhar Azad:
m He was inspired by Gandhi during the Non-Cooperation Movement and left his studies to join the freedom movement.
He created a revolutionary organisation against the English which was called the ‘Hindustan Socialist Republican
Association’. This organisation was manned by revolutionaries like Shachindra Nath Sanyal, Yogesh Chandra
Chatterjee, Ram Prasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, and others.
m When the organisation was in need of funds, they conspired to loot the government treasury which is famous as the
‘Kakori Conspiracy’. The police could never apprehend him. On 27th February 1931 AD, he was trapped by the
police at Alfred Park in Prayagraj.
m He fought the police till the very end, but when he was left with just the last bullet, and it seemed that he would be
caught, he chose to use the last bullet to kill himself and achieve martyrdom.
Ram Prasad Bismil:

m He was born on 11th June, 1897, in a village in Uttar Pradesh’s Shahjahanpur district.
m He was among the most noteworthy Indian freedom fighters who resisted British colonial forces till his last breath.
m The ideals of a revolution first took root in his mind when he read about the death sentence awarded to Bhai
Parmanand, an Indian nationalist and Arya Samaj missionary.
m He was one of the chief founders of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) along with Sachindra Nath
Sanyal and Jadugopal Mukherjee.
m In 1925, he and his companions Chandrasekhar Azad and Ashfaqulla Khan decided to loot a train in Kakori
near Lucknow.
m He was tried in the Kakori Conspiracy Case. The legal process lasted 18 months. Bismil, Lahiri, Khan and
Thakur Roshan Singh were awarded death sentences.
The sacrifice and the martyrdom of the revolutionaries did not go waste. It appealed to the masses. Bhagat Singh,
Chandrashekhar Azad, Surya Sen, Rajguru etc. became household name of the Indian people and aroused patriotism among
masses.
20. Discuss the key features of the “Uttar Pradesh tourism policy 2022”. Analyse the challenges faced by the state
in implementing the policy.
Approach:
* Give a general introduction about the tourism potential of Uttar Pradesh.
* Explain key targets and objectives of the tourism policy.
* Discuss the challenges faced by Uttar Pradesh in implementing the policy.
* Write a concise conclusion.

Answer: Uttar Pradesh has a rich heritage and cultural assets, which attract
heritage enthusiasts not just from all over the country but across the world. It Swachthta
bagged the second position for attracting the highest number of domestic tourists (Cleaniliness)
and secured the third position in attracting foreign tourists, with a record footfall
of nearly 24.87 crore tourists in 2022 as per the annual report of the Ministry
of Tourism. Sanrachna
(Infrastructure)
Key Features of Uttar Pradesh Tourism Policy 2022:
Guiding Principles of The Policy

Targets under this policy:
m Top tourist destination domestically and aims to come on top, in terms Sahyog
of foreign tourist arrivals. (Support)
m Attract investments worth INR 20,000 crore.
m Create 10 lakh additional jobs in the tourism and hospitality sectors.
Suchna
m Achieve sectorial growth of 10% p.a. and a share of 15% in GSDP (Awareness)
by encouraging Mega Project investments especially in less developed
tourism zones with high potential.
m Improve the brand image of Uttar Pradesh in terms of safety and as a Suvidha
tourist destination for experiential tourism. (Amenities)
The objectives of policy:

m Develop Focus Tourist Destinations (FTDs): Under this, the
Swagat
Department of Tourism of Uttar Pradesh notifies a list of Focus Tourism (Welcome)
Destinations (FTDs) from time to time for prioritized development,
promoting, and developing tourism in lesser-known areas.
m Thematic sector: To develop and promote theme-based tourism for Suraksha
example (Heritage, Art & Culture, Spiritual/ Religious Tourism, Eco, (Safety)
Nature & Wildlife, Wellness and Medical Tourism, Adventure Tourism,
Agri Tourism, Cuisine Tourism, Rural/ Village/Tribal based Tourism
etc...).
m Circuit based tourism development model: Exploring a vast state like Uttar Pradesh is much easier with well-
defined circuits as per the visitors’ choice. These circuits include places of common interest which can be covered
by a traveller through a planned itinerary. The government has presently developed 12 mega circuits these are
(Ramayana Circuit, Krishna / Braj Circuit, Buddhist Circuit, Mahabharata Circuit, Shakti Peeth Circuit, Adhyatmik
Circuit, Sufi / Kabir Circuit, Jain Circuit, Bundelkhand Circuit, Wildlife & Eco Tourism Circuit, Craft Circuit and
Swatantrata Sangram Circuit).
m PPP model: Collaborate between private and public sector players to create a high-quality tourist centric ecosystem.
m Digital synchronisation: Target services and tourism supply response driven by customer intelligence data from
tourism touchpoints including social media handles, websites, and applications.
m Develop new tourism products and services like caravan tourism, water sports, adventure activities, etc., at lesser-
known tourist attractions.
m Heritage Tourism Units: These are those units which are being operated on a heritage building that is a building
constructed prior to 1st January 1950.
m Industry status to tourism: Star-category hotels and resorts and eligible tourism units registered with the Uttar
Pradesh Tourism Department shall be conferred the status of industry.
m Incentives, Subsidies and Concessions: An investment-based subsidy has been arranged for the hotel industry. A
subsidy of up to Rs 2 crore will be given on investments up to Rs 10 crore and up to Rs 40 crore on investments
above Rs 500 crore.

Challenges Faced by the State in Implementing the Policy:
Despite the positive impact of the tourism policy, the state faces several challenges in its implementation. They are:
m Lack of Infrastructure: Despite the government’s efforts to develop and upgrade infrastructure facilities, many
tourist destinations still lack basic amenities such as proper roads, clean water, and accommodation.
m Safety and Security: It is a major concern for tourists in UP, particularly for women. The state government needs
to take measures to ensure the safety of tourists and create a friendly and welcoming environment for them.
m Entry/exit Issue: Despite the introduction of an e-visa facility, visitors find the process of applying for a visa
cumbersome.
m Pollution: it is a major problem in many tourist destinations in UP, particularly in the cities. The government needs
to take measures to control pollution and ensure that tourists are not affected by it.
m Lack of Awareness: Many tourist destinations in UP are not well-known, and there is a lack of awareness about
the state’s tourism potential. The government needs to focus on marketing and promoting these destinations to attract
more tourists.
The tourism industry in Uttar Pradesh, as well as the rest of India, has been severely impacted. However, the state
government has been taking measures to revive the tourism sector.


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UPPSC-23/ UP(M)_SPL-2301

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ijh{kdksa ds fy;s funZs'k Instructions for the Evaluators

4. Please devote special attention to the following qualities in

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1. Describe the extent of Indus Valley Civilization in Uttar Pradesh.

The extent of Indus Valley Civilisation in

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Republics of Uttar Pradesh during ancient period:

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The Rise of Buddhism in Uttar Pradesh:

Major Buddhist Sites of Uttar Pradesh:

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Factors responsible for the rise of Awadh:

5. Describe Kushinagar as an important pilgrimage site in Uttar Pradesh.

Significance of Kushinagar as pilgrimage site:

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Folk dances of Purvanchal region:

Heritage sites selected in UP:

Objectives of the Scheme:

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Socio religious outcomes of revolt of 1857:

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Features of Ashokan pillars:

The Ashokan pillar of Sarnath:

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Crafts of Uttar Pradesh:

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Challenges faced by the crafts sector:

Schemes of UP government for Handicrafts:

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Reasons of unity movement/ EKA Movement:

Oudh rent (amendment) act 1921:

Important features of Mughal architecture:

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Architecture under Nawabs of Awadh:

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Architecture under British:

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Prominent revolutionaries from Uttar Pradesh are:

Ram Prasad Bismil:

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Guiding Principles of The Policy

The objectives of policy:

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