SERICULTURE

TYPES OF SILKWORM AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

NAME:-SOFIYA SHABBIR SUBMITTED TO:-

COURSE:-B.SC(ZOOLOGY) DR.PRAMOD KUMAR SINGH
SEMESTER:-5th SEMESTER
ROLL NO:-2106012
NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSTITY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I,Sofiya Shabbir, a student of the fifth semester pursuing B.Sc in Zoology at Netaji
Subhas University, am writing this acknowledgment to express my gratitude to those
who have supported me throughout my project on sericulture and its rearing
practices.

First and foremost, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor Mr

Sumit Kumar Mahto, for providing valuable guidance, expertise, and encouragement
throughout the duration of this project. Your insights and suggestions have been
instrumental in shaping the direction and content of my research.

I am also grateful to the faculty members of the Zoology department for their
continuous support and for creating an enriching academic environment that fosters
learning and exploration.

I would like to acknowledge the farmers and sericulturists who generously shared
their knowledge and experiences with me during the field visits. Their practical
insights have been crucial in understanding the intricacies of sericulture and its
cultural practices.

Furthermore, I would like to express my appreciation to my fellow students who have

been a source of motivation and camaraderie throughout this endeavor. Our
discussions and exchange of ideas have enhanced my understanding of sericulture
and its significance in the field of zoology.

Last but not least, I extend my gratitude to my family and friends for their unwavering
support and encouragement during this academic journey.

This acknowledgment is a small token of my appreciation for the collaborative effort

that has gone into the completion of this project. I am sincerely thankful to everyone
who has played a role in making this endeavor a meaningful and enriching experience.

Sincerely,

Sofiya Shabbir

B.Sc (Zoology), Fifth Semester

Netaji Subhas University

PREFACE
Sericulture, the age-old practice of silk cultivation, is a fascinating field that has
woven itself intricately into the fabric of various cultures and histories across the
world. As I delve into the realms of sericulture and its rearing practices, it is with great
pleasure that I present this preface, offering a glimpse into the journey of exploration
and discovery that has culminated in the creation of this work.

The inspiration for this undertaking stems from the profound allure of silken threads,
a material so delicate and yet so resilient, embodying the craftsmanship and patience
of generations of sericulturists. In the course of my fifth semester in the B.Sc Zoology
program at Netaji Subhas University, I found myself drawn to the world of silk
production, eager to unravel the secrets hidden within the coexistence of nature and
human ingenuity.

This preface serves as a preamble to the comprehensive exploration of sericulture,

from its historical roots to the contemporary methods of rearing silkworms and the
cultural significance embedded in every filament of silk. The journey has been one of
continuous learning, guided by the expertise of my supervisor and the shared wisdom
of farmers and sericulturists who graciously welcomed me into their world.

This endeavor is not merely an academic pursuit but a celebration of the

interconnectedness of the natural world and human endeavors. I extend my gratitude
to all those who have contributed to this journey – my supervisor, faculty members,
fellow students, and the individuals in the sericulture community who generously
shared their insights.

May this exploration into the world of sericulture provide a tapestry of knowledge and
appreciation for a practice that continues to be both an ancient tradition and a beacon
of sustainable industry.

Sofiya Shabbir

B.Sc (Zoology),

Fifth Semester

Netaji Subhas University

ABSTACT

Sericulture, the cultivation of silkworms for the production of silk, is a time-honored

practice that has transcended centuries, cultures, and continents. This abstract
provides a concise overview of the diverse facets of sericulture, with a focus on its
rearing methods and various types.

The first section delves into the historical roots of sericulture, tracing its origins in
ancient civilizations to the present day. By understanding the cultural significance
attached to silk, we gain insight into the evolution of sericulture as not just an
industry but a living tradition.

The second segment navigates the intricate process of sericulture, with a particular
emphasis on the rearing of silkworms. From egg to cocoon, the life cycle of the
silkworm unfolds, revealing the meticulous care and attention required at each stage.
Different rearing methods, including traditional and modern approaches, are explored,
highlighting the adaptability of sericulture to technological advancements.

The third part classifies sericulture into its distinct types, drawing attention to the
various silkworm species and their specific characteristics. Mulberry, Eri, and Tussar
silk production are discussed, shedding light on the unique attributes

Lastly, the abstract touches upon the economic and ecological aspects of sericulture.
The economic importance of silk production in sustaining livelihoods and fostering
trade is explored, along with the ecological benefits of silk farming in promoting
biodiversity and rural development
INTRODUCTION
Sericulture, the ancient art of cultivating silkworms to harvest their delicate silk, has
captivated human imagination for centuries. Originating in China around 2700 BCE,
the practice of sericulture has since spread across the globe, weaving itself into the
cultural and economic fabric of numerous societies. This introduction embarks on a
journey into the world of sericulture, exploring its historical roots, the meticulous
techniques involved in rearing silkworms, and the transformative impact it has had on
the textile industry.

Historical Significance:

The roots of sericulture trace back to the dawn of human civilization, with China
holding the honor of being its birthplace. Initially guarded as a closely held secret, the
knowledge of silk production eventually found its way along the Silk Road, becoming a
prized commodity in trade. Sericulture, once exclusive to the Chinese imperial courts,
became a symbol of wealth, luxury, and refinement, shaping the course of ancient
economies and fostering cultural exchange.

Rearing Techniques:

Central to the art of sericulture is the intricate process of rearing silkworms, primarily
the Bombyx mori species. The life cycle of the silkworm unfolds in stages, from egg to
larva, pupa, and finally, the silk-producing adult moth. The technique involves
providing a controlled environment for optimal growth, addressing the dietary needs of
the silkworms, and safeguarding against diseases. Traditional methods, such as the
use of mulberry leaves as the primary food source, coexist with modern approaches
incorporating advanced technologies to enhance silk production.

Silk Types and Varieties:

Sericulture is not a monolithic practice; rather, it branches into distinct types based
on the silkworm species and the resulting silk varieties. Mulberry silk, derived from
the Bombyx mori silkworm, remains the most prevalent and esteemed. However, Eri
silk, produced by Samia cynthia ricini, and Tussar silk, cultivated from various wild
silkworms, offer alternative textures and colors, diversifying the silk market.
HISTORY OF SERICULTURE

Sericulture, the art of cultivating silkworms to produce silk, has a rich and storied
history that spans millennia. Originating in ancient China, sericulture's evolution
mirrors the intricate threads of human civilization, intertwining with cultural,
economic, and technological advancements over time. **History of Sericulture: From
Ancient Origins to Global Industry

Sericulture, the art of cultivating silkworms to produce silk, has a rich and storied
history that spans millennia. Originating in ancient China, sericulture's evolution
mirrors the intricate thread

Today, sericulture continues to thrive as a global industry, with China, India, and
Japan leading silk production. Advances in genetics, biotechnology, and sustainability
are reshaping the landscape of sericulture, promising new opportunities and
challenges. Despite the evolution of silk production into a modern industry, the
artistry and craftsmanship inherent in sericulture remain timeless, connecting us to
our ancient past and promising a vibrant future.

As we trace the history of sericulture, we unveil a tapestry woven with threads of

tradition, innovation, and cultural exchange. From its humble beginnings in ancient
China to its status as a global industry, sericulture stands as a testament to
humanity's ingenuity and creativity in harnessing nature's bounty.
 Sericulture and Its Components
Silk producing insects are commonly referred to as serigenous insects. Commercial
rearing of silk producing insects is called sericulture. It is an agro-based industry
comprising three main components:

Cultivation of Food Plants The silkworms that feed on mulberry leaves are
known as mulberry silkworms whereas the silkworm that feed on other than mulberry
plants are known as non-mulberry silkworms. Hence the rearing of silk worms
involves cultivation of their host plants, which provide a regular supply of leaves.
Worms a reintroduced through DFLs (Disease Free Laying’s, i.e., eggs) procured from a
quality centre called grainage.

Rearing of Silk Worms The silkworms are actually larvae of the silkmoth. They
are reared in specially madetrays in rooms under controlled environmental conditions
viz; temperature and humidity and regularly fed leaves of their preference. At acertain
stage they encase themselves inside the cocoons by spinning out silk. These cocoons
are made from a single filament of material secreted by the mature larvae and
wrapped around itself for protection. These filaments upon hardening by air constitute
silk.

Reeling and Spinning of Silk The removal of silk yarn from the cocoons is called
reeling. This is done by first cooking them in water to remove the gum, which holds it
together, and then unwinding the filaments (reeling). Usually 8-10 cocoons are reeled
together. There are three methods for reeling: the charkha, the slightly more advanced
cottage basin and the costly automatic machines. Prior to weaving, the raw silk is
boiled in water to remove remaining gum, dyed and bleached, Page | 73 and then
woven into the garment – usually on handloom. In some cases the woven cloth may be
dyed and bleached. The first two are agricultural and the last one is an industrial
component.
CLASSIFICATION OF SERICULTURE
Silkworms are classified on the basis of their native regions or geographical
distribution such as Japanese, Chinese, European or Indian races; the number
of hatchings in a year i.e., Voltinism (Uni-, Bi- or Multivoltine) depending upon
the number of generations produced in a year under natural conditions;
according to the number of moults that occur during larval growth i.e.,
moulting (Tri-, Tetra- and Penta-moulters); rearing period; genetic traits such
as, body markings, body colour of freshly hatched larva, body colour of mature
larva, colour of cocoon, colour of egg etc. or as pure strain and hybrid variety
according to genetic recombination. But the taxonomic classification is based
on the significant evolution of the organisms.

The Bombycidae includes domesticated silkworm along with ancestor stalks,

while Saturnidae includes wild silkworms. Several species of silkworm that are
used in commercial silk production are:

a. Bombycidae
b.  Bombyx Mori: The domesticated silkworm
c.  Bombyx Mandarina: Wild ancestor of commercially cultivated silkworms
Saturniidae
d.  Antheraea pernyi - Chinese Tasar silkworm
e.  Antheraea mylitta - Indian Tasar silkworm
f.  Antheraea yamamai - Japanese Tasar silkworm
g.  Antheraea Assama - Indian muga silkworm
h.  Philosamia ricini - Eri silkworm
i.  Philosamia Cynthia - Wild species of Eri silkworm
j.  Eriogyna pyretorum - Fish – line silkworm of Hainan Island The species of
silkworm that are used in commercial silk production in
MULBERRY SERICULTURE

. Mulberry Sericulture The larva of mulberry silk moth, Bombyx mori, is a

domesticated form which feeds exclusively on the leaves of Mulberry tree, Morus Alba.
The Larva of mulberry silk moth grows for about 20-23 days feeding mulberry leaves.

Biology of Mulberry Silk Worm The insect producing mulberry silk is a

domesticated variety of silkworms, which has been exploited for over 5000 years now.
Generally the term silk refers to mulberry silk, because it contributes to 95% of world
silk production and. All the strains/races reared at present belong to the species
Bombyx moriL. That is believed to be derived from its ancestor (Mandarina silkworm),
Bombyx mandarina Moore. Bombyx mori is domesticated silkworm, feeds on mulberry
leaves belonging to family Moraceae. These are classified and identified as uni-voltine,
bi-voltine, and m

Taxonomic Classification
Phylum – Arthropoda

Class – Insecta

Sub-Class – Pterygota

Division – Endopterygota

Order – Lepidoptera

Super Family – Bombycoidae

Family – Bombycidae

Genus – Bombyx

Species - mori (L)

LIFE CYCLE

Life cycle of the silkworm consists of four stages i.e., adult, egg, larva, and pupa. The
duration of life cycle is six to eight weeks depending upon racial characteristics and
climatic conditions. Multi-voltine races found in tropical areas have the shortest life
cycle with the egg, larval, pupal and adult stages lasting for 9-12 days, 20-24 days,
10-12 days and 3-6 days, respectively. Seven to eight generations are produced in
multi-voltine races. In uni-voltine races, the egg period of activated egg may last for
11-14 days; the larval period, 24-28 days; the pupal period, 12-15 days and the adult
stage, 6-10 days. In nature, uni-voltine races produce only one Page | 76 generation
during the spring and the second generation of eggs goes through a period of rest or
hibernation till the next spring. In case of bi-voltine races, however, the second
generation eggs do not hibernate and hatch within 11- 12 days and produce second
generation normally during summer and it is the third generation eggs which undergo
hibernation and hatches in the next spring, and thus producing two generations in
one year

EGG

Silk worm egg is round and white. The weight of newly laid 2,000 eggs is about 1.0 g.
It measures 1-1.3 mm in length and 0.9-1.2 mm in width. With time, eggs become
darker and darker. Races producing white cocoons lay pale yellow eggs; while races
producing yellow cocoons lay deep yellow eggs. In case of hibernating eggs laid by bi-
voltine and uni-voltine races, the egg colour changes to dark brown or purple with the
deepening of colour of the serosal pigments. The eggs may be of diapause or non-
diapause type. The diapause type of Page | 77 eggs are laid by the silkworms
inhabiting in temperate regions; whereas silkworms belonging to subtropical regions
like India lay non-diapause type of eggs. During diapause all vital activities of the eggs
cease.
LARVA

After 10 days of incubation, the eggs hatch into larva called caterpillar. After hatching
caterpillars need continuous supply of food, because they are voracious feeders. Newly
hatched caterpillar is about 0.3 cm in length and pale yellowish white. The larval body
in densely covered with bristles. As the larva grows, it becomes smoother and lighter
in colour due to rapid stretching of the cuticular skin during different instars of the
larval stage. The skin consists of cuticle and hypodermis. Cuticle is made up of chitin
as well as protein and is covered with a thin layer of wax, which is capable of being
extended considerably to permit rapid growth of the larva during each instar. Nodules
are found all over the surface of the body, and the distribution pattern differs
according to the variety of silkworm. Larva bears four pairs of tubercles: sub-dorsal,
supra-spiracular, infra-spiracular and basal tubercle. Each tubercle carries 3-6 setae.

PUPA
Pupa is the inactive resting stage of silkworm. It is a transitional period during which
definite changes take place. During this period, biological activity of larval body and its
internal organs undergo a complete change and assume the new form of adult moth.
The mature silkworm passes through a short transitory stage of pre- pupa before
becoming a pupa. During the prepupal stage, dissolution of the larval organs takes
place which is followed by formation of adult organs. Soon after pupation the pupa is
white and soft but gradually turns brown to dark brown, and the pupal skin becomes
harder. A pair of large compound eyes, a pair of antennae, fore and hind-wings, and
the legs are visible. Ten segments can be seen on the ventral side, but only nine are
visible on the dorsal side. Seven pairs of spiracles are present in abdominal region, the
last pair being non-functional. Sex markings are prominent and it is much easier to
determine the sex of pupa. The female has a fine longitudinal line on the eighth
abdominal segment, whereas such marking is absent in case of male. The pupa is
covered within a thick, oval, white or yellow silken case called cocoon. The pupal
period may last for 8- 14 days after which the adult moth emerges slitting through the
ADULT
The adult of Bombyx mori is about 2.5 cm in length and pale creamy white. After
emergence the adult is incapable of flight because of its feeble wings and heavy body.
It does not feed during its short adult life. The body of moth has general plan of insect
body organization. The ocelli are absent. The antennae are conspicuous, large and
bipectinate. The meso- and metathorax bear a pair of wings. The front pair overlap the
hind pair when the moth is at rest. The moth is unisexual and shows sexual
dimorphism. In male eight abdominal segments are visible; while in female, seven. The
female has comparatively smaller antennae. Its body and the abdomen are stouter and
larger, and it is generally less active than male. The male moth possesses a pair of
hooks known as harpes at its caudal end; while the female has a knob like projection
with sensory hair. Just after emergence, male moths copulate with female for about 2-
3 hours, and die after that. The female starts laying eggs just after copulation, which
is completed within 24 hours. A female lays 400-500 eggs. The eggs are laid in
clusters and are covered with gelatinous secretion of the female moth.
MUGA CULTURE
Muga culture typically refers to the traditional silk culture associated with the Muga
silk, a special type of silk produced in the state of Assam in northeastern India. Muga
silk is known for its golden-yellow color and is derived from the silkworm species
Antheraea assamensis. The cultivation of Muga silk has deep cultural and economic
significance in the region

.1. **Silk Production:** Muga silk is produced by the silkworms that feed on the leaves
of primarily two host plants – som and soalu. The unique combination of these host
plants contributes to the distinctive golden color of Muga silk.

2. **Traditional Weaving:** The Muga silk is woven into traditional Assamese garments
like Mekhela Chador (two-piece Assamese attire for women) and Gamosa (traditional
towel). Skilled artisans are involved in the intricate process of handweaving,
incorporating various traditional motifs and designs.

3. **Cultural Importance:** Muga silk holds immense cultural importance in Assam. It

is often associated with religious and ceremonial occasions. Traditional Assamese
weddings, festivals, and cultural events feature clothing made from Muga silk,
symbolizing purity and auspiciousness.

4. **Economic Significance:** Muga silk cultivation and weaving contribute

significantly to the economy of Assam. Many weavers and artisans depend on Muga
silk production for their livelihoods. The silk industry also plays a crucial role in
preserving the cultural heritage of the region.

5. **Conservation Efforts:** Due to the limited geographical distribution of the Muga

silkworms and the host plants, there have been efforts to conserve and promote Muga
culture. Initiatives have been taken to support sustainable sericulture practices and
preserve the biodiversity associated with Muga silk production.

The Muga culture represents the rich heritage and craftsmanship of Assam, and the
silk produced is highly prized for its unique qualities and cultural significance.
TASAR CULTURE
Tasar cultivation refers to the sericulture practices associated with Tasar silk, a type
of silk produced from the cocoons of the silkworm species Antheraea mylitta. Tasar
silk is known for its coarse texture and is commonly produced in various parts of
India, particularly in states like Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. Here
are some key aspects of Tasar cultivation:

1. **Silkworm Rearing:** The process of Tasar cultivation begins with the rearing of
the silkworms. The larvae of the silkworm, known as caterpillars, primarily feed on the
leaves of designated host plants, such as Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia
tomentosa. These host plants play a crucial role in determining the quality and
characteristics of Tasar silk.

2. **Cocoon Formation:** After feeding on the host plants, the silkworms spin silk
threads around themselves to form cocoons. These cocoons are then harvested for the
extraction of silk. The Tasar silk cocoon has a characteristic reddish-brown color.

3. **Silk Extraction:** The process of silk extraction involves boiling the cocoons to
soften the sericin (a protein substance) and then carefully unwinding the silk fibers.
Tasar silk is known for its natural sheen and durability, although it is coarser than
other types of silk like Mulberry silk.

4. **Weaving:** The extracted Tasar silk fibers are then woven into various products,
including sarees, scarves, and other traditional garments. Skilled artisans often use
traditional handloom techniques to create unique and intricate designs.

5. **Economic Importance:** Tasar silk cultivation is economically significant for many

rural communities in India. It provides livelihood opportunities for farmers, silkworm
rearers, and weavers. The silk industry contributes to the economic development of
regions where Tasar cultivation is prevalent.

6. **Sustainability and Conservation:** In recent years, there has been a growing

emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly silk production. Efforts are made to promote
organic Tasar silk cultivation, which involves minimal use of chemicals and promotes
the well-being of both the environment and the communities involved in the
sericulture process.

Tasar silk and its cultivation play a vital role in the textile industry, providing an
alternative to other types of silk and contributing to the socio-economic development
of certain regions in India.
OAK CULTURE
"Oak Tasar" typically refers to Tasar silk produced from silkworms that feed on oak
trees. The oak tasar silkworm (Antheraea proylei) is a species that primarily feeds on
the leaves of oak trees, particularly those belonging to the Quercus genus. The silk
produced by these silkworms is known for its distinctive qualities and is used in
various textile applications.

1. **Silk Production:** Oak Tasar silk production follows a similar process to other
types of Tasar silk. The silkworms are reared on oak leaves, and after undergoing
metamorphosis, they spin cocoons from which the silk is extracted.

2. **Characteristics:** Oak Tasar silk is known for its unique texture and color. The
silk fibers tend to be coarser compared to other types of silk, but they are durable and
have a natural sheen. The color of Oak Tasar silk can vary depending on factors such
as the species of oak tree and the region where it is cultivated.

3. **Traditional Uses:** Oak Tasar silk is used in various traditional textile

applications. It is commonly woven into sarees, scarves, shawls, and other garments.
The silk is prized for its natural beauty and is often incorporated into high-end fashion
and luxury items.

4. **Cultural Significance:** Tasar silk, including Oak Tasar, holds cultural

significance in regions where it is produced. It is often associated with traditional
ceremonies, festivals, and rituals. The silk industry also plays a role in preserving the
cultural heritage of communities involved in Tasar silk cultivation and weaving.

5. **Economic Impact:** Oak Tasar silk production contributes to the livelihoods of

many rural communities, particularly in regions where oak trees are abundant. It
provides employment opportunities for farmers, silkworm rearers, and weavers,
contributing to the local economy.

6. **Conservation Efforts:** Conservation efforts are often undertaken to protect oak

trees and promote sustainable Tasar silk production. These efforts may include
initiatives to conserve forest ecosystems, promote organic farming practices, and
support community-based sericulture projects.
ERI CULTURE
"Eri Tasar" typically refers to Eri silk produced from the Eri silkworm (Samia ricini).
Eri silk is a type of non-mulberry silk, and it is commonly cultivated in various parts
of India, particularly in states like Assam. Here are some key points about Eri Tasar:

1. **Silkworm Rearing:** Eri silkworms feed on a variety of plants, including castor

leaves, tapioca, and certain other trees. The rearing process involves allowing the
silkworms to feed on these host plants until they spin cocoons.

2. **Cocoon Characteristics:** Eri silk cocoons are typically open-mouthed and have a
cotton-like texture. Unlike some other silks, Eri silk does not involve the killing of the
pupa during the silk extraction process. The pupa is allowed to metamorphose into a
moth, and the silk is obtained after the moth leaves the cocoon.

3. **Silk Extraction:** The extraction process involves boiling the cocoons, which
softens the sericin (a protein substance) and facilitates the unraveling of the silk
fibers. This process is often known as "peace silk" or "non-violent silk" because it
allows the silkworm to complete its life cycle.

4. **Characteristics of Eri Silk:** Eri silk is known for its natural, off-white color. The
fibers are coarser than Mulberry silk but softer than Tasar silk. Eri silk is often
referred to as "Ahimsa silk" due to its cruelty-free production process.

5. **Weaving and Applications:** Eri silk is commonly used in weaving traditional

garments such as sarees, mekhela chadors, and other clothing items. The silk is also
used for making accessories like scarves and shawls.

6. **Economic Importance:** Eri silk cultivation contributes to the economy of regions

where it is practiced. It provides livelihood opportunities for farmers, sericulturists,
and weavers. The silk industry, including Eri Tasar, plays a significant role in the
socio-economic development of certain areas.

7. **Sustainable Sericulture:** Eri silk is considered more environmentally friendly

than some other silk varieties because it does not involve killing the silkworm during
the silk extraction process. This has led to increased interest in the cultivation and
use of Eri silk as a sustainable and ethical alternative.

In summary, Eri Tasar, or Eri silk, is valued for its unique production process,
characteristics, and sustainability. Its cultivation and use contribute to the rich
tapestry of the silk industry in India.
MULBERRY CULTURE
Mulberry culture refers to the cultivation practices associated with the production of
Mulberry silk, which is one of the most widely produced and utilized silk varieties
globally. Mulberry silk is derived from the silkworm Bombyx mori, which exclusively
feeds on the leaves of the mulberry tree (Morus spp.). Here are key aspects of Mulberry
culture:

1. **Mulberry Plantation:** Mulberry trees are cultivated to provide the primary food
source for silkworms. The leaves of the mulberry tree are rich in nutrients and are the
exclusive diet of Bombyx mori during its larval stage. Mulberry plantations are
established to ensure an adequate and continuous supply of leaves for the silkworms.

2. **Silkworm Rearing:** The process begins with the hatching of silkworm eggs,
which are then placed on trays with freshly harvested mulberry leaves. The silkworms
go through several molting stages, consuming large quantities of mulberry leaves and
growing rapidly.

3. **Cocoon Formation:** When the silkworms reach maturity, they spin silk threads
around themselves to form a protective cocoon. The silk is produced from specialized
glands in the silkworm's head. The spinning process takes a few days and results in
the formation of a continuous silk filament.

4. **Cocoon Harvesting:** Once the silkworm completes the spinning process, the
cocoon is carefully harvested. The cocoon consists of a single, long silk filament, which
is unbroken as it is reeled off the cocoon.

5. **Silk Extraction:** The silk filament is extracted through a process called reeling.
The cocoon is boiled in hot water to soften the sericin (silk protein) and make the
extraction process easier. The silk filament is then carefully unwound from the
cocoon.

6. **Weaving:** The extracted Mulberry silk is then processed further and woven into
various textiles. Mulberry silk is known for its fine texture, smooth feel, and lustrous
appearance. It is commonly used in the production of high-quality fabrics, such as silk
sarees, scarves, and other luxurious garments.

7. **Commercial Importance:** Mulberry silk is the most commercially important silk

variety globally, representing the majority of the world's silk production. It is highly
valued for its quality, sheen, and versatility, making it a preferred choice for a wide
range of silk products.
OAK ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

The oak tree holds significant economic importance due to its diverse uses across
various industries. Here are some key aspects of the economic importance of oak
trees:

1. **Timber Production:** Oak wood is highly valued for its strength, durability, and
attractive grain patterns. It is used in the production of high-quality timber for
construction, furniture, flooring, and cabinetry. The slow growth of oak trees
contributes to the density and quality of the wood.

2. **Furniture Industry:** Oak is a popular choice for furniture manufacturing due to

its durability and aesthetic appeal. Oak furniture is known for its sturdiness and can
be found in various styles, from traditional to contemporary.

3. **Flooring Material:** Oak wood is widely used as a flooring material in homes and
commercial buildings. Oak flooring is durable, resistant to wear, and adds a timeless
and elegant look to interior spaces.

4. **Barrel Production:** Oak is traditionally used in the production of barrels,

particularly in the wine and spirits industry. The unique properties of oak wood
contribute to the flavor and characteristics of the beverages stored in the barrels.

5. **Tool Handles and Sporting Goods:** Oak wood is employed in the manufacturing
of tool handles, sports equipment (such as baseball bats and hockey sticks), and other
items that require strength and durability.

6. **Landscaping and Ornamental Use:** Oak trees are often planted for landscaping
and ornamental purposes. They provide shade, enhance the aesthetic appeal of parks
and gardens, and contribute to the overall biodiversity of the environment.

7. **Wildlife Habitat:** Oak forests create valuable habitats for various wildlife species.
They support a diverse ecosystem, providing food and shelter for birds, mammals,
insects, and fungi.

8. **Truffle Cultivation:** Some species of oak trees, particularly the European oak
(Quercus robur), are associated with truffle cultivation. Truffles, a type of fungi, form
symbiotic relationships with the roots of certain oak trees, and the cultivation of
truffles can have economic significance.
TASAR ECONOMIC IMPORATANCE

Tasar silk, derived from various species of silkworms belonging to the Antheraea
genus, holds significant economic importance in several regions where it is cultivated.
Here are key aspects of the economic importance of Tasar silk:

1. **Silk Production and Weaving Industry:** Tasar silk is a valuable raw material for
the textile industry. The silk threads obtained from Tasar cocoons are woven into
various products, including sarees, scarves, shawls, and traditional garments. The
Tasar silk industry provides employment for numerous weavers, artisans, and workers
involved in the entire production process.

2. **Rural Livelihoods:** Tasar silk cultivation and production contribute to the

livelihoods of many rural communities, especially in states like Jharkhand, Bihar,
Chhattisgarh, and Odisha in India. Farmers engage in sericulture activities, silkworm
rearers nurture the larvae, and weavers create intricate designs, forming a chain of
employment opportunities.

3. **Income Generation:** The sale of Tasar silk products generates income for those
involved in its production. Weavers, traders, and others in the Tasar silk value chain
benefit economically, improving their standard of living.

4. **Export Opportunities:** Tasar silk products have export potential, contributing to

international trade. The unique texture and color variations of Tasar silk make it an
attractive option for global markets seeking diverse and eco-friendly silk products.

5. **Promotion of Handicrafts:** Tasar silk is often woven into traditional and

handcrafted items, supporting the handicraft industry. The intricate designs and
traditional motifs created by skilled artisans add cultural and artistic value to Tasar
silk products.

6. **Sustainable Sericulture:** Tasar silk cultivation is often considered more

sustainable than some other silk varieties. The silkworms feed on a range of host
plants, reducing the pressure on a single plant species and promoting agroforestry
practices. This can contribute to the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems.

7. **Economic Diversification:** Tasar silk cultivation provides an alternative source of

income for farmers, especially in regions where other agricultural practices may be
seasonal. Diversification into sericulture can stabilize income and reduce dependence
on a single crop.
MULBERRY ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
The economic importance of Mulberry trees, specifically for the cultivation of Mulberry
silk produced by the silkworm Bombyx mori, is substantial and has historical
significance. Here are key aspects of the economic importance of Mulberry:

1. **Silk Production:** Mulberry trees are primarily cultivated to feed silkworms

(Bombyx mori), the larvae that produce Mulberry silk. This silk is highly prized for its
fine texture, sheen, and strength. The sericulture industry, centered around Mulberry
silk production, has been a crucial part of the textile industry for centuries.

2. **Textile Industry:** Mulberry silk is a major raw material for the textile industry,
contributing to the production of high-quality fabrics. Mulberry silk fabrics, such as
silk sarees, scarves, ties, and other luxury items, are sought after for their smooth feel
and lustrous appearance.

3. **Employment Generation:** The sericulture industry, involving Mulberry silk

production, provides employment opportunities for a significant number of people.
This includes farmers engaged in Mulberry cultivation, sericulture workers involved in
silkworm rearing, and artisans in the silk reeling and weaving processes.

4. **Rural Livelihoods:** Many regions, particularly in countries like China, India, and
Japan, have a strong tradition of Mulberry cultivation and silk production. Rural
communities are often involved in sericulture, which helps sustain livelihoods and
contributes to economic development.

5. **Economic Trade:** Mulberry silk is a globally traded commodity. Countries with a

strong sericulture industry contribute to international trade by exporting Mulberry silk
and silk products. This trade enhances economic ties and can be a significant source
of foreign exchange earnings.

6. **Mulberry Plantation Industry:** The cultivation of Mulberry trees for sericulture

creates a specific industry focused on providing healthy and high-yielding Mulberry
plants. This industry includes nurseries that propagate Mulberry saplings for
distribution to sericulturists.

7. **Research and Development:** Ongoing research and development efforts are

aimed at improving Mulberry varieties, enhancing disease resistance, and developing
sustainable practices in sericulture. These efforts contribute to the productivity and
resilience of the Mulberry silk industry.

Muga silk, produced from the silkworm Antheraea assamensis, is culturally and
economically significant, particularly in the state of Assam, India. Here are key aspects
of the economic importance of Muga silk:
MUGA ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
1. **Textile Industry:** Muga silk is a prized and unique raw material for the textile
industry. Known for its distinctive golden-yellow color, sheen, and durability, Muga
silk is used in the production of high-quality traditional garments such as Mekhela
Chador (two-piece attire for women), Gamosa (traditional towel), and other clothing
items.

2. **Employment Generation:** The Muga silk industry provides employment

opportunities for a significant number of people. This includes farmers involved in
Muga host plant cultivation, sericulture workers engaged in silkworm rearing, artisans
in silk reeling and weaving, and other stakeholders throughout the production chain.

3. **Rural Livelihoods:** Muga silk cultivation and production contribute to the

livelihoods of many rural communities in Assam. Farmers engaged in host plant
cultivation and sericulture activities, as well as weavers creating Muga silk products,
form an essential part of the local economy.

4. **Traditional Handloom Industry:** Muga silk is often woven into traditional

Assamese handloom products. Skilled weavers create intricate designs and patterns
on Muga silk fabric, preserving traditional craftsmanship. The handloom industry,
centered around Muga silk, is an integral part of Assam's cultural heritage.

5. **Income Generation:** The sale of Muga silk products generates income for those
involved in its production. Weavers, traders, and other stakeholders benefit
economically, contributing to poverty alleviation and improved living standards.

6. **Export Potential:** Muga silk's unique characteristics make it sought after in both
domestic and international markets. The export of Muga silk products can contribute
to foreign exchange earnings and promote the cultural heritage associated with this
silk variety.

7. **Sustainable Sericulture:** Muga silk cultivation often involves sustainable and

eco-friendly practices. Efforts are made to conserve the Muga silkworm and its host
plants, promoting agroforestry and biodiversity conservation.

8. **Cottage Industries:** The Muga silk industry often operates on a

decentralized model with involvement from small-scale or cottage industries.
This setup helps in the preservation of traditional skills, decentralizes
economic activities, and fosters community development.
ERI ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

The economic importance of Eri silk lies in its contribution to various sectors,
providing livelihoods, promoting sustainable practices, and contributing to the
textile industry. Here are key aspects of the economic importance of Eri silk:

1. **Silk Production and Textile Industry:** Eri silk, produced by the Eri
silkworm (Samia ricini), is a valuable raw material for the textile industry. Eri
silk fibers are known for their unique texture and are used in the production of
a variety of textiles, including sarees, scarves, shawls, and other garments. The
fabric woven from Eri silk is often appreciated for its comfort, warmth, and
natural sheen.

2. **Employment Generation:** Eri silk cultivation and production provide

employment opportunities for a range of individuals throughout the silk
production chain. This includes farmers involved in host plant cultivation,
sericulturists engaged in silkworm rearing, and artisans and workers involved
in silk extraction and weaving. The industry contributes to both rural and
urban employment.

3. **Rural Livelihoods:** Many rural communities, particularly in regions where

Eri silk is traditionally cultivated (such as Assam and other parts of Northeast
India), depend on Eri silk for their livelihoods. Farmers engaged in host plant
cultivation and sericulture find a sustainable income source through Eri silk
production.

4. **Diversification of Income:** Eri silk cultivation offers farmers an alternative

income source, especially in regions where diversified agricultural activities are
essential. The Eri silkworm feeds on a variety of host plants, allowing farmers
to diversify their crops and reduce dependency on a single source of income.

5. **Cottage Industries:** Eri silk production often involves small-scale or

cottage industries. This decentralized model encourages community
participation, supports local entrepreneurship, and preserves traditional skills
in sericulture and handloom weaving.

6. **Export Potential:** Eri silk and products made from Eri silk have export
potential. The demand for ethically produced and sustainable textiles has led
to the international recognition of Eri silk. It contributes to global trade and
can bring foreign exchange earnings.
INTEGRATED DISEASAS MANGMENT
Comprehensive integrated steps can result in prevention of silkworm diseases.
Prevention is better than cure is the correct approach for controlling silkworm
diseases. The following preventive measures will result in controlling silkworm
diseases

:  Follow strict disinfection of rearing houses, rearing equipments and

surrounding areas

.  Rear only disease free laying’s. Infected laying’s should be isolated through
strict mouth examination and discarded.

 Control mulberry pests (alternate hosts of muscardine causing pathogens) in

the field and provide disease free and quality leaves according to age of
silkworms.

 Maintain strict sanitation and hygienic conditions during rearing

 Enhance vigour of silkworms by providing suitable and timely feeding. This

will enhance eresistance against disease

.  Isolate sick and diseased worms and dispose off properly

.  Maintain appropriate spacing during rearing.

 Isolate infected material/equipment and follow strict disinfection

.  Faeces (silkworm litter) and bed refuse should be disposed off properly by
burying it

.  Adjust the humidity of rearing room and trays. Dust lime at the time of each
moult

.  Apply bed disinfectant (Vijetha/Labex/RKO) as per recommended schedule

and time.

 Intensive rearing management and close monitoring is essential.

REFRANCE…….
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