Boqonnaa Tokko: Seensa Afaanota Afiriikaa

Seensa
Afaanota Afriikaa keessa seennee ilaaluun dura dhiimmoota hubannoo waliigalaaf nu gargaaran
afaanota akka addunyaatti jiran kaasuun barbaachisaadha. Haaluma kanaan, maatiiwwan afaanota
addunyaa keessatti argamaniifi baay’ina afaanota ardii garagaraa keessa jiranii gabateewwan
armaan gadii keessatti gabaabbinaan ibsamaniiru.

1.1. Afaanota Addunyaa

Afaanota addunyaa ardii garagaraa keessatti (2009)

Baay’ina Persantiidh Baay’ina

afaanotaa aan dubbattootaa

Afiriikaa 2,110 30.5 % 726,453,403

Ameerikaa 993 14.4 % 50,496,321

biyyoota Ameerikaafi
kaarebiyaa
Esiyaa 2,322 33.6 % 3,622,771,264
Biyyoota Eeshiyaa
Awstiraaliyaa 1,250 18.1 % 6,429,788
Biyyoota
Awustiraaliyaa
Awurooppaa 234 3.4 % 1,553,360,941
Biyyoota
Awuurooppaa
Waliigala 6,909 100 % 5,959,511,717
Madda: Ethnologue

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Afaanota gurguddoo 20 aduuyyaarraatti akka Afaan tokkoffaatti dubbataman(2009)
Bayy’ina biyyoota
Sadarkaa Afaan Biyya itti afaan kun dubbattoota
dubbatamu keessatti (miliyoonaan)
dubbatamuu
1 Chinese China 31 1,213
2 Spanish Spain 44 329
3 English United Kingdom 112 328
4 Arabic Saudi Arabia 57 221
5 Hindi India 20 182
6 Bengali Bangladesh 10 181
7 Portuguese Portugal 37 178
8 Russian Russian Federation 33 144
9 Japanese Japan 25 122
10 German, Standard Germany 43 90.3
11 Javanese Indonesia 5 84.6
12 Lahnda Pakistan 8 78.3
13 Telugu India 10 69.8
14 Vietnamese Viet Nam 23 68.6
15 Marathi India 5 68.1
16 French France 60 67.8
17 Korean Korea 33 66.3
18 Tamil India 17 65.7
19 Italian Italy 34 61.7
20 Urdu Pakistan 23 60.6
Madda: Ethnologue

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 Akka madda Ethnologue (2021) irraa argametti kanneen armaan gadii maatiiwwan afaanotaa
yoo xiqqaate dubbattoota %1 afaanota waliigalaa 7,139 keessaa qabanii kan agarsiisudha.

1. Niger–Congo (afaanota 1,542 ) (21.7%)

2. Austronesian (Afaanota 1,257) (17.7%)
3. Trans–New Guinea (afaanota 482) (6.8%)
4. Sino-Tibetan (afaanota 455) (6.4%)
5. Indo-European (afaanota 448) (6.3%)
6. Australian (afaanota 381) (5.4%)
7. Afro-Asiatic (afaanota 377) (5.3%)
8. Nilo-Saharan (afaanota 206) (2.9%)
9. Oto-Manguean (afaanota 178) (2.5%)
10. Austroasiatic (afaanota 167) (2.3%)
11. Tai–Kadai (afaanota 91) (1.3%)
12. Dravidian (afaanota 86) (1.2%)
13. Tupian (afaanota 76) (1.1%)

1.2. Afaanota Xobboo/durjii Afiriikaa (Indigenous languages of Africa)

Afaanonni xobboon hawaasa tokkoof qabeenyaa guddaadha. Afaanonni xobboon/durjiin aadaa
hawaasaa dhalootaa dhalootti dabarsuu, ijaarsa eenyummaafi sona hawaasaa bocuu keessatti gahee
olaanaa ta’e qabu. Kana malees, afaanonni xoboon diinagdee hawaasaa guddisuu keessatti illee
gaheen isaanii olaanaadha. Dabalataanis, Afaanonni xobboon dhimmoota hedduu keessatti maayii
garagaraaf kan oolanidha. Fakkeenyaaf, duula fayyaa, waldhibdee hiikuu, nagaa buusuu, barnoota
ga’eessotaa, sabahimaalee, ofitti amanamummaa guddiisuu, daldala keessoo biyaafi kkf eeruun ni
danda’ama. Kana malees, afaanonni xobboon madda odeeffannoofi beekumsaa, falaasamama
hawaasaa, kan seenaafi ogummaati.

Baroota 1951 irraa eegalee hanga ammaatti dhimmoota afaanota xobboon walqabatanii ka’an
hedduutu jiru. Bara 1951, gareen ogeessota UNESCO walgahii dhimma afaanota xobboorratti
taa’ee ture. Gabaasni walgahii kanaas wagoota torba booda waraqaa seminaaraa mataduree “The
sociology of Language” (UNESCO, 1951; Fishman, 1968) irratti kan dhiyaate yammuu ta’u,
cuunfaa gabaasa kanaa keessatti dhimmoonni armaan gadii ka’aniiru;

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I. Afaan dhalootaa kallatti namni uumamaan itti of ibsu (uumamaan argate) waan ta’eef
fedhiin angafaa namootaa humna ittiin of ibsuusaa kana guddifachuudha.
II. Barataan kamuu barnoota isaa idilee afaan dhalootaan yookiin tokkoffaan eegaluu qaba.
III. Caasaan afaan kamiiyyuu afaan tokko afaan ammayyummaa ta’uu kan isa dhorku kan hinjirre
ta’uu dha.

Guraandhalli 21, bara baraanis guyyaa afaan dhaloota jedhamee akka adduyaatti ni kabajama.
Kabajani kunis barbaachisummaa afaan dhalootaa nu yaadachiisuf yammuu ta’u, guyyaan kunis
bara sadaasa, 1999 irraa eegalee akka kabajamuufi UNESCO dhaan kan murtaa’edha. Labsii
kanaanis yaa’iin mootummoota gamtoomanii miseensonni gamtichaa afaanonni addunyaa
kanarratti dubataman marti akka eegumsiifi kunuunsi (preservation and Protection) godhamuufi
waamicha dhiyeesseera. Guyyaan kunis bara 2000 irraa eegalee kan kabajamaa jirudha.

Dhimmi biroon dhimma afaanota xobboon walqabatu kan adeemsifame bara 2000. Walgahii bara
kana adeemsifamerratti barrreessitoonniif hayyoonni garagaraa kanneen akka Ngugi Thingo
lammii Keeniyaa kan ta’eefi lammii Egypt kan ta’e Nawal el Saadawi biyya Ertiiya magaalaa
Asmaraatti kan adeemsifamedha. Mataduree koonfiraansii kanaas “Against all odds: African
Languages and Literature into the 21st century” kan jedhu yammuu ta’u, dhuma koonfiraansii
kanaatti hirmaattonni labsii Asmaaraa dhimmoota afaanota Afiriikaafi ogbarruu jedhurra gahan.
Labsiin kunis guddinaafi ittifayyadama afaanota xobboo Afriikaa kan dirqisiisu yookiin kan
jajjabeessu ture. Dhimmi afraffaan dhimmoota Afaanonta xobboon walqabaturratti adeemsaifame
kan bara 2006 adeemsifamedha. Kaawnisiiliin gamtaa Afiriikaa biyya Sudaanitti walgahuun
barbaachisummaa afaanota xobboo Afriikaanota ijaaruufi walitti fiduu keessatti qaburratti kan
waliigalanidha.

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1.3. Afaanota kurnan Afiriikaa keessatti bal’inaan dubbataman (2020):

Ardii afiriikaa keessa uummata biliyoona 1.2 ol kan jiraatan yammuu ta’u, afaanota xobboo 2000
ta’antu ardii kana keessatti dubbatama. Akkuma gabatee armaan oliirraa hubaamuun danda’amutti
ardii kana keessatti uummanni miliyoonatti lakkaa’amu afaan biyyaan walii haa galu malee Afaan
Swayiliifi kanneen biroo muraasarraa kan hafe waliigaltee idiee ta’eef afaanni itti fayyadaman
hinjiru. Komishiniin gamataa Afiriikaa (African union commission) illee yoo ta’e afaanota sadii
jechuunis Afaan Ingilizii, afaan Arabaafi Afaan Faransaayiin akka Afaan Hojiitti komishinichatti
dhimma itti baha.

1. Swahili:

Swahili, Kiswahili jedhamuunis kan beekamu (Afaan Swahilii) Afiriikaanota miliyoon 150 ta’aniin
kan dubbatamu gara giddugaleessaafi kibba Afiriikaatti kan dubbatamudha. Afaan kun Tanzania,
Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Mozambique, Burundi, fi the Democratic Republic of Congo keessatti
Afaan hojii (official language) ta’uun kan tajaajiludha.

2. Afaan Arabaa (Arabic)

Afaan Arabaa afiriikaanota miliyoon 100 oliin kan dubbatamudha. Kunis afaan kana Afaan ardii
kana keessatti bal’inaan dubbatamu keessatti isa ramachiisa. Afaan kun Egypt, Comoros, Djibouti,
Chad, Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco, fi Libya keessatti afaan hojii yookiin (official language) ta’ee
kan dhimma itti bahamu yammuu ta’u, kaaba Afiriikaa keessatti bal’inna kan argamudha. Afaan
Arabaa bal’inaan dubbatamuun afaan beekamu yammuu ta’u dubbattoota afaan kanaa keessaa % 62
kan ta’an Afiriikaanotadha.

3. Afaan Faransaayii (French):

Afaan Faransaayii ardii kana keessatti tilmaaman Afiriikaanonni miliyoon 90 ta’an kan dubbatan
yammuu ta’u, tarii baay’ina dubbattootaan biyya Faransaay caalaa Afiriikaa keessatti afaan

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dubbatamu nama jechisiisa. Biyyoota kaneen akka Abidjan, Ivory Coast, fi Gabon, Mauritius, Cote
d’Ivoire, Senegal, Sao Tome e Principe, Seychelles, fi Guinea keessatti afaan kun bal’inan
dubbatama.

4. Hausa:

Afaan Hausa, afaan hojii biyya Nigeria keessaatti isa tokko yammuu ta’u, damee Chadic fi maatii
Afro Eshiyaatic kan ta’edha. Afaan kun afiriikaanota miliyoon 50 oliin akka afaan tokkoffaatti kan
dubbatamudha. Afaan kun biyyaa Nigeria’n alatti biyyoota kanneen akka :Niger, Benin, Burkina
Faso, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana, fi Chad keessatti kan dubbatamudha.

Afaan Hausa barbaachisummaa inni daldala keessatti qabuun cinaatti afaanota muraasa
yuniversitoota addunyaa keessatti (international universities) keessatti barataman keessaa afaan isa
tokko.

5. Yoruba:

Yoruba Afaan guddaa Nigeria keessatti dubbatamu isa biroo yammuu ta’u, afaan kanas namoonni
miliyoon 30 ol ta’antu biyyoota kanneen akka : Benin, Nigeria, fi Togo keessatti dubbata.
Biyyoonnin biroo afaan kanaan jiruu isaanii guyyaa guyyaa keessatti dhimma itti bahanis: Ghana,
Ivory Coast, Liberia, fi Sierra Leone eeruun nidanda’ama.

6. Afaan Oromoo:

Afaan Oromoo afaan maatii Kush keessatti ramadamu yammuu ta’u, namoota miliyoon 40 ol
ta’uun afaan dubbatamudha. Afaan Oromoo irra jireessaan gaanfaa Afiriikaa keessatti afaan
dubbatamu yammuu ta’u, biyyoota kanneen akka Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Egypt, keessatti
bal’inan kan dubbatamudha. Sabni afaan kana dubbatu Oromoonis baay’ina uummattoota
Itoophiyaa waliigalaa keessaa %40 ol kan ta’udha.

7. Igbo:

Afaan kun Afaan hojii biroo Nigeria yammuu ta’u, Afaan saba Igbo jedhamuun beekamuuti. Afaan
kunis afaan namoota miliyoon 24 oliin dubbatamu yammuu ta’u, biyya Cameroon fi Equatorial

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Guinea keessattillee dubbattoota afaan kanaa baay’eetu argama. Uummanni Igbo uummata guddaa
ardii Afriikaa yammuu ta’an, afaan Igbo ammoo loogota 20 ol ta’an afaan qabudha. Afaan kunis
damee Volta-Niger yammuu ta’u, maatii Niger-congo ti.

8. Afaan Amaaraa:

Afaan kun afaan Afiriikaa keessatti dubbattoota hedduu qabu yammuu ta’u, namoonni miliyoon
25’tti tilmaaman afaan dubbatanidha. Afaan kun bal’inaan Itoophiyaa keessatti kan dubbatamudha.

9. Zulu:

Afaan kun IsiZulu yookiin Zulu jedhamuun kan beekamu yammuu ta’u, Afaan hojii kibba Afiriikaa
keessaa isa tokkodha. Afaan kunis dame Bantu maatii Nguni kan ta’edha. Afaan Zulu dubbattoota
miiliyoona 10 ol kan qabu yammuu ta’u, Afaan Shona’tti aansee afaan sadarkaa lammaffaarratti
argamudha. Afaan kunis qubee laatiin fayyadamu.

10. Afaan Shona:

Afaan Shona damee Baantuu irraa kan madde yammuu ta’u, afaan kun irrajireessaan afaan
Zimbabwe keessatti uummata miliyoon 10 ol ta’uun kan dubbatatmudha.

Afaanota biyyoota afiriikaatti afaan biyyolessaafi hojii ta’an

Biyya Afaan hojiifi Afaanota biroo

biyyoolessaa
Algeria Afaan Arabaa, Afaan Faransaay
Afaanota Berber,
Angoolaa Portuguese Umbundu fi afaanota Afiriikaa
biroo
Benin Afaan Faransaay Fon fi Yoruba (afaan gara
kibbaa), afaanota naannoo
( yoo xiqqaate afaanota ja’a).
Botswana Setswana (Afaan
biyyaalessaa),
English (Afaan hojii
fi bal’inaa afaan
magaalaa)

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Burkina Faso Afaan Faransaayii Afaanota biyyaa maatii afaan
Sudaanii kan ta’aniifi uummata
%90 oliin dubbatamu
Burundi Kirundi, French Swahili (naannoo Haroo
Taangaanikaafi naannoo
Bujumburaa).
Cameroon English, French Afaanonta Afiriikaa
guguuddoo 24
Cape Verde Portuguese Kabuverdianu
Central French, Sangho Banda, Gbaya fi afaanota gosa
African (lingua franca and biroo
Republic national language)
Chad French, Arabic Sara (in south), afaanotaafi
loqodoota 120 ol
Comoros Arabic, French Shikomoro (Makaa Afaanota
Arabaafi Suwayilii).
Democratic French Lingala (Afaan daldalaafi
Republic of Ligu’a Fraankaa), Kingwana
the Congo (Looga afaan Siwayilii),
Kikongo, Tshiluba.
Congo, French Lingala and Monokutuba
Republic of (Linua Fraankaafi Afaan
the daldalaa), Afaan naannoo
(Kikongo baay’inaan kan
tatamsa’e).
Côte d'Ivoire French Afaanota biyyaa 60 kaneenn
keessaa Dioula’n baay’inaan
dubbatama
Djibouti French, Arabic Somali, Afar
Egypt Arabic English and French namoota
barataniin caalmaatti kan
hubatamu
Equatorial Spanish, French pidgin English, Fang, Bubi,
Guinea Ibo.
Eritrea Tigrinya (Tigrigna), Tigré (Afaan guddaa
Arabic, English lammaffaa), Afar, Bedawi,
Kunama, fi Afaanota Kuush
biroo
Ethiopia Amharic Tigrinya, Oromo, Gurage,
Somali, Arabic, fi afaanota

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 biroo 80 (Afaan Ingilizii afaan
barnootaa)
Gabon French Afaanota Baantu Fang, Myene,
Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira,
Bandjabi.
Gambia, The English Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, fi
afaanota biroo naannoo
Ghana English Akan, Adangme, Moshi-
Dagomba, Ewe, fi Ga)
Guinea French (uummata Afaan biyyaalessaa biroo 8:
%15-20) Soussou (Susu, in coastal
Guinea), Peulh (Fulani, in
Northrn Guinea), Maninka
(Upper Guinea), Kissi
(Kissidougou Region), Toma
and Guerze (Kpelle) in rain
forest Guinea; fi afaanota garee
biroo
Guinea- Portuguese Crioulo (makaa afaan
Bissau Portuguese fi African), fi
afaanora afiriikaa biroo
Kenya English, Kiswahili Afaan biyyaa hedduu
Lesotho Sesotho (southern Zulu, Xhosa.
Sotho), English
Liberia English 20% Afaanota saboota 20 ta’anii
Libya Arabic Italian, English, gara
magaalaatti
Madagascar French, Malagasy
Malawi English, Nyanja Lomwe, Tumbuka, Yao, other
(Chichewa, Chewa) languages important regionally.
Mali French Bambara (Bamanakan), Arabic
and numerous dialects of
Dogoso, Fulfulde, Koyracini,
Senoufou, and
Mandinka/Malinké
(Maninkakan), Tamasheq
bal’inaan kan dubbataman
Mauritania Arabic Hassaniya Arabic, Pulaar,
Soninke, Wolof, French
Mauritius English, French Creole, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka,

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 Bhojpuri
Morocco Arabic Berber dialects, French afaan
daldalaa, mootummaafi
dipilomaasii
Mozambique Portuguese (spoken Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe,
by 27% of population Sena, fi afaanota biyyaa biroo
as a second language)
Namibia English 7% Afrikaans afaan irrajiraassa
uummataafi 60% afaan warra
adii, German 32%, fi afaanota
biyyaa: Oshivambo, Herero,
Nama.
Niger French Hausa, Djerma
Nigeria English Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo),
Fulani, Ijaw, Ibibio fi afaanota
biyyaa 250 ta’an biroo kan
garee garagaraatiin
dubbataman
Réunion French Creole bal’inaan kan
dubbatamu
Rwanda Rwanda Kiswahili (Swahili) naannaa
(Kinyarwanda, Bantu daldalaatti kan dhimma itti
vernacular) French, bahamu
English
Saint Helena English
São Tomé Portuguese
and Príncipe
Senegal French Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Seychelles English, French Creole
Sierra Leone English Mende (principal vernacular in
the south), Temne (principal
vernacular in the north), Krio
(English-based Creole a first
language for 10% of the
population but understood by
95%)
Somalia Somali Arabic, Italian, English
South Africa Afaanota hojii 11 : Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele,
Pedi, Sesotho (Sotho), siSwati (Swazi), Xitsonga
(Tsonga), Tswana, Tshivenda (Venda), isiXhosa,

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 isiZulu
Sudan/South Arabic Nubian, Ta Bedawie, Looga
Sudan Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic,
Afaanota Sudan, English.
Swaziland English (hojiin
mootaummaa kan
ittiin dalagamu),
siSwati
Tanzania, Kiswahili (Swahili), Arabic (Zaanzibaaritti
United Kiunguju (maggaasa bal’inaan kan dubbatamu),
Republic of Swahili Zanzibaritti), Gogo, Haya, Makonde,
English (afaan Nyakyusa, Nyamwezi,
daldalaa, Sukuma, Tumbuka, fi afaanota
bulchiinsaafi biroo
barnoota dhaabbilee
olaanoo)
Togo French (Afaan Ewe and Mina (afaanota
daldalaa) gurguddoo kibbaa), Kabye
(Kabiye) and Dagomba
(afaanota gurguddoo afiriikaa
gara kaabaa)
Tunisia Arabic (and the French (daldala)
languages of
commerce)
Uganda English (mana murtii, Ganda (Luganda; most widely
gaazexootaafi used of the Niger-Congo
tamsaasa raadiyoo languages, maxxansaalee biyya
kan ittiin dhiyaatu) keessaaf kan filatamu),
Afaanota Niger-Congo,
Afaanota Nilo-Saharan, Acoli,
Swahili, Arabic
Western Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan
Sahara Arabic
Zambia English Afaanota gurguddoo: Bemba,
Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale,
Nyanja, Tonga, Afaanota
xobboo 70 biroo
Zimbabwe English Chishona (Shona), Sindebele
(Ndebele), Sotho and Nambya,
Shangani, Venda, Chewa,
Nyanja, and Tonga.

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Madda: Ethnologue, ISO Country Names (ISO 3166-1), ISO
Languages Names (ISO 639-1), African Academy of Languages
(ACALAN) fi kkf.

1.4. Afaaniifi beekumsa xobboo/barnoota

Erga baroota kolonii ardii afriikaatiin as dhimmi afaaniifi dhimmi barnootaa dhimma guddaa ardii
kanaa ta’ee tureera. Beektonni tokko tokko haqarratti osoo hintaane ilaalcha isaaniirratti
hundaa’uudhaan Afaan dhalootaa/xoboonn dirree barnootaa keessaa hafuu akka qabutti kaasu. Jarri
kun ilaalchi isaan irratti hundaa’anis afaan xobboon/dhalootaa barnoota boodatti harkisa, kan
jedhaniifi erga afaanonni kanneen akka Afaan ingilizii, Portuguese, fi French kanneen afaan
addunyaa ta’an jiraatanii gara afaan dhalootaa deebi’uun hinbarbaachisu yaada jedhudha. Maatii
baay’eenis olola warra isaan biteen gowwomfamuufi afaan isaaniin barachuu akka boodatti
afummaatti ilaaluudhaan ijoolleen isaanii sababa kamiifuu afaan dhalootaan barachuun akka itti
hinmul’anne kan kaasanis ni jiru.

Haa ta’u malee, garee biroo keessa ammoo ogeeyyoonii barnootaa, xiinsammuufi xiinqooqaa
barbaachisummaa afaan dhalootaa barnoota sadarkaa gadi-aanaa keessatti akka qabutti kan
amananis ni jiru. Argannoo qorannoo garagaraas kanuma kan mirkaneessudha. Bara 2007,
qorattoonni lama biyya Taanzaaniyaa garaagarummaa Afaan Ingiliziifi Afaan Kisiwahiliin
barsiisuurratti qorannoo adeemsisanii turan. Qorattoonni kunis mala akkamtaafi hammamtaa
fayyadamuun odeeffannoo isaanii walitti qabantan (Rwantagu, 2011). Argannoo qorattoota kanaa
akka agarsiisuttis barattoonni Afaan Ingiliziin yammuu baratan caalaa Afaan Kisiwahiliin yammuu
baratan caalaa akka baratanidha (Rwantagu, 2011). Akka waliigalaatti qorannoon kunis akka
agarsiisutti afaan dhalootaa ykn afaan xobboon barnoota kan milkeessu malee kan boodatti hambisu
yookiin dhiibbaa irratti qabaatu miti. Qorannoo biroo hedduun biyya alaafi biyya keessatti
adeemsifaman biroonis dhimmuma kana kan jabeessanidha.

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1.5. Xiinqooqa Dorgomsiisaafi Seenawaa (Comparative and Historical Linguistics)
Xiinqooqa dorgomsiisaafi seenawaan akka damee barnootaa tokkootti yammuu ilaalamantu jira.
Haata ta’u malee, gosoonni xiinqooqaa lameen kun galmaafi maloota isaaniitiin gargaridha.
1.5.1. Xiinqooqa Dorgomsiisaa
Xiinqooqa dorgomsiisaan kallattii afaanota dorgomsiisuutiin afaan kan qo’atu yammuu ta’u, kunis
afaanota lamaafi isaa ol ta’na dorgomsiisuurratti hundaa’ee afaanota kan qoratudha. Afaanis kan
qoqqoodamuufi dorgomsiifamu qajeelfamoota sadiirratti hundaa’uudhaanidha. Isaanis: ‘Genetic,
Typological fi Areal’ kan jedhamanidha.
1.5.2. Xiinqooqa Seenawaa
Xiinqooqa seenaawaan ammoo qo’annoo jijjiiramaafi guddina afaanii kan qoratudha. Qorannoo
kunis qorannoo dorgomsiisaaf galtee kan ta’udha. Sababiin isaas afaanonni amala walfakkaataa ta’e
qabaachuun isaanii madda walfakkaataarraa afaanota dhufan ta’uu isaaniitiif agarsiiftuu tokko waan
ta’eefidha. Kunis sababoota sadiin uumamuu danda’a.
1. Afaanonni dorgomsiifaman madda tokko irraa madduu isaanii, kunis walitti dhiyeenya isaan
‘genetically’ qaban kan agarsiisudha.
2. Afaan tokko sababii afaanonni walkeessa itti fayyadamuurraan (intensive language contact)
kan ka’e walfakkaatan yoo ta’e waa’ee areal classification dubbachuu dandeenya
3. Yoo amala walfakkaataa caasaa afaanii waliin kan qoodatan ta’e ammoo waa’ee
‘typological classification’ dubbachuu dandeenya jechuudha.
Kanaaf, dhimmoota armaan oliirraa waanti hubachuu dandeenyu, xiinqooqaa waldorgomsiisaafi
seenawaan waan waliin qooddatan yookiin qo’annoo afaanii inni tokko isa biroof galtee ta’uu waan
nu agarsiisudha.

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1.6. Qo’annoo Afaanii “synchronical fi diachoronical”
1.6.1. Qoa’nnoo afaanii mala ‘Synchronic’
Mala kanaan afaan qorachuun afaan yeroo murtaawaa ta’e tokko keessatti osoo seenaa duubbee
afaanichaa yaada keessa osoo hingalchin afaan qorachuudha. Yeroon murtaa’aan kunis yeroo
murtaawaa darbe tokko yookiin yeroo ammaa ta’uu danda’a.
1.6.2. Qo’annoo afaanii ‘Diachoronical’
Mala kanaan afaan qo’achuun ammoo afaan tokko yeroo dheeraa keessatti maal keessaa akkatti
jijjiirama irratti mul’achaa dhufe qo’achuuf kan nama dandeessisudha.

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Boqonnaa Lama: Maaloota qoqqoodiinsa Afaanii
2.1. Qooqqoodiinsa “typological” fi “geneologial”
Afaanonni maloota yookiin qajeelfamoota sadiirratti hunda’uun qoodamuu danda’u. Isaanis :
Genetic, typologicalfi areal kan jennudha. Qoodiinsi afaanota kan genetic jennurratti hundaa’u
maatii afaanotarratti yammuu ta’u, kunis afaanonni maddi isaanii madda guuddaa tokkorraa kan
dhufan (proto- language) irraa kan dhufan ta’uusaanii kan agarsiisudha.

Qoodiinsi afaanota kan Areal jennu ammoo afaanonni walii ta’uun (language contact) amaloota
isaan walirraa dhaalaniin qoodiinsa afaanii yookiin waldorgomsiisuu adeemsifamudha. Gama
biroon ammoo qoodiinsa Typological inni jennu amaloota afaanonni waliin qoodatan irratti
hundaa’uun qoodiinsa afaanii adeemsifamudha. Qoodiinsi gosa kanaas garee sadiitti qoodanii
ilaaluun ni danda;ama:
Garee 1 (Type 1): Gareen kun afaan Ingiliziitiin Isolating/root/analytic jedhamuun kan beeksamu
yoo ta’u garee kana keessattis qaamonni caasaa afaanii keessa jiran of danda’oo kan ta’an ta’uufi
walitti dhufeenyi caasaa afaanii kana keessa jiranis tartiiba jechootaa caasaa sana keessa jiraniin kan
adda bahudha. Fkn. Tolaan saree ajjeese. Hima jedhu keessatti :
 Jechoonni yookiin qaamonni (units) hima kana keessa jiran Tolaa, saree fi ajjeese kan
jedhan of danda’oo ta’uu isaanii
 Afaan kunis tartiiba mathima, irrawwatamaafi xumuraa qabaachuudha.
Garee 2 (type 2): gareen kun ammoo Synthetic/inflecting/fusional jedhamuun kan beekamu
yammuu ta’u, garee kana keessatti ammoo walittidhufeenyi caasaa( grammatical relations) karaa
jejjiiraa xiinhiikaan kan agarsiifamudha. (morphological changes). Fkn. Deeme (Jijjiirraa ennaa),
deeman (qeenxee/danuu), deeme/te (dhiira/dhalaa).

Garee 3 (type 3) : Agglutinative jedhamuu garee beekamudha.

Garee kana keessatti ammoo jechoonni hiika matamataa isaanii qaban walitti dhufuun kan uumamu
yammuu ta’u, jechoonni walitti dhufan kunis hiikaaa biraa kan uumanidha. Fkn. Black +out=

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blackout. Jechi jechoonni lama walitti dhufuun uumame kunis hikaa jechoonni lamaan
walittidhufan qofa qofaatti qaban irraa hiikaa adda ta’e qabaachuu kan agarsiisudha.

Boqonnaa Sadii: Maatii Afaanota Afiriikaafi Itoophiyaa

3.1. Qoqqoodiinsa Afaanota Afiriikaa
Afiriikaan dachee agarsiiftuu afheddummina addunyaa kanaati. Afaanonni kaan du’aa kaan ammoo
dhalataa waan deemaniif baay’ina afaanii tilmaamuun rakkisaa ta’us, akka Ethnologe keessatti
ibsamee jirutti afaanonni Afriikaa 2000’tti tilmaamamu. Nigeria keessatti qofa afaanota 450 oltu
dubbatama. Afaanonni afiriikaa kunis akka Greenberg 1966 (cited under Language, Society, and
History) maatiiwwan gurguddoo afuritti qoodamu. Isaanis: Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo,
and Khoisan (Malagasy belongs to Austronesian). Haa ta’u malee, Dimmendaal 2011 (cited
under Language, Society, and History), maatiwwan afaanota Afiriikaa bakka saddeetitti qooda.
Kanneen keessaa afanonni akka Lingua-Franca’tti fayyadan akka faakkeenyaatti: Manding, Hausa,
and Fula(ni) Sahel’tti; Yoruba: Nigeria fi Benin; Lingala Congo basin; Swahili bahaafi giddugaka
Afrika; Afaan Arabaa kaaba Afriikaa, Chad, fi Sudan.

A. Maatii Afaanota Afiroo-Eeshiyaatik

Maatiin afaanii kun duratti maatii Hameeto Seemii jedhamuun beekama ture. Gareen kunis garee
afaanota Seemii, Kuushii, Barbariifi Chad of keessatti qabata (Greenburg 1996). Garee Afaanota
Seemii keessaa dubbattoota hedduu kan qabu afaan Arabaati. Itiyoophiyaa keessatti kan dubbatamu
afaan Amaaraas gareedhuma afaan Seemii kanaati. Maatiwwaan afaan kuushii ammoo Afaan
Oromoofi afaan Somaalee kan hammatu yammuu ta’u afaan Oromoo Itiyoophiyaan alatti keniyaafi
Tanzaniyaa keessatti dubbatama. Maatii afaan Chaadii kan ta’e afaan hawusaa jedhamus Afriikaa
Lixaa keessumaa Naajeriyaatti heddumminaan dubbatama.

B. Maatii Afaanota Naayiloo Sahaaraa

Maatiin afaan kanaan afaanota laga Abbayiin hordofudhaan Itiyoophiyaa, Keeniyaa, Sudanifi
Yugandaa keessatti dubbataman hedduu isanii dabalata. Maatiwwan afaan kanaa kanneen keeniyaa
keessatti dubbataman Turkanaa, Samburuu, Kiplikisi fi Nandii, kanneen keniyaafi
Tanzaniyaa keessatti dubbataman Dooliwaafi Maasayi, kanneen Yugaandaa keessatti dubbataman

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Badiholaafi achalii, akkasumas Sudaan keessatti kanneen dubbaatamnis Dinkaa, Poorii fi Nuwer,
afaanota Naayiloo sahaaraa ta’an keessaa isaan gurguddoodha. Akka waliigalaatti maatiwwan gara
dhibba tokkoo kan qabu gareen kun dubbattoota miiliyoona Soddomaan oli akka qabutti
tilmaamama.
C. Maatii Afaan Kooyisan
Gareen kun afaanota gara shantamaa ta’an of jalatti kan hammaata. Isaan keessaas gita bittoonni
hotentis yookiin hey-hey hiikni isaa afaan hiika hinqabne jechuun kan waamaniifi akkasumas afaan
Bushmen fi San kan jedhaman garee kana jalatti hammatamu. Afaan Koyisan kun Afriikaa kibbaatti
waggoota 8,000 oliif kan dubbatamaa turaniifi afaan kamiyyuu kan dursan ta’uutu himama.
Dubbattoonni afaan Koyisan hari’a Namibiyaa, Botiswaanaa, Angoolaafi Taanzaniyaa keessatti
argamu.
D.Maatii Afaan Nijer Kongoo
Maatiwwaan afaan kanaa afaanota gammoojjii Saharatiin gaditti argaman keessa isa baayee
bali’aadha. Dubbattoonni gareewwan afan kanaas miiliyoona 260tiin olitti tilmaamamu. Afaanota
Afrikaa keessatti dubbataman keessaa kuma tokko kan caalan maatiwwan garee afaan kanaati.
Afaanota gidduugalaafi kibba Afriikaatti dubbataman keessaa damee Nijer Kongoo kan ta’e
Baantuu jalatti kan ramadaman qofaan gara afaanota 500 ta’u. Afaanonni gurguddoon afaan
Baantuu jalatti hammatamnis. Yoruba, Igiboo, Kiiswahilii, Kiikongoo, Kiniyaruwanda, Makuwaa,
Zisuzulu fi Ilihoza kanneen jedhamanidha.

Haata’umalee, afaanonni Afriikaa keessatti dubbataman hundi gareewwan afaanota Afriikaa arfan
kunneen qofaa jalatti ramadamu jechuu miti. Gareewwan arfan kun afaanota yeroo dheeraan dura
Afriikaa keessatti dubbatamaa turan kan bakka bu’ani. Jaarraalee sadiifi arfan darban keessatti
garuu Afriikaa namoota addunyaa kanarraa afaan keessummeessitee jirti. Afaanota kanneen keessaa
Afur afaanota gita bittoonni fidan yammuu ta’u isaanis afaan Ingilizii, Faransaayi, Portugalii fi
asuma Afriikaa kibbaa keessatti afaan Dachirraa kan dhalate Afriikans kanneen jedhamanidha.
Afaanonni kunneen Afriikaa keessatti haala ittiin dubbataman (loqoda addaa addaa) qabatanii jiru.
Lafa cittuu guddittii Afriikaa, madagaskar, irratti afaan dubbatamu afaan malaagaasis, damee afaan
Awustro-Eeshiyaa irraa kan argame. Kanamalees, garee isaanii addaan baasanii beekuun kan
hindanda’amne afaanonni diqaalomanis hedduutu jiru. Isaan keessaa afaan Nayijeriyaa-pijin, kan

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Seeraliyon-kiriyoo, kan Afriikaa Kibbaa-Funagaloo, Kan Kongoo-Sangoo, kan fakkatan muraasa
isaaniiti.

3.2. Maatiiwwan Afaanota Itoophiyaa

Itoophiyaa keessatti afoonoti 86 fi loogota gara 200 ta’antu argama. kanneen keessaa ammoo
saboonni fi afaanonni bal’inaa dubbatamanOromoo/Afaan Oromo, Amhara/Afaan Amaaras and
Tigree/Afaan Tigiree, Somalee/Afaan Somaalee, Sidaamaa/Afaan Sidaamaa akka fakkeenyaatti
kaasuun ni danda’ama.

Afaan Ge'ez afaan gara kaabaa Itoophiyaatti dubbatamu yammuu ta’u, Yeroo jalqabaatii afaan
barreeffamaa ta’uu kan eegale yeroo bulchiinsa aksuum(Aksumite kingdom) yeroo warri saabaa
aksuum keessatti bakka qubannaa argatanidha. Warri akkumite kunis afaan Saabaa kanarraa
qubee Gi’iizii kalaqan akka ta’edha. Afaan kun yeroo ammaan kana mana amantaa Ortoodoksii
keessatti maa’ii itti bahamaa afaan jirudha.

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Afaanonni itoophiyaa akka waliigalaaatti bakka gurguddoo afuritti qoodamauu danda’u. Isaanis:
Semitic, Cushitic, Omotic, and Nilo-Saharan.

Afaanota Semitik

Afaanonni Semeetik kan jennu kun kan dubbataman gara kaaba Itoophiyaa giddugalee biyyattiifi
baha Itoophiyaattidha kanneen kunis irra jireessaan: Tigraay, Amaara, Harar, naannoo
uummattoota kibbaa gara kaabaa isaanii) Afaanonni kunis qubee Gi’iizii kan gayyadaman
yammuu ta’u, qubee 33 tookkoon tookkoon isaanii ammoo sagalee 7 kan qabaniifi waliigala
qubee 231 afaan qabudha. Afaanonni dame kana jalatti ramadamanis:

 Adarigna, Amharigna, Argobba, Birale, Gafat, Ge'ez, Guragigna, Chaha group (Chaha,
Muher, Ezha, Gumer, Gura), Inor group (Inor, Enner, Endegegna, Gyeto, Mesemes), Silt'e
group (Silt'e, Ulbareg, Enneqor, Walane), Soddo group (Soddo, Gogot, Galila), Tigrigna,
Zay

Afaanota Kushitik

Afaanonni garee kushitik jalatti argaman ammoo irra jireessaan gara giddugaleessaa, gara
kibbaafi baha itoophiyaatti kan dubbatamu yammuu ta’u, isaan keessaa Affaar, Oromiyaa,
Somaalee maqaa dhahuun ni dand’ama). Afaanonni kush kun ammoo qubee qubee Roomaa
yookiin Laatiin kan fayyadamanidha. Afaanonni dame kana jalatti tamadamanis:

 Afarigna, Agewigna, Alaba, Arbore, Awngi, Baiso, Burji, Bussa, Daasanech, Gawwada,
Gedeo, Hadiyya, Kambatta, Kemant, Konso, Kunfal, Libido, Afan Oromo, Saho,
Sidamigna, Somaligna, Tsamai, Werize, Xamtanga

Afaanota Omotic

Gaaree Oomootic jennu ammoo bal’inaa kan argaman sulula Rift valley fi laga Omo jidduuttii
bakkeewwan argamanitti dha. The Omotic languages are predominantly spoken between the
Lakes of southern Rift Valley and the Omo River. Afaanonni dame kana jalatti tamadamanis:

 Anfillo, Ari, Bambassi, Basketto, Bench, Boro, Chara, Dime, Dizzi, Dorze, Gamo-Gofa,
Ganza, Hammer-Banna, Hozo, Kachama-Ganjule, Kara, Kefa, Kore, Male, Melo,Mocha,
Nayi, Oyda, Shakacho, Sheko, Welaytta (Welamo), Yemsa, Zayse-Zergulla

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Afaanota Nilo-Saharan

Garee Nilo-Saharan bal’inaan gara Lixa biyyatti jechuunis gaambbeellaa fi Benishangul hanga
qarqara Sudaaniitti saboota jiraniin kan dubbatamudha. Afaanonni dame kana jalatti
ramadamanis:

 Anuak, Berta, Gobato, Gumuz, Komo, Kunama, Kwama, Kwegu, Majang, Me'en, Murle,
Mursi, Nera, Nuer, Nyangatom, Opuuo, Shabo, Suri, Uduk

Saboonni biyya Itoophiyaa keessa jiraatan keessaas kanneen armaan gadii kaasuun ni
danda’ama

 Afar, Alaba, Agew/Awingi, Agew/Kamyr, Amhara, Anyiwak, Arborie, Argoba, Ari, Badi,
Basketo, Bench, Burji, Charra, Dasenech, Dime, Dizi, Dorzie, Fekashi, Felasha, Gamo,
Gamili, Ganjule, Gebato, Gedeo, Gewada, Gidole, Goffo, Guagu, Gurage, Hadiyya,
Hamer, Harari/Adare, Jebelawi, Kebena, Kechama, Keffa, Kemant, Kembata, Konta,
Kulo, Kewama, Koma, Konso, Koyra, Kunama, Mabaan, Macha, Mareko, Mao, Me'en,
Malie, Mello, Mer, Mesengo, Mossiya, Mursi, Nao, Nuer, Nyangatom, Oromo, Oyda,
Saho, She, Sheko, Shinasha, Shita, Sidama, Soddo, Somali, Suri, Tigrayan, Timbaro,
Tsamay, Welaytta, Werji, Weyito, Yemsa, Zeysie, Zergula

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References

 Roderick Grierson and Stuart Munro-Hay, The Ark of the Covenant, 2000, published by
Phoenix, London, UK, ISBN 0753810107

 Stuart Munro-Hay, Ethiopia, The Unknown Land a Cultural and Historical Guide, 2002,
published by I.B. Tauris and Co. Ltd., London and New York, ISBN 1 86064 7448

 Jenny Hammond, Fire From The Ashes, A Chronicle of the Revolution in Tigray, Ethiopia,
1975-1991, 1999, published by The Read Sea Press, Inc., ISBN 1 56902 0868

 Philip Briggs, Ethiopia, The Bradt Travel Guide, Third Edition, 2002, published by Bradt
Travel Guides Ltd, England, UK, ISBN 1 84162 0351

 The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (2003). The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo
Church Faith and Order. http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/indexenglish.html

 Binyam Kebede (2002). http://www.ethiopiafirst.com (4ladies.jpg, Afar-lady.jpg, Afar-

girl.jpg, lady-artful-lips.jpg, Man-face-art.jpg, Man-face-art2.jpg, Somal-lady.jpg, Debra-
Damo.jpg, Buitiful-girls.jpg, lady-face-art.jpg, man-hair-style.jpg, yeha.jpg, harar.jpg,).
Many thanks to Binyam Kebede for his permission to copy and use these pictures from his
website.

 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Office of Population and Housing Census

Commission Central Statistical Authority, November 1998, Addis Ababa

 Edward Ullendorff, Ethiopia and The Bible, The Schweich Lectures, The British Academy,
Published by The Oxford University Press, first published 1968, Reprinted 1989, 1992,
1997, Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, United
Kingdom, ISBN 0-19-726076-4

 Mr. Solomon Kibriye (2003). Imperial Ethiopia

Homepage, http://www.angelfire.com/ny/ethiocrown. Many thanks to Mr. Solomon

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Kibriye for the contribution and comments he has made to this website.12: 09: 40 PM
Sunda

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