**Period -1**

Previous concept (Recall)

​ Bohr’s postulates about the
model of an atom:
(i) Only certain special orbits known as
discrete orbits of electrons, are
allowed inside the atom.
(ii) While revolving in discrete orbits the
electrons do not radiate energy.

​ Bohr and Bury law for the distribution of electrons into different orbits of an atom:
1. The maximum number of electrons present in a shell = 2n2

first orbit or K-shell = 2 ×12 = 2

second orbit or L-shell = 2 ×22 = 8
third orbit or M-shell = 2 ×32 = 18
fourth orbit or N-shell = 2 ×42 = 32
2. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost orbit is
8.
3. Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell, unless the inner shells are filled. That
is, the shells are filled in a step-wise manner.
​ Electronic configuration: The distribution of electrons into different orbits of an atom
is known as electronic configuration.

Ex: Na(11) – 2,8,1

Cl (17) – 2,8,7
​ Valence electron: The electrons present in outermost shell is known as valence
electrons.
Elemen electronic Valence
t configuration electron
Na 2,8,1 1
Cl 2,8,7 7

​ Valency: The combining capacity of atoms is known as Valency. It is decided by

Valence electrons.
An outermost-shell, which had eight electrons was said to possess an octet. Atoms
would thus react, so as to achieve an octet in the outermost shell. This was done by
sharing, gaining or losing electrons. The number of electrons gained, lost or shared
so as to make the octet of electrons in the outermost shell, gives us directly the
combining capacity of the element.

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 Element Atomic No. electronic Valence Valency
configuration electron
Na 11 2,8,1 1 1
Cl 17 2,8,7 7 8-7= 1
Mg 12 2,8,2 2 2
S 16 2,8,6 6 8-6 = 2
Al 13 2,8,3 3 3
P 15 2,8,5 5 8-5= 3

​ Ions: An ion is a charged particle and can be negatively or positively charged.

A negatively charged ion is called an ‘anion’ and the positively charged ion, a ‘cation’.

Elements Atomic No. Electronic Valence Valency Ions

configuratio electron
n
H 1 1 1 1 H+ / H-
He 2 2 2 0 No ion
Li 3 2,1 1 1 Li+
Be 4 2,2 2 2 Be2+
B
C 6 2,4 4 4 No ion
N
O 8 2,6 6 2 O2-
F
Ne 10 2,8 8 0 No Ion
Na
Mg
Al 13 2,8,3 3 3 Al3+
Si 14 2,8,4 4 4 No ion
P 15 2,8,5 5 3 p3-
S 16 2,8,6 6 2 S2-
Cl
Ar 18 2,8,8 8 0 No ion
K 19 2,8,8,1 1 1 K+

2
Ca 20 2,8,8,2 2 2 Ca2+

​ He,Ne and Ar: These are inert gases or noble gases their outermost shell is fully filled, so
they don’t have combining capacity. Hence they don’t form ions.
​ Carbon and silicon does not form ions. They share the electrons with other atom to gain
noble gas configuration. (For more detail: Ch-4, class 10)

​ List of Cations and Anions:

Cations Anions
H+ → Hydrogen F- → Fluoride
Na+ → Sodium Cl- → Chloride
K+ → Potassium Br- → Bromide
Al3+ → Aluminium I- → Iodide
Mg2+ → Magnesium O2- → Oxide
Ca2+ → Calcium S2- → Sulphide
Fe2+ /Fe3+ → Iron/ Ferric/ Ferrous P3- → Phosphide
Cu+ / Cu2+ → Copper(I) / Copper(II) N3-→ Nitride
Zn2+ → Zinc OH- → Hydroxide
Ag+ → Silver NO3- → Nitrate
Ba2+ → Barium SO42- → Sulphate
Pb2+ →Lead CO32- → Carbonate
Hg2+ → Mercury HCO3- → hydrogen Carbonate
NH4+ → Ammonium PO43-→ Phosphate

Formula Making:
1. Aluminium Oxide
Al3+ O2-
Al2O3
2. Aluminium Hydroxide
Al3+ OH-
Al(OH)3

3
3. Magnesium Sulphate
Mg2+ SO42-
Mg SO4
4. Lead Nitrate
Pb2+ NO3-
Pb(NO3)2

****Do Worksheet 1****

Different salt and their colour

Magnesium Oxide(MgO) Lead nitrate(PbNO3) Potassium nitrate (KNO3)

Lead iodide(PbI2) Potassium iodide (KI) Ferrous sulphate(FeSO4)

Zinc Sulphate(ZnSO4) Zinc(Zn) Ferrous oxide(Fe3O4)

Methanol(CH3OH) Barium Chloride(BaCl2) Aluminium sulphate(Al2(SO4)3)

Barium sulphate(BaSO4) Aluminium Chloride(AlCl3) Sodium Sulphate(Na2SO4)

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 Quick lime Slaked Lime Marble or Lime stone
Calcium Oxide(CaO) Calcium hydroxide(Ca(OH)2) CaCO3

Ferric oxide(Fe2O3) Lead Oxide(PbO) Silver Chloride(AgCl)

Silver(Ag) Silver Bromide(AgBr) Copper Sulphate(CuSO4)

Zinc Sulphate(ZnSO4) Copper Chloride(CuCl2) Lead Chloride(PbCl2)

Mercuric sulphide(HgS) Mercuric Oxide(HgO) Mercury(Hg)

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Copper(I) Sulphide(Cu2S) Copper(I) Oxide(Cu2O) Copper(Cu)

Zinc Sulphide(ZnS) Zinc carbonate(ZnCO3) Zinc oxide(ZnO)

Copper oxide(CuO) Manganese dioxide(MnO2) Manganese dichloride(MnCl2)

Barium hydroxide(Ba(OH)2) Ammonium chloride(NH4Cl)

**Period- 2**
Chapter 1
Chemical reaction and Equation
Index
​ Activities to understand Chemical Reaction
​ Chemical Reaction along with Physical State
​ How to find the number of atoms in a molecule?
​ How to balance a chemical equation?
​ Types of Chemical Reactions
→ Exothermic Chemical Reactions

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 → Exothermic Chemical Reaction
→ Combination Reaction
→ Decomposition Reactions
* Thermal Decomposition Reaction
* Photo Decomposition Reactions
* Electric Decomposition Reactions
→ Displacement Reactions
→ Double Displacement Reactions
→ Precipitation Reactions
→ Oxidation reactions
→Reduction reactions
→ Redox Reactions
​ corrosion
​ Rancidity

We will start with following activities to understand this chapter.

Steps To understand this content :
1. Watch the video
2. Verify the observations.
3. Read the content properly and give the answer of questions given at Google
Classroom.

1. Activity to show burning of magnesium ribbon:

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEU_tblr5Ko
(control + click to open hyperlink video or simply click on link.
Experiment observation Conclusion
1. Clean a magnesium ribbon 1. Magnesium burns with 1. We clean the magnesium ribbon
about 2 cm long by rubbing very bright light. before burning because in contact

7
it with sandpaper. of air magnesium reacts with
oxygen and form a layer of
magnesium oxide so due to it
burning of magnesium will be
difficult.
2. Hold it with a pair of tongs. 2. After burning it gives a 2. Magnesium reacts with oxygen
Burn it using a spirit lamp or white ash. and gives magnesium oxide.
burner and collect the ash so Mg + O2→ MgO
formed in a watch-glass.
Precaution:
1. Burn the magnesium ribbon keeping it as far as possible from your eyes
2. Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned before burning in air to remove the layer of
magnesium oxide which was formed over it due to oxidation for proper burning.

2. Reaction of lead nitrate and potassium iodide

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cI7pNJFCspo
(control + click to open hyperlink video)

Experiment Observation Conclusion

1. Take lead nitrate solution in a 1. Initially both the solutions 1. When lead nitrate reacts with
test tube. were transparent. after potassium iodide, It forms lead
reaction The colour of iodide and potassium nitratre.
solution changes. Pb(NO3)2 + KI → PbI2 + KNO3

2. Add potassium iodide solution 2. A yellow precipitate is 2. Yellow precipitate is lead iodide.
to this. formed.

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 3. Reaction of Zinc with hydrochloric acid:
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4XITC225uk
Experiment Observation Conclusion
1.Take a few zinc granules in a 1. There are gas bubbles 1. Hydrogen gas is released
conical flask or a test tube. around the zinc granules and along with zinc chloride.
2.Add dilute hydrochloric acid bubbles are coming up. Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
or sulphuric acid to this 2. There is change in the 2. It is exothermic reaction.
3.Touch the conical flask or test vessel’s
tube. temperature.
CAUTION: Handle the acid with 3. When we bring the burning
care. matchstick near to it, pop
sound can be heard.

​ Chemical reaction: A
chemical reaction is said
to be takes place when there is :
(i) change in state
(ii) change in colour
(iii) evolution of a gas
(iv) change in temperature.
​ Chemical Equation: The symbolic representation of chemical reaction is known as chemical
equation. It is represented by reactant and product along with arrow(→).
Ex:
(i) When lead nitrate reacts with potassium iodide, It forms lead iodide and potassium
nitrate.
Pb(NO3)2 + KI → PbI2 + KNO3
Reactant: lead nitrate, Potassium iodide
Product: lead iodide and potassium nitrate.
(ii) Hydrogen + Oxygen→ water
H2 + O2 → H2O
Reactant: Hydrogen gas and Oxygen gas
Product: Water

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​ The reactants are written on the left-hand side (LHS) with a plus sign (+) between them.
Similarly, products are written on the right-hand side (RHS) with a plus sign (+) between
them.
​ To write a chemical reaction along with physical state:

Physical state Symbol

Solid or precipitate (s) , (↓)
liquid (l)
gases (g) ,(↑)
Aqueous ,
Chemical in water, (aq)
Solution of chemical
Heat Δ

Ex:(i) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)

Fe – solid state
H2O – gaseous state
Fe3O4 – solid state
H2 – gaseous state

(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water)
to produce sodium chloride solution and water.

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H20(l)

​ How to find the number of atoms in a molecule?

Molecules No of atoms Molecules No of atoms
CuO Cu - 1 2CuO Cu – 2x1=2
O-1 O - 2x1=2
MgCl2 Mg -1 2MgCl2 Mg – 2x1=2
Cl -2 Cl - 2x2=4
Al(OH)3 Al - 1 2Al(OH)3 Al – 2x1 =2
O-3 O – 2x3 =6
H -3 H – 2x3 =6
Al2(SO4)3 Al- 2 2Al2(SO4)3 Al – 2x2 =4
S- 1x3 =3 S – 2x3 = 6
O – 4x3= 12 O- 2x4x3=24
H20 2H20
Pb(NO3)2 2Pb(NO3)2
Na2SO4 3Na2SO4

​ Types of Chemical equations:

(i) Unbalanced of skeletal Chemical equation: The chemical equation in which total no of
atoms in reactant is not equal to the total number of atoms in products.
Ex: Mg + O2→ MgO

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 (ii) Balanced chemical equation: The chemical equation in which total no of atoms in
reactant is equal to the total number of atoms in products.
Ex: 2Mg + O2→ 2MgO

Unbalanced or Skeletal Chemical equation Balanced chemical equation

Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
CO(g) + H2→CH3OH(l) CO(g) + 2H2→CH3OH(l)

H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)

​ How to balance a chemical equation?

Note: First learn to find the no of atoms in different molecules.

Unbalanced or Skeletal Chemical Balanced chemical equation

equation
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

No of atoms in No of atoms in No of atoms in No of atoms in

Reactant Products Reactant Products
Fe – 1 Fe – 3 Fe – 3 Fe – 3
H–2 H–2 H – 2x4=8 H – 2x4=8
O- 1 O- 4 O- 1x4=4 O- 4
Pb(NO3)2 → PbO + NO2 + O2 2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO(s) +4NO2 + O2

No of atoms in No of atoms in No of atoms in No of atoms in

Reactant Products Reactant Products
Pb – 1 Pb - 1 Pb - 1x2=2 Pb-1x2=2
N – 1x2 = 2 N-1 N - 2x1x2=4 N-1x4=4
O – 3x2 = 6 O – 1+ 2 +2 = 5 O -2x3x2= 12

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 O-2x1+4x2+2=1
2

​ Steps to balance the chemical equations:

Step I: To balance a chemical equation, first draw boxes around each formula. Do not
change anything inside the boxes while balancing the equation.
Step II: List the number of atoms of different elements present in the unbalanced equation.
Step III: It is often convenient to start balancing with the compound that contains the maximum
number of atoms. Balance each molecule.

***Note: To equalise the number of atoms, it must be remembered that we cannot alter the
formulae of the compounds or elements involved in the reactions. For example, to balance
oxygen atoms we can put coefficient ‘4’ as 4 H2O and not H2O4 or (H2O)4.
Step IV: Examine the equation again and again after balancing the each element which is not
balanced.

Step V: Finally, to check the correctness of the balanced equation, we count atoms of each
element on both sides of the equation.
**Watch the video to learn****

****Do Worksheet 2, 3****

**Period - 3**
​ Exothermic Chemical reaction: The Chemical Reactions in which heat is
released along with the formation of products are called exothermic chemical
reactions.
Ex: CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + heat

CH4(g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) + heat

C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(aq) → 6CO2(aq) + 6H2O(l) + energy

​ Endothermic chemical reaction: The Chemical Reactions in which heat is
absorbed or needed to form the products are called endothermic chemical
reactions.
Ex: Δ
FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 +SO3
heat
2Pb(NO3)2(s) → 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

4. Reaction of Calcium oxide with water

Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuNuaBfKRys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1edL-WDwwCk

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Experiment Observation Conclusion
1. Take a small amount of 1. Beaker becomes hot. 1. It forms calcium
calcium oxide or quick lime 2. A white solution is hydroxide.
in a beaker. formed. CaO + H2O →Ca(OH)2
2.Slowly add water to this. 2. It shows exothermic
3.Touch the beaker. reaction.
4.Feel any change in
temperature.

​ Combination Reaction: The chemical reaction in which two or more reactants

react together and forms only one product is known as combination reaction.
Ex: CaO + H2O →Ca(OH)2
C+O2 → CO2

5. Electrolysis of water:
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZJEDe_HUcw
ctrl+ click to open video
In activity of NCERT we use dil. Hydrochloric acid instead of sodium
hydroxide.
Experiment Observation Conclusion

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1. Take a plastic mug. Drill 1. We observe the 1. During electrolysis water
two holes at its base and fit formation of bubbles at decomposes into oxygen
rubber stoppers in these both the electrodes. These and hydrogen.
holes. bubbles displace water in 2. The gases collected at
2. Insert carbon electrodes the test tubes. (a) Anode- Oxygen gas
in these rubber stoppers. 2. The volume of the gases (b) Cathode- Hydrogen gas
3. Connect these electrodes collected at cathode and 3. On decomposing two
to a 6 volt battery to pass anode is different. molecules of water, it gives
the current. 3. The volume of gas two molecules of hydrogen
4. Fill the mug with water collected at anode is half of and one molecule of
such that the electrodes are the gas collected at oxygen.
immersed. cathode. 2H2O → 2H2 +O2
5. Add a few drops of dilute 4. On bringing the burning 4. Distilled water is insulator
sulphuric acid to the water. candle near cathode we get of electricity so make water
6. Take two test tubes filled pop sound. conducting we add dil.
with water and invert them 5. On bringing the burning Hydrochloric acid or sodium
over the two carbon candle near anode, the hydroxide.
electrodes. flame rises or becomes
7. Switch on the current brighter.
and leave the apparatus
undisturbed for some time.
8. Once the test tubes are
filled with the respective
gases, remove
them carefully.
9. Test these gases one by
one by bringing a burning
candle close
to the mouth of the test
tubes.

6. Thermal Decomposition of Ferrous sulphate:

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JG6IYvk5b_I
Experiment Observation Conclusion

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1. Take about 2 g ferrous
sulphate crystals
in a dry boiling tube.
2.Note the colour of the
ferrous sulphate crystals.
3.Heat the boiling tube
over the flame of a burner
or spirit lamp
4.Observe the colour of
the crystals after heating.
1. we observe water 1. Ferrous sulphate
droplets near the mouth of crystals (FeSO4.7H2O)
test tube. lose water when heated
2. Greenish salt turns and the colour of the
initially into white then crystals changes to
with further heating it white due to formation of
turns into brownish black. anhydrous ferrous
3. A smell of burning sulphate and then with
sulphur is appeared. further heating it gives
2. It then decomposes to
ferric oxide (Fe2O3),
sulphur dioxide (SO2)
and sulphur trioxide
(SO3).
3.Ferric oxide is a solid,
while SO2 and SO3 are
gases.
FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2
+SO3

7. Thermal decomposition of Lead Nitrate:

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csEnz9ZsAFM
Experiment Observation Conclusion
1. Take about 2 g lead 1. We observe the 1. These fumes are of
nitrate powder in a emission of brown nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
boiling fumes. 2. On heating lead
tube. 2. white salt converted nitrate decomposes into
2.Hold the boiling tube into yellow colour lead oxide, nitrogen
with a pair of tongs and dioxide and oxygen gas.

15
heat it over a flame. 3. when we bring a 2Pb(NO3)2(s)→
burning matchstick, the 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) +
flame becomes brighter. O2(g)

8. Photo decomposition of Silver chloride:

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfg7Erx-GlA
Experiment Observation conclusion
1. Take about 2 g silver 1. The colour of silver 1.On passing sunlight the
chloride in a china dish. chloride is white. silver chloride turns into
2.What is its colour? 2. When Sun light is silver and chlorine gas.
3.Place this china dish in passed the white sliver sunlight
sunlight for some time. chloride turns into grey. AgCl → Ag + Cl2

16
4.Observe the colour of 2. This is photo
the silver chloride after decomposition reaction.
some
time.

​ Decomposition reaction: The chemical reaction in which one reactant

produces two or more products after reaction is known as decomposition
reaction.
Ex:
Δ
2Pb(NO3)2(s) ------→ 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

sunlight
2AgCl ----------→ 2Ag + Cl2

electricity
2H2O ------------→ 2H2 +O2

​ Types of decomposition reaction:

(i) Thermal decomposition reaction: In this decomposition reaction, heat is
used.
Δ
2Pb(NO3)2(s) ------→ 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(ii) Photo decomposition reaction: In this decomposition reaction, light is
used.

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 sunlight
2AgCl ----------→ 2Ag + Cl2
(iii) Electric decomposition reaction or electrolysis of water: In this
decomposition reaction, electricity is used.
electricity
2H2O ------------→ 2H2 +O2
9. Reaction of Barium hydroxide and ammonium chloride
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_PUydkKKoQ
Video 2 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZaGmUGBdC0
Experiment Observation Conclusion
1. Take some amount of 2. The temperature of 1. It is endothermic
barium hydroxide and the beaker reduces after reaction.
ammonium chloride in mixing with each other. 2. On reacting barium
two different beakers. hydroxide with
2. Note down the ammonium chloride we
temperature. get barium chloride and
2. Put Barium Hydroxide ammonia.
in the beaker of
ammonium chloride and
stir properly and note
down the temperature.

**** Do worksheet 4 and 5(few questions)****

**Period- 4**
10. Reaction of iron nail with copper sulphate
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgRRv968KXs
Experiment Observation Conclusion
1. Take three iron nails and clean 1. The blue copper sulphate 1. when iron nail reacts with
them by rubbing with sand paper. solution gets fed-up. copper sulphate it displaces
2.Take two test tubes marked as (A)
and (B). In each test tube, take
2. There is a brown coating copper from solution and
about 10 mL on iron nail dipped in iron forms ferrous sulphate.
copper sulphate solution. sulphate solution. Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq)→ FeSO4(aq)
3.Tie two iron nails with a thread and + Cu(s)
immerse them carefully in the
copper sulphate solution in test tube
B for about 20 minutes 4. Keep one 2. It is displacement
iron nail aside for comparison. reaction.
5.After 20 minutes, take out the iron
nails from the copper sulphate
solution.

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6.Compare the intensity of the blue
colour of copper sulphate solutions
in test tubes
(A) and (B).
7.Also, compare the colour of the
iron nails dipped in the copper
sulphate solution with the one kept
aside.

​ Displacement reaction: The chemical reaction in which a highly reactive metal displaces
the less reactive metal from their compound during reaction is known as displacement
reaction.
Ex: (i) Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) → PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s)
Here lead (Pb) displaces Copper (Cu) from Copper chloride(CuCl2).

(ii) Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Here Zinc(Zn) displaces Copper (Cu) from Copper sulphate(CuSO4).

(iii) Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

11. Reaction of sodium sulphate with barium chloride:

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaMyfjYLhxU

Experiment Observation Conclusion

1. Take about 3 mL of sodium
sulphate solution in a test tube. 2. In
another test tube, take about 3 mL
of barium chloride solution.
3.Mix the two solutions.
1.A white precipitate is formed 1. This is double displacement
which is insoluble in water reaction.
2. There is change in colour. 2. When sodium sulphate
reacts with barium chloride it
gives sodium chloride and
barium sulphate.

19
 ​ Double displacement Reactions: The reactions in which there is an exchange of ions
between the reactants are called double displacement reactions.

Ex: (i) Pb(NO3)2 + KI → PbI2 + KNO3

(ii) Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

​ Precipitation reaction: The reaction in which a precipitate is produced along with other
reactant is called a precipitation reaction.

Ex: (i) Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

BaSO4(s) is a white precipitate.

​ (ii) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + KNO3 (aq)

PbI2(s) : Yellow precipitate

**** Do

Worksheet 5****

**Period - 5**
12. Oxidation of copper and reduction of copper oxide:
Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJWZ8nHn59Y

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Experiment
1. Heat a china dish
containing about 1 g copper
powder.
2. observe the colour.
3. Pass the hydrogen gas to
formed substance.
4. Observe the colour.
Observation
1.On heating copper powder,
The brown element turns into
black substance.
2. on passing hydrogen gas to
black substance it again turns
into brown colour substance.
Conclusion
1.On burning copper reacts with
oxygen gas and forms copper
oxide which is black in colour.
Cu + O2 →CuO
2. On passing hydrogen gas to
copper oxide, it again turns into
copper element.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O

→
←

​ Oxidation reaction: If a substance gains oxygen or

loses hydrogen during a reaction,It is known as oxidation reaction.
Ex: Cu + O2 → CuO
​ Reduction reaction: If a substance loses oxygen or gains hydrogen during a reaction, it
known as reduction reaction.
Ex: CO+ 2H2 → CH3OH

​ Oxidised substance : If a reactant gains oxygen or loses hydrogen during a reaction, that
reactant is oxidised substance.

Ex: Cu + O2 → CuO
Oxidised substance – Cu
​ Reduced substance: If a reactant loses oxygen or gains hydrogen during a reaction, that
reactant is reduced substance
Ex: CO+ 2H2 → CH3OH
Reduced substance: CO
Note: Oxidised or Reduced substance will always be a reactant.
​ Oxidising agent: The reactant which helps in oxidation is known as Oxidising agent.
Ex: Cu + O2 → CuO
Oxidising agent : O2
​ Reducing agent: The reactant which helps in reduction is known as educing agent.
Ex: CO+ 2H2 → CH3OH
Reducing agent: H2
​ Redox reaction: The chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction both takes place
simultaneously is known as redox reaction.

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 Oxidised substance : Al
Reduced substance : MnO2
Reducing agent : Al
Oxidising agent : MnO2

Oxidised substance : H2
Reduced substance : CuO
Reducing agent : H2
Oxidising agent : CuO
​ Corrosion: When a metal comes in contact with water ,air or acid, it gets corrode. This
phenomenon is known as corrosion.
Ex: (i) Black coating on silver

(ii) Green coating on copper

(iii) Rusting Of iron

​ Method of Prevention from corrosion:

(i) oiling
(ii) galvanization etc.
​ Rancidity: When fats and oils come in contact with air
they get oxidise and become rancid and their smell and taste
change. This phenomenon is known as rancidity.
​ Method of Prevention from rancidity:
(i) By using antioxidants.
(ii) Keeping food in air tight containers helps to slow down oxidation

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 (iii) chips manufacturers usually flush bags of chips with gas such as nitrogen to prevent
the chips from getting oxidised.

**** Do Worksheet 6****

********************************************

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