Complete Ecology English 1 - Compressed

MKLIVE
Climate change
● ozone depletion
● pollution
● International environmental conventions, NGOs and law
● national environmental law
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● Ecology: Theory and Organization
● Biodiversity
● energy
● resources
● Miscellaneous and Vocabulary
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● current affairs
● PYQs
climate change
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What is the Climate and Weather ?
What is the Green House Effect ?

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What is the Global Warming ?
What is Climate Change?
● Climate change refers to a historical change in the pattern of

average weather conditions.
● This change in climatic conditions can be natural as well as
the result of human activities.
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Effects of climate change
● high temperature
● change in rain pattern
● sea level rise
● loss of wildlife
● spread of diseases (diseases like malaria and dengue)
● Forest fire
How much will the temperature rise in the future?
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● The average temperature of the earth is now about 15°C. The
temperature has increased by 0.85 °C since the Industrial
Revolution. Since the beginning of the 19th century, global
temperatures have increased by 0.6 °C.
● The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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estimates that by 2050, global temperatures will increase
between 0.5 and 2.5 °C, while by 2100 the projected increase
will be between 1.4 and 5.8 °C.
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● Satellite data shows that sea level has risen by 3 mm annually

over the past few decades. Glaciers are melting at the rate of
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4 percent annually.
● The main cause of climate change is global warming which is
a result of the greenhouse effect.
IPCC new report
● March, 2022
● Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
Report Highlights
● More than 45% of the global population lives in areas highly
vulnerable to climate change.
● India as a sensitive hotspot
● Many regions and important cities in India are at risk of climate
disasters such as floods, sea level rise and heat waves.
● eg. Mumbai at risk of flooding with sea level rise, while
Ahmedabad at risk of heat waves
● Increase in vector-borne and water-borne diseases such as
malaria or dengue in subtropical regions of Asia due to climate
change
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● Natural disasters lead to an increase in malnutrition, allergic
diseases and even mental disorders
● Along with climate change, many other disasters are likely to
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emerge in different parts of the world in the next two decades.
● Many climate hazards will occur simultaneously and climate
and non-climate hazards will interact, causing risk across all
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regions.
Climate change solutions
geo engineering
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To reduce global warming, scientists have talked about adopting

geo-engineering method, but it is not practical.
volcanic eruption
Due to the activation of the volcano, sulfur dioxide gas is released

in the atmosphere, due to which the formation of clouds increases,
due to which the sunlight will not be able to reach the earth, as a
result the temperature will decrease.
use of large mirrors
According to him, the light would be reflected from the earth by the
use of large mirrors.
construction of pseudo trees
Carbon dioxide can be absorbed by the formation of pseudo-trees

and released into the ocean floor.
Algae Seeds and Iron
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Ozone Layer
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Stratosphere
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Stratosphere ozone is called good ozone, because it absorbs

harmful ultraviolet rays (95%) of the Sun, protecting life on Earth.
That is why it is called 'protection shield of the earth' or 'umbrella of
the earth'.
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Measurement of Atmospheric Ozone
● Atmospheric ozone is measured by a Dobson spectrometer

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and is expressed in Dobson units.

● One Dobson unit is equal to a thickness of 0.01 millimeters of
pure ozone.
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● This density is achieved by bringing the ozone to surface level

pressure.
Atmospheric ozone is measured by:
● dabson spectrometer
● filter ozone meter
● Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer
Ozone Hole
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● The ozone hole is technically not a hole where no ozone gas
is present, but rather an ozone depleting zone in the
stratosphere over Antarctica that occurs at the onset of spring
(August–October) in the southern hemisphere.
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● The average concentration of ozone in the atmosphere is

about 300 Dobson units. Any region where the concentration
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falls below 220 Dobson units is considered part of the ozone

hole.
Thinning of Ozone Layer
● In 1974, chemists Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina first

indicated that CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) were reducing the
average concentration of stratospheric ozone.
● The British Antarctic Survey team, led by Joseph Farman,
produced eyewitness evidence of atmospheric ozone
depletion over Antarctica in 1985.
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● On the basis of the information received by Joseph Farman,
he told that 40% erosion occurs in the ozone layer in the
atmosphere over Antarctica in spring.
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● Ozone depletion has been observed from the South Pole

during the spring season i.e. from September to November
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every year. Later this phenomenon came to be known as the

Ozone Hole.
The reason for the maximum ozone depletion over Antarctica
● Polar Stratospheric Cloud

● Polar Vortex
● Active Chlorine Effect
Polar Stratospheric Cloud

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● These clouds are also called 'Mother of Pearl'.
● These clouds are naturally made up of water and nitric acid.
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● Chlorine is found in abundance in the stratosphere due to
CFCs released by humans.
● The ice crystals of these clouds provide a surface for ozone
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disintegration, which changes the stratospheric structure.

● These snow ravens convert inactive chlorine into active
chlorine, which starts the work of ozone depletion.
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Polar Vortex
● In fact, a polar vortex is a pattern of winds that is similar to

cyclones and blows around the poles every year.
● The polar vortex has a temperature of –80°C which helps in
the formation of polar stratospheric clouds.
● These polar stratospheric clouds are responsible for the
breakdown of ozone, as they contain stores of chlorine
compounds.
● The release of chlorine from these chlorine compounds in the
presence of sunlight depletes ozone.
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Active Chlorine Effects
● Chlorine reserves in the form of hydrochloric acid (HCI) and

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chlorine nitrate (CINO3/CIONO2) are stable compounds and

chlorine must first be freed from these reserves to participate
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in any reaction. Is.

● The snow particles of the PSC provide a surface for this
chlorine to be released from its reserves.
Status of Ozone Layer During Winters
● With the onset of winter, the air starts getting very cold and the
temperature reaches -80°C. This low temperature causes the
formation of a polar stratospheric cloud.
● This low temperature stabilizes the Polar Vortex, which is a
circle of rapidly moving air. This whirlpool remains stable
throughout the polar region in winter.
Status of Ozone Layer During Spring
● In the spring when sunlight is intense, molecular chlorine

breaks down into two chlorine atoms, which rapidly initiate
ozone depletion.
● Due to this, the concentration of ozone over Antarctica
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decreases every spring. This is what is called the Antarctic
ozone hole.
● Ozone reaches its lowest level in October.
● In November, the polar vortex breaks up and in mid-latitudes,
the amount of ozone in the stratosphere of Antarctica
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increases.
Effects of Decomposition of Stratospheric Ozone

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Pollution
Unnecessary changes in the natural properties of nature

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Types of pollutants
● Based on measurement
● Based on Formation
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● Based on Decomposition
● Based on Origin
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Based on measurement
● Quantitative pollutant
● Qualitative pollutants
quantitative pollutant
Some substances are already present in the atmosphere, but when

their quantity increases in the atmosphere, they are called
quantitative pollutants.
Eg. CO2
qualitative pollutant
Substances that are not normally present in the environment and

that are dispersed into the environment by humans and are
naturally polluted. eg. Insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, DDT etc.
Based on Formation
● Primary pollutant
● Secondary pollutants
primary pollutant
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Those substances which are emitted directly from the source and
remain in their original form are called primary pollution. eg.
Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organics, Sulfur Oxides
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secondary pollutant
Substances that are formed by a chemical reaction between the

primary pollutant and the constituent environment (i.e. those that
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are already present in the environment). eg. nitrogen dioxide

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Based on Decomposition
● biodegradable pollutant
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● biodegradable pollutant
biodegradable pollutant
pollution that is broken down by natural processes,

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eg. municipal sewage
non-biodegradable pollutants
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Pollutants that do not naturally decompose or that decompose

slowly, eg. polythene
Based on Origin
● Natural pollutant
● Anthropogenic pollutant
Types of Pollution
● physical pollution
● chemical pollution
● moral pollution
physical pollution
● noise pollution
● ultraviolet rays
● radioactive
chemical pollution
● air pollution
● water pollution
● land pollution
Ethical Pollution
● Corruption
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● mob violence
● communalism
air pollution
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carbon dioxide (CO2)
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Carbon dioxide is not a pollutant; rather its increased amount of
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pollution
CO2 Emissions Report, 2022
In March 2023, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released the

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Carbon Dioxide Emissions Report, 2022. However, this report

provides the status of greenhouse gas emissions including CO2 in
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the year 2022.
key points of the report
● Global energy-related CO2 emissions are projected to

increase by 0.9 percent in 2022. These emissions have
reached a new level of over 36.8 gigatonnes (Gt).
● CO2 emissions are caused by the combustion of fossil fuels
such as oil, coal and natural gas.
● Despite the increase in CO2 emissions, this is much lower
than the global economic growth rate of 3.2 per cent.
● Thus the trend has reverted to the decades-old trend of
decoupling emissions and economic growth.
● Decoupling with respect to emissions means that economic
growth is no longer closely linked to fossil fuel consumption.
● Clean energy technologies (wind and solar power, electric
vehicles, etc.) have helped prevent an additional 550 million
tons of CO2 emissions.
carbon monoxide
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main source of incomplete combustion

Oxides of Nitrogen (NO, NO2, N2O)
Photochemical Smog
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● The common components of photochemical smog are ozone,

nitric oxide, acrolein, formaldehyde and peroxyacetyl nitrate
(PAN).
● Both ozone and PAN act as powerful eye irritants.
● Ozone and nitric oxide irritate the nose and throat and their
high concentration causes headache, chest pain, dryness of
the throat, cough and difficulty in breathing.
● Photochemical smog leads to cracking of rubber and
extensive damage to plant life.
● It also causes corrosion of metals, stones, building materials,
rubber and painted surfaces.
oxides of sulfur (SO2, SO3)
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India is the largest emitter of sulfur dioxide
Bioindicator of Sulphur is Lichen
Top 5 emitting countries
● India
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● Russia
● China
● Mexico
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● Iran
● According to the report of Greenpeace in the year 2020, India
is the largest emitter of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the world.
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● India contributes more than 15% of global anthropogenic

sulfur-dioxide emissions
● Most emitting coal based power plants
When the pH of the rain water drops below 5.6, it is called acid rain.
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Particulate Matter
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● Particulates pollutants are the minute solid particles or liquid
droplets in air.
● These are present in vehicle emissions, smoke particles from
fires, dust particles and ash from industries.
● Particulates in the atmosphere may be viable or non-viable.
● The viable particulates e.g., bacteria, fungi, moulds, algae
etc., are minute living organisms that are dispersed in the
atmosphere.
● Human beings are allergic to some of the fungi found in air
World air quality report
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● World Air Quality Report released by IQAir Group
● Report presents overview of global air quality status
● IQAir Group A Swiss non-governmental organization → that
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measures air quality levels based on the concentration of
particulate matter (PM) 2.5.
key points of the report

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● Delhi world's most polluted capital city;

● followed by Dhaka (Bangladesh)
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● Bangladesh ranked as the most polluted country after

Pakistan and India
● The least polluted countries are Puerto Rico, New Caledonia
and the US Virgin Islands, respectively.
● Hotan city of China is the world's most polluted city (110.2
µg/m³),
● followed by Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh (106 µg/m³)
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Central pollution control board
● statutory organization
● Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
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● Constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Act, 1974
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● Powers and functions also under the Air (Prevention and

Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
● The Board also provides technical services to the Ministry of
Environment and Forests under the provisions of the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Main Functions of the Board
● Prevention, control of water pollution and cleaning of drains

and wells in various areas
● improve air quality
● The Board is empowered to issue directions under the Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 for regulation
of operation/closure of any industry/or supply of electricity,
water or any other service.
National Air Quality Index
● 2014
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● This index provides a better understanding of the air quality of
the area around them to the common man.
● In this, 6 AQI categories have been prepared through 6
different colors, which indicate different levels of air pollution.
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Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research System
● 2015
● Ministry of Earth Sciences
● A national initiative to measure location-specific pollution
levels and air quality in metropolitan cities
● An indigenous system developed by the Indian Institute of
Tropical Meteorology, Pune
● Operated by India Meteorological Department
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How does travel work?
● It monitors all weather parameters like temperature, rainfall,

humidity, wind speed and direction, ultraviolet rays and solar
radiation etc.
● Air quality is assessed on a scale of 1 to 500.
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Standards of Air Quality Index (Air Quality Early Warning
System)
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● From 1 to 100 : Good

● From 100 to 200 : Average
● 200 to 300: Poor
● 300 to 400: Very Poor
● From 400 to 500: Severe (dangerous)
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Green Good Deeds
● 2018
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● Efforts to create awareness among the general public about

the environment and involve them in its conservation
● Through this campaign, small positive works done by
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individuals or organizations are taken forward to strengthen

environmental protection.
● The Ministry has prepared a list of more than 600 Green Good
Deeds and appealed to the people to try to fulfill their Green
Social Responsibility through their good green behavior.
Breathe India
● NITI Aayog's 15-point action plan to deal with air pollution

● 2018
● For the ten most air polluted cities
● Delhi, Kanpur, Faridabad, Gaya, Varanasi, Agra, Gurgaon,
Muzaffarpur, Lucknow and Patna
National clean air program
● Five Year Program for Prevention of Air Pollution (2025-26)

● Starting in the year 2019 at a cost of 300 crores
● Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
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● applicable at all India level
● Objective: Prevention, control and abatement of air pollution
● Target to clean the air of 131 most polluted cities of the
country by the year 2025-26
● National target to reduce PM 10 by 40% considering 2017 as
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base year
● NCAP not binding scheme
● No provision for penalty or fine
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BS standard-6 implemented in India
● BS-6 standard implemented in India from April 1, 2020

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● Union Ministry of Road and Highways India is also in the list of

Asia-Pacific nations- Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong,
Australia, New Zealand, Philippines and China
What are BS Standards?
● Standards established to control the production of air pollution

from motor vehicles
● These standards are set by the Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change, Government of India.
● BS vehicle emission standards introduced in the year 2000
● The number of vehicular emissions increasing beyond the BS
norm - 2, 3 or 4 and now 6 means → better emission
standards which are environment friendly
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air quality management commission
● Establishment of Air Quality Management Commission to

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improve the condition of air pollution
● Along with the establishment of the commission, the EPCA
(Environment Pollution Control Authority) was also abolished
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on the orders of the Supreme Court.
Objective
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Improving air quality in Delhi and its border areas (Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) + establishing control over air
pollution
powers of the commission
● Issuance of guidelines regarding air pollution

● air pollution complaint
● regulating air polluting activities
● ban polluting industries
● Determination of air quality and emission standards of
pollutants
judicial powers
● Commission's decision binding, appeal only in Supreme Court

● Maximum 5 years imprisonment and fine up to Rs 1 crore
● Power to take suo motu cognizance of any matter relating to
air pollution
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Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Air pollution defined as the presence of any solid, liquid or gaseous

substance (including noise) in the atmosphere, which may be
harmful to human beings or any other living beings or plant or
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property or environment.
● In 1987, noise pollution was included in the act as pollution.

● In parallel with the functions relating to the Water (Prevention
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and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Board performs similar

functions relating to the improvement of air quality.
State Government in consultation with State Pollution Control Board

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● Can declare any area as 'air pollution control area'

● Can prohibit the use of any fuel in an area causing air pollution
in an 'air pollution control area'.
● Can prohibit the operation or establishment of any industrial
unit in the 'air pollution control area'.
● There is no provision of separate act for noise pollution control
in India. Noise pollution is included in air pollution itself.
● By amending the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981 in 1987, 'noise pollutants' have also been included under
the definition of air pollutants.
Water Pollution
Point source pollution

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When pollutants enter water from a certain point through drains and
pipes.
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Factory, Power Plant, Sewage Treatment Plant etc
Non-Point source
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In non-point source the pollutants come from large and wide areas.
such as runoff from farms, pastures, construction sites, abandoned

mines and pits, roads and streets
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Algal Bloom
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Measurement of Water Pollution
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Dissolved oxygen pertains to the amount of free oxygen that is

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dissolved in water. It may be expressed in mg/L, parts per million

(ppm)
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Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD
COD : 20 mg/L or less in unpolluted waters to greater than 200

mg/L in waters receiving effluents
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arsenic water pollution
Ministry of Jal Shakti VE

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● Arsenic affected groundwater in West Bengal, Assam, Bihar,
Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand
● High levels of arsenic in boiled rice, vegetables and pulses
● Skin diseases, skin cancer, liver, lung, kidney and blood
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disorders
● hyper keratosis, black leg, myocardial, ischemia
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Fluoride water pollution
● World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian Standards ⇒

Not more than 1.5 mg of fluoride per liter of water
● 203 districts in 20 states of India suffering from excessive
fluoride content
● Abdominal pain, excessive salivation, vomiting, seizures and
muscle cramps
● deformities and disabilities
● fluorosis
● stiffness in joints
● Adequate intake of fluoride reduces dental caries,
● But excessive intake of fluoride can cause toxic effects by
interfering with the activity of proteolytic and glycolytic
enzymes.
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uranium water pollution
● According to the World Health Organisation, the amount of

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uranium in water is fixed at 30 micrograms per liter.

● But according to a report released under the aegis of Union
Ministry of Environment in the year 2020, the amount of
uranium in 16 states of India is more than 80 micrograms per
liter.
Effect
● Bone Toxicity
● Impaired Renal Function
● cause of cancer
Nitrate water pollution
● According to the World Health Organization, the amount of

nitrate in water is fixed at 1.5 ppm.
● But according to a study published in the year 2021 in the
magazine Down to Earth, the amount of nitrate in water in 18
states of India is more than 5 PPM.
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● The use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture has increased the
amount of nitrates in ground water as well as in surface water
sources.
Effect
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● patients with lung infection
● blue baby syndrome
● Intestinal cancer, negative effects on the digestive system and
respiratory system
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● Negative effects on brain & decrease in hemoglobin levels

● Methe Moglobonia ⇒ Baby's body turning blue
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Lead Water Pollution
● According to the World Health Organisation, 10 micrograms in

100 ml blood of an adult while 5 micrograms or more of lead in
children is harmful.
● anxiety, heart disease, heart attack, stunted physical growth;
probability of death
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Phyto Remediation Technology
● Phytoremediation Technique of remediation or prevention of

pollutants by direct use of green plants
● In-situ technology
● That is, to clean the water, only the plants available in the
water are used.
● eg. Moss
Oilzapper
● Technology using bacteria to get rid of oil spills

● Bioremediation and eco-friendly technology
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TERI has patented this technology. It can be used both at sea and
on land. Harmful hydrocarbon compounds present in crude oil or oil
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sludge (hazardous hydrocarbon waste from oil refineries) are eaten

by the bacteria present in the oilzapper and converted into harmless
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carbon dioxide and water.
TERI
The Energy and Resources Institute : TERI
● An independent organization with policy, advisory and

implementation capabilities
● Established in 1974, TERI was formerly known as Tata Energy
Research Institute.
Bioindicator of Water Pollution
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bio toilet
● Bio toilet invented jointly by Defense Research and

Development Organization (DRDO) and Indian Railways
● Bio-toilets contain anaerobic bacteria in a bio-digester
container below the toilet that breaks down human excreta
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into water and gases.
● Under this process, only methane gas and water remain after
excreta rot, after which the water is recycled (re-cycled) and
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used in toilets.
● use of anaerobic bacteria
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Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Objective
● prevent water pollution

● controlling water pollution
● keeping water healthy
● Establishment of Water Pollution Prevention and Control
Board
main provisions
● Establishment of Central, Joint and State Board for prevention
of water pollution problem
● Power of investigation for prevention and control of water
pollution to the Board
● Permission to admit Board's report in evidence
Noise pollution
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● Decibel (dB) is the unit used to measure the intensity of
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sound.
● The World Health Organization limits the level of loudness of
sound to 45dB during the day and 35dB at night.
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● Noise pollution → sound intensity of more than 60 decibels

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sources of noise pollution
● road traffic
● buildings under construction
● airport traffic
● workplace noise
● loud music
● factory sounds
● train signal and railway station
● firecrackers and fireworks
Negative effects of noise pollution
● loss of performance, loss of concentration

● insomnia and irritability
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● digestive and cardiovascular diseases,
● mental illness,
● abortion
● abnormal behavior
UNEP Annual Frontiers Report, 2022

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● February, 2022
● United Nations Environment Programme
● Annual Frontiers Report, 2022
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● Formal name 'Noise, Blazes and Mismatches'

● fourth edition
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The report basically mentions three major environmental problems
1. noise pollution
2. Forest fire due to climate change
3. biological life cycle changes
● There is no provision of a separate act for noise pollution
control in India.
● noise pollution is included in air pollution
● The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 was
amended in 1987 to include 'noise pollutants' under the
definition of air pollutants.
● Under Section 6 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
also provision to make law to prevent excess of air and water
pollutants including noise pollutants, Noise Pollution
(Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 passed using this → for
different areas Air quality standards set in relation to noise
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Mobile Radiation
mobile tower and radiation

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● Released by TRAI in 2013

● There is no mobile tower within 100 meters of the hospital.
● Mandatory testing of radiation level of 10% towers out of total
base stations and rooftop towers every year
● Rs 10 lakh fine per tower site
● Radiation standards in India ten times stricter than
international standards
● Internationally, radiation ranges from 4.5 W per square meter
to 9 W per square meter, while in India it is 0.45 to 0.9 W per
square meter.
● Although due to this, there is a need to install more towers for
better phone calls, but there is no possibility of increasing
radiation due to this.
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radioactive waste
effects of radioactive pollution
radiation damage
● Redness of the skin, loss of hair, ulceration, fibrosis in the

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lungs, formation of holes, decrease in white blood cells and
cataract in the eyes.
● This loss can also be in the form of cancer and death.
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Radiation damage
● In genetic damage, the effect on those cells, which are related

to reproduction
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● loss-of-reproductive disorders
● Abnormality caused by mutation in gene
● This organism disorder is also transferred to the next
generation.
Radiation particles
● Alpha Particles: Very little effect on the human body

● Beta particles: damage to the skin
● Gamma particles: Heavy damage, destruction of many tissues
● Neutrons: damage to the whole body
major nuclear events
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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On August 6 and August 9, 1945, Hiroshima, Japan, was attacked
by the United States with the 'Little Boy' and 'Fat Man' atomic
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bombs on the city of Nagasaki, Japan, killing 1,40,000 and 74,000
people respectively.
Three Mile Island Accident

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● In 1979 at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant (a
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pressurized water reactor)
● Pennsylvania (USA)
● Displacement of 3 Lakhs People
Chernobyl nuclear plant disaster

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● 1986 in Chernobyl, Ukraine

● incident in nuclear power plant
● Reason: Flaws in the design of the reactor and
non-compliance of protocols during safety tests
● 31 killed (BBC)
● Replacement of more than one lakh population
Fukushima nuclear plant disaster
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● The Fukushima nuclear power plant was hit by the devastating

tsunami waves that followed the 2011 earthquake.
● Due to radiation leakage from the plant, the surrounding area
had to be evacuated
Solid Waste Management Methods
Landfill
● Currently the most popular method used for waste
management
● Waste collected in vacant lots around cities
● area where waste is collected, covered with soil
Incineration
● The waste is burnt at high temperature till it turns into ash.

● This reduces the amount of waste by 70-80%.
● Although this method is relatively expensive
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Pyrolysis
Under this method of waste management, solid waste is chemically

decomposed without the presence of oxygen.
Thermal pollution (thermal pollution)

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When the water used for cooling in industries later mixes in the
water source, the temperature of that water body increases by an
average of 10 to 15 °C.
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Effect
● Increase in water temperature reduces the dissolved oxygen

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in the water due to which the aquatic life has an adverse

(opposite) effect.
● Unlike terrestrial ecosystems, the temperature of water bodies
remains constant and constant. Therefore, aquatic life gets
used to living in a constant temperature.
● Profound effect on aquatic flora and fauna
● Reduced ability to swim → difficult to chase prey
● low immunity to fight diseases
e-waste
● Global E-Waste Monitor → India generates about 2 million

tonnes of e-waste every year and is the 5th largest producer
of e-waste after the US, China, Japan and Germany.
● About 90% of the country's e-waste is recycled by the informal
sector.
E-Pollution and Management
● NGT order
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● nsure scientific disposal of e-waste as per rules
Basel Convention, 1992
● Basically e-waste is not mentioned in Basel Convention

● E-waste included in the year 2006 (COP 8)
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● Capacity building for better management of e-waste
● Nairobi Declaration adopted at COP-9 of the Basel
Convention → Objective To create innovative solutions for
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eco-friendly management of electronic waste
E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016

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● Notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

Change
● Total 21 types of products under the ambit of the rule
(Schedule-1)
● Electronic equipment, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), and
mercury-containing lamps
● Manufacturers of electronic components brought under the
ambit of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for the first
time
Plastic waste
● single use plastic

● Plastic bags below 50 microns matter of great concern
● Being very lightweight, neither can be collected nor recycled
● Down to Earth → Globally around 8 billion tonnes of plastic
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produced since 1950; While about 60% of it is disposed in the
natural environment only.
Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021

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● Considering the adverse effects of littered plastic waste on
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
● Manufacture, import, storage, distribution, sale and use of the
following single-use plastic items, including polystyrene and
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expanded polystyrene, banned from July 1, 2022

● Increase in thickness of plastic carry bags from 50 microns to
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75 microns with effect from 30th September, 2021 to prevent

waste generation due to light weight plastic carry bags
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● Soil Pollution
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● Soil Degradation
● Soil Erosion
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M
Reduce the productivity of soil is called Soil Degradation which
caused by Soil Pollution or Soil Erosion, Soil Salinity, over irrigation
and monoculture
Water Scarsiting
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● world meteorological organization

● Bird Life International
● IUCN
● World Wildlife Fund
● ramsar convention
● montreux record
● Greenpeace
● stockholm conference
● UNEP
● CITES & TRAFFIC
● CMS
● Vienna Convention
● Montreal Protocol
● IPCC
● Wetlands International
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● United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
● biological diversity convention
● United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
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● United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

● The Declaration on the principles of Forest Management
● Commission on Sustainable Development
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● Kyoto Protocol
● Cartagena Protocol
● United Nations Forum on Forests
● Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
● Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking
● United Nations REDD Program & REDD+ Program
● Cancun (Mexico) Conference
● Nagoya Protocol
● aichi target
● doha conference
● Kigali Agreement
● paris conference
● madrid conference
● UNCCD: COP14
World meteorological organization
● Established in 1873 as the International Meteorological
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Organization under the Vienna Convention
● Present Name: March 23, 1950
● March 23: World Meteorological Day
● Headquarters: Geneva (Switzerland)
● an intergovernmental organization
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● official body of the United Nations
● Members: 193 (including India)
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● a specialized agency of the United Nations

● Tasks: To establish international co-operation and coordination
on the state and behavior of the Earth's atmosphere +
Assessment of weather and climate related activities + Issuing
forecasts, presenting solutions in terms of impacts on climate
as a result of human activities
UNESCO
● Full name: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization
● Establishment : 16 November 1945
● Headquarters: Paris (France)
● Members: 193 countries
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● CAME proposal
CAME proposal
● Conference of Allied Ministers of Education

● European countries proposed the establishment of an
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educational and cultural organization in 1945.
● European countries proposed the establishment of an
educational and cultural organization in 1945
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M
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1. Human creative genius
2. Interchange of values
3. Testimony to cultural tradition
4. Significance in human history

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5. Traditional human settlement
6. Heritage associated with events of universal significance

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7. Natural phenomena or beauty
8. Major stages of Earth’s history

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9. Significant ecological and biological processes
10. The significant natural habitat for biodiversity

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Bird Life International
● Establishment : 1922
● Largest and oldest global organization of nature conservation
● Former name → 'International Committee for the Protection of
Birds'
● present name in 1933
● Publication of a quarterly magazine called 'World Watch'
● An NGO formed by government, non-government and citizens
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● Headquarters: Cambridge
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IUCN
● International Union for Conservation of Nature

● Federation of both governments and citizens
● Headquarters: Gland, (Switzerland)
● Red data book released every fourth year since 1963
● Other Names: World Conservation Union
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1. Climate Change
2. Sustainable Energy
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IUCN also works on four other areas-
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3. Livelihood
4. Green Economy
● IUCN is an international organization with 'Observer Status' of
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the United Nations, but IUCN is not a part of the United

Nations.
● Major contributions to the development of the concept of
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sustainable development: IUCN, WWF & UNEP → World

Conservation Strategy
● IUCN's active role in achieving the Paris Agreement and the
Sustainable Development Goals
World WildLife Fund
● Headquarters: Gland (Switzerland)
● Nature : NGO
● subsidiary organization of IUCN
● Goal: Conserving wildlife and reducing human impact on the
environment
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Ramsar convention
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● The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance

● an intergovernmental treaty for the conservation of wetlands
● Adopted in Ramsar city of Iran in 1971 and implemented since
1975
● First global environmental treaty to deal with specific
ecosystems
● World Wetlands Day: 2 February
● CoP conference every three years
● India signed this treaty in 1982
● Total Ramsar sites in India: 75
● Smallest Wetland: Renuka Wetland (Himachal Pradesh)
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● Largest Wetland: Sundarbans (West Bengal) → World
Heritage site, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve & Ramsar
Wetland Site
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The 'Montreux Record' is a register of wetlands in the List of

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Wetlands of International Importance where human intervention has

resulted in, or is occurring or is likely to cause, changes in the
ecological character of wetlands.
Montreux record
● Montreux Record: List of wetland sites under the Ramsar

Convention
● That wetland is included, in which change is taking place due
to technological development, pollution or human intervention.
Presently two wetlands of India are in Montreux record
1. Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan)

2. Loktak Lake (Manipur)
● Chilika Lake (Odisha) was included in the Montreux record,
but was later removed.
Greenpeace
● Nature : NGO
● Objective: To
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● Headquarters: Amsterdam (Netherlands)
encourage environmental protection and
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development
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Goals
● protect biodiversity
● prevent pollution
● end all nuclear threats
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● promote peace and non-violence
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Stockholm conference
● Formal name: United Nations Conference on the Human

Environment
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● When: June 5, 1972 → (June 5: World Environment Day)

● Where: Stockholm (Sweden)
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UNEP
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● United Nations Environment Programme
● Headquarters – Nairobi (Kenya)
● UNEP regulates the environmental activities of the United
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Nations.
● authoritative advocate for the global environment
● The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UNEP
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prepare the IPCC report together.

UNEP's decennial conference
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● 1972: Stockholm (Sweden)
● 1982: Nairobi (Kenya)
● 1992 : Rio-de-Janeiro (Brazil)
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● 2002: Johannesburg (South Africa)

● 2012 : Rio-de-Janeiro (Brazil)
major reports
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● Emissions Gap Report

● Global Environment Outlook
● Invest in Two Healthy Planet
● making peace with nature
● The 'Global-500 Award' is given by this organization only.
CITES
● The Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
● This agreement was presented at the Washington Conference
of IUCN (1973)
● implemented since 1975
● India joined in 1976
● Total Countries : 183
● Objective → To ensure that the international trade of wild
animals and plants does not threaten their existence.
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TRAFFIC
● TRAFFIC is TRADE RECORD ANALYSIS OF FLORA AND

FAUNA IN COMMERCE
● The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network
● Established in 1976
● TRAFFIC is a leading non-governmental organisation working
globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of
both Biodiversity conservation & Sustainable Development.
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● In a way, CITES and TRAFFIC are helpful to each other,

because illegal trade in wildlife is one of the main reasons for
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them to reach the endangered list.

● CITES only deals with illegal trade while TRAFFIC deals with
illegal trade as well as sustainable development.
CMS
● Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Wild

Species
● Established under a treaty in Bonn, Germany in 1979 under
the auspices of the UN
● CMS acts as a Framework Convention of UN.
● CMS a global platform for conservation of all types of
migratory animals and birds
Nairobi Conference
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LI
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● 1982 in Nairobi (Kenya)

● The conference unanimously adopted the 'Nairobi Declaration'
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Vienna Convention
● When: 1985
● effective since 1988
● International cooperation to protect the ozone layer
● Main objectives: Preservation of the ozone layer and reduction
in the use of CFCs
● not binding
● The first convention with universal ratification
Montreal Protocol
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● Adopted when: 1987
● When implemented: 1989
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● India: 1992
● related to ozone protection
● a binding agreement based on emissions
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● UNEP played a major role in this agreement.

● Under the Montreal Protocol, developed countries were asked
to completely ban the use and production of CFCs by 2000.
● Developing countries were given time till 2010 to phase out
production and consumption of CFCs.
● Since 2010, the Protocol's agenda has focused on phasing
out HCFCs (Hydrochlorofluorocarbons).
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list of ozone depleting substances
● CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)
● HCFCs (Hydrochlorofluorocarbons)
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● These are also called Ferons.

● Halon (Halon)
● HBFCs (Hydrobromofluorocarbons -
Hydrobromofluorocarbons)
● CCI4 (Carbon Tetrachloride - Carbon Tetrachloride)
● CH3CCI3 (Methyl Chloroform - Methyl Chloroform)
● CH3Br (Methyl Bromide)
● CH2BrCI (Bromochloromethane - Bromochloromethane)
● NOx (Nitrogen Oxide)
Note: governed by the Montreal Protocol
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change
● United Nations official panel

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● Established by World Meteorological Organization + United
Nations Environment Program
● Headquarters: Geneva (Switzerland)
● Peace Nobel Prize in 2007
● 195 members
Wetlands International
Wetlands International has been established consisting of three
organizations
1. International Waterfowl & Wetlands Research Bureau (IWRB)

: 1954
2. the Asian Wetland Bureau (AWB) : 1983
3. Wetlands for the Americas : 1989
Due to working in the same field and being of the same nature,
these organizations together established a non-governmental
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organization called Wetlands International in 1991.
● Wetlands International is the only non-governmental and

non-profit organization working for the conservation of
wetlands.
● Headquarters – Netherlands
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United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
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● earth conference
● United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED)
● When: 1992
● Where: In Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil
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Origin of the Convention at this conference

● United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
(UNCCD)
● Declaration on the principles of Forest Management
Origin of the Convention at this conference

● United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
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(UNCCD)
● Declaration on the principles of Forest Management
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

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● an international treaty on biological diversity
● The treaty was agreed upon at the 1992 Rio-de-Janeiro
conference.
● Accepted at the Nairobi Conference on 22 May 1992
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● May 22: International Biodiversity Day

● The only international treaty → for the first time all aspects of
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biodiversity
Conference of Parties
● Governing Body of the Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD)
● Major functions ⇒ Implementation of agreements on
bio-diversity through meetings
● meeting every two years
Declaration on the principles of Forest Management
● A document on global afforestation for sustainable

development and environmental protection
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● Rio Forest Principles
● 1992
● non binding
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Commission on Sustainable Development

● Establishment : 1992 → under the UN Economic and Social
Council
● Established with the aim of ensuring the effective
implementation of the commitments expressed during UNCED
● Who founded: United Nations
● Headquarters: New York
● Commission on Sustainable Development was replaced in
2013 by the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable
Development
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● which meets under the General Assembly every four years
and the ECOSOC in other years.
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● Agenda 21: A non-binding United Nations action plan for
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sustainable development
● Rio Declaration on Environment and Development:
Documents Related to Sustainable Development
● Forest Principles: A legally non-binding document related to
afforestation
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United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
● First multilateral international agreement on climate change

● effective March 1994
● legally non-binding
● Goal: To reduce GHG emissions to combat global warming
● Tasks: To organize a conference on climate change every year
● The first conference was held in Berlin in 1995.
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United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
● The UNCCD, established in 1994, is the only legally binding

international agreement linking environment and development
to sustainable land management.
● This is especially true of arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid
regions, where some of the most vulnerable ecosystems and
people are found.
● The convention focuses on community advocacy and a
decentralized approach to combat desertification.
● It aims to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of
severe drought in countries facing desertification, especially in
Africa.
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Arctic council
● Nature: An inter-governmental body
● Objective: To promote research and cooperation among Arctic
countries on issues related to environmental protection and
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sustainable development of the Arctic region.
● Country : USA, Russia, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark,
Finland, Canada
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● India observer country

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Kyoto Protocol
● When: 1997
● Where: In the city of Kyoto, Japan
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● legally binding agreement

● with effect from 16 January 2005
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● The first commitment → (2008-2012) (to cut emissions of 6
greenhouse gases by 5.2% from 1990 levels.)
● Second Commitment → Jan 1, 2013-2020
● 6 GHGs : CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexa-fluoride,
hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons PFCs
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Classification of member countries under the Kyoto Protocol
Annex-I
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● Industrialized (developed) countries and 'economies in

transition'
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● former centrally planned Russia (Soviet)

● Eastern European economies
● European Union - 15 ( UE-15)
● Which was a member of OECD in 1992.
Annex-II
● All other countries except those included in Annex-I

● Countries in this category have to support GHG emission
reduction activities of developing countries through financial
assistance.
Note
● Committing Annex I countries to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions by at least 18% below 1990 levels
● Approved by India on Aug 8,2017
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United Nations Forum on Forest

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● A subsidiary body of the Economic Social Council (ECOSOC)
of the United Nations
● all members of the United Nations
● Objective: To promote the conservation, management and
sustainable development of all types of forests
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Cartagena Protocol
● When: 2000 in Cartagena, Colombia

● Purpose: To regulate trade in genetically modified products
● Mandatory description of the product on the packaging of
genetically modified products
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● If the member country feels that any genetic seed or animal
can harm their environment or product, then they can ban it.
Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants

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● stockholm conference
● When: 2001
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● Where: Cartagena, Colombia

● Effective since 2004, effective since 2006 in India
● Objective: To protect human health and environment from
chemicals
Persistent organic pollutants
● human made
● stable nature
● properties of bioculture
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Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking: CAWT
● CAWT : When : 2005

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● A voluntary alliance based on public and private cooperation

● Objective: To draw the attention of people and governments to
the increasing illegal trafficking of wildlife
REDD Program
● The UN-REDD program is the United Nations' program of

cooperation towards 'Reduction of Emissions from
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Deforestation and Forest Degradation' (REDD+) in developing
countries. This program was started in the year 2008.
● The program builds on the established role and technical
expertise of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the United
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Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF)

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Nagoya Protocol
● UN Agreement on Sharing of Generic Resources

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● When: 2010
● Where: Nagoya, Japan
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● effective from 2014

● Ratified by India in 2014
aichi target
Selection of 20 targets on Bio-diversity during Nagoya Protocol
1. Understanding the causes of biodiversity loss

2. reducing direct pressure on biodiversity and promoting
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sustainable use,
3. improve biodiversity status
4. Enhancement of benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem
services for all
5. Enhanced implementation through participatory planning,
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knowledge management and capacity building
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Cancun (Mexico) Conference
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● When: 2010
● COP-16 / MOP-6 of UNFCCC
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● Green Climate Fund was created with the aim of reducing the
emission of greenhouse gases in developing countries. The
Green Climate Fund Board was created to oversee the fund.
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Doha conference
● When: 2012
● COP-18 / MOP-8 of UNFCCC
● Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3) Banned
Earth Summit / Rio+20 Conference, 2012
● United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

● June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
key issues
● Reduce the number of people without access to sanitation by

50 percent by 2015
● Increasing the use of sources of solar energy and wind energy
to prevent environmental damage
● To promote such high level and proper management so that
hazardous waste can be disposed of in a clean manner.
● Setting a target to make the production and use of chemicals
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safe for the human environment by 2020 AD
● Economic assistance to poor countries should be increased to
increase the fulfillment of the set goals of development.
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Climate and Clean Air Coalition

The Climate and Clean Air Coalition to reduce short-lived climate
pollutants was launched on 16 February 2012 by the United Nations
Environment Program and six countries - Bangladesh, Canada,
Ghana, Mexico, Sweden and the United States.
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The Climate and Clean Air Coalition is a voluntary partnership of
governments, intergovernmental organizations, businesses,
scientific institutions and civil society organizations committed to
improving air quality and protecting the climate by reducing
short-lived climate pollutants.
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Bio Carbon Fund Initiative
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United Nations REDD+ Program, 2013
● Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest

Degradation+
● a mechanism developed by the UNFCCC
● Objective: To encourage developing countries to reduce
emissions from forested land and encourage low carbon
based investments
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Uganda first African country to reduce emissions through REDD+

program in July 2020
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Paris conference
● When: 2015
● COP-21 / MOP-11 / CMA-1
● paris climate agreement
● Legally binding → Agreement entered into force on 4
November 2016
● For the first time, both developed and developing countries
presented their Nationally Determined Contributions
goal of the paris agreement
● Limiting the rise in global temperature to less than 2 °C above

pre-industrial levels
● Special efforts to limit it to 1.5 degree Celsius
Paris Climate Agreement and India
● signed in April 2016
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● India's INDC to reduce GDP emissions intensity by 33-35 per
cent by 2030 from 2005 levels
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Global Climate Change Alliance + : (GCCA+)
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International Solar Alliance
● Established : 30 November 2015

● India-Brazil Initiatives During Paris Summit
● intergovernmental organization
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● Headquarters : Gurugram (Haryana)
● Member: Countries located partially or completely between the
Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn
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● Objective: More than 1000 GW of solar power generation

capacity + mobilize approximately $1000 billion for investment
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in solar energy by 2030
Kigali Agreement
● When: 2016
● in Kigali, Rwanda
● Historical agreement to reduce the emission of green house
gases of hydrofluoro carbon (HFC) category
● Target to reduce global warming to 0.5°C by the year 2100
● Kigali Agreement: Gases responsible for ozone layer depletion
+ Gases responsible for global warming also included
● binding on member states from 2019
● India aims to stabilize the use of HFCs by 2028 while reducing
it to 15% of 2025 levels by 2047
● Carbon tetrachloride, which is a harmful chemical, is used by
steel making units in the country.
● UNDP is helping India to phase out HCFCs by 2030 which
shows India's commitment to the protocol.
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India's decision to ratify the Kigali Agreement
● August (2021) India's decision to ratify the Kigali Convention

on phasing out Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
● India now needs to reduce its HFC usage by 80% by the year
2047. For India, this period will start from the year 2028.
● India will meet this target from the year 2032 in four phases –
10% in the year 2032, 20% in the year 2037, 30% in the year
2042 and 80% in the year 2047.
UNCCD : CoP14
● 14th Conference of the United Nations Convention to Combat

Desertification in New Delhi
● on September, 2019
● NEW DELHI DECLARATION ACCEPTED: INVESTMENT IN
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LAND AND OPENING UP OPPORTUNITIES
13th CMS Conference
● Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Wild Species

● When → February 17 to February 22, 2020
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● Where → in India
● Theme: Migratory species Connect the Planet and we
welcome them
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IUCN World Conservation Congress
● September, 2021
● in Marseille, France
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● Congress scheduled for 2020, which was postponed last year

due to the Corona pandemic.
IUCN World Conservation Congress?
● IUCN World Conservation Congress held every four years

● First Congress held in America in the year 1948
Objective
Enhancing collective participation and commitment among
countries for global biodiversity conservation
key points
● Discuss the effects of climate change on biodiversity

● A total of 902 species were officially declared extinct by the
IUCN during the conference.
● 30% of species are facing the threat of extinction.
● The status of about 71,148 species is of least concern, while
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19,404 species lack data.
First United Nations Multilateral Trust Fund for Coral Reefs,

2021
● UN's first multilateral trust fund for coral reefs officially

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launched
● Goal: Raise and invest $500 million in coral reef conservation
over the next 10 years
● both private and public funds
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Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation
● January, 2022
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● by the Government of Malaysia and the Global Tiger Forum

● Fourth Asia Ministerial Conference
● Regarding review of commitments towards Global Tiger
Recovery Program and tiger conservation
India at the summit

India will facilitate the Tiger Range Countries in finalizing the New
Delhi Declaration for the Global Tiger Summit to be held in
Vladivostok, Russia in late 2020.
New Delhi Declaration
● in 2010
● in New Delhi
● 'Pre Tiger Summit' meeting organized
● Draft Declaration on Tiger Conservation finalized for Global
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Tiger Summit
● India has achieved the remarkable feat of doubling the tiger
population in 2018 itself, 4 years ahead of the target year of
2022.
● About 4.3 million man-days of employment are being
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generated by the 51 tiger reserves in India and voluntary
village resettlement is being promoted from core areas of tiger
reserves.
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COP-15 of the United Nations Convention to Combat

Desertification
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● The 15th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) of
the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
(UNCCD) was held in Cote d'Ivoire (West Africa).
● Theme: 'Land, Life, Legacy: From Scarcity to Prosperity'
('Land. Life. Legacy : From scarcity to prosperity')
● Top agenda: Issues like drought, land restoration, land rights,
gender equality and youth empowerment.
● Addressing the conference, India's Union Environment
Minister said that the loss of soil cover, mainly due to rainfall
desertification.
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and surface runoff, is one of the biggest causes of
● Cutting of forests adversely affects the soil and causes

erosion. As urbanization increases, the demand for resources
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also increases.
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COP-27
● in the city of Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt

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● United Nations Agreement on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

COP-27
● UAE and Indonesia announce an initiative called 'Mangrove
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Alliance for Climate'
Mangrove Alliance for Climate
● Under this initiative, the importance of mangrove forests in

combating climate change will be displayed globally and public
awareness will be increased in this regard. Also, this initiative
will also address the aspect of conservation of mangrove
forests.
● United Arab Emirates, Indonesia as well as India, Sri Lanka,
Australia, Japan and Spain have also agreed to participate in
this initiative. Soon all the countries will formally declare their
action points towards conservation and planning of mangrove
forests at their respective levels.
CITES’s CoP-19
● in Panama City
● 19th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP) to the
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
key points
● India's rosewood (Dalbergia sissu) is included in Appendix II

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of the convention, requiring trade of the species to comply with
CITES regulations.
● India's proposal to include the freshwater turtle Batagur
Kachuga (Red Crowned Roofed Turtle) received wide support
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from the parties at COP-19 of CITES. India decided not to

vote against the resolution to reopen international trade in
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ivory at the current conference.
sustainable development goals
The official name of the Sustainable Development Goals is

'Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development'. In the 70th meeting of the United Nations General
Assembly in the year 2015, 17 development goals have been
adopted by the member countries under the '2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development'.
What is sustainable development?
● According to the report (1987) issued by the Brundtland

Commission under the 'World Commission on Environment
and Development' (1983)-
● ‘Sustainable development is development to meet the needs
of the present generation without compromising on the ability
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of future generations to meet their own needs.’
● It is noteworthy that for the period 2000-2015, a plan was
made to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDG),
whose time period was completed in the year 2015.
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INDIA
Bombay Natural History Society
● Principal Founders: Atmaram Pandurang and Dr. Sakharam
Arjun
● India's largest non-governmental organization working for
environmental protection
● Journal named Bombay Natural History Society is also
published
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Botanical Survey of India
● Objective: To explore the plant resources of the country and to
identify plant species of economic importance.
● Headquarters : Kolkata
zoological survey of india
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● Objective: To survey, investigate and collect information about
important animal life
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● Headquarters : Kolkata
Center for Science and Environment

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● Non government organization
● Founder: Anil Kumar Agarwal
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● Objective: To create awareness among people towards

sustainable development by studying and evaluating the
relationship between environment and development.
Wildlife Institute of India, 1982
● Established in 1982
● Headquarters : Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
● Main objective: High level research on environmental
protection and biodiversity
Salim Ali Center for Ornithology and Natural History
● a bird research organization
● located in coimbatore
● It collects information related to biodiversity crisis and informs
the relevant places.
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CAMPA Fund
Compensatory Afforestation Fund and Compensatory Afforestation

Fund Management and Planning Authority
● A consolidated fund at the central level for adequate utilization

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of funds given to states for compensatory afforestation
● Establishment under CAMPA Act in 2006 on the basis of order
of Supreme Court
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● The CAF Act was passed by the centre in 2016 and the
related rules were notified in 2018.
● The CAF Act was enacted to manage the funds collected for
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compensatory afforestation which till then was managed by ad

hoc Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and
Planning Authority (CAMPA).
● Compensatory afforestation means that every time forest land
is diverted for non-forest purposes such as mining or industry,
the user agency pays for planting forests over an equal area
of non-forest land, or when such land is not available, twice
the area of degraded forest land.
● As per the rules, 90% of the CAF money is to be given to the
states while 10% is to be retained by the Centre.
Rules and regulations in India related to environmental

protection
● Article 21: Right to clean environment + Right to clean water +

Right against air pollution
● Article 48A: Protection of environment, forests and wildlife
● Article 51A: Protection and promotion of environment, forests
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and wildlife
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
● To conserve plant and animal species

● Prohibition on hunting of any wild animal included in Schedule
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I, II, III and IV
An animal listed under these Schedules may be killed only after

obtaining permission from the 'Chief Wildlife Warden' of the State if-
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● That animal has become a threat to human population or

crops etc. or
● The animal is suffering from any such disease which is not
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possible to cure or can spread serious infection to other

animals
● Similarly, any plant listed in the above schedules can be
uprooted on the basis of scientific research or medicinal
purpose.
● For this also the prior permission of the 'Chief Wildlife Warden'
of the state is required.
● Under the Act, the Central Government can declare any area
as an ecologically important area, a sanctuary or a national
park, etc.
● Under Schedule 1, those species are included which need the
most protection and there is a provision of strict punishment
for this. Like- Bengal Tiger, Snow Leopard, Himalayan Bear,
Musk Deer, Rhinoceros, Chinkara, Golden Langur etc.
● Schedule II includes species that require less protection than
Schedule I. Like- Himalayan black bear, flying squirrel, Indian
cobra, king cobra etc.
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● There is a complete ban on hunting of species included in
Schedule I and II. (With the two exceptions we've discussed
above)
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● Schedule 3 (Nilgai, blue sheep, hyena, etc.) and Schedule 4
(rabbit, falcon, blue-throated bird, etc.) include species that
are not threatened or endangered and have restricted hunting.
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● Schedule 5 includes species of the 'worm' type that can be

hunted.
● At present only four species are included in it – rat, mouse,
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crow, fruit bat (a species of bat).

● Schedule 6 deals with plants. The cultivation and trade of the
plant species included in this schedule cannot be done without
the prior permission of the government.
● E.g. Cycas Beddomi, Sleeper Orchid, Red Orchid, Blue Orchid
etc.
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill, 2022

● Rajya Sabha has passed the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment
Bill, 2022, which provides for 4 schedules instead of 6
schedules.
● The Bill seeks to amalgamate the First and Second Schedules
into one Schedule, repeal Schedule V and add a new
Schedule.
● For this, there is a provision in the bill that Schedule 1 will
include those species which need the most protection while
Schedule 2 will contain those species which need less
protection.
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● Under the new schedule those species will be included which
will be listed under the CITES agreement.
● However, on analysis, it is clear that this Bill in a way
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abolishes the existing Schedule 3 and Schedule 4. But it has
not been mentioned clearly in the Bill.
Forest Conservation Act, 1980

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Objectives
● Protect the forest along with its flora, fauna and other
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ecological components
● Reduce the loss of forest biodiversity
● Prevent forest lands being converted into agricultural, grazing
or for any other commercial purposes and intentions.
Provisions
● prior approval of the Central Government is required for

diversion of forestlands for non-forest purposes.
● An Advisory Committee constituted under the Act advises the
Centre on these approvals.
The Act deals with the four categories of the forests-
● Reserved Forests
● Village Forests
● Protected Forests
● Private Forests.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
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● Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) refers to the process
set up to assess the potential environmental impact of a
proposed project.
● Through this process, the possible impacts of a project such
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as mining, irrigation dam, industrial unit or waste treatment
plant etc. are scientifically estimated.
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) in India

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● In the wake of the Bhopal gas tragedy in the year 1984, the
first Environment Impact Assessment norms were notified in
the year 1994 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
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● Through this notification, a legal framework was established to

regulate activities related to access, use and impact on natural
resources.
● The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) of 1994 was
replaced with a revised draft in 2006 and a revised draft in
2020.
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Biological Diversity Act, 2002
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● Objective: Conservation, management, sustainable use of
biological resources and fair and equitable distribution with
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local communities
A three-tier structure for regulating access to biological

resources
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● National Biodiversity Authority

● State Biodiversity Board
● Biodiversity Management Committees
National Biodiversity Authority
● An autonomous organization under the Ministry of

Environment and Forests
● Established in 2003 to comply with the terms of the
International Convention CBD
● Main work: To ensure conservation, promotion and proper
distribution of biological resources at the national level
● Nature: Advisory
● Headquarters: Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
● One Chairperson + 10 Members by the Central Government +
5 Members having wide experience in Bio-diversity related
matters
State Biodiversity Board
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● One Chairman + Maximum 5 ex-officio officers representing
the respective departments of the State Government
● appointment by the respective state government
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● No State Biodiversity Board is constituted for Union Territories
● National Biodiversity Authority works for Union Territories
Biodiversity Management Committees

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● formation at the local level

● One chairman + six members nominated by the local body
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● At least one-third of the total members are women + at least

18% from SC/ST
● The chairman of the Biodiversity Management Committee
shall be elected by the meeting of the members of the
committee.
● This meeting will be presided over by the chairman of the local
body.
● The main task of the Biodiversity Management Committee is
to prepare the People's Biodiversity Register in consultation
with the local people.
People's Biodiversity Register
PBR focuses on participatory recording of local biodiversity,

traditional knowledge and practices.
Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021
● December, 2021
Parliament
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● Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 introduced in
● The amendment seeks to decriminalize certain provisions and

allow more FDI in biological resources including research,
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patents and commercial use without compromising on national
interest.
key points
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● patent promotion
● Streamlining the Patent Process for Indian Inventors
● Opening of Regional Patent Centers across the country
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● Promotion of Indian system of medicine

● Tracking of research using biological resources available in
India, facilitating transfer of patent application process
● To enable local communities to access the particular medicinal
value
● Encouraging farmers to increase cultivation of medicinal
plants
● Foreign investment is also allowed in research in biodiversity.
Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act,

2006
● The Community Forest Resource Rights under the Scheduled

Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006
recognizes the right to "conserve, regenerate or protect or
manage" community forest resources.
● The Act recognizes the community's right to use, manage and
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conserve forest resources, as well as the right to legally hold
forest land used for agriculture and residence.
● The purpose of this act is to ensure the right and possession
of forest land to such forest dwellers, who have been living in
the forests for many generations, but their rights could not be
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registered.
● They will have ownership over the land being cultivated by the
tribes or forest dwellers, but the maximum limit of the land will
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be up to 4 hectares.
● There will be rights to use minor forest produce (including
ownership), grazing areas, grazing routes, etc.
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Community forest resources
● It is common forest land that is traditionally protected and

protected for sustainable use by a particular community.
● It is used by the community for access to resources available
within the traditional and customary boundary of the village
and for seasonal use of the landscape in the case of rural
communities.
● In the year 2016, after Odisha, Chhattisgarh has become the
second state in the country to provide community forest rights
under the National Park. Odisha had granted community
forest rights to local villagers under the Simlipal Biosphere
Reserve.
● In the same year, the Government of Chhattisgarh has
provided community forest resource rights to local villagers
under Kanger National Park.
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National Green Tribunal
● Establishment under the National Green Tribunal Act (NGT,

Act) 2010
● India third in the world while first developing country (Aus &
NZ)
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● Headquarters: Delhi + Four Regional Offices: Bhopal, Pune,
Kolkata & Chennai
● Under the NGT Act, 2010, it is mandatory to dispose of
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environmental issues coming to the NGT within 6 months.

● Not bound by the 1908 Code of Civil Procedure but guided by
principles of natural justice
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● A full time Chairman + Judicial Member + Expert Member

● Minimum 10 and maximum 20 full time Judicial Members (15
years of experience)
● Minimum 10 and maximum 20 full time expert members (15
years of experience)
● tenure 5 years
● Maximum Age: 70 years (in case of Supreme Court Judge, 67
years for rest)
● No reappointment of member
● The Chairperson, Judicial Members and Expert Members of
NGT are appointed by the Central Government.
● Chairman is appointed by the Central Government in
consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
● The appointment of full-time judicial members and expert
members is based on the recommendations of a selection
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committee constituted by the central government.
● However, the chairman of this committee will be a judge of the
Supreme Court or any other judge of the Supreme Court
appointed by him and the chairman of the NGT will also be a
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member of this committee.
● Current President: Adarsh Kumar Goyal
● First President: Lokeshwar Singh Panta
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Purpose
● Effective and speedy disposal of environmental matters

● enforcement of any legal rights relating to the environment
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● to compensate
● To help reduce the case load of the High Courts
● Decisions of NGT binding in nature
● The decision given by NGT has to be executed as an order of
the court.
● An appeal can be made to the Supreme Court against the
order/decision made by the NGT within 90 days.
The NGT can hear civil cases under the following laws related
to environment-
1. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

2. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act,
1977
3. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
4. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
5. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
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6. Biological Diversity Act, 2002
the challenges
● Two important Acts (Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 and

Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act,
2006) outside NGT jurisdiction
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● Due to this, the work of NGT is affected many times, because
many issues related to the environment come under it.
● NGT decisions criticized for impacting economic growth and
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development
● No clear method for determining compensation
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● Mandatory for NGT to dispose of cases within 6 months, but

difficult to do so due to lack of human and financial resources
● Also, the number and resources of regional benches are
insufficient.
Importance
● Important role as watchdog in the field of environment

● An Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism for Justice in
the Field of Environment
● Reduced load of environment related cases in High Courts
● NGT is an informal, economical and fast-acting mechanism for
resolving environmental issues.
● No member of the tribunal is re-appointed, so it can freely
pronounce judgment without fear.
Indian Standards Bureau
● Established in the year 1947 as Indian Standards Institution

● Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 → Bureau of Indian
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Standards
● Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 2016 → Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS) established as National Standards Body
● Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
● Established for the harmonious development of activities such
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as standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and for the supervision of activities related thereto.
● The standard sign of the Bureau of Indian Standards is
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mandatory for motor vehicle tires and tubes.
Agmark
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● A certification mark employed on agricultural products in India

● AGMARK standards include quality guidelines for various
commodities such as pulses, cereals, essential oils, vegetable
oils, fruits and vegetables and semi-processed products.
Fly Ash Management and Utilization Mission
● January, 2022
● National Green Tribunal directs Central Government to set up
Fly Ash Management and Utilization Mission
● Despite giving instructions to the central government for the
management of fly ash, the government has not made any
concrete efforts in this direction. Therefore, now the
government should set up a fly ash management and
utilization mission, so that fly ash can be disposed of in a
scientific manner.
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Mission objectives
● Coordinating and monitoring the management and disposal of

fly ash and its related issues
● Monitoring the disposal of annual stock of fly ash
Mission leadership
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● Jointly by the Secretaries of Union Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change, Union Ministry of Coal and Power
and Chief Secretaries of States concerned with the Mission
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● Secretariat Nodal Agency of the Union Ministry of

Environment
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fly ash ?
● effluent from coal plants

● Used in construction activities like cement brick road
● Contaminants like lead, chromium, magnesium, zinc, arsenic
etc.
● At present about 63 percent fly ash is being used.
● Target to increase it to 100 percent in future
Kasturirangan Committee on the Western Ghats
● December, 2021
● Government of Karnataka disagrees with the report of the
Kasturirangan Committee on the Western Ghats
key points
● Kasturirangan Committee report proposes to declare 37% of

the total area of the Western Ghats as an ecologically
sensitive area
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● Government of Karnataka is of the opinion that this will
adversely affect the livelihood of the people of the region.
Kasturirangan Committee (2013)
● Regarding the protection of the Western Ghats

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● 37% of the total area of Western Ghats has been declared as
ESZ without categorizing the ESZ.
● Permission for hydro power projects
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● Prohibition of construction of big dams
Gadgil Committee (2011)

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● Regarding the protection of the Western Ghats

● Three eco-sensitive zones for the Western Ghats
● Prohibition of any kind of human activities in the area of ESZ-1
● Opposing all types of power plants
● Prohibition of construction of big dams
● To enable local communities to access the particular medicinal
value
● Encouraging farmers to increase cultivation of medicinal
plants
● Foreign investment is also allowed in research in biodiversity.
Bio Diversity
● Definition
● Biodiversity levels
● Biodiversity Measurement
● Importance of Biodiversity
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● Biodiversity degradation & Causes
● Conservation of Biodiversity
● Red data book
● Hot spot and hope spot
● Biodiversity conservation
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● Act and law related biodiversity
● Species and types of species
● Keystone Species
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● Indicator Species
● Endemic Species
● Alien Species
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● Umbrella Species
● Flagship Species
● Fundamentals Species
● Genetic Biodiversity
● Species Biodiversity
● Community Biodiversity
● Maximum occure in butterfly & in Grasses
● No. of Organism of one specie / total no. of organisms
● Its measure for large area
Measurement of Biodiversity
● Assessment of species number and richness

● This division of measurement of biodiversity was done by
Whittaker in the year 1972.
1. alpha diversity
2. beta diversity
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3. gamma diversity
Measurement of Biodiversity
● alpha diversity: the total number of species in an ecosystem

● Beta diversity: Calculating the displacement of species from
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an ecosystem
● Gamma diversity: The diversity of a species' habitats in a
geographic area
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Biological gradient
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Importance of biodiversity
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● Food & Medicinal
● Pollution & Recycling
● Soil Formation & Soil Conservation
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● disaster protection
● for pollination
● Tourism & Natural Beauty
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● religious significance
due to loss of biodiversity
1. natural causes
2. human reason
● natural finish
● continental drift theory
● flood and drought
● tsunami, earthquake, volcano
● Meteorite
● Forest fire
● hurricane
● lack of pollination
● diseases
● residential fragmentation
● population explosion
● extension of agriculture
● Global warming
● Arrival of Alien Species
● increasing urbanization
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● pollution & chemicals like DDT
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● Hunt
● Faulty implementation of government policies
conservation of biodiversity
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1. Ex situ Conservation
2. In situ Conservation
● Botanical Garden
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● Geological Park
● Cryopreservation (Seed Bank & Gene Bank)
● Aquarium
● Wildlife Secntury
● National Park
● Biosphere Reserve
● Community Reserve
● Conserve & Reserve Forest
Botanic Garden
● collection of live plants

● Objective: Scientific research, conservation, demonstration
and education
● Plants are usually displayed by their botanical name
● India's most famous botanical garden Acharya Jagadish
Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden / Indian Botanic Garden
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(Kolkata)
Geological Park
● a unified field
● Objective: Conservation and sustainable use of geological
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heritage + economic welfare of the people living within it
● Permission for India's first Geological Park in Lamheta,
Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh by the Geological Survey
Department under the Union Ministry of Mines in the year
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2022
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Cryopreservation (Seed Bank & Gene Bank)
Conservation of biodiversity
1. Ex situ Conservation
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2. In situ Conservation
● Botanical Garden
● Geological Park
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● Cryopreservation (Seed Bank & Gene Bank)

● Aquarium
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● Wildlife Secntury
● National Park
● Biosphere Reserve
● Community Reserve
● Conserve & Reserve Forest
In situ Conservation
1. Wildlife Sanctuary
● Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
● Any area other than any reserved forest or area containing
territorial waters may be notified by the State Government to
be constituted as a sanctuary
● Some restricted human activities allowed inside the sanctuary
area
● Total 567 wildlife sanctuaries in India
● Area: 122,564.86 sq km.
● 3.73% of the country's geographical area
2.National Park
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(As of National Wildlife Database, January 2023)
● An area, whether within a sanctuary or not, notified by the

State Government on the basis of its ecological, faunal, floral,
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geomorphological or importance
● Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 1972
● No human activity is allowed inside the National Park except
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those permitted by the State Chief Wildlife Warden under the

conditions laid down in the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
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● Total 106 National Parks in India

● Area: 44,402.95 sq km.
● 1.35% of the country's geographical area
(As of National Wildlife Database, January 2023)
● Largest National Park of India (Area): Hemis (Ladakh)

● India's Smallest National Park (Area): Fossils (MP)
● Latest National Parks in India (2021): Dihing Patkai (Assam)
and Raimona (Assam)
● Maximum National Parks in India: Madhya Pradesh (11)
Difference between national park and wildlife sanctuary
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3. Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves
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● These protected area categories were first introduced in the
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002, an amendment
to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
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● They usually act as buffer zones or connectors and migration

corridors between established national parks, wildlife
sanctuaries and reserved and protected forests of India.
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● Subsistence use by communities and community areas if part

of the land is privately owned
● Total 105 conservation reserves and 220 community reserves
in India
● Conservation Reserve Area 5206.55 Sq.Km. & Community
Stores Area 1455.16 Sq.Km.
● Conservation Reserves 0.16% of the country's geographical
area & Community Reserves 0.04%
National Wildlife Database, January 2023
4. Marine Protected Area
● essentially a place in the sea

● where human activities are more strictly controlled than the
surrounding waters
● Total Marine Protected Areas: 129 (25 on mainland, 100 in
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Andaman-Nicobar and 4 in Lakshadweep)
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5. Biosphere Reserve
● Recognized under Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program of

UNESCO
● Launched by UNESCO in 1971
● The purpose of the formation is to protect the biosphere
reserve as a whole, as well as all forms of life in its totality, so
that it can serve as a system for monitoring and evaluating
changes in natural ecosystems.
● The world's first biosphere reserve Mura-Drava-Danube
● established in 1979
● Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary and Serbia
● The network of biosphere reserves has increased to 631 in
119 countries around the world.
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● largest biosphere reserve in india out of 18 : Rann of Kachchh
(Gujarat)
● largest biosphere reserve in india out of 12 : Gulf of Mannar
● smallest biosphere reserve in india out of 18 : Dibru-Saikhowa
(Assam)
● smallest biosphere reserve in india out of 12 : Nokrake
(Meghalaya)
● first biosphere reserve in india : Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
(Tamil Nadu)
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● Latest biosphere reserve in india : Panna (Madhya Pradesh)
● There are 18 notified biosphere reserves in India.
● Of these, 12 are included in the UNESCO World List of
Biosphere Reserves.
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Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
Recognized under Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program of

UNESCO
Launched by UNESCO in 1971
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Protected Area under Nilgiri Biosphere
1. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (Tiger Reserve)

2. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
3. Bandipur National Park (Tiger Reserve)
4. Nagarhole National Park (Tiger Reserve)
5. Mukurthi National Park
6. silent valley
key organism
● Nilgiri Tahr
● Nilgiri Langur
● Lion-tailed macaque
● chital (deer)
● Sambhar (deer)
● great hornbill
● lion-tailed macaque
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● great hornbill
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve

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● Nanda Devi is the second highest peak in India

● Valley of Flowers National Park is also in this
● Mainly two ethnicities reside in this biosphere- Indo-Mongoloid
(Bhotia) & Indo-Aryan
key organism
● snow leopard (snow leopard),

● Himalayan musk deer,
● himalayan black bear,
● Bharal (blue mountain goat)
● Himalayan Tahr
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● Himalayan musk deer
● Bharal
● snow leopard
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve

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● First Marine Biosphere Reserve of South and South-East Asia

● Dugong, also known as sea cow, is found.
● Dugong is the only herbivorous mammal that depends entirely
on the sea for its life.
● The Gulf of Mannar National Park is also located under this
region.
Dominant species
● dugong (sea cow)

● Dolphin
● see weed
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● whale
● green turtle
● green turtle
● Dolphin
● sea cow
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Nokrek Biosphere Reserve
● Located on the top of Garo hill called 'Tura'

● 90% covered by mangrove forest
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● Rivers like Ganol, Dareng and Simsang

● Home to the only ape found in India, the 'Hoolock Gibbon'
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Dominant species
● hoolax or gibbon
● red panda
● Asian elephant
● marbled cat
● pig-tailed macaque
● giant flying squirrel
Panchmarhi Biosphere Reserve
● situated on the Satpura mountain range

● Three protected areas are located under this biosphere
reserve – Bori Sanctuary, Panchmarhi Sanctuary, Satpura
National Park.
Dominant species
● big squirrel
● flying squirrel
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● reindeer
● wild buffalo
● crested serpent eagle
● Teak & Sal
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Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve
located in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta
major sites
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● Sundarbans National Park

● Sundarbans Tiger Reserve
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● Sajnalekhi Wildlife Sanctuary

● Lothian Wildlife Sanctuary
● Halliday Wildlife Sanctuary
Dominant species
● Royal Bengal Tiger

● little winged beaver
● Gangetic dolphin
● swamp mongoose
● wild rhesus monkey
● pink headed parrot
Simlipal Biosphere Reserve
● The highest peak of the Similipal mountain range is situated

under Khariburu.
● It is named after semal or red cotton.
● Rivers like Vaitarani and Subarnarekha
● Three Protected Areas: Similipal Tiger Reserve, Hadgarh
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Wildlife Sanctuary, Kuldiya Wildlife Sanctuary
● The two major ethnicities are Erenga Kharia and Mankirdias.
dominant species
● semel or red cotton

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● Red breasted falconet
● Gaur (a species of wild buffalo)
● Royal Bengal Tiger has also been seen
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Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve
● A kind of separator between the rivers falling into the Arabian

Sea and the Bay of Bengal
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● Three Protected Areas: Amarkantak Wildlife Sanctuary,

Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary & Achanakmar Tiger Reserve
● Narmada, Johila and Son River
Dominant species
● sambar deer
● Blue cow
● chital
● striped hyena
● Indian four-horned antelope
● chinkara
Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve
● Protected Areas: Nayyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Pipara Wildlife

Sanctuary, Shendume Wildlife Sanctuary, Kalakad
Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
● Inhabited by a tribe called Kanikkaran, one of the oldest tribes
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in the world
● most shola forest
Dominant species
● Tiger
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● Asian elephant
● nilgiri tahr
Kangchenjunga Biosphere Reserve

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● One of the world's highest ecosystems

● Teesta River
● Protected Area: Kangchenjunga National Park
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● Epiphytes and lianas are found in abundance
Dominant species
● musk deer
● snow leopard
● Tibetan antelope
● wild ass
● red panda
● flying squirrel
● barking deer
● Himalayan Tahr
Panna Biosphere Reserve
● Award of Excellence as India's Best Maintained National Park

by the Ministry of Tourism of India in 2007
● Cane River
● tropical climate
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● Panna National Park declared one of the Tiger Reserve of
India
Dominant species
● Leopard
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● Blue cow
● chinkara
● chital
● spotted cat
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● red headed vulture

● bar-headed goose
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● Indian Vulture, Gharial and Crocodile
Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve
Two National Parks - Campbell Bay National Park and Galathea

National Park
Dominant species
● famous crab eating macaque

● dugong
● Nicobar Megapod
● saltwater crocodile
● sea turtles
● reticulated python
Dominant Species
Species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which any

two individuals can produce offspring, usually by sexual
reproduction.
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Keystone Species
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Dominant Species
A dominant species refers to a group of organisms (or species) that
have the most significant influence or control over other organisms
in an ecological community.
indicator species
species that are highly sensitive to climate and environmental

change,
lichen, coral
Umbrella Species
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There is no international standard for their determination. These are
species with a wide range, which behave like keystone species. eg.
Leopard
Alien Species
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Flagship Species
Fundamentals Species
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IUCN Red Data List
● established in 1964
● Red Data List issued by IUCN every four years since 1964
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● The global conservation status of threatened plant, animal and

fungal species is shown.
● Three types of pages in Red data book: Green page, Pink
page, Red page
● Green Page Green Page : There is no danger on these
species.
● Pink Pages: This species is at risk.
● Red Pages: This type of species is about to be lost or has
been lost.
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IUCN World Conservation Congress
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United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

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Cartagena Protocol
Nagoya Protocol
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aichi target
Biological Diversity Act, 2002
● Water Man : Rajendra Singh

● Dolphin Male: Ravindra Singh
● Birdman: Salim Ali
● Tiger Man: Kailash Sankhla
● Missile Man: A. P.J. Abdul Kalam
● Metro Man: E. Sreedharan
● Tree Man: Jadav Payeng
Conservation efforts in India
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill, 2022
Tiger
project tiger
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● In association with WWF International
● Project Tiger started from Jim Corbett National Park on 1 April
1973
● Objective: To increase the number of tigers through proper
protection and management
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● central project
● Areas that have the statutory status of a national park or
sanctuary can be declared as special tiger reserves.
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● Tiger Reserves are based on core and buffer protected

strategy.
● The core area includes national parks or sanctuaries while the
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buffer area includes forest and non-forest land.

● India's largest tiger reserve in terms of area: Nagarjuna Sagar
(Andhra Pradesh)
● Smallest Tiger Reserve: Pench (Maharashtra)
● Highest Tiger Reserve: Namdapha (Arunachal Pradesh)
● Southernmost Tiger Reserve: Mundan Thurai (Tamil Nadu)
● Tiger Man of India: Kailash Sankhla
● Project Tiger, started in the year 1973, was headed by Kailash
Sankhla.
National Tiger Conservation Authority
● Formation of National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)

under the Ministry of Environment in the year 2005
● Operated under the Wildlife Act, 1972
● structure
● Chairman: Union Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate
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Change
● Member: 1 Rajya Sabha and 2 Lok Sabha members + Expert
(Wild Life Conservation, Tribal Welfare)
M-stripes
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● Monitoring System for Tigers- Intensive Protection &
Ecological Status
● 2010
● Jointly developed by WWF and Zoological Society, London
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● Target
● Patrolling, assessing the trends and condition of carnivores at
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regular intervals
● habitat change monitoring
● assessing human pressures
Global Tiger Forum
● Objective: Protection of tigers by mutual cooperation of all
countries
● The Tiger Watch program is run by the Global Tiger Forum.
Cheetahs brought from South Africa to Kuno National Park in

Madhya Pradesh
Why in discussion?
● Recently, 7 male and 5 female Asiatic cheetahs have been

brought from South Africa to Kuno National Park in Madhya
Pradesh.
● It is noteworthy that earlier in June 2022, 8 African cheetahs
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from Namibia were shifted to Kuno National Park in Madhya
Pradesh. In fact, the Indian government had plans to relocate
20 cheetahs (8 from Namibia and 12 from South Africa) from
Africa to India.
● This work is being done under the 'Cheetah Introduction
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Project' run at a cost of Rs 90 crore.
key points
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The last cheetah of the country was found dead in Chhattisgarh in

the year 1947 and it was declared extinct in the country in the year
1952. Habitat loss, conflict with humans, poaching and high
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susceptibility to diseases are the main reasons for their extinction.
Asiatic Cheetah
● Acinonyx jubatus veneticus

● smaller than the african cheetah
● Much fur on the body, small head and long neck, red eyes,
cat-like
● Found only in Iran and in Iran their number is less than 100.
● Cheetah was officially declared extinct in India in the year
1952.
● IUCN Red List: 'Critically Endangered'
● CITES: Appendix-I
● Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 : Appendix-2
African cheetah
● Acinonyx jubatus
● skin slightly brown and golden; more spots and lines on the
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face than in the Asian species
● IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
● CITES: Appendix I of the List
● Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Appendix-2
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Kuno National Park
● Established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1981

● National Park Status in 2018
● Chital, Sambhar, Nilgai, Wild Boar, Chinkara
Project Elephant
● Started for the protection of elephants in 1991-92

● Starting from Singhbhum district of Jharkhand
● centrally sponsored scheme
Three main objectives
● Conserving wild elephants, their habitats and corridors

● Tackling the issue of man-animal conflict
● working for the welfare of domesticated elephants
Elephant Corridor
● z1991-92 started for the protection of elephants
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● Starting from Singhbhum district of Jharkhand
● centrally sponsored scheme
● a narrow area that connects large habitats of elephants
● Acts as a transit point for the movement of all animals
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including elephants.
● Most corridor in Meghalaya
Heritage Animal-Elephant
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In 2010, on the recommendation of the Task Force on Project

Elephant, the elephant was declared a national heritage animal.
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Hathi Mere Saathi Campaign
● Launched: 2011
● Jointly organized by the Ministry of Environment Forest and
Climate Change and Wildlife Trust of India (WTI)
Project Re-Hab
Why in discussion?
Live beekeeping equipment and 200 bee-boxes were distributed to
trained beneficiaries in Karnataka recently under Project RE-HAB
(Reducing Elephant Attacks on Humans using Bees) by the Khadi
and Village Industries Commission.
Project RE-HAB
● Project RE-HAB is an initiative of the Khadi and Village

Industries Commission (KVIC) under the National Honey
Mission. The aim is to reduce attacks on humans by elephants
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using bees.
● The RE-HAB project creates "bee-hives" by installing beehive
boxes along the way of elephants to prevent them from
entering human habitations.
● These boxes are connected by a wire, so that when elephants
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try to pass through, a pull causes the bees to come between
the elephants and prevent them from moving.
● Under RE-HAB, farmers are also given training in beekeeping.
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Apart from this, farmers are also given bee boxes to be placed
in elephant corridors to prevent elephants from entering the
fields.
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MIKE- Monitoring of illegal killing of Elephant
● Started by South Asian countries in the year 2003

● Objective: To check illegal killing of African and Asian
elephants
● In India, MIKE programs are being run in the states of Assam,
West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Odisha,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and Kerala.
Vulture Conservation Project
Started in the year 2006 by Haryana Forest Department and

Bombay Natural History Society
Vulture Action Plan 2020-25 (Vulture Action Plan 2020-25)
● Started in 2020 for the protection of vultures in the country

● Ministry: Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change
● Purpose: To regulate the purchase and sale of such drugs in
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animals which are the reason for the extinction of vultures.
● The veterinary use of diclofenac is the main threat to vultures
in India.
● Only 0.4-0.7% of animal carcasses affected by diclofenac is
sufficient to destroy 99% of the vulture population.
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Vulture Conservation and Breeding Center
● A joint program of Haryana Forest Department and Bombay

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Natural History Society

● Various types of scientific research are done related to
breeding and conservation of vultures.
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● This center was earlier known as Vulture Care Center.

● The objective of the Vulture Conservation and Breeding
Center is not only to take care and protect the vultures but
also to release them in wild areas.
Project Hangul
● In the year 1970, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir
launched the Hangul Project in collaboration with IUCN and
WWF.
● Hangul is a deer of the European reindeer species.
● It is now found only in the Dachigam National Park in Kashmir.
● It is also known as Kashmir Stag
● State animal of Jammu and Kashmir state
● endangered species
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red panda project
● Launched in the year 1996 in association with the World

Wildlife Fund (WWF)
● Found in the forests of Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and
Darjeeling at an altitude of 1500 to 4000 meters in the eastern
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Himalayan region of India.
● Also known as Cat Beer in Arunachal Pradesh.
● Listed as endangered species under IUCN
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Project Rhino
● The one horned rhinoceros is found only in India.

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● Horn used to manufacture medicine, hence poaching

● Rhino project started in the year 1987 for the conservation of
one horned rhinoceros.
● Manas Sanctuary and Kaziranga National Park located in
Assam and Jaldapara Sanctuary located in West Bengal are
the main refuge of rhinoceros.
Assam one horned rhinoceros

Why in discussion?
A recent assessment revealed that in the year 2022, not a single

one-horned rhinoceros was poached in Assam. For this, the Prime
Minister particularly appreciated the Government of Assam.
one horned rhinoceros
● In India, rhinos are mainly found in Assam (Pobitora Wildlife

Sanctuary, Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park, Kaziranga
National Park and Manas National Park.
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● The one-horned rhinoceros (Indian rhinoceros) is included in
the Vulnerable category in the IUCN Red List. Listed under
Schedule-I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
● It is noteworthy that there are 5 species of rhinoceros in the
world – white rhinoceros, black rhinoceros, Sumatran
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rhinoceros, one-horned rhinoceros and Javan rhinoceros.
● One-horned rhinos are also found in Indonesia, Malaysia and
other Asian countries. Although there are no rhinos in Bhutan,
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some rhinoceros occasionally cross the international border

from Manas National Park in Assam and Baksa Tiger Reserve
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in West Bengal.
● The Sumatran rhino, the smallest of all rhino species and the
only Asian rhinoceros with two horns, has become extinct in
the jungles of Malaysia.
Project Lion & Project Dolphin
● Launched on 15th August, 2020

● Project Lion involves the conservation of Asiatic lions.
● Work will also be done on human-wildlife conflict in the
project.
● Project Dolphin The project will conserve dolphins in aquatic
habitat using modern technology especially in anti-poaching
activities.
● Mainly focused on Gangetic river dolphins
Crocodile Conservation Project, 1975
● three species of crocodiles in india
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● Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)
● Alligator (Crocodylus Palustris)
● Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)
● All three are listed in Appendix I of CITES and Schedule I of
the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
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alligator habitat
● Natural habitat: Fresh water of northern part of India

● Primary Habitat: Chambal River (a tributary of the Yamuna)
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● Secondary Habitat: Ghaghra, Gandak River, Girwa River

(Uttar Pradesh), Ramganga River (Uttarakhand) and Son
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River (Bihar)
● Alligator population a good indicator of clean river water
● Recently, Kendrapara district of Odisha has achieved the
distinction of being the only district in India where all three
species of crocodile – Gharial, Salt-water crocodile and
Mugge are found.
Asian Waterfowl Census

Why in discussion?
Recently, the latest figures regarding the Asian water bird census
were released by Wetlands International.
key points
According to the calculations, the population of some migratory

water birds, especially the species of ducks that visit the Alappuzha
region of Kerala, has seen a decline. Climate change has affected
the number of birds that visit the region.
Asian Waterfowl Census
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● The Asian Waterbird Census is organized annually in January
by volunteers from Asia and Australia to count waterbirds in
their country's wetlands.
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● Globally, it is administered by Wetlands International, while in
India it is organized by the Bombay Natural History Society
(BNHS) in association with Wetlands International.
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● It started in the year 1987. The objective of water bird census

is to monitor water birds and wetlands.
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Why in discussion?
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Neelakurinji plant (Strobilanthus kunthiana)
Recently, the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

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Change has listed the Neelakurinji plant (Strobilanthus kunthiana) in
the list of protected plants under Schedule III of the Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972.
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Neelakurinji plant (Strobilanthus kunthiana)
● Neelakurinji is a rare violet-blue colored flower. Neel means

'blue' and kurinji means 'flower' in Malayalam language.
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Neelakurinji is a monocarpic plant. That is, once the flower

comes, its plant dies.
● In the Western Ghats region, about 70 varieties of Neelakurinji
plants have been identified. The most popular is the
Neelakurinji Strobilanthus kunthiana which blooms once in 12
years.
● However, some other rare varieties of Neelakurinji are also
found in the Western Ghats region. Recently Neelakurinji
blossomed over a vast area on the Kallippara hills at
Santhanpara in Idukki.
● According to statistics there are more than 40 varieties of
Neelakurinji in India and these flowers are endemic to the
Shola forest of the Western Ghats. And there are about 30
places in the Western Ghats where they bloom.
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Ladakh's first biodiversity heritage site
Why in discussion?
Recently the Yaya-Tso site has been declared as the first

Biodiversity Heritage Site of the Union Territory of Ladakh under the
Biodiversity Act, 2002. This decision has been taken under the
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Secure Himalaya Project.
yaya-tso
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Yaya Tso is a lake in Ladakh and is known as the paradise of birds.

The lake is one of the highest breeding grounds for the
black-necked stork.
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What is Secure Himalaya Project?
● It is a scheme of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and

Climate Change, Government of India. It was launched in the
year 2017 in collaboration with the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP). This is a 6-year project and
will be operational till 2023.
● The project aims to conserve high altitude ecosystems and
conserve snow leopards in the Himalayas. Under this project,
4 Himalayan states of Jammu and Kashmir (now Union
Territory), Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim come.
Biodiversity Heritage Site
● Biodiversity Heritage Sites are areas that contain unique,

vulnerable ecosystems in terrestrial, coastal and inland waters
and wild species with rich biodiversity, as well as endemic,
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rare, threatened and keystone species.
● As per the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, state governments,
in consultation with local bodies, are empowered to notify, in
the Official Gazette, areas of biodiversity importance as
biodiversity heritage sites.
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India's first biodiversity heritage site
India's first Biodiversity Heritage Site was declared in 2007 at Nallur

Tamarind Grove in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Recently Tamil Nadu
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government has declared Arittapatti in Melur block of Madurai

district as Tamil Nadu's first and India's 35th Biodiversity Heritage
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Site.
Tungareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary
Why in discussion?
Recently, Tungareshwar in Maharashtra was declared a wildlife

sanctuary in the year 2003.
key points
Tungareshwar is a hill plateau located between Virar and Vasai, the
suburban areas of Mumbai. 85 Sq.Km. The sanctuary forms a
corridor between the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and the Tansa
Wildlife Sanctuary.
notes
The Supreme Court has ordered one km around all protected areas
in the country. Tungareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary has been
exempted from the mandatory creation of an Eco-Sensitive Zone
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(ESZ).
wildlife sanctuary
● Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 ⇒ Wildlife Sanctuary declared by

the State Government
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● established for the protection of a single animal or plant
species or species
● Permission for human activities and tourism
● Before declaring an area as a National Park or Wildlife
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Sanctuary, the State Governments have to issue notification

and take permission from the National Board for Wildlife.
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Terai Elephant Reserve
Why in discussion?
Recently, the Center approved the establishment of Terai Elephant

Reserve (TERI) in Dudhwa-Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh.
key points
● This will be India's 33rd elephant reserve which is 3,049 sq
km. Wide in area. Ter will be developed in the combined forest
areas of Dudhwa and Pilibhit Tiger Reserves.
● It will also conserve four wild species – tiger, Asian elephant,
swamp deer and one-horned rhinoceros – including the
Kishanpur and Katarniaghat wildlife sanctuaries.
Hot Spot
Most Biodiversity Sensitive Sites
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father of the word
Norman Myers
(1988)
A place where abundant bio-diversity is found, but at the same time

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there is a danger of destruction or extinction. Most hotspots are
found between the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn.
Criteria for declaring any area as biodiversity hotspot

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1. Must have more than 1500 endemic species of vascular plants

2. It has to have lost at least 70% of its original habitat. (It must
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have 30% or less of its original natural vegetation).

Total Hotspots in World = 36
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● 36th global biodiversity hotspot

● In February, 2016
● The North American Coastal Plain (NACP)
Hottest Spots
● Among these 36 hotspots, the hot spots with the most
biodiversity are called Hottest Spots.
● Currently there are 8 hottest spots in the world and 2 in India.
India's two hottest spots -
1. Indo-Burma
2. Western Ghats
Indian Biodiversity Hotspot Areas
1. Himalaya
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2. Indo-Burma
3. Sundalands
4. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka
● Himalaya : Includes the entire Indian Himalayan region (and
that falling in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Myanmar).
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● Indo-Burma : Includes entire North-eastern India, except
Assam and Andaman group of Islands (and Myanmar,
Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and southern China).
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● Sundalands : Includes Nicobar group of Islands (and

Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines).
● Western Ghats and Sri Lanka: Includes entire Western Ghats
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(and Sri Lanka).

● Eastern Himalayas, which was originally part of the
Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot and included Bhutan,
north-eastern India and southern, central and eastern
Nepal.
● In 2004, a hotspot reappraisal classified the region as
part of two hotspots: Indo-Burma and the newly
distinguished Himalaya.
India's biggest hotspot
Indo-Burma
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India's Smallest Hotspot
Western Ghats
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Critically Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF)

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Hope Spots
● The Hope Spot was conceptualized by American

oceanographer Sylvia Earle. This is an aquatic hot spot.
● At present there are 31 Hope Spots in the world.
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2 hope spots in India
● Andaman & Nicobar

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● Lakshadweep islands
by the IUCN and Mission Blue (an organization involved in the

study of oceans)
● Definition
● characteristic of the ecosystem
● ecosystem components
● ecosystem functions
● productivity
● nutritional status
● food chain
● biomagnification and bioaccumulation
● ecological pyramid
● ecological sequencing
● biological interactions
● biogeochemical cycle
● environmental adaptation
● type of ecosystem
● Indian Forest Report
Environment
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Environment refers to all biotic and abiotic factors, mutual

interaction between them which affects human beings.
Ecosystem
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● place of all living beings and their environment and their
mutual interaction
● A place where ecology is studied.
● They range in size from smallest to longest.
ecology
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It is a branch of biology in which the organism and its physical
environment, including humans, are studied.
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Habitat
● The place where the creature can live easily.

● The place of a species or organism, where it has a favorable
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environment and spends most of its life there.

● Habitat fragmentation biggest cause of biodiversity loss
home range
The maximum area of an organism till which it receives food.
outer limit
The maximum area of an organism where there is evidence of its

presence or can survive. It is decided by the organism itself.
Niche
● The role a species plays in an ecosystem is called its niche.

● A species has only one type of niche, that is, two species
cannot have the same niche. There are many types of niches
on the basis of function – residential niches, food niches,
interaction niches
ecosystem factors
● All living beings together are called biotic factors, in which the
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plant community is called 'flora' and the animal community is
called 'fauna'.
● All abiotic elements together are called abiotic factors. Water,
temperature, soil, humidity, altitude, latitude, longitude, rainfall,
sunlight, slope etc.
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Ecosystem factors
Abiotic factors
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● organic factor
● inorganic factors
● physical factors
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Biological factors
● productive
● consumer
● decomposer
Effect of abiotic factors → Temperature
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Effects on animals
In some species such as snakes and crocodiles, females hatch

from eggs at higher temperatures while males hatch at lower
temperatures.
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sexual age
Sexual characteristics develop quickly in high temperatures while

sexual characteristics develop slowly in low temperatures.
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allen's law
Ears, nose, tail, muzzle are small in the creatures living in the cold
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region, while they are relatively large in the creatures living in the
hot region.
body size and weight
The body size and weight are more in the cold zone animals while it
is relatively less in the warm zone animals.
classification of organisms on the basis of temperature

● warm-blooded
● thermothermic or ecthermic or hypothermic or cold-blooded
warm-blooded
Organisms that keep their body temperature constant i.e. it does

not change with the environment and hence they feel cold or hot.
thermothermic or ecthermic or hypothermic or cold-blooded
● Organisms whose body temperature keeps on changing with

the environment i.e. body temperature is not fixed.
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● All animals except birds and mammals
● They do not feel hot and cold. They are neither active
throughout the year nor are they found everywhere on the
earth.
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hibernation
They remain inactive during winter; Exceptions: polar bears and

polar rodents. Hibernation is common in polar animals but polar
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birds show migration.
hibernation
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Organisms remain dormant in summers; It shows only

heterothermy.
effect of temperature on plants
● Blackman's limiting factor affects plant growth the most. For

example, the amount of water in the desert is the limiting
factor, that is, the growth of plants is most dependent on the
amount of water in the desert.
● The limiting factor in evergreen forests is soil nutrients, so
plant growth depends on soil quality.
Effect of abiotic factors → Sunlight
Effects on animals
Organisms that live in tropical regions are dark in color while those
found in other regions are light in color.
Effects on plants
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1. Photophilous plants: Plants that grow in high intensity of light,
such as sunflower, cotton, epiphytes, etc.
2. Shade-loving plants: Plants that grow easily even in low
intensity of light, such as money plant.
Ecosystem factors
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abiotic factors
● organic factor
● inorganic factors
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● physical factors
Biotic Components
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● productive
● consumer
● decomposer
Productive
● Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis

or chemosynthesis.
● every living being literally dependent on the producer
● At present they are called reflectors, because they convert the
energy of sunlight into another form.
Consumer
Organisms that directly or indirectly depend on producers are called

consumers.
1. primary consumer
2. consumer intermediate
1. Primary consumer
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● Such consumers who are directly dependent on production
are also called herbivores.
● But at present they are also called secondary producers,
because they convert carbohydrates into proteins.
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2. Intermediary Consumer
Except primary and apex consumers, all consumers are

intermediate consumers, such as secondary and tertiary
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consumers.
decomposer
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● Organisms that live on dead and decaying matter.

● Like- bacteria, mold / fungus
● Viruses are not decomposers. Decomposers always break
down matter into elemental components.
Ecosystem productivity
1. Primary Productivity
It is determined on the basis of the producer. It is divided into two
parts-
1. gross primary productivity

2. net primary productivity
gross primary productivity
all organic matter produced by producers in an ecosystem
net primary productivity
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When energy expended for respiration is subtracted from gross
primary productivity
● Mangrove forests, estuaries, deltas and coral have the highest

primary productivity (on a per square meter basis).
order of primary productivity

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Evergreen forests > Deciduous forests > Coniferous forests >
Tropical grasslands > Temperate grasslands > Taiga > Tundra
Sugarcane > Potato > Rice
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2. Secondary Productivity
It is known for vegetarians. The amount of protein produced by the

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primary consumer is called secondary productivity.
Ecotone & Edge Effect
● Ecotone is the transition zone of two ecosystems.

● Maximum biodiversity is found here.
● Because here there is a favorable environment for the
organisms of both the ecosystems, which is called the Edge
Effect.
Ecosystem functions
● energy flow
● maintain balance
● recycling
● indexing
Energy flow
● The main function of an ecosystem is energy flow, which is

accomplished through a food chain or food web.
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● orderly transfer of energy from one trophic level to another in a
food chain
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● Organisms that live on dead and decaying matter.

● Like- bacteria, mold / fungus
● Viruses are not decomposers. Decomposers always break
down matter into elemental components.
There are two types of food chain
Grazing Food Chain

A food chain that starts with the producer; eg- grass → goat → tiger
Detritus Food Chain
A food chain that begins with a saprophyte or parasite; eg-

earthworm → bird → man
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Food web
● set of food chains

● In fact, the food web in the ecosystem only gets
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10% law of energy flow
● Presented by Lindemann.
● According to this, only 10% of energy is transferred from one
trophic level to another in the food chain.
● While 90% of the energy is used in biological activities in the
present trophic level.
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● Carnivores put pressure on nature's resources.
● There is a loss of energy in the ecosystem.
● Vegetarian is better than non-vegetarian.
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● The food chain is not very long.
food chain having three or four steps
● A very small amount of energy becomes available for the next

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level of consumer.
● Therefore, there are usually only three or four steps in the
food chain.
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● The loss of energy at each stage is so great that after the

fourth trophic level the usable energy becomes low.
The flow of energy in a food chain is not cyclic but linear

because-
● The flow of energy is unidirectional or in only one direction,

that is, it is linear.
● Because the energy received from the sun by the autotrophic
organisms (green plants) is not converted into solar energy
again and the energy transferred to the vegetarians is not
available to the autotrophic organisms again.
● As it is successively transferred to different trophic levels, it is
not available for the level before it and by the time it reaches
the final consumer, it remains in the name only and cannot be
converted into energy again.
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bio storage
● accumulation of a chemical substance in the body

● Like- accumulation of fat, accumulation of DDT in catalase in
four legs, accumulation of heavy pollution in mustard etc.
Bio magnification
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● If a chemical substance enters the food chain in increasing
amounts from one trophic level to another, it is called
biomagnification.
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● Only non-biodegradable and bioaccumulating substances

show the phenomenon of biomagnification.
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Ecological pyramid
● Exponent: Charles Elton in 1927

● Other Names: Altonian Pyramid
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● What is : 1st trophic level (producer) base standard picturing

successive trophic levels
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Ecological Pyramid
● Energy Pyramid
● Biomass Pyramid
● Energy Pyramid
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● The pyramid of energy is always upright.
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● In an aquatic ecosystem, the mass pyramid is inverted.

● The pyramid of grass becomes straight.
● The mass pyramid is always inverted at half of biological
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magnification.
ecological sequencing
change or replacement of community in an ecosystem
Classification of Indexing
Produce
1. primary succession
2. secondary succession
Depending on the starting factor
1. self motivated
2. motivated
primary indexing
This type of succession is found where there was no biological

community initially. It starts on the rocks.
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secondary sequencing
In this type of succession one community is replaced by another

community i.e. in this type of succession a community is already
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present. For example, the conversion of rain forests into deserts.

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self motivated
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A sequencing that happens slowly and automatically. All primary

succession or forest in place of desert and water in place of forest.
motivated
succession that is induced by external factors, such as

displacement of forests by humans
In the process of sequencing the following communities are
obtained-
● Rooted or Primary Community / Introductory Community: The
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one that initiates the sequencing i.e. initiates sequencing in
the ecosystem.
● Simple Community: A community that is more stable than
other communities.
● Final Community: The one that ends the sequence.
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● The process of sequencing was described by Klimts.
● Nagnibhavan: Life does not exist
● Establishment: Successful establishment of a population in a
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part
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● Competition: Fighting intra-caste and inter-caste competition

● Feedback: Changes in the environment due to the effect of
living beings.
● Stabilization: The community eventually stabilizes itself with
the environment for a long period of time.
● aqueous indexing
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● desert sequencing
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Gaseous and sedimentary cycle

● Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon are the basic elements of the
biological world of nature.
● These three elements together constitute 99 percent of the
total organic matter of the earth.
● In fact, hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) are found in all biological
molecules.
● In addition to these, important nutrients like nitrogen,
magnesium, calcium, potassium, sulfur and phosphate are
also essential for organic growth.
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● Many chemical cycles continue to function in nature.
● Oxygen, carbon and nitrogen cycles are all present in the
atmosphere.
● Other elements include sedimentary cycles, which are based
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on minerals.
● Phosphorus, calcium and sulfur are specially included in
sedimentary. These elements are included in both biotic and
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abiotic components.
● This re-circulating process is called biochemical cycle in which
both organic and inorganic are involved.
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Carbon and oxygen cycle

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● There is a lot of closeness between these two chakras. The

atmosphere is a storehouse of oxygen. Oxygen is also found
in the earth's crust, but it is not available chemically because it
is mixed with other elements.
● The largest reservoir of carbon gas is in the seas and oceans.
● 93 percent of the Earth's total carbon is found in the oceans,
which amounts to 39000 billion tons; But it is mixed in
carbon-dioxide through chemical process.
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Nitrogen cycle
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● Nitrogen gas is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.
● The amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere is 78.08 percent.
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● Nitrogen plays a major role in the origin of organic molecules.

● Proteins essential for life are produced from nitrogen gas only.
● In spite of the huge amount, nitrogen is not directly available
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to the organic components.

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● Nitrogen is obtained by those bacteria which produce nitrogen.
● These bacteria are found in the roots of plants and pulses.
● For example, nitrogen is produced in the roots of pulses such
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as peas, urad arhar, moong, lentils, soyabean, cowpea, guar,

groundnut and green manure crops (linen, jute, dhencha),
barhim etc.
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● Nitrogen nodules in the roots of pulses produce nitrate (NO3)

and ammonia (NH3) through chemical process. Plants use
this nitrogen.
● Ultimately, plants and animals get merged into the atmosphere
by bacteria on melting and rotting.
Phosphorus cycle
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The only cycle which is terrestrial means that all the compounds in
it are obtained in the form of rocks.
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customization
● An adaptation is "the appearance or behavior or structure or

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way of life of an organism that allows it to survive in a

particular environment".
● Customization can be
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morphological
When the trees became taller, the giraffe's neck lengthened;
Body
In the absence of an external source of water, the kangaroo rat in

North American deserts is able to meet all of its water requirements
through its internal fat oxidation (of which water is a by-product).
morphological
It also has the ability to concentrate its urine so that a minimal
amount of water is used to remove excretory products.
Behaviour
The animals are temporarily migrating to less stressful habitats.
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Adaptation in Aquatic Ecosystem
adaptation within plants
● least developed roots

● Wax Coating → Water should not enter
● Aerenchyma aerial tissue
● absence of stomata
Adaptations within animals
● Mom Coating
● for direction sensing
● Gills / any respiration
adaptation in desert ecosystem
adaptations in desert plants

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● wax coating
● developed roots
● conversion of leaves into thorns
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● mimosa
in animals
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● nocturnal
● water and food storage capacity
● dry stool
● poisonous
Air conditioning
● strong muscular wings for flight

● pneumatic bones
● single ovary to reduce weight
● uric acid excretory substance
Adaptation in saline soil plants
● functional dry soil

● assimilative roots
● plants with seed germinate stage
Type of ecosystem
Aquatic ecosystem
● Marine / Brackish
● clean water
Terrestrial ecosystem
● Forest
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● desert
● meadows
● mountainous
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Tropical evergreen forest
Moist tropical forest

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● Region: Southern India along the Western Ghats, Andaman

and Nicobar Islands and North-Eastern region
● Climate: 200 cm. In hot and humid regions with an annual
rainfall of more than 100,000 and an average annual
temperature of more than 22 °C
● Trees of 60 meters or more height are found in these forests.
● In this type of forest, there is no fixed time for falling of leaves,
flowering and fruiting of trees; These forests remain green
throughout the year.
● The species found in these forests are Rosewood, Mahogany,
Anne, Ebony etc.
● Betel nut, Jamun, Mango and Holak
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semi-evergreen forest
● Area: This type of forest is found in the low rainfall parts of the
area where moist-evergreen forests are found.
● Like- Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and
Eastern Himalayas.
● A mixture of moist evergreen and moist deciduous trees is
found in these forests.
● The low climbing activity gives an evergreen character to
these forests.
● The main species of these forests are white deodar, hollock
and kail.
dry-evergreen forest
● Area: This type of forest is found in the foothills of the Shivalik

hills and the Himalayas in the north up to 1000 m. are found
up to a height of
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● They are found in the south in the coastal areas of Andhra
Pradesh and Karnataka.
● Climate: The region generally experiences long hot summers
and dry monsoons and severe winters.
● Trees: Mainly evergreen trees with hard leaves with fragrant
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flowers, but also some deciduous trees
● The trees here are varnished.
● Pomegranate, Olive and Oleander
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Tropical Deciduous Forest (Monsoon Forest)
moist deciduous forest

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● Area: Himalayan foothills, eastern slopes of the Western

Ghats and Odisha along with north-eastern states
● Rain: 100-200 cm. among
● It has tall trees with wide branching cover.
● Some tall trees in these forests shed their leaves during the
dry season.
● Teak, Sal, Shisham, Hurra, Mahua, Amla, Semul, Kusum and
Sandalwood etc. are the main species of these forests.
Dry deciduous forest
● Area : Entire northern part of the country (except North-East

region)
● Also in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu
● Rain: 70-100 cm. among
● Moist deciduous in moist areas while thorn forest in dry areas
● Trees: At the beginning of the dry season the trees completely
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shed their leaves and the forest looks like a vast meadow
surrounded by bare trees.
● Trees like tendu, palas, amaltas, bel, khair, dhawa (axle-wood)
are commonly found in these forests.
Thorn forest
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● Region: In black soil areas like- North, West, Central and
South India
● Semi-arid regions of south-west Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan,
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Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh

● Rain: Annual rainfall 50 cm. fewer
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● Trees: The height of the trees here does not exceed 10

meters and different types of grasses and shrubs are found in
it.
● Spurge, caper and cactus are commonly found in this region.
● The plants in these forests remain leafless almost throughout
the year.
● The main species found in these are Acacia, Coccos, Ber,
Date Palm, Khair, Neem, Khejdi and Palas etc.
Mountain forest
Montane moist temperate forest
● Region: In northern and southern India

● In northern India, it ranges from the eastern regions of Nepal
to Arunachal Pradesh.
● at an altitude of 1800-3000 meters
● 200 cm In the area receiving minimum rainfall of
● parts of the Nilgiri Hills in southern India and the higher
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reaches of Kerala
● Trees: The forests of the southern region are the most dense
as compared to the forests of the northern region.
Note
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● Mountain forests are mainly found on the Nilgiri, Annamalai
and Palani hills in South India.
● Temperate forests are found in some areas of these three
hills, which are called 'Shola' in South India.
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● The main reason for this is that over time the original trees
have been replaced by faster growing species such as
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Eucalyptus.
● Rhododendron, Champa and variety of ground flora
Montane subtropical forest
● Area: North-Western Himalayas (except Ladakh and

Kashmir), in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and
Arunachal Pradesh
● Climate: Sat rain 100-200 cm. And temperature between 15°C
to 22°C
● Trees: Pine is the main tree of this forest, besides this, oak,
jamun and rhododendron are also found in these forests.
Himalayan Moist Forest
● Region : Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,

Uttarakhand
● Altitude : Altitude between 1000-2000 meters
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● Trees: Oak, chestnut, pine, sal, shrubs and nutritious grass
etc. are found in these forests.
Himalayan dry temperate
● Area: In Jammu and Kashmir, Chamba, Lahaul and Kinnaur

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districts (Himachal Pradesh) and Sikkim
● Trees: Mainly conifers; cedar, oak, chestnut, maple, olive,
mulberry and willow etc.
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Alpine and semi-alpine forests
● Altitude: These forests are found in high altitude areas, alpine

forests and grassland areas at an altitude of 2,500–4,000 m.
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● The semi-alpine forests extend from Kashmir to Arunachal

Pradesh at an altitude of 2900 to 3500 metres.
● Trees: The vegetation of the western Himalayas in these
forests mainly consists of juniper, rhododendron, willow and
black currant.
● Red Deodar, Black Juniper, Birch and Larch are the dominant
vegetation of the Eastern Himalayas.
Coastal/swamp forest
● Area: These forests are found in Andaman-Nicobar Islands,

deltaic regions of Ganga and Brahmaputra.
● Other important areas are the Mahanadi, Godavari and
Krishna deltas.
● Trees: Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable.
Only a limited number of plants are found in these evergreen
forests.
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● Their roots are made of soft tissue so that the plant can
breathe in water.
● It consists mainly of hollow pine, mangrove date palm, palm
and bulletwood.
Mangrove forest in india

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● Coastal areas in India where rivers have formed their deltas
● Delta forests are found in Ganga-Brahmaputra delta,
Mahanadi delta, Godavari-Krishna delta and Kaveri river delta.
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● Tidal forests are found more on the east coast.

● However, in the west, tidal forests are found along the coast
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as well as in Gujarat.
● But the tidal forests of Gujarat are not found in the delta region
of the river but along the coast.
● In the delta region of the rivers, the coast is very low (equal to
the sea level), as a result of which the salt water of the sea
enters the delta regions.
● Due to this, the vegetation of the delta regions is submerged
in the salty water of the sea.
● Due to being submerged in the salty water of the sea, the bark
of tidal forests is alkaline, which is the main feature of these
forests.
● The wood of these forests is very hard and the roots are
visible even outside the surface of the water.
● In these forests, there is abundance of vegetation called
'mangrove', hence they are also called 'mangrove forest'.
● The main flora of tidal forest are as follows- Mangrova,
Sundari, Casuarina, Phoenix.
1. Gujarat Coast
2. Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta
3. Mahanadi Delta
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Mainly 5 areas of mangrove forests (tidal forests) in India
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4. Delta of Godavari and Krishna
5. Kaveri River Delta
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State of Forest Report in India, 2021
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● Published by Forest Survey of India under the aegis of Union
Ministry of Forest, Environment and Climate Change
● biennial report
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● First report published in the year 1987

● Currently in 17th edition
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Report Highlights
Three categories of forests have been surveyed in the report-
1. Very dense forest (more than 70% density)

2. Medium Dense Forest (40-70%)
3. open forest (10–40%)
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● The total forest area of the country is 80.9 million hectares
which is 24.62 percent of the total geographical area of the
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country.
● Compared to the year 2019, an increase of 2,261 sq km has
been registered in the total forest area of the country.
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Increase & decrease in forests
● States showing highest increase in forest cover are Telangana

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(3.07%), Andhra Pradesh (2.22%) and Odisha (1.04%)

● The biggest reduction in forest cover is in the five states of the
Northeast – Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Mizoram and Nagaland.
States with highest forest cover

● Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest area in the country in
terms of area; After this Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Odisha and Maharashtra
● The top five states in terms of forest cover as a percentage of
total geographical area are Mizoram (84.53%), Arunachal
Pradesh (79.33%), Meghalaya (76.00%), Manipur (74.34%)
and Nagaland (73.90%).
● 'Forest Area' refers to the legal status of the land as per
government records,
on any land.
Mangrove & Bamboo VE

● Whereas the term 'forest cover' refers to the presence of trees
● Mangrove area increased by 17 square kilometers as

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compared to 2019 assessment
● India's total mangrove cover is now 4,992 sq km.
● Top 3 states showing increase in mangrove area are Odisha
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(8 sq km), followed by Maharashtra (4 sq km) and Karnataka

(3 sq km)
● The number of bamboos present in the forests has increased
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from 13,882 million in the year 2019 to 53,336 million in the

year 2021.
Forest and Climate Change
● 35.46% of the forest area is prone to forest fire.

● By 2030, 45-64% of forests in India will be affected by climate
change and rising temperatures.
● Forests in all states (except Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and
Nagaland) will be highly sensitive climate hotspots.
● Ladakh is likely to be affected the most.
Carbon stock
● The total carbon stock in the country's forests is estimated to

be 7,204 million tonnes, an increase of 79.4 million tonnes
from 2019.
● The annual addition to the carbon stock is 39.7 million tonnes.
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Degradation of natural forests
● Decline of 1,582 sq km in medium dense forests or 'natural

forest'
● Also, there has been an increase of 5,320 square kilometers
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in the shrubland area, which shows the degradation of forests
in the region.
Declining Forest Cover in the North Eastern Region

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● The Northeast region has seen an overall decline of 1,020

square kilometers in forest cover.
● The North Eastern states account for 7.98% of the total
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geographical area but 23.75% of the total forest area.
The reason for the decline in the northeastern states
● Natural calamities: especially landslides and heavy rains

● Anthropogenic Activity: shifting agriculture, pressure from
developmental activities and felling of trees
Variation
● Variation can be defined as any difference between individuals
within a species or group of organisms within a species.
● Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation, but
mechanisms such as sexual reproduction and gene flow also
contribute to it.
● differences in skin color, hair type; Curly or straight, eye color,
blood type among different ethnic groups represent variations
within the human species.
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Adaptive radiation
● Adaptive radiation is a rapid increase in the number of species

from a common ancestor, characterized by great ecological
and morphological diversity.
● The driving force behind this is the adaptation of organisms to
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new ecological contexts.
● Adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify
from an ancestral species into a number of new forms when
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the environment creates new challenges or opens up new

environmental niches.
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Speciation
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● Speciation is how a new type of plant or animal species is
created.
● Speciation occurs when a group within a species diverges
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from other members of its species and develops its own

unique characteristics.
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● Speciation is the process by which new species are formed,

and evolution is the mechanism by which species arise.
● A species consists of several populations. Often the different
populations of a species remain isolated due to some
geographical barriers like mountains, oceans, rivers etc.
● Geographic isolation leads to speciation (allopatric speciation
or geographic speciation).
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● After a long period of time, the sub-populations become very
different (genetic drift) and get isolated, reproductively, i.e.
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they no longer interbreed.

● Later even when the barrier is removed, the sub-populations
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are unable to interbreed, and thus subsequently the

sub-populations become two different species.
Mutation
● Mutation (a change in genetic material that results from an

error in the replication of DNA) causes new genes to arise in a
population.
● Furthermore, in sexually reproducing populations, meiosis and
fertilization produce a new combination of genes in each
generation, a process known as recombination.
● Thus, members of the same species show 'variation' and are
not identical.
Natural Selection
● Natural selection is the mechanism proposed by Darwin and

Wallace.
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● Natural selection is the process by which species adapt to
their environment.
● It is an evolutionary force that selects among variations, ie
genes that help the organism to better adapt to its
environment.
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Evolution
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● Evolution involves the processes of natural selection,

adaptation, variation etc.
● A theory of evolution was propounded by Charles Darwin and
Alfred Wallace in 1859.
● This theory has been expanded in light of advances in
genetics and is known as Neo-Darwinism.
extinct
● The primary cause of extinction is environmental change or

biological competition.
● Extinction occurs when species cannot evolve fast enough to
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cope with a changing environment.
● Currently, the sixth mass extinction (anthropogenic extinction -
human induced) is in progress.
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Energy
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Renewable energy in india
India's rank by the year 2022

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● 4th place globally in wind power generation

● 4th place globally in solar energy
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● 4th place globally in renewable energy installed capacity

● Universal household access to electricity achieved in the year
2019
● A total of 172.72 GW of electricity capacity has been added
from non-fossil fuel sources.
● This includes 119.09 GW of renewable energy, 46.85 GW of
large hydro and 6.78 GW of nuclear power capacity.
● 42.26% of total energy generation capacity achieved from
non-fossil fuel sources
● The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is working
towards achieving 500 GW of power capacity from non-fossil
sources by 2030.
● Achieved the target of supply of petrol blended with 10%
ethanol (10% ethanol, 90% petrol) in the year 2022
● Target set for 20% ethanol (20% ethanol, 80% petrol) by the
year 2025
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● Up to 85% dependent on imports to meet its oil needs
● Imports 50% of it to meet its gas needs
● India's per capita electricity consumption only one-third of
global average while energy demand doubles
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● International Energy Agency (IEA) → India's energy demand
could increase by more than 3% per annum by 2030 due to
urbanization and industrialization.
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● Hence the need for self-reliance in the energy sector to meet

the growing energy demand; But India is not self-sufficient in
the energy sector
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● More than 12 lakh crore rupees spent on energy import

● Government plans to achieve energy independence by the
year 2047
● Up to 85% dependent on imports to meet its oil needs
● Imports 50% of it to meet its gas needs
● Committed to getting almost half of its energy from non-fossil
fuel sources by 2030
● Target to expand the installed capacity of renewable energy to
500 GW by 2030
● About 60 GW wind power potential exists in India
● Currently 13.4 gigawatts (GW) of potential projects in wind
power are targeted to be installed by the year 2024.
● Total potential of tidal energy in India is 9000 MW.
● India's nuclear energy reserves 298 billion tonnes
● Target set to produce 14.6 GW of electricity from nuclear
power by the year 2024
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Major government schemes
National Solar Energy Mission

● Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
● Target of 175 GW renewable energy installed capacity by
2022
● 2010
● Out of this, 100 GW from solar power
● from 60 GW wind power
● from 10 GW biomass energy
● 5 GW from small hydropower
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'Saubhagya' scheme
● When: 2017
● Ministry : Union Ministry of Power
● Goal: To ensure universal household electrification in both
rural and urban areas
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● 60% grant from center to states under the scheme
● 85% subsidy for North East India and hilly states
● Solar power pack of 200 to 300 watt capacity with battery was
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given by the central government, in which 5 LED bulbs, one

fan for each house
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Rooftop solar plan
● 2014
● Rooftop Solar Scheme aims to have a cumulative solar power
capacity of 40,000 MW by 2022
● Under this scheme, 40% subsidy is being provided for 3 kW
and 20% subsidy is being provided for solar panel capacity
above 3 kW and up to 10 kW.
One Sun One World One Grid
● 2018
● Presented by the Indian Prime Minister at the first assembly of
the International Solar Alliance
Under the proposed plan, this program will be implemented in three

phases.
● The first phase aims to 'connect solar energy between Central
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Asia, South Asia and South-East Asia'.
● Under the second phase, grids connected in Asia will be
connected to Africa.
● In the third phase of the plan, a target has been set to connect
electricity grids globally for power supply.
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● The target of the year 2030 has been set for the overall
implementation of the scheme.
● Any member of the International Solar Alliance can participate
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in this scheme.
● The program is based on the values of participation and
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collective ownership, where it is a collective right of all

members.
● Project based on voluntary funding, which is its biggest hurdle
International Solar Alliance
● Established : 30 November 2015

● Indo-French Initiatives during the Paris Summit
● intergovernmental organization
● Headquarters : Gurugram (Haryana)
● Member: Countries located partially or completely between the
Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn
● Objective: More than 1000 GW of solar power generation
capacity + mobilize approximately $1000 billion for investment
in solar energy by 2030
First state in India to cross 10 GW solar capacity
● According to Mercom India, Rajasthan has become the first
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state in the country to cross 10 gigawatts (GW) of cumulative
large-scale solar installations.
● Mercom India is a subsidiary of the US based Mercom Group.
It is a clean energy research and communications firm
specializing in the Indian cleantech markets.
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● India's first green hydrogen blending project
● National Green Hydrogen Mission
● National Hydrogen Policy, 2022
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● Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala 2.0 Scheme

● Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana 1.0
● UJALA scheme
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● Gram Ujala Yojana

● PM-KUSUM
● zero campaign

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MKLIVE

What is the Climate and Weather ?

What is the Green House Effect ?

What is the Global Warming ?

What is Climate Change?

● Climate change refers to a historical change in the pattern of

How much will the temperature rise in the future?

● Satellite data shows that sea level has risen by 3 mm annually

IPCC new report

Climate change solutions

To reduce global warming, scientists have talked about adopting

Due to the activation of the volcano, sulfur dioxide gas is released

construction of pseudo trees

Carbon dioxide can be absorbed by the formation of pseudo-trees

Algae Seeds and Iron

Stratosphere ozone is called good ozone, because it absorbs

● Atmospheric ozone is measured by a Dobson spectrometer

and is expressed in Dobson units.

● This density is achieved by bringing the ozone to surface level

Atmospheric ozone is measured by:

● The average concentration of ozone in the atmosphere is

falls below 220 Dobson units is considered part of the ozone

Thinning of Ozone Layer

● In 1974, chemists Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina first

● Ozone depletion has been observed from the South Pole

every year. Later this phenomenon came to be known as the

The reason for the maximum ozone depletion over Antarctica

● Polar Stratospheric Cloud

Polar Stratospheric Cloud

disintegration, which changes the stratospheric structure.

● In fact, a polar vortex is a pattern of winds that is similar to

● Chlorine reserves in the form of hydrochloric acid (HCI) and

chlorine nitrate (CINO3/CIONO2) are stable compounds and

in any reaction. Is.

Status of Ozone Layer During Winters

Status of Ozone Layer During Spring

● In the spring when sunlight is intense, molecular chlorine

Effects of Decomposition of Stratospheric Ozone

Unnecessary changes in the natural properties of nature

Some substances are already present in the atmosphere, but when

Substances that are not normally present in the environment and

Substances that are formed by a chemical reaction between the

are already present in the environment). eg. nitrogen dioxide

pollution that is broken down by natural processes,

eg. municipal sewage

Pollutants that do not naturally decompose or that decompose

CO2 Emissions Report, 2022

In March 2023, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released the

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Report, 2022. However, this report

the year 2022.

key points of the report

● Global energy-related CO2 emissions are projected to

main source of incomplete combustion

● The common components of photochemical smog are ozone,

oxides of sulfur (SO2, SO3)

Bioindicator of Sulphur is Lichen

Top 5 emitting countries

● India contributes more than 15% of global anthropogenic