Transport in Plants

1. Transport over longer distances proceeds through the vascular

system which is called ___________.
2. Transport in xylem is essentially ___________, however in
phloem it is ___________.

3. In diffusion, substance move from regions of ___________

concentration to regions of ___________ concentration.
4. ___________ is very important to plants since it is the only
means for gaseous movements within the plant body.
5. The diffusion of any substance across a membrane also depends
on its solubility in ___________, the major constituent of the
membrane.
6. In ___________ diffusion special proteins help move substance
across membranes without expenditure of ATP energy.
7. The ___________ are proteins that form huge pores in the outer
membranes of the plastids, mitochondria and some bacteria
allowing molecules up to the size of small proteins to pass through.
8. Water channels are made up ___________ different types of
___________ .
9. In a ___________, both molecules cross the membrane in the
same direction; and in an ___________ they move in opposite
direction.
10. ___________ are proteins that use energy to carry substance
across the cell membrane in active transport.
11. A watermelon has over ___________% water and most
herbaceous plants have only about ___________% of its fresh
weight as dry matter.
12. Terrestrial plants take up huge amount water but most of it is
lost to the air through evaporation from the leaves due to
___________.
13. ___________ and ___________ are the two main components
that determine water potential.
14. Water potential is denoted by the Greek symbol Psi or Ψ and is
expressed in pressure units such as ___________.

15. For a solution at atmospheric pressure, Ψw=___________.

16. ___________ is the term used to refer specifically to the
diffusion of water across a differentially- or semi-permeable
membrane.
17. The net direction and rate of osmosis depends on both the
___________ and ___________ gradient.
18. More the ___________ concentration, greater will be the
osmotic pressure required to prevent water from diffusing in.
19. Numerically osmotic pressure is equivalent to the
___________, but the sign is opposite.
20. Osmotic pressure is the ___________ pressure applied, while
osmotic potential is ___________.

21. If the external solution balances the osmotic pressure of the

cytoplasm, it is said to be ___________.
22. Cells swell in ___________ solution and shrinks in
___________ solution.

23. ___________ occurs when water moves out of the cell and cell
membrane of a plant cell shrinks away from its cell wall.
24. When water flows into the cell and out of the cell and are in
equilibrium, the cells are said to be ___________.

25. Water diffuses into the cell causing the cytoplasm to build up a
pressure against the wall, which is called ___________.
26. The ___________ pressure is ultimately responsible for
enlargement and extension of growth of cells.
27. ___________ is a special type of diffusion when water is
absorbed by solids-colloids-causing them to enormously increase
in volume.
28. Absorption of water by seeds and dry wood are examples of
___________.

29. The movement of a molecule across a typical plant cell takes

approximately ___________.
30. The movement of water exclusively through the intercellular
spaces and the walls of cells occur through ___________ pathway.
31. During symplastic movement, the water travels through the
cells- their cytoplasm; intercellular movement of water is through
the ___________.
32. Symplastic movement may be aided by ___________.

33. Most of the water flow in the roots occurs via the
___________.
34. The endodermis is impervious to water because of a band of
suberised matrix called the ___________

35. A ___________ is a symbiotic association of fungus with a root

system.
36. Pinus seeds cannot germinate and establish without the presence of
___________.
37. Various ions from the soil are actively transported into the vascular
tissue of the roots, water follows and increases the pressure inside the
xylem, this positive pressure is called ___________.
38. Water loss in its liquid phase from plants in known as
___________.

39. Root pressure does not account for the majority of water
transport; most plants meet their need by ___________.
40. Water is mainly pulled through the plant, and that the driving
force for this process is transpiration from the leaves, this is
referred to as ___________ model for water transport.
41. The evaporative losses of water by plants occur mainly through
the ___________ in the leaves.
42. The opening of the stomata is also aided due to the orientation
of the ___________ in the cell walls of the guard cells.

43. ___________ microfibrils are oriented radially rather than

longitudinally making it easier for the stoma to open.
44. Usually the lower surface of a ___________ leaf has greater
number of stomata while in an ___________ leaf they are about
equal on both surfaces.
45. Attraction of water molecules to polar surface such as the
surface of tracheary elements is called ___________.
46. Measurements reveals that the forces generated by
transpiration can create pressure sufficient to lift a xylem sized
column of water over ___________ meters high.
47. Most minerals enter the root by ___________ absorption into
the cytoplasm of epidermal cells
48. Transport proteins of ___________ cells are control points,
where a plant adjusts the quantity and types of solutes that reach
the xylem.
49. The root of endodermis, because of the layer of ___________ , has the
ability to actively transport ions in one direction only.
50. Food, primarily sucrose, is transported by the vascular tissue phloem
from a ___________ to a ___________. Usually the ___________ is
understood to be that part of the plant which synthesizes the food, i.e., the
leaf, and ___________, the part that stores the food.
51. The accepted mechanism used for the translocation of sugars
from sucrose to sink is called the ___________ hypothesis.
52. The sugar moved in the form of ___________ into the
companion cell and then into the living phloem sieve tube cells by
active transport.
53. Elements most readily mobilized are P, S, ___________ and
___________.

54. C4 plants are ___________ as efficient as C3 plants in terms of

fixing carbon.
55. The inner cell wall of each guard cell, towards the stomatal
aperture is ___________ and ___________.
 Mineral Nutrition
1. The technique of growing plants in a nutrient solution is known
as ___________.
2. Macronutrients are generally present in plant tissues in large
amounts i.e., in excess of ___________ mmol kg-1 of dry matter.

3. C, H and O are macronutrients that are mainly obtained from

___________ and ___________.
4. Micronutrient or trace elements are needed in very small
amounts less than ___________ mmol kg-1 of dry matter.

5. C, H, O, N are essential elements that are component of

biomolecules and hence ___________ elements.
6. Mg of chlorophyll and P in ATP are essential elements that are
component of ___________ chemical compounds in plants.

7. ___________ is an activator of alcohol dehydrogenase and

___________ of nitrogenase during nitrogen metabolism.
8. ___________ is the essential element nutrient required by
plants in the greatest amount.

9. Phosphorous is absorbed by plants from soil in the form of

phosphate ions either as ___________ or ___________.
10. ___________ essential nutrient helps to maintain the ribosome
structure.

11. ___________ element is present in vitamins like thiamine,

biotin, coenzyme A.
12. ___________ element activates catalase enzyme and is
essential for the formation of chlorophyll.

13. ___________ element is required for uptake and utilization of

Ca2+, pollen germination and carbohydrate translocation.
14. ___________ is the loss of chlorophyll leading to yellowing in
leaves.
15. ___________ competes with Fe and Mg for uptake and with
Mg for binding with enzymes and also inhibit calcium translocation
in shoot apex.
16. The movement of ions into the apoplast is ___________
process and usually occurs through ___________.

17. The entry and exit of ions to and from the symplast is
___________ process.
18. The process of conversion of nitrogen to ammonia is termed as
___________.

19. Decomposition of organic nitrogen of dead plants and animals

into ammonia is called ___________.
20. Ammonia is oxidized to nitrite by the bacteria ___________
and ___________.

21. Nitrite is converted into nitrate by bacteria ___________.

22. Nitrate in soil is reduced to nitrogen by the process of
___________ which is carried by bacteria ___________ and
___________.
23. Reduction of nitrogen to ammonia by living organism is called
___________.
24. Azobacter and Beijernicka are example of ___________
nitrogen-fixing ___________ microbes.

25. Rhodospirillium is example of free-living nitrogen fixing

___________ microbe.
26. ___________ bacteria has symbiotic association with roots of
legumes such as alfalfa, lentils, garden pea, etc.
27. ___________ microbe produces nitrogen-fixing nodules on the
roots of non-leguminous plants.
28. Initiation of nodule formation occurs in ___________ of root
when an infection thread is produced carrying the bacteria into
root.
29. The enzyme ____________ is a Mo-Fe protein and catalyze
conversion to atmospheric nitrogen to ___________.
30. To protect nitrogenase enzyme from oxygen, the nodule
contains an oxygen scavenger called ___________.
31. ___________ ATP are used for formation of one molecule of
ammonia in biological nitrogen fixation.
32. In reductive amination, ammonia reacts with α-ketoglutaric
acid and forms ___________.
33. α-ketoglutaric acid + _________ + NADPH glutamate +
H2O +NADP
34. The two most important amides ___________ and
___________ found in plants are structural part of proteins.
35. Along with the transpiration stream, the nodules of some
plants e.g. soyabean export the fixed nitrogen as ___________.
 Photosynthesis in higher plants
1. ___________ in 1770 performed a series of experiments that
revealed the essential role of air in the growth of green plants.
2. O2 evolved by the green plant comes from ___________.

3. The ___________cells in the leaves have a large numbers of

chloroplasts.
4. The membrane system is responsible for trapping the light
energy and also for the synthesis of ___________ and
___________ in chloroplast.
5. The wavelength at which there is maximum absorption by
chlorophyll-a , i.e. in the ___________ and ___________ region
shows higher rate of photosynthesis.
6. Chlorophyll- ___________ is the chief pigment associated with
photosynthesis.
7. Thylakoid pigments like ___________, xanthophylls and
___________ are accessory pigments that absorb light and transfer
the energy to chlorophyll-a.
8. The single ___________ molecule forms the reaction centre.
9. In PS-I, the reaction centre chlorophyll-a have an absorption
peak at ___________nm, hence is called___________, while in PS-
II it has absorption maxima at ___________nm, and is called
___________.
10. The splitting of water is associated with the PS-___________.
11. The process through which ATP is synthesized by cells is named
as ___________.
12. When the two photosystem work in a series, first PS-II and then
PS-I, a process called ___________phosphorylation occurs.
13. The membrane or lamellae of the grana have both PS-I and PS-
II and the ___________ membrane lack PSII as well as NADP
reductase enzyme.
14. Cyclic photophosphorylation occur when light of wavelength
beyond ___________nm are available for excitation.
15. ___________synthesis is linked to development of a proton
gradient across a membrane.

16. In respiration, protons accumulate in the ___________of

mitochondria when electrons move through the ETS.
17. The ___________ enzyme is located on the stroma side of the
membrane.
18. Within the chloroplast, protons in the ___________ decreases
in number, while in the lumen there is accumulation of protons.
19. The ___________ enzyme consists of two part: one called the
___________ is embedded in the membrane and forms a transmembrane
channel that carries out facilitated diffusion of protons across the
membrane. The other portion is called ___________ and protrudes on the
outer surface of the thylakoid membrane.
20. Chemiosmosis requires a membrane, a ___________pump, a
proton gradient and ___________.

21. The products of light reaction are ___________, NADPH and

___________.
22. The acceptor molecule of CO2 in dark reaction is a 5-C
___________ sugar- ___________.
23. The fixations of ___________ molecules of CO2 and
___________ turns of the cycle are required for the
removal of one molecule of glucose from the Calvin cycle pathway.
24. For every CO2 molecule entering the Calvin cycle, ___________
molecules of ATP and ___________ of NADPH are required.
25. ___________plants have a special type of leaf anatomy,
tolerate higher temperatures and lack a process of
photorespiration and have greater productivity of biomass.
26. Large cells around the vascular bundles of the C4 pathway
plants are called ___________ cells and the leaves which have such
anatomy are said to have ___________ anatomy.
27. ‘Kranz’ means ___________ and is a reflection of the
arrangement of cells.
28. C4 pathway has been named ___________ pathway.

29. In C4 plants, the primary CO2 acceptor is a 3-C molecule

___________ and is present in the mesophyll cells.
30. In C4 plants, mesophyll cells lack ___________ enzymes. The
C4 acid ___________ is formed in mesophyll cells

31. 4-C compounds like ___________ or ___________ formed in

mesophyll cell of C4 plants are transported to the bundle sheath.
32. The bundle sheath cells are rich in an enzyme ___________ but
lacks ___________.

33. ___________ pathway is common to C3 and C4 plants.

34. The active site of RuBisCO has both ___________ and
___________ binding sites. It has greater affinity for ___________.

35. PGA binds with O2 to form one molecule of ___________ and

___________ in a pathway called photorespiration.
36. C4 acid from the mesophyll is broken down in the bundle
sheath cells to release ___________- this results in increasing the
concentration of ___________.

37. ___________ is the major limiting factor for photosynthesis.

38. Increase in concentration upto ___________% can cause an
increase in CO2 fixation rates; beyond this the level can become
damaging over longer periods.
39. C4 plants show saturation at about ___________ μlL-1 while C3
responds to increased CO2 concentration and saturation is seen only beyond
___________ μlL-1 .
Respiration in plants
1. The breaking of C-C bonds of complex compounds through
oxidation within the cells, leading to release of considerable
amount of energy is called _______________ . The compounds
that are oxidised during this process are known as
_______________ .
2. _______________ acts as the energy currency of the cells.

3. Plants have no specialized organs for gaseous exchange but they

have _______________ and _______________ for this purpose.
4. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called
_______________ .
5. The scheme of glycolysis was given by _______________ ,
_______________ and _______________ and is often referred to
as the EMP pathway.
6. Glycolysis occurs in _______________ of cell whereas citric acid
cycle occurs in _______________ .

7. In plants, glucose is derived from _______________ which is end

product of photosynthesis.
8. In glycolysis, a chain of _______________ reaction occurs.

9. Glycolysis starts with one molecule of six-carbon compound

glucose and ends in formation of _______________ molecules of
_______________ - Carbon compound pyruvic acid.
10. In muscle cells of animals, when oxygen is inadequate, pyruvic
acid is converted to _______________ by enzyme
_______________ .
11.pyruvic acid+CoA +NAD → AcetylCoA +CO2 +NADH+H
Above reaction is catalyzed by enzyme _______________ , which
requires presence of __________ion.
12. During the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid in citric
acid cycle, a molecule of _______________ is synthesised. This is a
_______________ phosphorylation.
13. In Mitochondrial matrix, _______________ mol of NADH
_______________ mol of FADH2 and _______________ mol of
ATP is synthesized from 1 mol of pyruvate.
14. Citric acid cycle takes place in _______________ part and E.T.S
in _______________ part of mitochondria.
15. The metabolic pathway through which the electron passes
from one carrier to another is called _______________ .
16. Complex-IV of E.T.S refers to cytochrome oxidase complex
containing cytochromes _______________ and _______________
and _______________ copper centres.
17. ATP synthase is complex - _______________ of E.T.S.

18. Oxidation of one molecule of NADH give rise to

_______________ molecules of ATP, while that of one molecules
of FADH2 produces _______________ molecules of ATP.
19. _______________ acts as the final hydrogen acceptor in E.T.S.
20. For each ATP produced in E.T.S, _______________ passes
through F0 (part of complex V) from intermembrane space to the
matrix _______________ the electrochemical gradient.
21. There can be a net gain of _______________ ATP molecules
during aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose.
22. The NADH synthesized in glycolysis is transferred into the
mitochondria and undergoes _______________ phosphorylation.
23. In fermentation there is a net gain of only _______________
molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose degraded to pyruvic
acid.
24. If fatty acids were used as substrate for respiration, they would
first be degraded to _______________ and if glycerol, then would
be converted to _______________ and then enter the pathway.
25. Respiratory pathway is an _______________ pathway as it
involves both catabolism and anabolism.
26. The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2
consumed in respiration is called _______________. For
carbohydrate, it is _______________ and for protein it is
_______________ .
 Plant growth and Development
1. The growth of plants is due to the presence of ___________ at
certain locations in their body.
2. Growth wherein new cells are always being added to the plant
body by the activity of the meristem is called the ___________
form of growth.
3. In dicotyledonous plants and gymnosperms, the lateral
meristems, vascular cambium and cork-cambium appear later in
life. There are the meristems that causes increase in the
___________ of the organs in which they are active. This is known
as ___________ growth of plant.
4. Growth, at cellular level, is principally a consequence of increase
in the amount of ___________.
5. The period of growth is generally divided into 3 phases, namely,
___________, elongation and ___________. The constantly
dividing cells, both at the root apex and shoot apex, represent the
___________ phase of growth.
6. Arithmetic growth is mathematically expressed as Lt = Lo + rt
where ‘r’ is ___________.

7. The exponential growth can be expressed as W1 = ___________.

8. Measurement and comparison of total growth per unit time is
called the ___________ growth rate.

9. ___________ provides the medium for enzymatic activities

needed for growth.
10. Cells derived from root apical and shoot-apical meristem and
cambium differentiate and mature to perform specific functions.
This act leading to maturation is termed as ___________.
11. During differentiation, cells undergo few major structural
changes both in their ___________ and ___________.
12. The living differentiated cells which have lost the capacity to
divide can regain the capacity of division under certain conditions.
This phenomenon is termed as ___________.
13. Formation of meristems- interfascicular cambium and cork-
cambium from fully differentiated parenchyma cells are the
example of ___________.
14. Plants follow different pathways in response to environment or
phases of life to form different kinds of structures. This ability is
called ___________.
15. Plant hormone which is derivative of carotenoids are
___________.
16. The ___________ of canary grass responded to unilateral
illumination by growing towards the light source.

17. Auxin was isolated by F.W.Went from tips of coleoptiles of

___________ seedlings.
18. The ‘bakane’ disease of rice seedlings was caused by a fungal
pathogen ___________.

19. Skoog and Miller crystallized the cytokinesis promoting active

substance that they termed as ___________.
20. Inhibitor-B and dormin were proved to be chemically identical
and was named ___________

21. Auxin was first isolated from ___________.

22. NAA and 2,4-D are ___________ auxins.

23. In most of the higher plants, the growing apical bud inhibits the
growth of the lateral buds , a phenomenon called ___________.
24. Decapitation usually results in growth of ___________.

25. 2,4-D is widely used to kill ___________ weeds, does not affect
mature ___________ plants.
26. ___________ controls xylem differentiation and helps in cell
division.
27. ___________ was one of the first gibberellins to be discovered
and remains the most intensively studied form.
28. ___________ cause fruits like apple to elongate and improve
its shape.

29. ___________ is used to speed up the malting process in

brewing industry.
30. Gibberellin promotes ___________ in beet, cabbages and
many plants with rosette habit.
31. Cytokinins have specific effects on cytokinesis, and were
discovered as ___________ from the autoclaved ___________
DNA.
32. ___________ help to overcome the apical dominance.
33. Influence of ___________ on the plants includes horizontal
growth of seedlings, swelling of the axis and apical hook formation
in dicot seedlings.
34. ___________ promotes senescence and abscission of plant
organs especially of leaves and flowers.
35. The rise in rate of respiration during ripening of fruits is called
as respiratory ___________.
36. ___________ regulates many physiological processes so it is
the one of the most widely used PGR in agriculture
37. The most widely used compound as source of ethylene is
___________.
38. Ethephon hastens fruit ripening in tomatoes and apples and
accelerates ___________ in flowers and fruits.

39. ___________ is general plant growth inhibitor and an inhibitor

of plant metabolism.
40. ___________ stimulates the closure of stomata in the
epidermis and increase the tolerance of plants to various kinds of
stresses. It is also called the ___________ hormone.
41. ___________ helps seeds to withstand desiccation and other
factors unfavorable for growth. In most situations, it acts as an
antagonist to ___________.
42. The response of plants to periods of day/night is termed
___________.
43. The sites of perception of light/dark duration are the
___________ in plants.
44. The hormonal substance migrates from ___________ to ___________
apices for inducing flowering only when the plants are exposed to the
necessary inductive photoperiod.
45. There are plants for which flowering is either quantitatively or
qualitatively dependent on exposure to low temperature. This
phenomenon is termed ___________.
Transport in plants
1. Translocation
2. Unidirectional ; multidirectional
3. Higher ; lower
4. Diffusion
5. Lipids
6. Facilitated
7. Porins
8. Eight ;Aquaporins
9. Symport ; antiport
10. Pumps
11. 92 ; 10-15
12. Transpiration
13. Solute potential ; pressure potential
14. Pascals (Pa)
15. Solute potential (Øs)
16. Osmosis
17. Pressure ; concentration
18. Solute
19. Osmotic potential
20. Positive ; negative
21. Isotonic
22. Hypotonic ; hypertonic
23. Plamolysis
24. Flaccid
25. Turgor pressure
26. Turgor
27. Imbibitions
28. Imbibitions
29. 2.5
30. Apoplast
31. Plasmodesmata
32. Cytoplasmic streaming
33. Apoplast
34. Casparian strip
35. Mycorrhiza
36. Mycorrhizae
37. Root pressure
38. Guttation
39. Transpiratory pull
40. Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull
41. Stomata
42. Microfibrils
43. Cellulose
44. Dorsiventral ; isobilateral
45. Adhesion
46. 130
47. Active
48. Endodermal
49. Suberin
50. Sources ; sink; source ; sink
51. Pressure flow
52. Sucrose
53. N ; K
54. Twice Thick ; elastic
Mineral nutrition
1. Hydroponics
2. 10
3. CO2 ; H2O
4. 10
5. Structural
6. Energy-related
7. Zn+2 ; Mo
8. N
9. H2PO-4 ; HPO-4
10. Mg
11. S
12. Fe
13. Boron
14. Chlorosis
15. Mn
16. Passive ; ion channels
17. Active
18. Nitrogen fixation
19. Ammonification
20. Nitrosomonas ; Nitrococcus
21. Nitrobacter
22. Denitrification ; Pseudomonas ; Thiobacillus
23. Biological nitrogen fixation
24. Free-living ; aerobic
25. Anaerobic
26. Rhizobium
27. Frankia
28. Cortex
29. Nitrogenase ; ammonia
30. Leg-haemoglobin
31. 8
32. Glutamic acid
33. NH4 + ;Glutamate dehydrogenase
34. Asparagines ; glutamine Ureides
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
1. Joseph Priestley
2. H2O
3. Mesophyll
4. ATP ; NADPH
5. Blue ; red
6. Chlorophyll a
7. Chlorophyll b ; carotenoids
8. Chlorophyll a
9. 700 ; P700 ; 680 ; P680
10. II
11. Phosphorylation
12. Non-cyclic photo
13. Stroma lamellae
14. 680
15. ATP
16. Intermembrane space
17. NADPH reductase
18. Stroma
19. ATPase ; F0 ; F-1
20. Proton ; ATPase
21. ATP ; O2
22. Ketose ; RuBP
23. 6 ;6
24. 3 ; 2
25. C4
26. Bundle sheath ; Kranz
27. Wreath
28. Hatch and Slack
29. PEP
30. RuBisCO ; OAA
31. Malic acid ; aspartic acid
32. RuBisCO ; PEPcase
33. Calvin
34. O2 ; CO2
35. Phosphoglycerate ; phosphoglycolate
36. CO2 ; CO2
37. CO2
38. 0.05
39. 360 ; 450
Respiration in plants
1. respiration; respiratory substrate
2. ATP
3. stomata; lenticles
4. glycolysis
5. Embden; Meyerhof; Parnas
6. cytoplasm; mitochondria
7. sucrose
8. 10
9. 2; 3
10. lactic acid; lactate dehydrogenase
11. pyruvate dehydrogenase; Mg ++
12. GTP; substrate-level
13. 4; 1; 1
14. matrix; inner membrane
15. electron transport system (E.T.S)
16. a; a3 ; 2
17. V
18. 3; 2
19. oxygen
20. 2H+; down
21. 36
22. oxidative
23. 2
24. acetyl CoA; PGAL
25. amphibolic
26. respiratory quotient (RQ);1;0.9
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
1. Joseph Priestley
2. H2O
3. Mesophyll
4. ATP ; NADPH
5. Blue ; red
6. Chlorophyll a
7. Chlorophyll b ; carotenoids
8. Chlorophyll a
9. 700 ; P700 ; 680 ; P680
10. II
11. Phosphorylation
12. Non-cyclic photo
13. Stroma lamellae
14. 680
15. ATP
16. Intermembrane space
17. NADPH reductase
18. Stroma
19. ATPase ; F0 ; F-1
20. Proton ; ATPase
21. ATP ; O2
22. Ketose ; RuBP
23. 6 ;6
24. 3 ; 2
25. C4
26. Bundle sheath ; Kranz
27. Wreath
28. Hatch and Slack
29. PEP
30. RuBisCO ; OAA
31. Malic acid ; aspartic acid
32. RuBisCO ; PEPcase
33. Calvin
34. O2 ; CO2
35. Phosphoglycerate ; phosphoglycolate
36. CO2 ; CO2
37. CO2
38. 0.05
39. 360 ; 450
Plant growth and Development
1. Meristem
2. Open
3. Girth ; secondary
4. Protoplasm
5. Meristematic ; maturation;
meristematic
6. Growth rate
7. W0ert
8. Absolute
9. Water
10. Differentiation
11. Cell walls ; protoplasm
12. Dedifferentiation
13. Dedifferentiation
14. Plasticity
15. ABA
16. Coleoptiles
17. Oat
18. Gibberella fujikuroi
19. Kinetin
20. ABA
21. Human urine
22. Synthetic
23. Apical dominance
24. Lateral buds
25. Dicotyledonous ; monocotyledonous
26. Auxin
27. GA3
28. Gibberellins
29. GA3
30. Bolting
31. Kinetin ; herring sperm
32. Cytokinins
33. Ethylene
34. Ethylene
35. Climatic
36. Ethylene
37. Ethephon
38. Abscission
39. ABA
40. ABA
41. ABA ; GAs
42. Photoperiodism
43. Leaves
44. Leaves ; shoot Vernalisation