2022 1st IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics: Developments & Applications (ICIDeA)
A Study on the Impact of 5G in Defense and
Security
Vardan Malik
Amity Institute of Information Technology,
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Noida, India
2022 1st IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics: Developments & Applications (ICIDeA) | 978-1-6654-2149-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICIDEA53933.2022.9970046
vardan.malik@s.amity.edu
Abstract—5G which stands for fifth generation wireless
network. Fifth-generation technology is a new standard for
broadband cellular networks as it is designed to connect
devices and everyone to each other and aimed to provide
higher bandwidth with extremely low latency. 5G networks
are now being evaluated in several sites throughout the
world, with commercial use likely to commence in India in
early 2022. This article delves at the potential applications of
5G technology in the sphere of military and conflict
situations. After a quick rundown of 5G technologies and
how it works, a detailed literature review of research done by
authors in the field of 5G with in time span of six years is done
along with stating some gaps in their research papers and
then a detailed discussion about different key technologies
used in 5G network such as – mm Wave, MIMO, Hentet’s,
D2D Communication, SDN, NFV are talked through. This
paper focuses on challenges in deployment of 5G technology.
After which it has an incredibly detailed discussion about
privacy and security challenges which are linked with 5G
because of using foreign equipment and then it provides
workable solutions to the privacy and securitychallenges.
Keywords—5G Technologies, 5G Network, Defense, Security,
Military Communication, Future Battlespace.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cellular Communications was centred on
communications connecting people [1]. On the other hand,
the next generation of mobile networks is designed to link
more devices to each other. Acceptance of the Internet of
Things (IoT), in which each item will have inbuilt sensors, is
required for the number of smart commodities, smart cities,
and smart army bases which will have capability to detect
and sense in order to make decisions together with the power
to speak to among themselves, in locality that too in real
word timing leading to a common environment to fulfil
some purpose and every one this may occur without the
need for human involvement 5G networks are viewed as
having significant promise. infrastructure that is required to
make this a reality [2].5G will have voice, video and data
with device-to-device communication which will have ultra-
low latency especially in dense places with big
dependability. Thus, 5G technology brings a possibility of
the operational requirements for communication between
soldier to soldier and with control post also with the help of
voice, the possibility of 5G technology is connecting sensor
with self-driving cars along with devices with built-in
advanced Al techniques will bring a conflict with a far fewer
number of humans participating, which will be faster and
stronger [3]. 5G technology works on band of mm Wave,
with transmitting aerial, with a spectrum which is being
shared and beamforming method, and full duplex
communications which is of extremely high speed. In the
area of communication with respect to commercial and
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Sarvesh Tanwar
Amity Institute of Information Technology,
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Noida, India
s.tanwar1521@gmail.com
military these are several technologies coming [3]. 5G will
become a key player in the field of military communication
as there is no need for any kind of satellites or
communication relay aircraft for communication between
machine-to-machine or between soldiers and control centres.
The paper is set up in the following manner: In section 2,
presents related work of 5G. 5G development and security
challenges are explained in section 4 and section 5. In
Section 6, describes the possible solutions and in section 7,
applications of 5G. The proposed approach is described in
section 8 followed by conclusion in section 9.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Xinsheng Ji Xin [4] In his article, the author examined
the security requirements of 5G commercial applications,
network architecture, the air interface, and user privacy. He
also talks about the trend of 5G architectural development. A
variety of 5G security technologies are also covered.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) may have an impact on 5G
security from a defensive standpoint, and authors [5]
investigated potential defences to protect against hostile AI
while highlighting their limitations and adoption challenges.
Shen Su [6] provided a framework for automated 5G security
solutions by integrating the physical and logical layers from
the point of defence and automated attack. Tugba Erpek [7]
underlined the attack surface of machine learning and
corresponding attacks launched against wireless 5G
communications systems. Kadri Kaska [8] pointed out
security threats from both a cybersecurity point and a broader
national security context who are planning to use 5G
equipment’s from China based companies. Michel Bonfim
[9] shows a real-time 5G network attack defense system. As
they found new security issue regarding attacks against an
NS instance within network operator. Software defined
dynamic security (SD-DSD) as a service for 5g-enabled
automotive networks is described by Haotian Xu [10].
Yangban Sun [11] this paper demonstrates defence
framework and automated attack on security 5G with the
target of giving exploratory direction for the research on
security of 5G. Harsh V. Pant [12] this paper tells us about
the response of Native American to the ongoing talks on 5G
technology. It further tells us about the division between the
Government of India and telecom companies in India.
Literature review is presented in table 1.
TABLE 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
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 Author Year Contribution
Yash Patel 2021 The author proposed slicing of network
et.al. [26] based on the priority of services. He
showed how to migrate services from one
type to the next to ensure better software,
gadget, communication, and physically
available resources.
Luis 2021
Bastos The author provides an overview of 5G
technologies and outlines significant
technologies that will aid in the
development of military-related features. It
also provides some scenarios where 5G can
help military use. Then it gives some
suggestion where further development
can be done.
Shane 2020
Fonyi Here the author discussed his research
related to 5G in the space of security. It
also gives an overview of technologies
and security built into 5G.
Ansh 2020 Here author talks in detail about use of 5G
u in field of military communications and
Bhar about security challenges regarding 5G
dwaj specifically in India and further cast
[29] light on status of 5G in world.
Ning 2019
Wang Through this paper the author gives a
comprehensive survey of PLS techniques
in communication system of 5G IoT with
the help offour hierarchical parts.
Anand 2018
et.al. Here the author tries to present aspects
of security in 5G system specified by
the 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP), and difference with 4G (LTE)
system.
Douglas 2017 In this paper the author briefly
Stapleton discuses 5G bandwidth requirement
et.al. [32] for modern wars. It also examines
important problem in adopting 4G (LTE)
and future 5G.
Ab Rathi 2016 In this paper firstly author tries to give a
et.al. [33] detailed information about all previous
generation of networks technology and
then shifts focus toward upcoming 5G
technology. They also discussed about
present Telecommunication system and
problems faced by soldiers because of it
and talked about recent efforts to
overcome the problem regarding military.
A. Research Gaps
However, after reading all these research paper which
state about different things related to 5G technology
especially in the field of defence and security I personally
find a topic which is not extensively covered in these
research papers is about the privacy of 5G users. As we are
talking about the use of 5G technology in the field of
military, privacy of military data is particularly important.
There must be more research done regarding encryption of
5G networks. Only a few papers talk about security
concerns regarding 5G equipment purchase from specific
country. And how data breaches, especially data related to
military affairs can be a major concern for national interest
because of usage of international 5G equipment’s. SO,
there should be deep elaborated research regarding
security issues related to 5G technology.
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III. PREPARE THE KEY TECHNOLOGY POINT OF 5G
The following are some of the new key technologies
employed in 5G technology [13-14]
A. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
This method makes use of many co-located antennas to
simultaneously serve multiple clients in a similar time-
frequency asset. As the array opens with a high number of
elements, the array's resolution is also increased. This viably
thinks the transmitted force towards proposed recipients,
along these lines the transmitted force can be made
discretionarily little, bringing about large decrement in intra
and between cell impedance and all along work on the
throughput and Energy Efficiency (EE) execution [15].
B. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet)
Long Term Evolution, High-Speed Packet Access are
different type radio access technologies which have various
nodes which will empower framing of the multitier network
with every level having various qualities, for example,
transmission force and area covered. One thousand times
capacity which will be addressed with dense cells are
feasible to acknowledge with HetNet. HetNet can be
acknowledged by framework of cells which is overlaying
with technology of small cells which is similar, that is
with various technology of small cells. HetNet will
accomplish notably better region spectral effectiveness
(b/s/Hz/m2) [16].
C. Millimeter wave (mm Wave)
The mm Wave band, as of now pipes of wireless
broadband can be given because of the accessibility of
spectrum in large quantity. Additionally, the little antenna
sizes (λ/2) and their little spectrum (likewise around λ/2), will
empower pressing many antenna components in only one
centimetre square. This, thus, will permit accomplishing
exceptionally high beamforming gains in little regions, this
can be done at both the Base Station and the User
Equipment, and it can help improve the security of the
system [16]. However, route loss is higher at these
wavelengths than at traditional sub 3GHz bands, and
infiltration loss via the building is significantly higher,
limiting the use of outside RATs for internal use. Finally,
radio connections are subject to being broken by moving
objects or persons due to the proliferation in the Line-of-
Sight direction. Regardless of these limitations, the mm
Wave frequency band is viewed as the very promising for
future networks due to its large MIMO and availability of
spectrum in abundance [17].
D. Device to Device
In 5G, D2D communication allows for better spectrum
utilization and traffic offloading from base stations. The
first issue is the substantial amount of devices that are
need to be linked (fifty billion gadgets should be
associated later network society). The other test entails
streaming real-time and remote-controller vehicles via the
network, which necessitates a millisecond or less of
latency. One such arrangement may be the "Tactile
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 Internet" [14], which focuses on a twenty times
improvement in latency from 4G to 5G.
E. Software defined network (SDN)
Software defined network has three essential features:
logically centralized intelligence, programmability, and
reflection, all of which can aid boost network flexibility
and scalability while lowering costs. SDN decouples the
control plane of network from the information plane,
allowing for a greater client plane limit without losing
control plane resources. Furthermore, the centralized
Controller of a network can set certain networking
mechanisms (such as routing, forwarding, and access
control), allowing for unique topology of network
reorganizations and reconfigurations for specific
networking mechanisms. Similarly, thanks to the
programmable centralized regulator, infrastructure
translation to novel networking technologies such as
Cloud Computing, the IoT, and others will be simple and
quick [15].
F. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and
Networking Slicing
Network Functions Virtualization allows for the delivery
of virtualized networking functions at the edge of network,
enabling for the sharing of Network as a Service
components. In this way, virtualization approaches enable
the execution of network services in programming that are
ready to run regardless of the basic server hardware [1]. The
administrator's core equipment can be virtualized into a
logical design that can be used to virtualize a variety of
services and capacities, in both terms of processing and
network. As a result, genuine network operating components
can be virtualized in a multi-tenancy and multi-version
manner, permitting services and capabilities to be scaled as
needed while decreasing development time and Capex [16].
As a result, prohibitions on proprietary equipment have been
eased, allowing for tremendous progress in the creation of
novel networking services. Network cutting is the ability of
a network to arrange and execute many logical networks as a
virtual business activity on a typical physical infrastructure.
Network cutting is being used in a few Enterprise apps right
now, and it will be a key aspect of 5G design.
IV. CHALLENGES IN 5G DEPLOYMENT
The most significant issue with 5G is the substantial
number of networked devices, particularly critical
infrastructure, which necessitates the use of asymmetric
assets (size computational assets, power requirements, BW,
and so on) in a new IoT worldview . The security of the
radio interface is a test for productivity, device security,
network security, and preventing DoS attacks on the
foundation; distributed control frameworks anticipate
cooperation to avoid Signalling storms; and preventing DoS
attacks on end-client gadgets. Next Generation Mobile
Networks (NGMN) discovered a number of difficulties,
which have been documented in the literature [1].
Huge availability will expand the attack surface of the
5G network. Similarly, rather than true separation, the effect
of an attack will be viewed as difficulties in controlling a
successful assault because of temporary bury and intra-
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network constraints resulting from constant partition of the
fundamental systems network and preparation framework.
V. SECURITY CHALLENGES WITH 5G
Buying 5G hardware from China's media
communications monsters is going to be extremely unsafe
from the angle of the Indian army. 5G technology will
carry colossal advantages to the Indian army over the
course of the following decade in any event. It is
regarded to be innovative innovation, which will have a
direction on the tasks of military. However, the Government
of India is yet to settle on a definitive decision in regards
from where to buy 5G equipment’s. Huawei, a Chinese
company, is still a contender for some 5G equipment
inventory. Huawei's 5G offering is highly competitive in a
field that includes other major international firms. While the
Indian government has stated unequivocally that it will not
authorize 5G equipment from "untrustworthy" suppliers,
implying that Huawei and another Chinese network, ZTE,
will not be able to do so, the government is undecided on
whether the two Chinese 5G providers should be outright
banned.
The public authority has recognized these networks as
liable to introduce "back door" innovations that could
empower Chinese covert operative offices to direct
undercover work. These advances, whenever introduced by
Chinese companies, will no doubt endanger India's
public security. 5G carries extraordinary advantages to
the regular citizen, business, and defence broadcast
communications areas. It will produce higher information
rates, quick transmission empowered by high transfer
speed.
Military specialists in India, similarly as they are in
different nations, are going to take advantage of this
lucky break to coordinate 5G equipment and
programming for their current and future abilities. 5G will
have quicker reaction rates rather than 4G, more
extensive data transfer capacity and amazingly speedy
transmission and gathering of symbolism and war zone
conditions. Given the circumstances, 5G range presents
difficulties to a scope of the tactical specialized limits.
Even before the present deadlock, the armed forces advised
the government against adopting 5G technology purchased
from China because it could meddle with military
communications and drastically damage the Army's capacity
to safeguard India along its wide land borders with the PRC.
5G will have an impact on defence electronic
infrastructure, for example. Radar networks and
communication require this equipment, as well as man-
portable radio sets. Because wired services are limited to
rural areas, the government should consider two types of
roadblocks when considering whether to integrate 5G into
the country's media communications network. The first is
natural: the Indian Army's 5G gear will be hampered by the
hilly terrain and significant precipitation soon; the second is
client blocking, which might seriously impede the
presentation of 5G frameworks.
Dissimilar to the business clients of 5G technology
who might not have any desire to put resources into
hearty insurance gear from impedance because of
significant expense, the Native American armed services
will be constrained in doing that. They should put
resources into tough movable gear that downplay
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impedance in a working climate. To ensure a robust and
thorough presentation of 5G technology for the Indian
military, the government must hire specialized personnel to
overcome computer-related barriers. Armed forces will very
certainly face pervasive barriers, such as powerful signals of
foe loyalty. The data transmission rate of 5G is extremely
high. As a result, the jammer will follow into millimetre
wave range to stick frameworks in proximity. For short-
distance transmission, all clients, including business and
military clients, will rely on 28 GHz and beyond. This is like
4G in that it has a longer frequency and lower signal
recurrence, 3.5 GHz and below.
Lower-frequency data transmission, such as 4G, has
reduced long-distance networks' capacity to transfer data at
higher speeds to approximately one megabyte per second.
5G technology developers are aiming for one gigabyte per
second data rates, which will only be possible over short
distances. If India wants to buy long-distance
communication from Chinese companies like Huawei and
ZTE, China will utilize a similar method.
Purchasing 5G equipment from China's two major
broadcast communications companies is going to be
extremely detrimental to the Indian armed forces in this
situation. The government must also evaluate the impact of
5G on satellite-based signal transmission. Transmission
from space to ground-based recipients could take a long
time. Given these constraints, the government should think
carefully about where it gets 5G equipment and how to
avoid 5G interfering with terrestrial networks' space-based
transmission [18].
In any event, Huawei and ZTE, two Chinese hardware
companies, have been excluded from India's 5G trials. The
ministry has given authority to other multinational
businesses, including Ericsson, Nokia, and Samsung's
network unit, to oversee a 6-month trial of 5G innovation.
Even though Huawei and ZTE were not identified, their
ability to sell 5G equipment to telecoms businesses was not
prohibited [19].
VI. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Indian government should take necessary steps to provide
5G network to the country and especially to the military of
India. Regarding these Native American armed forces has
decided to build its own 5G networks which will be only for
military use. Ajay Kumar, Secretary, Ministry of Defence said,
“Military likewise should move to 5G network thinking about
the utilization of automated vehicles and AI in future [20]”.
Government should ask its ally countries which are ahead of
India in this technology like USA and country like South
Korea which is the world’s first full commercial 5G network
to provide technology and road map for deploying 5G
networks quickly. Further on Indian Government should take
more steps for the immediate implementation of 5G in
country to counter its enemies. Government must help private
companies from India and other international companies by
providing 5G network spectrum atsubsidized rate.
VII. APPLICATIONS OF 5G
Military operations depend on dependable, secure, and
fast communications, and 5G technology will enable a far-
reaching, reliable network that is less energy-intensive and
has large data transfer capacity. This will allow for the safe
transfer of a risky situation to the activity site, reducing
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disaster-related fatalities. With secure and dependable video
sharing using body cameras and area sharing [21], 5G will
also expand data sharing within the various warring groups. If
a crisis occurs, a network of upgraded sensors, robots,
vehicles, and troops in far-flung places would reduce
response time and enable rapid delivery of critical supplies –
ammo, food, medications, and so on – to precise areas via 5G
connected Drones. The introduction of 5G technology will
allow for a greater variety of material information.
Advances in 5G technology will allow for more material
usage data to be collected, which will have a major impact on
future industrial networks and military planning [21].
Military specialized gadgets would allow rapid short
proximity correspondence via D2D correspondence without
requiring satellite transfers, according to a 2017 report in
China Defence News [22], decreasing the cost of military
missions. To make transportation easier, the 5G segments
should be appropriately ruggedized and bundled [23].
Specialized instrumentation, such as better handling or
altered cell engineering, will be necessary to compensate for
the higher losses of mm Wave transmissions. A few things to
come front line situations that are applying 5G innovation
alongside IoT are rehashed here [24][34].
A. Communication Machines
Zhen [24] has successfully shown the use of 5G
technology in a remote woodland battle scenario. A gang of
troopers wanders the bush during a battle, all sporting
sparkling wearables that directly connect with one another
(machine- to-machine correspondence). The wearables are
likewise observing different health boundaries continuously
and any assault on the soldier is quickly recognized by
them. The injured bit is secured via automated tightening of
the belt and an infusion of first aid. At the same time, the
closest crisis helps focus and the gathering individuals are
cautioned. Directed by area GPS beacons on the wearables,
auto driven emergency vehicles show up for the harmed
soldier and support unit show up in heavily clad vehicles to
encompass the enemy.
B. Future Battlespace Scenarios
According to [13][25] hypersonic weapons will be ready
by 2022, with the United States, Russia, China, and others
working on them. Blocking or directing them at their high
velocity is beyond the capabilities of present networks. As
currently envisioned, 5G networks will have both the
required BW and low latency bandwidth. Furthermore, these
hyper glided vehicles will be gliding at a lower height to
avoid being spotted by air defence systems, and thus this
low altitude may be under the low reach limit of 5G
networks' millimetre waves, despite multiple interconnected
transfers.
5G may be able to supply a constant network to these
hypersonic weapons from ground stations, just as future air
defence systems will be able to notice them, thanks to lower
latency and reachability (provided by a network of transfers
– several thousands in each outskirt). system in [24], Zhen
presents two sci-fi scenarios in which a plane carrying a
battleship is simultaneously attacked by a torpedo and a
rocket. With the support of on-board sensors that are
organized together and provide constant situational
awareness to the skipper, the captain launches a swarm of
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drones and a spate of autonomous underwater vehicles
(UUVs). Drones form a barrier to prevent the approaching
rocket from colliding with the sea. In addition, UUVs
provide hurdles to catch and destroy the oncoming torpedo.
C. Perimeter Security and Telemedicine
In contrast to 4G's sub–GHz spectrum, 5G will employ
the millimetre waves band, where signal degradation is
rapid, limiting reach significantly. This can be employed in
two specific use cases for army bases because of the
enormous BW and ultra-low latency available: countless
sensors can be sent across the edge to provide edge security
without the risk of opponents recognizing the sensor
communications [26].
The usage of a directional antenna, low ranges, high
BW, and low latency make 5G an ideal technology for
communication among different command posts of a
formation, without the risk of identification, jamming, or
snooping. mm-wave signals are prone to being weakened by
structures, foliage, moving articles, and other factors.
Following that, 5G technology will employ directional
antennas with beamforming, which will provide inherent
anti-jamming capabilities. These qualities can be used to
plan many layers of range for diverse spectra without the
need for additional hardware [26].
The concept of smart military locations could become a
reality thanks to 5G. For robotized and strong access
management, the equivalent can be transmitted at front
entryways employing increasing biometric technologies.
Similarly, in an activity auditorium, the continual exchange
of situational mindfulness information versus available
assets (workforce, weapons and ammo, proportion, and so
on) at a base would result in optimal weapon sending and
circulation at the target, giving an edge. Robotic surgery in a
far-off conflict zone will be another common use of 5G,
offering speedy and effective medical care to avoid lethality
and in capabilities.
VIII. PROPOSED APPROACH
In today world as we are observing 5G is rolling out for
military and commercial use very rapidly. So, protecting
5G network is also very important due to increased number
of cyber-attacks. Software Defined Security (SDS) can be
used for protecting 5G network along with Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to detect
anomalous network traffic.
IX. CONCLUSION
The expansion of 5G networks is currently a work in
progress, thus exploratory data is not available in the open
writing to approve the cases of its adequacy in both
commercial and military applications. Regardless, the fact
that 5G networks will be a step ahead in mobile
communication with increased bandwidth cannot be
overlooked. This accelerated information flow will enable a
wide range of new uses in both commercial and military
settings. Regardless, 5G will be a step forward in mobile
communication due to higher bandwidth, which should not
be disregarded. This increased data flow will open a slew of
new possibilities in both commercial and military settings.
While a large group of associated gadgets with on-board
sensors, actuators, and Artificial Intelligence algorithms will
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have a positive impact on everyday life, empowering self-
governing tasks and expanding proficiency in terms of asset
executives and quick service delivery, a large group of
associated gadgets with on-board sensors, actuators, and
Artificial Intelligence algorithms will have a positive impact
on everyday life. In the military, 5G network accessibility
will improve situational awareness by continuously
transmitting massive amounts of information, surveillance,
and reconnaissance (ISR) data to authorities. This will not
only give an advantage in the strategic atmosphere during a
conflict, but it will also allow for ad hoc logistics and
resource allocation during peacetime and in any
circumstance [25]. Automated cars, smart military bases,
high-bandwidth, low-latency apps that enable cloud-based
services for both commercial and C2 environments are just a
few of the applications that 5G networks can support.
However, the substantial amount of connected devices and
network virtualization methods for the central system would
expand the possible attack surface. More robustness on
these networks has effectively made them part of the
foundation, and any flaw will have disastrous consequences
for the broader public. India has historically relied on
foreign equipment to put up mobile networks (base stations,
routers, servers, handsets, and so on). Local restrictions bind
most organizations, whether based in the United States or
China, to comply with their respective National Security
Agencies. As a result, the risk of their governments gaining
indirect access to confidential information via this load of
hardware cannot be ruled out. The construction of 5G
networks is necessary to fulfil increased demand while also
allowing for unprecedented freedom. It is vital to establish a
network plan that includes adequate security measures at
each tier in order to make it powerful enough to prevent an
attack but also tough enough to recover from one that
succeeds.
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