Logging and Perforating Cap

Halliburton
Logging and Perforating

Capabilities
for
High-Pressure, High-Temperature
Wells and Slim Holes
Halliburton
Logging and Perforating
Capabilities
for
High-Pressure, High-Temperature
Wells and Slim Holes
Halliburton Energy Services

Houston
Sales of Halliburton products and services will be in accord solely with the terms and conditions
contained in the contract between Halliburton and the customer that is applicable to the sale.
© 1995 by Halliburton Energy Services. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America
Halliburton Energy Services Publication EL-1088

Contents
INTRODUCTION 1
SECTION 1 Openhole Logging 3

The HEAT Suite Logging System 3
Cablehead Tension Load Cell 3
Hostile Telemetry Assembly (HETS) 4
Hostile Powered Decentralizer (HPDC) 4
Centralizers and Flex Joints 4
Hostile Four Arm Caliper (HECT) 4
Hostile Dual Induction (HDIL) 5
Hostile Full Wave Sonic (HFWS) 5
Hostile Spectral Density (HSDL) 5
Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron (HDSN) 5
Hostile Natural Gamma Ray (HNGR) 5
Hostile Dipmeter (HEDT) 6
Circumferential Acoustic Scanning Tool (CAST) 6
Toolpusher Logging (TPL) 6
Coiled-Tubing Conveyed Logging 6
SECTION 2 HEAT Suite Log Examples 21

Comparison of HEAT and Standard Logs 21
Triple-Combo Log and Analysis 21
Sonic Log and IWC Analysis 21
Instantaneous Transmissivity 22
Instantaneous Phase 22
Instantaneous Frequency 22
Data and Analysis Examples 22
SECTION 3 Environmental Effects on HEAT Suite Responses 29
SECTION 4 Cased-Hole Logging 77

Gamma-Neutron-CCL (GNST and HGNC) 77
Cement Bond/Micro-Seismogram® Logging (HFWS) 77
Production Logging (PL) 78
Hydro (HYD) 78
Fluid Density (FDT) 78
Gradiomanometer 78
Fullbore Gas Holdup (GHT) 78
Continuous Flowmeter (FMC) 79
Pressure (SPT and CQPT) 79
Temperature (TLT) 79
Borehole Audio Tracer (BATS) 79
Casing Inspection 79
SECTION 5 Cased-Hole Mechanical and Related Services 91

Explosive Services 91
Jet Cutters 91
Drill-Collar Severing Tools (DCST) 91
Perforating Systems 91
Junk Shots 92
Magnetic Orienting Device (MOD) 92
Slimhole Hostile Gamma Perforator (HGPS) 92
v
Chemical Cutters 92
Free-Point and Back-Off Tools 92
Bridge Plugs 92
Through-Tubing Bridge Plugs 92
Cast-Iron Bridge Plugs 92
SECTION 6 Radius-of-Borehole-Curvature Limitations on Downhole Tools 101
INDEX 107
vi
Tables and Figures
TABLES
Table 1.1—HEAT Suite Specifications 4
Table 5.1—Specifications for Jet Tubing Cutters 93
Table 5.2—Specifications for Jet Drillpipe Cutters 93
Table 5.3—Specifications for Drill-Collar Severing Tools 93
Table 5.4—Specifications for Strip-Carrier and Wire-Carrier Through-Tubing Capsule Guns 94
Table 5.5—Specifications for Scalloped Hollow-Carrier Tubing Guns 94
Table 5.6—Specifications for Ported Hollow-Carrier Casing Guns 94
Table 5.7—Specifications for Scalloped Hollow-Carrier Casing Guns 95
Table 5.8—Chemical Cutters Used in Tubulars With OD 4-1/2 Inches or Less 96
Table 5.9—Elite Magna-Range Bridge Plugs 97
FIGURES
Specifications: Openhole Logging Tools
Figure 1.1—Typical HEAT Suite Configurations 7
Figure 1.2—Hostile Environment Telemetry (HETS-A) 8
Figure 1.3—Hostile Powered Decentralizer Caliper (HPDC-A) 9
Figure 1.4—Hostile Environment Caliper Tool (HECT-A) 10
Figure 1.5—Hostile Dual Induction (HDIL-A) 11
Figure 1.6—Hostile Full Wave Sonic (HFWS-A), Long-Spaced Operation, Sonic Full Waveform 12
Figure 1.7—Hostile Full Wave Sonic (HFWS-A), Long-Spaced Operation, Sonic Real-Time Slowness 13
Figure 1.8—Hostile Spectral Density (HSDL-A), With In-Line Pad 14
Figure 1.9—Hostile Spectral Density (HSDL-A), With Extendable Pad 15
Figure 1.10—Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron (HDSN-A) 16
Figure 1.11—Hostile Natural Gamma Ray (HNGR-A) 17
Figure 1.12—Hostile Environment Dipmeter Tool (HEDT-A) 18
Figure 1.13—Circumferential Acoustic Scanning Tool (CAST-A), DITS Version 19
Examples: HEAT Suite Logs

Figure 2.1—Comparison of HEAT and Standard Logs 23
Figure 2.2—HEAT Triple-Combo Log 24
Figure 2.3—Analysis of HEAT Triple-Combo Log 25
Figure 2.4—HEAT Full Wave Sonic Log 26
Figure 2.5—Instantaneous Waveform Characteristics Log 27
Charts: HEAT Suite Interpretation

Figure 3.1—Hostile Dual Induction - Short Normal: Short Normal Borehole Correction 31
Figure 3.2—Hostile Dual Induction: Deep and Medium Induction Borehole Corrections 33
Figure 3.3—Hostile Dual Induction: Deep and Medium Induction Bed Thickness Corrections
(Rs = 1 & 2 ohm·m) 35
Figure 3.4—Hostile Dual Induction: Deep and Medium Induction Bed Thickness Corrections
(Rs = 4 & 10 ohm·m) 36
Figure 3.5—Hostile Dual Induction - Short Normal: Invasion Corrections (Rxo/Rm = 20, 4-inch borehole) 37
Figure 3.11—Hostile Spectral Density: Borehole Curvature Corrections 45
Figure 3.12—Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron: Openhole Environmental Corrections (Borehole) 47
vii
Figure 3.13—Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron: Openhole Environmental Corrections
(Standoff and Formation Salinity) 49
Figure 3.14—Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron: Cased Hole Environmental Corrections (Borehole) 51
Figure 3.15—Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron: Cased Hole Environmental Corrections
(Standoff and Formation Salinity) 53
Figure 3.16—Porosity Determination: Neutron Limestone Porosity versus Porosity 55
Figure 3.17—Porosity-Mineralogy Crossplot: Bulk Density versus Neutron Porosity (Fluid Density = 0.85 g/cc) 57
Figure 3.20—Porosity-Mineralogy Crossplot: Bulk Density versus Sonic (Oil-Based Fluid) 61
Figure 3.21—Porosity-Mineralogy Crossplot: Bulk Density versus Sonic (Fresh Water) 62
Figure 3.22—Porosity-Mineralogy Crossplot: Bulk Density versus Sonic (Salt Water) 63
Figure 3.23—Porosity-Mineralogy Crossplot: Sonic versus Neutron Porosity (Fresh Water) 65
Figure 3.24—Mineral Identification Plot: ρma Determination 67
a
Figure 3.25—Mineral Identification Plot: ∆tma Determination 69
a
Figure 3.26—Mineral Identification Plot: Uma Determination 71
a
Figure 3.27—Mineral Identification Plot: ρma versus ∆tma 73
a a
Figure 3.28—Mineral Identification Plot: ρma versus Uma 75
a a
Specifications: Cased-Hole Logging Tools

Figure 4.1—Hostile Gamma Neutron CCL (HGNC-A) 80
Figure 4.2—Gamma Neutron Slim Tool (GNST-A) 81
Figure 4.3—Hostile Full Wave Sonic (HFWS-A), Cement Bond 82
Figure 4.4—Hydro (HYD-FC), MUX 83
Figure 4.5—Fluid Density (FDT-EC), MUX 84
Figure 4.6—Fullbore Gas Holdup (GHT) 85
Figure 4.7—Continuous Flowmeter (FMS-HC), MUX 86
Figure 4.8—Stack Pressure Tool (SPT-CC), MUX 87
Figure 4.9—Compensated Quartz Pressure Tool (CQPT-A), MUX 88
Figure 4.10—Temperature Logging Tool (TLT-IC) 89
Figure 4.11—Borehole Audio Tracer Survey (BATS) 90
Specifications: Cased-Hole Mechanical Services

Figure 5.1—Time-Temperature Effect on Explosives 97
Figure 5.2—Hostile Gamma Perforator (HGPS-A), Slim Version 98
Figure 5.3—Free-Point and Back-Off Tool (Dia-Log), 1.625-inch 99
Charts: Minimum Radius of Borehole Curvature

Figure 6.1—Radius of Curvature Limitations on Tool Length 101
Figure 6.2—Minimum Radius of Borehole Curvature Determination (Tool Diameter = 2.75 inches) 103
viii
ix
x
Introduction
P
roviding services in high-pressure, high-temperature wells and in slim
holes presents a special challenge to wireline service companies. In
particular, the companies must produce small-diameter logging tools
that can make measurements as accurately and reliably as the tools'
standard-sized counterparts, sometimes under extremely harsh downhole
conditions. Furthermore, perforating assemblies must use special explosives that
can withstand both high temperatures and high pressures and still operate
effectively to produce optimum perforation characteristics.
Halliburton has developed equipment for providing a complete line of wireline

services in both open and cased wells that are at high temperature and high
pressure or that have small-diameter bores. The following sections in this
booklet give an overview of these services, present detailed tool specifications,
and furnish environmental correction charts used for log interpretation.
Additional information and literature are available through Halliburton sales
representatives and local offices.
1
LOGGING AND PERFORATING CAPABILITIES FOR HIGH-PRESSURE, HIGH-TEMPERATURE WELLS AND SLIM HOLES
2
THE HEAT SUITE
Section 1
H
alliburton's Hostile
Environment Applications
Tools system (the HEAT
LOGGING SYSTEM
The HEAT Suite comprises six logging
Openhole
Suite) was the first set of
combinable, high-quality, small-diameter
tools capable of comprehensive formation
instruments, a cablehead-tension load
cell, and associated centralizer, decentral- Logging
izer, flex-joint, and telemetry assemblies.
evaluation in harsh environments. HEAT The logging instruments include Four
Suite tools are digital and are smaller Arm Caliper, Dual Induction, Full
than standard logging tools—2-3/4- to Wave Sonic, Spectral Density, Dual
3-1/2-inch OD for HEAT Suite versus Spaced Neutron, and Natural Gamma
3-5/8- to 4-1/2-inch OD for standard Ray devices. A Hostile Environment
tools. The HEAT Suite's small OD Four Arm Dipmeter is available for use
makes it possible to design a thorough in 6-inch and larger boreholes.
formation evaluation program for holes
as small as 3-1/2 inches. With temper- Each HEAT tool contains an internal
ature and pressure ratings of 500˚F (for temperature sensor that provides quality
6 hours) and 25,000 psi, respectively control data related to operational
(Table 1.1), HEAT tools are built to characteristics and tool electronics.
handle the severe conditions encountered Such information is usually critical
in deep and hot hydrocarbon-bearing only in very hot well conditions—in
formations. HEAT tools can be particular, when temperatures over a
combined in almost any configuration prolonged period are near the 500˚F
(Figure 1.1) to suit the borehole limit of the toolstring.
geometry and formation evaluation
requirements of each job.
Cablehead Tension Load Cell
Halliburton also has a dipmeter that is
In all wells, but particularly in slim holes,
rated to 450˚F and an acoustic imaging
erratic tool movement resulting from
tool that can operate in holes as small
borehole and formation conditions
as 4-1/2 inches. The dipmeter is a four-
can cause tool sticking. Thus, erratic
arm device, whereas the imaging tool is
tool movement must be identified to
an armless sonde that contains a single
accurately determine depth. When the
rotating transducer for scanning the
HEAT Suite is run, downhole tension
borehole wall.
and compression in the tool are measured
In horizontal and deviated wells, with the downhole Load Cell and are
Halliburton's Toolpusher system uses plotted on the log along with surface
jointed tubing or drillpipe to transport cable tension to give information
wireline tools through the wellbore. about tool drag. The Load Cell also
The system can be deployed in open contains a temperature sensor that
and cased wells and has been designed provides a continuous measurement of
to operate with standard and slimhole borehole temperature.
tools. In extended-reach and high-
deviation operations, Halliburton can
also use coiled tubing to transport
wireline tools through cased wells and
nonrugose open holes.
3
Table 1.1 — HEAT Suite Specifications
Tool OD Temperature Rating Pressure Rating Length

(inches) (°F) (psi) (ft)
Dual Induction 2-3/4 500 25,000 31.7

Spectral Density (In-Line Pad) 2-3/4 500 25,000 13
Dual Spaced Neutron 2-3/4 500 25,000 15.3
Full Wave Sonic 2-3/4 500 25,000 30.22
Gamma Ray 2-3/4 500 25,000 11.55
Four Arm Caliper 2-3/4 500 25,000 8.54
Powered Decentralizer 2-3/4 500 25,000 9.2
Hostile Telemetry Assembly (HETS) Centralizers and Flex Joints

The Hostile Telemetry assembly (Figure 1.2) is one of In-line centralizers can be run on both the Full Wave Sonic
the main components in the HEAT Digital Interactive and Dual Induction tools to provide the proper centraliza-
Telemetry system described below. It routes real-time tion needed to obtain the highest quality logging data. A
operator commands from the surface to the downhole double flex joint is available with the HEAT Suite, allowing
tools and transmits measured parameters and tool status HEAT services to be run in high-angle and horizontal wells.
indicators back to the surface computer. This permits eccentering Dual Spaced Neutron and
Spectral Density tools when they are run in combination
The HEAT Digital Interactive Telemetry system has been with other tools that require centering or can be run
specially designed to provide efficient, high-rate, distortion- centered, such as the Full Wave Sonic and Dual Induction.
corrected data transmission. The system overcomes the
narrow bandwidth restrictions that are inherent in wireline
logging cables and that could otherwise limit data-trans- Hostile Four Arm Caliper (HECT)
mission rates. The system also minimizes the high, variable Each arm of the Hostile Four Arm Caliper tool (Figure 1.4)
signal distortion that arises from elevated and changing is independent of the other three arms—the arms are not
temperatures and that can seriously affect data reliability. mechanically paired or ganged as in tools of earlier design.
System features include (1) a downhole telemetry This design allows the tool to provide a more accurate
transmitter that generates a multilevel signal and (2) an hole-size measurement and give a better description of the
adaptive equalizer in the uphole receiver that is continually borehole's cross-sectional geometry. The tool incorporates
optimized to correct for the changing signal distortion. a positive-close feature that keeps the arms closed if electrical
power to the tool is interrupted. This feature prevents
accidental extension of the arms and also ensures positive
Hostile Powered Decentralizer (HPDC) arm closure so that the tool is "slick" should overshot
A Hostile Powered Decentralizer (Figure 1.3 ) is used with fishing operations be necessary.
the Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron tool to obtain accurate
porosity data without the need for a bulky mechanical The tool measures borehole diameters from 3.5 to 12 inches.
decentralizer such as that found on standard neutron logging The tool's two diametrically opposed arm-pairs measure
tools. The main decentralizing arm provides a borehole two borehole diameters that are presented on the log and
caliper measurement used in correcting neutron porosity that can be used to determine borehole ovality. Other log
for hole size. The diametrically opposed secondary arm curves include average caliper, differential caliper, borehole
furnishes indications of rugosity and washouts and makes volume, and annular volume, the latter two of which are
a standoff measurement for correcting neutron porosity useful in planning cement jobs.
when borehole conditions are such that the neutron tool
cannot be effectively placed against the formation.
4
SECTION 1: OPENHOLE LOGGING
Hostile Dual Induction (HDIL) good log data. The in-line pad should only be used when
clearance becomes critical (that is, when bit size is less
The Hostile Dual Induction tool (Figure 1.5) uses conven-
than 4-1/2 inches) or when borehole conditions warrant
tional 6FF40 deep and 8FF34 medium coil arrays. The
the use of "slick body" tools. When the in-line pad is
log includes deep induction resistivity, medium induction
selected, the in-line Powered Decentralizer is used to
resistivity, and 16-inch short-normal resistivity curves.
press the toolstring against the borehole wall.
The availability of three resistivity curves permits invasion
analysis and the determination of true formation resistivity. For the Hostile Density tool, an entirely new method was
devised for obtaining bulk density, photoelectric factor,
Tool design was optimized to provide the best possible
and various corrections. The procedure has proven so
resistivity profile in common hostile-environment mud
successful that it is now being used for standard-sized tools.
systems. The coil arrays are pressure balanced to eliminate
Instead of the traditional spine-and-ribs processing for
hydraulic pressure effects, and algorithms can be applied
computing density from near- and far-detector count-rate
to acquired data to sharpen the vertical resolution of the
data, a four-dimensional technique is used to determine
induction measurements.
the density and Pe of the formation and mudcake without
the assumption of any correlations among these variables.
Hostile Full Wave Sonic (HFWS) Besides yielding density, the calculations provide informa-
tion for compensating the Pe measurement and computing
As with the full-sized, industry-standard Full Wave Sonic useful quality indicators. Among the quality indicators are
tool, the Hostile Full Wave Sonic tool (Figures 1.6 and 1.7) a two-component density correction (which can be reduced
can be used in both open holes and cased wells. The Hostile to a single value similar to the traditional correction) and
Full Wave Sonic tool utilizes a long-spaced transmitter- an estimate of the standoff or mudcake thickness.
to-receiver configuration to provide real-time sonic wave-
forms and compressional and shear slowness measurements
(∆tc and ∆ts , respectively). Because of its short receiver- Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron (HDSN)
to-receiver spacings, this tool has excellent bed-resolution
The Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron tool (Figure 1.10) can
characteristics, having the capability to delineate beds as
be deployed in both open holes and cased wells and is
thin as 6 inches. As with the standard full-sized tool, the
commonly run with the Powered Decentralizer. As
slimhole version is fully digital and has selectable options
mentioned earlier, this decentralizer provides necessary
for downhole gain to be fixed or automatically controlled.
tool eccentering and furnishes a continuous standoff
The Hostile Full Wave Sonic data have a broad range of measurement that helps improve porosity calculations,
applications that include the determination of formation especially over rugose intervals. Additionally, caliper data
porosity, formation permeability (from Stoneley waves), from the decentralizer are used to correct porosity for hole
rock mechanical properties, and borehole stability. The size. The He3 detectors in the tool have been specially
sonic data are also used for gas detection, natural fracture designed to minimize the effects of elevated temperature
analysis, hydraulic fracture design, seismic calibration, on observed count rates and computed porosity. The
and amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis. Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron tool has been extensively
characterized in test pits, and a full set of correction charts
are included in Section 3 of this publication. Neutron
Hostile Spectral Density (HSDL) measurements are used to determine formation porosity
and can be used with density measurements to identify
The Hostile Spectral Density tool (Figures 1.8 and 1.9)
lithology and to indicate the presence of gas.
furnishes complete spectral density information: bulk
density, photoelectric factor (Pe ), and associated corrections.
Density and photoelectric data are used to determine Hostile Natural Gamma Ray (HNGR)
formation porosity and lithology and, when used with
other porosity devices such as the Hostile Dual Spaced As a standard operating procedure, the Hostile Natural
Neutron, to estimate shale volume and indicate the Gamma Ray tool (Figure 1.11 ) is run in combination
presence of gas. The tool is available in a 2-3/4-inch with all other HEAT Suite services. The tool can be run
in-line-pad configuration and a 3-1/2-inch extendable-pad in both open holes and cased wells. Gamma-ray measure-
configuration. The extendable-pad design is preferred in ments are used for geologic correlation, depth control,
most conditions, especially in rugose boreholes, because it and shale volume computation.
provides the more positive pad contact needed to obtain
5
Hostile Dipmeter (HEDT) TOOLPUSHER LOGGING (TPL)

The Hostile Dipmeter (Figure 1.12) is a four-arm, 5-inch- The Toolpusher system uses drillpipe or jointed tubing to
OD device rated to 450˚F and 22,500 psi. It can be transport wireline logging devices through the well. It was
deployed in holes as small as 6 inches. An innovative pad designed for deviated and horizontal wells and can be used
design allows the tool to obtain reliable measurements in in both open and cased holes. Standard wireline tools are
any type of borehole fluid, including oil-based mud. attached to the drillpipe or tubing. To supply power and
telemetry to the tools, the wireline is pumped down the
Halliburton furnishes both wellsite computer processing tubulars and is attached to the top of the logging string via
and extensive computer center analysis of dipmeter data. a wet-connector system. With flexible joints between the
State-of-the-art global mapping techniques are available tools, toolstrings can traverse holes deviating as much as 30˚
through Halliburton's SHIVA program, and resistivity per 100 ft and having radius of curvature as small as 250 ft.
imaging can be provided with Halliburton RESMAP
processing. Results are available in many formats, including In wells where temperature or pressure is excessive, HEAT
conventional tadpole (arrow), polar, and statistical plots Suite tools can be run on the Toolpusher system. Hole
and tabular listings. Besides the traditional application of size must be 4-3/4 inches or larger.
determining formation dip, dipmeter data can be used for
high-resolution shale discrimination (LARA program)
and to help deconvolve logging data for thin-bed analysis. COILED-TUBING-CONVEYED LOGGING
For rigless operations in highly deviated and horizontal
wellbores, hostile environment and conventional tools can
CIRCUMFERENTIAL ACOUSTIC be run on coiled tubing. This method of tool deployment
SCANNING TOOL (CAST™*) is limited to cased wells and nonrugose open holes. The
The CAST tool (Figure 1.13 ) is an ultrasonic scanning flexibility of the coiled tubing and special flex joints between
device that uses a single, rotating transducer to image the tool components allow the downhole assembly to negotiate
complete circumference of the wellbore. The circumferential small-radius deviations. In extended reach operations,
scanning rate can be set at 200, 300, 400, or 500 shots per rollers on the toolstring or on the tools themselves facilitate
revolution, depending on hole size, with a vertical sampling transport. Swivel joints, weights, and fins allow logging tools
rate of 40, 60, 90, or 120 revolutions per foot. Interchange- and perforating guns to be oriented for top performance.
able transducer heads of different ODs adapt the tool to
specific wellbore conditions, such as fluid weight and type. To save rig-up time, the wireline is threaded through the
The tool is capable of recording high-quality images in tubing before the tubing is transported to the wellsite. At
boreholes as small as 4-1/4 inches and is rated at 375˚F the wellsite, the tools can be quickly attached to the wireline
and 20,000 psi. and tubing at the surface and then conveyed through the
well with the motive power of the tubing injector assembly.
The CAST transducer generates acoustic signals that reflect
off the borehole wall and return to the transducer. Basic The design of the coiled-tubing-conveyed system permits
processing of the returned signals determines time-of- circulation at almost anytime during wireline operations.
flight and amplitude from which very detailed images are Such circulation provides clean fluids for better tool
produced. Image processing and enhancement software performance and can contribute to more reliable tool
aid in analyzing structural and stratigraphic features, operation by helping control borehole temperature.
delineating thin beds, identifying natural fractures, and
Coiled tubing is available in ODs ranging from 1-1/4- to
providing borehole breakout data to define the direction
3-inches. Limitations on the well's diameter, deviation, and
of least principle stress. With information from the CAST
radius of curvature depend on the size of the wireline tools.
tool's acoustic-travel-time caliper and optional navigation
package, CAST logs can be used to calculate formation
dip angle and azimuth.
* A mark of Halliburton
6
Typical HEAT Suite Configurations
Figure 1.1
7
TOOL: Hostile Environment Telemetry (HETS-A)
GENERIC TYPE: Tool Telemetry
GROUP: Instrumentation
DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS

Max Temp: 500 °F (6 hr) Max Press: 25,000 psi
Min Hole*: 3.5 in
Max OD: 2.75 in
Max Hole*: 12 in
Length: 11.5 ft Weight: 122 lb
*In cased holes, the Min Csg/Tbg ID is 3.25 inches and the Max Csg/Tbg ID
is 12 inches
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Borehole Fluids: Salt ■ Fresh ■ Oil ■ Air ■
Recommended Logging Speed: na
Tool Positioning: Centralized ■ Eccentralized ■
HARDWARE CHARACTERISTICS
Source Type: None
Sensor Type: None
Sensor Spacings: na
Firing Rate: na
Sampling rate: 4 or 10 Samples per ft
Sample Size: 3 or 1.2 in
No. of Windows: na
Full Spectrum: na
Combinability: HDIL, HSDL, HDSN, HNGR, HFWS, HECT
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Digital Interactive Telemetry
Range: na
Vertical Resolution: na
Depth of Investigation: na
Sensitivity: na
Accuracy: na
Primary Curves: na
Secondary Curves: na
CALIBRATION
Primary: None
Secondary: None
Wellsite Verifier: None
Figure 1.2
8
TOOL: Hostile Powered Decentralizer Caliper (HPDC-A)
GENERIC TYPE: Decentralizer
GROUP: Powered Decentralizer

Min Hole: 3.5 in
Max OD: 2.75 in
Max Hole: 12 in
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Recommended Logging Speed: 60 ft/min
Decentralizing Arm Force: 80 lb
Washout Arm Force: 10 lb
Source Type: None
Sensor Type: Point contact on two independent mechanical arms
Sensor Spacings: na
Firing Rate: Continuous
Sampling Rate: 4 or 10 Samples per ft
Combinability: HDIL, HSDL, HDSN, HNGR
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Spring linkage
Decentralizing Arm Range: 0 - 12 in
Washout Arm Range: 0 - 4 in
Vertical Resolution (90%): na
Depth of Investigation (50%): 0
Sensitivity: na
Accuracy: na
Primary Curves: Caliper, Standoff
CALIBRATION
Primary: Metal Ring
Secondary: Metal Ring
Wellsite Verifier: Metal Ring
Figure 1.3
9
TOOL: Hostile Environment Caliper Tool (HECT-A)
GENERIC TYPE: Caliper
GROUP: Caliper

Min Hole: 3.5 in
Max OD: 2.75 in
Max Hole: 12 in
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Source Type: None
Sensor Type: Point contact on four independent mechanical arms
Sensor Spacings: na
No. of Windows: na
Full Spectrum: na
Combinability: HDIL, HSDL, HDSN, HFWS, HNGR
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Four independent arms
Range: 4 - 12 in
Vertical Resolution (90%): na
Depth of Investigation (50%): 0
Sensitivity: na
Accuracy: ± 0.125 in
Primary Curves: 4 radii, 2 diameters
Secondary Curves: Average caliper, Differential caliper,
Borehole volume, Annular volume
CALIBRATION
Primary: 2.65-, 6.1-, and 10.1-inch concentric ring fixture
Secondary: 2.65-, 6.1-, and 10.1-inch concentric ring fixture
Wellsite Verifier: 6.1-inch concentric ring fixture
Figure 1.4
10
TOOL: Hostile Dual Induction (HDIL-A)
GENERIC TYPE: Dual Induction
GROUP: Macroresistivity

Isolation Min Hole: 3.5 in
Subassembly Max OD: 2.75 in
Max Hole: 12 in
Length*: 31.7 ft Weight: 260 lb
*The HDIL must be run with the Isolation Subassembly. The Isolation
subassembly is 23 inches (1.91 ft) long and is located between the cable head
and the telemetry section.
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Instrument HARDWARE CHARACTERISTICS
Section Source Type: 20-kHz Coil Arrays
Sensor Type: Coil Arrays
Sensor Spacings: 6FF40, 8FF34, 16 in
No. of Windows: na
Full Spectrum: na
Combinability: HDSN, HSDL, HNGR, HFWS
MEASUREMENT
Deep Medium Shallow
Principle Induction Induction Short Normal
Range 0.2 to 2,000 ohm·m
Vertical Resolution 60 in 54 in 16 in
Sonde Depth of Investigation (50%) 65 in 30 in 20 in
Assembly Sensitivity 1 mmho 1 mmho 0.002 ohm·m
Accuracy, Low ± 1 mmho + Sonde Error
Accuracy, High ± 4% ± 4% ± 4%
Primary Curves: ILd, ILm, Short Normal
Secondary Curves: SP
CALIBRATION
Primary: Precision conductive loop, Sonde error offset, Precision resistor
Secondary: Precision conductive loop, Sonde error offset, Precision resistor
Wellsite Verifier: Internal instrument reference signal
Figure 1.5
11
TOOL: Hostile Full Wave Sonic (HFWS-A), Long-Spaced Operation
GENERIC TYPE: Sonic Full Waveform
GROUP: Sonic

Min Hole: 4 in
Max OD: 2.75 in
Max Hole: 12 in
*Add 3.5 ft for each in-line centralizer (usually two).
Upper BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Electronics Borehole Fluids: Salt ■ Fresh ■ Oil ■ Air ■
Source Type: Two 17-kHz piezoelectric
Sensor Type: Six piezoelectric
Sensor Spacings: 3, 5 ft (both inactive); 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 ft (all active)
Firing Rate: 2.5/s for near source (Far source is inactive.)
Digitizing Interval: 6 µs/sample
Samples per Sensor: 1,024
Transmitter 1
Measurement Bandwidth: 1.5 to 30 kHz
Transmitter 2 Combinability: HDSN, HNGR, HSDL, HECT, HDIL
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Full waveform recording of sonic signal
Range: 40 to 190 µs/ft
Vertical Resolution (90%): ~ 0.5 ft
Receiver 1 Depth of Investigation (50%): ~ 1 ft
Sensitivity: na
Accuracy: ± 1.0 µs
Receiver 2 Primary Curves: Waveform, ∆tc (Compressional Slowness),
∆tc (Shear Slowness)
Secondary Curves: Quality, tc , ∆tSt (Stoneley Slowness)

Receiver 3
Receiver 4 CALIBRATION
Receiver 5 Primary: Internal quartz clock
Receiver 6 Secondary: None
Wellsite Verifier: Casing for 57-µs slowness check
Lower
Electronics
Figure 1.6
12
TOOL: Hostile Full Wave Sonic (HFWS-A), Long-Spaced Operation
GENERIC TYPE: Sonic Real-Time Slowness
GROUP: Sonic
Min Hole: 3.5 in
Max OD: 2.75 in
Max Hole: 12 in
*Add 3.5 ft for each in-line centralizer (usually two).
Source Type: Two 17-kHz piezoelectric
Sensor Spacings: 3, 5 ft (both inactive); 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 ft (all active)
Firing Rate: 2.5/s for each source (400-ms firing cycle, with Source 1
firing at 0 ms and Source 2 at 100 ms)
Transmitter 1
Samples per Sensor: 1,024 (1,000 samples for MSG® service)
Transmitter 2
Measurement Bandwidth: 5 to 30 kHz
Combinability: HDSN, HNGR, HSDL, HECT, HDIL
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Total sonic travel time
Range: 40 to 190 µs/ft
Receiver 1 Vertical Resolution (90%): ~ 0.5 ft
Depth of Investigation (50%): ~ 1 ft
Sensitivity: na
Receiver 2
Accuracy: ± 1.0 µs
Primary Curves: ∆tc (Compressional Slowness)
Secondary Curves: Quality, tc , (MSG® or XY display)
Receiver 3
Receiver 5 Primary: Internal quartz clock
Receiver 6 Secondary: None
Wellsite Verifier: Casing for 57-µs slowness check
Lower
Electronics
Figure 1.7
13
TOOL: Hostile Spectral Density (HSDL-A), With In-Line Pad
GENERIC TYPE: Gamma-Gamma Spectral Density
GROUP: Induced Radioactivity

Min Hole: 3.5 in
Max OD: 2.75 in
Max Hole: 12 in
Length: 13 ft Weight: 176 lb
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Source Type: 1.5-Ci Cesium-137
Sensor Type: Two Nal(TI) scintillometers
Sensor Spacings: Proprietary
Instrument
Section
No. of Windows: 8
Combinability: HNGR, HDIL, HDSN, HFWS, HECT, HPDC
MEASUREMENT
Bulk Density Pe Pe
(Medium) (High Resolution)
Principle Gamma backscatter
Range 1.0 - 3.1 gm/cc 0-5 0-5
Vertical 33 in (standard)
4 in 2 in
Resolution (90%) 5.5 in (enhanced)
Depth of
1.5 in 0.5 in 0.5 in
Investigation (50%)
Precision (1 SD) 0.45% 0.10 0.33
Primary Curves: RHOB, DRHOP, DRHOM, Pec
Secondary Curves: GR, Caliper, Window 1-8 counts
CALIBRATION
Primary: Halliburton calibration blocks of known mineralogy and density
In-Line Pad
Assembly Secondary: Aluminum and magnesium blocks
Wellsite Verifier: Passive verifier
Figure 1.8
14
TOOL: Hostile Spectral Density (HSDL-A), With Extendable Pad
GENERIC TYPE: Gamma-Gamma Spectral Density

Min Hole: 4.5 in
Max OD: 3.50 in
Max Hole: 12 in
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Instrument Tool Positioning: Centralized ■ Eccentralized ■
Section HARDWARE CHARACTERISTICS
Source Type: 1.5-Ci Cesium-137
Sensor Type: Two Nal(TI) scintillometers
No. of Windows: 8
Combinability: HNGR, HDIL, HDSN, HFWS, HECT
MEASUREMENT
Bulk Density Pe Pe
Mandrel (Medium) (High Resolution)
Assembly
Principle Gamma backscatter
Range 1.0 - 3.1 gm/cc 0-5 0-5
Vertical 33 in (standard)
4 in 2 in
Resolution (90%) 5.5 in (enhanced)
Depth of
1.5 in 0.5 in 0.5 in
Investigation (50%)
Precision (1 SD) 0.45% 0.10 0.33
Primary Curves: RHOB, DRHOP, DRHOM, Pec
Secondary Curves: GR, Caliper, Window 1-8 counts
Pad
CALIBRATION
Assembly
Primary: Halliburton calibration blocks of known mineralogy and density
Secondary: Aluminum and magnesium blocks
Wellsite Verifier: Passive verifier
Figure 1.9
15
TOOL: Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron (HDSN-A)
GENERIC TYPE: Neutron—Thermal Neutron

Min Hole**: 3.5 in
Max OD: 2.75 in
Max Hole**: 12 in
Length*: 15.3 ft Weight*: 179 lb
*The length and weight include the HGNI instrument section, which is required to
run the HDSN. Add 7.04 ft when run with the in-line, bowspring decentralizer.
**In cased holes, the Min Csg/Tbg ID is 3.25 inches and the Max Csg/Tbg ID
is 12 inches.
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
HGNI
Section Source Type: 19-Ci Americium-Beryllium
Sensor Type: Two He-3 Proportional Counters
No. of Windows: 1
Full Spectrum: na
Combinability: HNGR, HDIL, HSDL, HFWS, HECT
HDSN MEASUREMENT
Instrument Principle: Neutron—Thermal Neutron
Section Range: 2 - 100 p.u.
Vertical Resolution (90%): 36 in (standard), 10 in (enhanced)
Depth of Investigation (50%): 6 in
Precision, Low (1 SD): 3 ± 0.1 p.u.
Precision, High (1 SD): 30 ± 0.6 p.u.
Far-Space
Detector Primary Curves: Neutron Limestone Porosity,
Near-to-Far Detector Count-Rate Ratio
Near-Space
Secondary Curves: Near- and Far-Detector Count Rates
Detector
CALIBRATION
Primary: API pits in Houston
Neutron
Source Secondary: Vertical water bath or horizontal water tank
Wellsite Verifier: Dual-Cavity block
Figure 1.10
16
TOOL: Hostile Natural Gamma Ray (HNGR-A)
GENERIC TYPE: Gamma Ray
GROUP: Natural Gamma Radioactivity

Min Hole**: 3.5 in
Max OD: 2.75 in
Max Hole**: 24 in
Length*: 11.55 ft Weight*: 146 lb
*The length and weight include the HGNI instrument section, which is required to
run the HNGR.
**In cased holes, the Min Csg/Tbg ID is 3.25 inches and the Max Csg/Tbg ID
is 24 inches.
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
HNGR
Section Source Type: None
Sensor Type: Nal(TI) scintillator
Sensor Spacings: na
No. of Windows: 1
Full Spectrum: 60 keV - 3 MeV
Combinability: HDIL, HSDL, HDSN, HFWS, HECT
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Natural Gamma
Range: 0 - 1,000 API
Vertical Resolution (90%): 18 - 36 in (standard), 12 in (enhanced)
Depth of Investigation (50%): 4 in (90%: 11 in)
Precision (1 SD): ±4
Accuracy: 5 API
Primary Curves: GR
HGNI
Instrument Secondary Curves:
Section CALIBRATION
Primary: API pits in Houston
Secondary: Thorium verifier
Wellsite Verifier: Thorium verifier
Figure 1.11
17
TOOL: Hostile Environment Dipmeter Tool (HEDT-A)
GENERIC TYPE: Dipmeter
GROUP: Dipmeter
Max Temp: 450 °F Max Press: 22,500 psi
Min Hole: 6 in
Max OD*: 5 in
Max Hole: 20 in
Length**: 20.9 ft Weight**: 470 lb
*The maximum OD is 5.25 inches when adapted for use in oil-based muds.
**The length and weight are for the HEDT-A only. The HEDT-A must be run with
the HDTU (telemetry) and HGRT (gamma). The total length for the HEDT-A,
HDTU, and HGRT string is 41.56 feet.
Instrument
Section BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Source Type: 400 Hz
Sensor Type (Water-Based Mud): Four pad-mounted current electrodes
(Oil-Based Mud): Eight pad-mounted current electrodes (two per pad)
Sensor Spacings: Coplanar

Sampling Rate: 120 Samples per ft, per pad
Sampling Size: 0.1 in
No. of Windows: na Full Spectrum: na
Combinability: HDTU, HGRT
MEASUREMENT
Resistivity Azimuth Rotation Deviation
Principle * Navigation
Mandrel Range 0.2 - 5,000 ohm·m 0 - 360° 0 - 360° 0 - 360°
Assembly Vertical
0.25 in na na na
Resolution (90%)
Depth of Formation
na na na
Investigation (50%) Dependent
Sensitivity na 0.1° 0.1° 0.1°
Accuracy na ± 2° ± 2° ± 2°
Primary Curves: PDD 1-4, AZI, HAZI, DEV, ROT
Secondary Curves: Dip Angle, Dip AZI, Borehole Inclination, CAL 1
and 3, CAL 2 and 4
*Water-based mud: Hot body conductivity; Oil-based mud: Micronormal
CALIBRATION
Primary: Navigation - vendor specification
Secondary: Navigation - orientation test stand
Wellsite Verifier: Pad test - manual rotation
Figure 1.12
18
TOOL: Circumferential Acoustic Scanning Tool (CAST-A), DITS Version
GENERIC TYPE: Borehole Televiewer
GROUP: Sonic Imaging

Min Hole*: 4.5 in
Max OD: 3.625 in
Max Hole*: 17 in
Length**: 12.68 ft Weight: 251 lb
Commonly run with two slip-on centralizers
*In cased holes, the Min Csg/Tbg ID is 4.25 inches and the Max Csg/Tbg ID
is 17 inches.
**Length does not include scanning head. Add 3.8 inches for the
3.62-inch-diameter head, 3.75 inches for the 4.37-inch-diameter head,
and 4.8 inches for the 6- and 8-inch-diameter heads.
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Source Type: 380-kHz piezoelectric on rotating head
Sensor Type: Source also serves as sensor
Sensor Spacings: na
Tool Firing Rate (shot/s): Circumferential Sampling Rate times Motor Speed*
Electronics Circumferential Firing Rate: 200, 300, 400, or 500 shots per single
rotation of the head
Vertical Sampling Rate: 40, 60, 90, or 120 rotations per foot
Combinability: DITS-combinable (requires 306 words per frame)
*Operator-controlled motor speed
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Ultrasonic pulse echo and time of flight
Range: 16 gray shades
Vertical Resolution (90%): ~0.25 in
Depth of Investigation (50%): Borehole surface
Sensitivity: 1 mv, 0.1 µs
Accuracy: ± 5%
Primary Curves: Average Reflected Amplitude,
Average Time of Flight, Acoustic Image
Secondary Curves: Azimuth
Scanner CALIBRATION
Assembly Primary: Uncalibrated
Secondary: na
Wellsite Verifier: na
Figure 1.13
19
20
Section 2
HEAT Suite
Log
T
he examples that follow conditions were challenging: well depth
illustrate the validity of was in excess of 16,000 ft, temperature
HEAT logs and some of the
basic applications of those
was above 430˚F, and mud weight was
more than 18 lb/gal. Because the mud
Examples
logs in formation evaluation. was oil based, no shallow resistivity
measurement was made over the interval
shown, which was composed primarily
COMPARISON OF HEAT of sand and shale. The density, density
AND STANDARD LOGS correction, and Pe curves were generated
from raw density data with the algorithms
Figure 2.1 compares gamma-ray and developed especially for the HEAT
induction curves from HEAT and density tool. In the interval from about
conventional logs and shows that the XY527 to about XY590, the low gamma,
responses of HEAT tools are nearly high resistivities, and moderate porosities
identical to the responses of their indicate potential hydrocarbons. This
standard-sized counterparts. The HEAT potential was confirmed by analysis of
curves (red) have been depth-shifted by the data with a standard Halliburton
2 ft to better differentiate them from the program, the results of which are shown
conventional curves (blue). The HDIL in Figure 2.3. Fluid analysis was limited
and DIL induction curves represent raw to oil and water saturation because of
data (that is, no borehole or bed correc- the absence of a shallow resistivity
tions have been applied) and exhibit a measurement.
high degree of correlation in each pair
(medium-resistivity pair and deep-
resistivity pair). It should be noted that SONIC LOG AND IWC
the scale used for recording caliper
ANALYSIS
measurements ranges from 6 to 26
inches. Even where the borehole is HFWS tools can provide high-quality
washed out up to almost 13 inches, there data for advanced acoustic evaluation.
is excellent agreement between the HDIL The data can be processed to yield
and DIL curves. The two gamma-ray Instantaneous Waveform Characteristics
curves may exhibit slightly more diver- (IWC) logs. IWC logs allow the user to
gence from one another than do the better evaluate changes in the complex
resistivity curves because of the statistical acoustic signal caused by the absorption
nature of gamma-ray measurements. or dispersion effects of geological
discontinuities such as fractures and
faults, as well as thin beds. To assist in
TRIPLE-COMBO LOG AND this evaluation, IWC processing yields
ANALYSIS separate transmissivity, phase, and
frequency displays of the acoustic data
Figure 2.2 is part of a triple-combo log from the HFWS tool. A special color-
produced with HEAT induction, coding scheme helps identify formation
density, and neutron tools. Logging effects on HFWS acoustic signals.
21
Instantaneous Transmissivity Data from Figure 2.17 were processed to yield the IWC
log of Figure 2.5 . On all three displays, casing arrivals are
The instantaneous magnitude of amplitude, defined as
indicated by the high frequencies at the beginning of the
the envelope of a complex acoustic response to a forma-
waveforms. On the transmissivity display, the high energies
tion, is the portion of the signal emitted by the HFWS
of the waveforms in the Stoneley region are indicated by
tool that is transmitted through a short section of the
the two reddish bands that extend vertically over the open-
formation to reach the receiver. Different colors are
hole section. Because of the denseness of the formation,
assigned to different decibel ranges, with the color coding
compressional arrivals are very weak and can hardly be
being referenced to the maximum value of transmissivity
recognized on the transmissivity display but are somewhat
found in the section being processed.
recognizable on the phase display. On the phase display,
fractures would be indicated by the attenuation of the
Instantaneous Phase shear and Stoneley waves and by phase shifts; however,
no such characteristics are present on the log. This well
The instantaneous phase emphasizes the continuity of proved to be unproductive and was abandoned.
acoustic events through the formation. The phase display
can reveal formation boundaries and their apparent dips,
geological discontinuities such as faults and fractures, and
broken or hydrofractured formations. These features
appear on the display as oblique events, phase-line splits,
and irregular patterns.
The phase angles at 180˚ and -180˚ are assigned the same
color, and to emphasize the continuity of events, the angles
between these two values are assigned colors of the available
spectrum. The light colors assigned to the phase angles
around 0˚ form the background on which the phase angles
near 180˚ appear as black lines.
Instantaneous Frequency
The instantaneous frequency is sensitive to formation
absorption and dispersion effects, to scattering caused by
structural irregularities, and to transitional acoustic
impedance changes. This frequency characteristic is an
effective indicator of fractured zones. The frequency is
color-coded in equal steps over the available colors. Blue
colors are used for the low frequencies, and red hues for
the high frequencies.
Data and Analysis Examples

The HFWS log contained in Figure 2.4 was run for fracture
detection in a 4-1/2-inch hole down to a depth of more
than 20,000 ft. Some of the log curves cease at XY737,
which is casing bottom. The interval shown is a low-
porosity dolomitic limestone that produced hydrocarbons
from fractures higher in the structure. The full waveform
display shows the true relative amplitude of the acoustic
waves.
22
SECTION 2: HEAT SUITE LOG EXAMPLES
Comparison of HEAT and Standard Logs
Note: The HEAT curves (red) have been depth-shifted by 2 ft to better differentiate them from
the conventional curves (blue).
Figure 2.1
23
HEAT Triple-Combo Log
Figure 2.2
24
Analysis of HEAT Triple-Combo Log
Figure 2.3
25
HEAT Full Wave Sonic Log
Figure 2.4
26
Instantaneous Waveform Characteristics Log

Generated From HEAT Full Wave Sonic Data
Figure 2.5
27
28
Section 3
Environmental
D
esigning small-diameter,
hostile environment tools
is a particularly formidable Effects on
task because such tools
require critical components such as coils,
detectors, and acoustic transducers that
HEAT Suite
not only must be smaller than their
standard-sized counterparts, but must Responses
also operate effectively under higher and
broader temperature and pressure ranges.
Halliburton has met these challenges
and with the HEAT Suite can obtain
highly accurate logs under the some of
the most adverse downhole conditions
possible. The logs give reliable data for
comprehensive formation evaluation
and can be easily correlated with logs
run with standard-sized tools.
HEAT Suite logs require the same type

of corrections as logs from standard-sized
tools. Before detailed analysis, log data
should be corrected for environmental
effects on tool response. The following
charts (Figures 3.1 to 3.28) are used to
make corrections for borehole effects,
invasion, lithology, bed thickness, and
other factors. Examples are presented that
explain how to use each type of chart.
As with logs from standard-sized tools,
particular attention should be paid to
making borehole corrections when
borehole diameter is much larger than
logging-tool diameter. (In small-
diameter wells, borehole-fluid effects
are minimal because the annular space
between the tool and the borehole wall
is small.) The continuous standoff
measurement made by the Powered
Decentralizer greatly aids in making
some of these corrections, especially to
neutron porosity.
29
Chart: Figure 3.1 (Hostile Dual Induction (HDIL) Borehole Correction: Short Normal)
Applications: Correction of Short Normal resistivity for borehole effects
Nomenclature: RSN ........................Short Normal resistivity

RDFL ....................Short Normal resistivity corrected for borehole effects
cor
Rm .........................mud resistivity at formation temperature
dh ..........................borehole diameter
Given: RSN = 31 ohm·m

Rm = 0.91 ohm·m
dh = 11 in
Standoff = 0.0 in
Find: RSN
cor
RSN
Procedure: Since the standoff is 0.0 in, use the center chart. To determine the point on the –––– axis at which to
Rm
enter the chart, calculate
RSN 31 ohm·m
–––– = –––––––––––––––– = 34.07
Rm 0.91 ohm·m
Project vertically into the chart and use the dh = 10 in and dh = 12 in curves to estimate where the
projection would intersect a dh = 11 in curve. From that intersection point, project horizontally to
RSN RSN
the –––––cor cor
–– axis and there estimate ––––––– to be 1.38. Calculate
RSN R SN
RSN
cor
RSN = ––––––– ·RSN = 1.38·31 ohm·m = 42.78 ohm·m
cor
RSN
Answer: R SN = 42.78 ohm·m

cor
30
SECTION 3: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON HEAT SUITE RESPONSES
Hostile Dual Induction – Short Normal (HDIL)

Short Normal Borehole Correction
3.0
Tool is Centered
dh
2.0
1.0
1 10 100 1,000
RSN /R m
3.0
0.0 in (0.0 mm) Standoff
dh
2.0
1.0
1 10 100 1,000
RSN /R m
3.0
1.5 in (38 mm) Standoff
dh
2.0
1.0
1 10 100 1,000
RSN /R m
Figure 3.1
31
Chart: Figure 3.2 (Hostile Dual Induction Borehole Corrections:

Deep and Medium Induction)
Applications: Correction of Hostile Dual Induction deep and medium resistivities for borehole effects
Nomenclature: RHID .......................Hostile Dual Induction deep resistivity

RHID ....................Hostile Dual Induction deep resistivity corrected for borehole effects
cor
Gh-HID ....................Hostile Dual Induction deep resistivity borehole geometrical factor
sh-HID .....................Hostile Dual Induction deep conductivity borehole signal
Given: RHID = 13 ohm·m

Rm = 0.25 ohm·m
dh = 11 in
Standoff = 1.5 in
Find: RHID
cor
Procedure: Enter the chart at 11.0 in on the Borehole Diameter axis. Project vertically to the 1.5-in Deep
Induction Standoff curve, then horizontally to the Borehole Geometrical Factor axis. There, estimate
Gh-HID to be 0.0001.
To calculate sh-HID, use

G × 1000
sh-HID = –––h–––––––––––
Rm
0.0001 × 1000
–––––––––——–––––
sh-HID = = 0.40
0.25
Then to calculate RHID , use

cor
1000 (1−Gh-HID)
RHID = ––––––––——––––—––
cor
––1000
–––– − sh-HID
RHID
1000 (1−0.0001)
RHID = ––––––––——––——–———————––—–– = 13.07 ohm·m
cor
1000
–––———–––– − 0.40 mmho/m
13 ohm·m
Answer: RHID = 13.07 ohm·m

cor
Notes: After determining Gh-HID from the chart, you can calculate R HID directly from the following
cor
equation:
R ·RHID (1−Gh-HID)
RHID = ––m
––––––————––—––
cor
Rm−RHID·Gh-HID
With this equation, it is not necessary to determine sh-HID from the chart.
You can correct the Hostile Dual Induction medium resistivity with procedures and equations
analogous to those used above for the deep resistivity.
32
Hostile Dual Induction – Short Normal (HDIL)

Deep and Medium Induction
G h, Borehole Geometrical Factor
G h, Borehole Geometrical Factor
Figure 3.2
33
Chart: Figure 3.3 (Hostile Dual Induction (HDIL) Bed Thickness Corrections:
Deep and Medium)
Applications: Correction of Hostile Dual Induction deep and medium resistivities for bed thickness
Nomenclature: R HID .......................Hostile Dual Induction deep resistivity

RHID ....................Hostile Dual Induction deep resistivity corrected for shoulder bed effects
cor
RS ..........................shoulder bed resistivity
h............................thickness of bed in which HID measurement to be corrected was made
Given: RHID = 10.25 ohm·m (corrected for borehole effects)

RS = 1.2 ohm·m (from Hostile Dual Induction deep resistivity in shoulder bed)
h = 13 ft
Find: RHID
cor
Procedure: Since RS = 1.2 ohm·m ≈ 1 ohm·m, use the upper left chart. Enter the chart at 13 ft on the Bed
Thickness axis. Project vertically into the chart and use the RHID = 10 ohm·m and RHID = 15 ohm·m
curves to estimate where the projection would intersect a RHID = 10.25 ohm·m curve. From that
intersection point, project horizontally to the RHID axis, there estimating RHID to be 21.5 ohm·m.
cor cor
Answer: RHID = 21.5 ohm·m

cor
Notes: You can correct the Hostile Dual Induction medium resistivity with procedures analogous to those
used above for the deep resistivity. Use the lower charts.
34
Hostile Dual Induction – Bed Thickness Corrections

Rs = 1 & 2 ohm·m Deep and Medium Induction
HID, Rs = 1 ohm•m HID, R s = 2 ohm•m

h, Bed Thickness (m) h, Bed Thickness (m)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
200 60 200
60
100 50 100
40
50
40
50 30 50
30
20 20
20 20
15 15
10 10
10 10
8 8
6 6
5 5
4 4
2 2 2 2
1.0 1 1.0 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

RHID RHID
0.1 0.1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
h, Bed Thickness (ft) h, Bed Thickness (ft)
HIM, Rs = 1 ohm•m HIM, R s = 2 ohm•m
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
200 200
100
90 100
90
80
100 70
100 80
70
60 60
50 50
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20 20 20
15 15
10 10 10 10
8 8
6 6
5 5
4 4
2 2 2 2
1.0 1 1.0 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

R HIM R HIM
0.1 0.1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Figure 3.3
35
Hostile Dual Induction – Bed Thickness Corrections

Rs = 4 & 10 ohm·m Deep and Medium Induction
HID, Rs = 4 ohm•m HID, R s = 10 ohm•m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
200 200
80 100
90
60 70 80
100 100 70
50 60
50
50 40 50
40
30
30
20
20 20 20
15 15
10 10 10 10
8 8
6 6
5 5
4 4
2 2 2 2
1.0 1 1.0 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

RHID RHID
0.1 0.1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
HIM, Rs = 4 ohm•m HIM, R s = 10 ohm•m
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
200 200
100
90 100
100 80 100 90
80
70 70
60 60
50 50 50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20 20 20
15 15
10 10 10 10
8 8
6 6
5 5
4 4
2 2 2 2
1.0 1 1.0 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

RHIM RHIM
0.1 0.1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Figure 3.4
36
Hostile Dual Induction – Short Normal Invasion Corrections

Rxo/Rm = 20
4-inch (102-mm) Borehole
Figure 3.5
37
Chart: Figure 3.6 (Hostile Dual Induction (HDIL) Invasion Corrections: Rxo/Rm = 100)
Applications: Determination of true formation resistivity, flushed zone resistivity, and diameter of invasion
Nomenclature: RHID .......................Hostile Dual Induction deep resistivity

RHIM ......................Hostile Dual Induction medium resistivity
RSN ........................Short Normal Log resistivity
Rt ...........................true formation resistivity
Rxo .........................flushed zone resistivity
di ...........................diameter of invasion
dh ..........................diameter of borehole
Given: R HID = 15 ohm·m (corrected for borehole effects and bed thickness)
RHIM = 22 ohm·m (corrected for borehole effects and bed thickness)
RSN = 105 ohm·m (corrected for borehole effects)
Rxo = 139 ohm·m (from a very shallow resistivity device)
Rm = 1.5 ohm·m
dh = 4.0 in
Find: Rt , Rxo , and di
Procedure: To determine the appropriateness of using this chart, first note that dh = 4 in.
Rxo
Then use the Rxo value from the very shallow resistivity device to calculate –––– :
Rm
Rxo 139 ohm·m
–––– = –––––––––––––– = 92.67 ≈ 100
Rm 1.5 ohm·m
Thus, it is appropriate to use this chart.
For use in the chart, calculate
RHIM 22 ohm·m R 105 ohm·m

—
–——– = –––––––––––––– — SN = –––––––––––––– = 7
= 1.467 and –——–
RHID 1.5 ohm·m RHID 1.5 ohm·m
RHIM R
Starting at 1.467 on the —–——– — SN axis,
axis, project vertically into the chart. Starting at 7 on the –——–
R HID RHID
project horizontally into the chart. Note the point of intersection of the two projections.
Rt Rt
Use the intersection point to interpolate between the —–—— = 0.9 and —–—— = 0.95 curves (solid,
RHID RHID
Rt
vertically oriented curves) and estimate —–—— to be 0.925. Calculate
RHID
Rt
Rt = —–—— · RHID = 0.925 · 15 ohm·m = 13.88 ohm·m
R HID
Rxo Rxo
Use the intersection point again to interpolate between the ––––– = 10 and ––––– = 15 curves (solid,
Rt Rt
Rxo
horizontally oriented curves) and estimate ––––– to be 11.5. Calculate
Rt
Rxo
Rxo = ––––– · Rt = 11.5 · 13.88 ohm·m = 159.62 ohm·m
Rt
Use the intersection point once more, this time to interpolate between the di = 40 in and di = 50 in
curves (dashed, vertically oriented curves) and estimate di to be 45 in.
Answer: Rt = 13.88 ohm·m, Rxo = 159.62 ohm·m, and di = 45 in.
38

Rxo/Rm = 100
30
20 di
30
25
20
10 Rxo/Rt
9 15
R t/RHID
8
.95 .9 .8
.98
7 .7
1.0
6 10 .6
7
4
5
3
3
2
Thick Beds
Skin Effect Corrected
No Transition Zone
No Annulus
2 Borehole Effect Corrected
1.5
1
.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
RHIM /R HID
Figure 3.6
39

Rxo/Rm = 20
20
di
30
25
20
10
R xo /R t
9
8 15
7 Rt /R HID
.95 .9
.8
.98
6 1.0
.7
10 .6
4 7
3 5
2 3
Thick Beds
Skin Effect Corrected
No Transition Zone
No Annulus
Borehole Effect Corrected
2
1.5
1
.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
RHIM /RHID
Figure 3.7
40

Rxo/Rm = 100
30
20 di
30
25
20
10
9
Rxo /R t
8 15
7 .9 Rt /R HID .8
.95 .7
.98
6 1.0
.6
10
5
4 7
3 5
2 3
1.5
1
.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
RHIM /R HID
Figure 3.8
41

Rxo/Rm = 20
Figure 3.9
42

Rxo/Rm = 100
20
di
30
25
10
20
9
8 Rxo /R t
15
7
.95
.9 Rt /R HID
6 .8
.7
.98
.6
5 1.0 10
4
7
3
5
2
Thick Beds
3 Skin Effect Corrected
No Transition Zone
No Annulus
Borehole Effect Corrected
1.5
1
.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.5
RHIM /RHID
Figure 3.10
43
Chart: Figure 3.11 Density - Borehole Curvature Corrections:

Hostile Spectral Density Log (HSDL)
Applications: Correction of Hostile Spectral Density bulk density for borehole curvature
Nomenclature: ρm..........................mud weight

ρLOG.......................formation bulk density read from log
ρb ..........................formation bulk density
Given: ρm = 14 lb/gal
dh = 4.75 in
ρLOG = 2.6 g/cc
Find: ρb
Procedure: Since ρm = 14 lb/gal, use the middle chart on the right. Enter the chart at 4.75 inches on the Borehole
Diameter axis. Project vertically to the ρLOG = 2.6 g/cc curve, then horizontally to HSDL Correction axis.
From that axis, estimate the needed correction to be about 0.002 g/cc. Calculate
ρb = ρLOG + HSDL Correction = 2.6 g/cc + 0.002 g/cc = 2.602 g/cc
Answer: ρb = 2.602 g/cc
44
Density – Borehole Curvature Corrections

Hostile Spectral Density Log
HSDL
dh, Borehole Diameter (mm) dh, Borehole Diameter (mm)
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0.02 0.02
ρ m = 8.35 lb/gal (1000 kg/m3) 3.0 ρm = 10 lb/gal (1198 kg/m3)

fresh water
2.6
0.01 0.01
2.2
3.0
1.8
2.6
ρLOG 2.2
0.00 0.00
(g/cc)
1.8
ρLOG
(g/cc)
-0.01 -0.01
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
dh, Borehole Diameter (in) d h, Borehole Diameter (in)

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0.02 0.02
ρm = 12 lb/gal* (1438 kg/m3) ρm = 14 lb/gal* (1678 kg/m3)
0.01 0.01
ρLOG ρLOG
(g/cc) (g/cc)
3.0
3.0
0.00 2.6 0.00
2.6
2.2
2.2
1.8
1.8
-0.01 -0.01
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0.02 0.02
ρm = 16 lb/gal* (1917 kg/m3) ρm = 18 lb/gal* (2157 kg/m3)
ρLOG ρLOG
0.01 0.01 (g/cc)
(g/cc)
3.0 3.0
2.6 2.6
0.00 0.00
2.2 2.2
1.8 1.8
-0.01 -0.01
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
* Not valid for hematite weighted fluid
Figure 3.11
45
Chart: Figure 3.12 (Openhole Environmental Corrections: HDSN)

Figure 3.13 (Tool Standoff and Formation Salinity Environmental Corrections:
HDSN)
Applications: Correction of HDSN porosity for borehole, standoff, and formation salinity effects
Nomenclature: φNLS .......................formation porosity from neutron measurement with limestone matrix assumption
φNLS* ......................φNLS corrected for borehole and standoff effects
φNLS ....................φNLS corrected for borehole, standoff, and formation salinity effects
cor
φNQ ........................formation porosity from neutron measurement with quartz matrix assumption,
and corrected for borehole and standoff effects
φNQ .....................φNQ corrected for borehole, standoff, and formation salinity effects
cor
Σma ........................formation matrix thermal neutron capture cross section
hmc ........................mudcake thickness
Ch ..........................borehole fluid salinity
ρm..........................mud density
Th ..........................borehole temperature
Ph ..........................borehole pressure
tso ..........................tool standoff
Cfm ........................formation fluid salinity in zone of investigation
∆φx.........................porosity correction for factor x, where x may be dh (borehole diameter),
hmc (mudcake thickness), Ch (borehole fluid salinity), ρm (mud density),
Th (borehole temperature), Ph (borehole pressure), tso (tool standoff),
or Cfm (formation fluid salinity in zone of investigation)
Given: Neutron log was run in open hole and was not caliper-corrected.
Mineralogy is quartz.
Σma = 4.6 c.u.
φNLS = 32%
dh = 10.5 in
hmc = 0.5 in
Ch = 100 kppm NaCl
ρm = 10 lb/gal (natural mud)
Th = 125oF
Ph = 2,500 psi
tso = 0.5 in
Cfm = 150 kppm NaCl
Find: φNLS
cor
Procedure: On Chart Figure 3.12 construct a vertical line segment connecting the 32% porosity point at the top
and the bottom of the Open Hole Borehole Diameter block.
On the Open Hole Borehole Diameter block, estimate the location of the 10.5-in Borehole Diameter
line. From the intersection of this line with the previously constructed vertical segment, follow the
trend of the adjacent curves to the 8-in reference line. From there, project to the bottom of the
block. Using the distance between the projection and the vertical segment, estimate ∆φd to be
h
-3.0%.
Construct a vertical line segment connecting the borehole-diameter-corrected porosity point of 29%
at the top of the Mudcake Thickness block and the 29% porosity point at the bottom of the Borehole
Pressure block.
Following procedures analogous to those used in finding the borehole diameter correction, use the
remaining five blocks in Chart Figure 3.12 to estimate ∆φ h = -0.5%, ∆φC = 0.80%, ∆φρ = 0.6%,
mc h m
∆φT = 1.5%, and ∆φP = -0.3%.
h h
46
Openhole Environmental Corrections

Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron
HDSN
Neutron Log Porosity (%) (Apparent Limestone)
0 10 20 30 40 50
20 508
16 406
12 305
8 203
5 127
0 10 20 30 40 50
Enter Here If Caliper Correction Has Been Applied
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.0 25.0
0.5 12.5
0.0 0.0
250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
16 14
1.6 1.8
14 12 1.6
1.4
12 1.4
10 1.2 1.2
10
8 1.0 1.0
8
400 200
300 150
200 100
100 50
10
20 138
120
15
90
10 60
5 30
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3.12
47
Proceed to Chart Figure 3.13. On the dh = 10.5-in Open Hole Borehole Standoff block, construct a
vertical line segment connecting the 29% porosity points at the top and bottom of the block. From
the intersection of the 0.5-in Open Hole Borehole Standoff line with the previously constructed
vertical segment, follow the trend of the adjacent curves until reaching a point at the bottom of the
block. From the distance between this point and the vertical segment, estimate ∆φt to be -3.0%.
so
To calculate φNLS , use
φNLS = φNLS + ∆φd + ∆φh + ∆φC + ∆φρ + ∆φT + ∆φP + ∆φt

h mc h m h h so
Thus, φNLS* = 32% + (-3.0%) + (-0.5%) + (0.80%) + (0.6%) + (1.5%) + (-0.3%) + (-3.0%) = 28.1%.
Before correctin g for formation 45

salinity, you must convert φ N L S * t o
equivalent neutron quartz porosity, 40
i.e., φNQ. To do this, enter Figure 3.16
at 28.1% on the Neutron Limestone
35
Porosity axis, project vertically until
intersecting the Σma = 4.6 c.u. Quartz
30
curve, the n horizontally to the
Porosity axis. There, estimate φNQ to be
25
35.2%.
To correct for formation salinity, 20
return to Figure 3.13. On the Quartz

Formation Salinity Block, construct a 15
vertical line segment connecting the

35.2% porosity points at the top and 10
bottom of the b lock. From the

intersection of the 150-kppm line with 5
this vertical segment, follow the trend

of the curves down to a point at the 0
bottom of the block. Using the distance
between the point and the vertical -5
segment, estimate ∆φC to be -1.0%. -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
φ NLS, Neutron Limestone Porosity (%)
30 35 40 45
fm
To calculate φNQ , use

cor
φNQ = φNQ + ∆φC

cor fm
Thus, φNQ = 35.2% + (-1.0%) = 34.2%.

cor
You obtain φNLScor by converting φNQcor to equivalent neutron limestone porosity. To do this, return to
Figure 3.16. Enter the chart at 34.2% on the Porosity axis, project horizontally to the Σma= 4.6 c.u. curve,
then vertically down to the Neutron Limestone Porosity axis. There estimate φNLS to be 27.2%.
cor
Answer: φNLS = 27.2%.

cor
48
Tool Standoff and Formation Salinity Environmental Corrections

Openhole Standoff Correction Charts

0 10 20 30 40 50
dh = 4.5 in 1.5 36 dh = 114 mm
1.0 24
0.5 12
0.0 0
dh = 6.5 in 1.5 36 dh = 165 mm
1.0 24
0.5 12
0.0 0
dh = 8.0 in 2.5 60 dh = 203 mm
2.0 50
1.5 40
30
1.0
20
0.5 10
0.0 0
dh = 10.5 in dh = 267 mm
3.0 80
60
2.0
40
1.0 20
0.0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Formation Salinity Correction Charts

Neutron Log Porosity (%) (Appropriate Matrix)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Calcite 250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
Quartz 250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
Dolomite 250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3.13
49
Chart: Figure 3.14 (Cased Hole Environmental Corrections: HDSN)

Figure 3.15 (Tool Standoff and Formation Salinity Environmental
Corrections: HDSN)
Applications: Correction of HDSN porosity for borehole effects
φNLS* ......................φNLS corrected for borehole and standoff effects
φNLS ....................φNLS corrected for borehole, standoff, and formation salinity effects
cor
φNQ ........................formation porosity from neutron measurement with quartz matrix assumption
and corrected for borehole and standoff effects
φNQ .....................φNQ corrected for borehole, standoff, and formation salinity effects
cor
hcsg ........................casing thickness
hcmt .......................cement thickness
Ch ..........................borehole fluid salinity
ρm..........................mud density
Th ..........................borehole temperature
Ph ..........................borehole pressure
tso ..........................tool standoff
Cfm ........................formation fluid salinity in zone of investigation
∆φx.........................porosity correction for factor x, where x may be d h (borehole diameter), hcsg
(casing thickness), hcmt (cement thickness), C h (borehole fluid salinity), ρm (mud
density), Th (borehole temperature), Ph (borehole pressure), t so (tool standoff), or
Cfm (formation fluid salinity in zone of investigation)
Given: Neutron log was run in cased hole and was not corrected for borehole diameter, casing thickness, or
cement thickness.
Mineralogy is quartz.
Σma = 4.6 c.u.
φNLS = 24.5%
dh = 10.5 in (open hole)
hcsg = 0.4 in
hcmt = 1 in
Ch = 150 kppm NaCl
ρm = 10 lb/gal (natural mud)
Th = 150°F
Ph = 2,500 psi
tso = 0.25 in
Cfm = 100 kppm NaCl
Find: φNLS
cor
Procedure: On Figure 3.14 construct a vertical line segment connecting the 24.5% porosity point at the top and
the bottom of the Borehole Diameter block.
On the Borehole Diameter block, estimate the location of the 10.5-in Borehole Diameter line. From
the intersection of this line with the previously constructed vertical segment, follow the trend of the
adjacent curves to the 8-in reference line. From there, project to the bottom of the block. Using the
distance between the projection and the vertical segment, estimate ∆φd to be -2.5%.
h
Construct a vertical line segment connecting the borehole diameter corrected porosity point of 22%
at the top of the Casing Thickness block and the 22% porosity point at the bottom of the Borehole
Pressure block.
Follow analogous procedures using the remaining six blocks in Chart Figure 3.14 to estimate
∆φh = -0.75%, ∆φh = 0.9%, ∆φc = 1.0%, ∆φρ = 0.4%, ∆φT = 2.0%, ∆φP = -0.2%.
csg cmt h m h h
50
Cased Hole Environmental Corrections

HDSN
0 10 20 30 40 50
20 508
16 406
12 305
8 203
5 127
Enter Here If Borehole Diameter Correction Has Been Applied
0.5
12
0.4 10
0.3 8
6
0.2
3.0 75
2.0 50
1.0 25
0.0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Enter Here If Casing and Cement Thickness Corrections Have Been Applied In Real Time

0 10 20 30 40 50
250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
16 14
1.6 1.8
14 12 1.6
1.4
12 1.4
10 1.2 1.2
10
8 8 1.0 1.0
400 200
300 150
200 100
100 50
10
20 138
120
15 90
10 60
5 30
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3.14
51
To determine the tool standoff correction, proceed to Figure 3.15. On the dh = 10.5 -in Borehole
Standoff block, construct a vertical line segment connecting the 22% porosity points at the top and
bottom of the block. From the intersection of the 0.25-in Borehole Standoff line with the previously
constructed vertical segment, follow the trend of the adjacent curves until reaching a point at the
bottom of the block. From the distance between this point and the vertical segment, estimate ∆φt
so
to be -1.75%.
To calculate φNLS , use
φNLS = φNLS + ∆φd + ∆φh + ∆φh + ∆φC + ∆φρ + ∆φT + ∆φP + ∆φt
h csg cmt h m h h so
Thus, φNLS=24.5%+(-2.5%)+(-0.75%)+(0.9%)+(1.0%)+(0.4%)+(2.0%)+(-0.2%)+(-1.75%)=23.6%.
Before correctin g for formation 45
salinity, you must convert φ N L S t o

equivalent neutron quartz porosity, 40
i.e., φNQ. To do this, enter Figure 3.16
at 23.6% on the Neutron Limestone 35
Porosity axis, project vertically until
intersecting the Σma = 4.6 c.u. Quartz 30
curve, the n horizontally to the
Porosity axis. There, estimate φNQ to be 25
30.4%.
20
To correct for formation salinity, use
Figure 3.15. On the Quartz Formation
15
Salinity Block, construct a vertical line
seg ment connecting the 30.4%
10
porosity points at the top and bottom
of the block. From the intersection of
the 100-kppm line with this vertical 5
segment, follow the trend of the

curves down to a point at the bottom 0
of th e block. Using the distance

between the point and the vertical -5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
segment, estimate ∆φC to be -1.0%. φ NLS, Neutron Limestone Porosity (%)
fm
To calculate φNQ , use

cor
φNQ = φNQ + ∆φC

cor fm
Thus, φNQ = 30.4% + (-1.0%) = 29.4%.

cor
You obtain φNLScor by converting φNQcor to equivalent neutron limestone porosity. To do this, return to
Figure 3.16. Enter the chart at 29.4% on the Porosity axis, project horizontally to the Σma = 4.6 c.u. curve,
then vertically down to the Neutron Limestone Porosity axis. There, estimate φ NLS to be 22.7%
cor
Answer: φNLS = 22.7%.

cor
52
Tool Standoff and Formation Salinity Environmental Corrections

Cased Hole Standoff Correction Charts
0 10 20 30 40 50
d h = 4.5 in 1.5 36 d h = 114 mm
1.0 24
0.5 12
0.0 0
d h = 6.5 in 1.5 36 d h = 165 mm
1.0 24
0.5 12
0.0 0
d h = 8.0 in 2.5 60 d h = 203 mm
2.0 50
1.5 40
30
1.0
20
0.5 10
0.0 0
d h = 10.5 in d h = 267 mm
3.0 80
60
2.0
40
1.0 20
0.0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Formation Salinity Correction Charts

0 10 20 30 40 50
Calcite 250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
Quartz 250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
Dolomite 250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3.15
53
Chart: Figure 3.16 (Porosity Determination: Neutron Limestone Porosity

versus Porosity (HDSN))
Applications: Determination of formation porosity from HDSN porosity measurement based on a limestone matrix
and from knowledge of formation thermal neutron capture cross section
Nomenclature: φ ............................formation porosity

φNLS .......................formation porosity from neutron measurement with limestone matrix assumption
(corrected for environmental effects)
Given: Lithology is sandstone.

φNLS = 20% (from HDSN log)
Σma = 10 c.u. (typical of common sandstones)
Find: φ
Procedure: Enter the chart on the Neutron Limestone Porosity axis at φNLS = 20%. Project vertically to the
SANDSTONE curve labeled Σma = 10.0 c.u., then horizontally to the Porosity axis. There, estimate φ to
be 24.8%.
Answer: φ = 24.8%
54
Porosity Determination
Neutron Limestone Porosity versus Porosity
HDSN
Figure 3.16
55
Chart: Figure 3.17 (Porosity-Mineralogy Crossplot: Bulk (Log) Density

versus Neutron Porosity (HDSN), Fluid Density = 0.85 g/cc)
Applications: Determination of porosity and mineralogy mix from density and neutron logs
Nomenclature: φNLS........................formation porosity from neutron measurement made assuming a limestone matrix
ρf ...........................formation fluid density in zone of investigation
ΣQ..........................quartz matrix thermal neutron capture cross section
ΣC ..........................calcite matrix thermal neutron capture cross section
ΣD ..........................dolomite matrix thermal neutron capture cross section
fDN .........................formation porosity from combined neutron and density data
Given: Borehole fluid is oil-based mud.

φNLS = 17% (from HDSN log that has been environmently corrected)
ρb = 2.34 g/cc (from density log corrected for borehole effects)
ρf = 0.85 g/cc (Estimated. This is a reasonable value for pore fluids near the wellbore when oil-based
muds are used)
ΣQ = 4.6 c.u.
ΣC = 7.1 c.u.
ΣD = 4.7 c.u.
Find: φDN and formation mineralogy mix
Procedure: From φ NLS = 17% on the Neutron Limestone Porosity axis, project vertically into the chart. From ρb = 2.34
g/cc on the Bulk Density axis, project horizontally into the chart. Note that the point of intersection
of the two projections (later called the plotted point) lies between the Quartz and Calcite curves on
the chart as well as between the Quartz and Dolomite curves. Thus, the constituent minerals can be
quartz and calcite, or quartz and dolomite.
To determine the porosity and mineralogy mix if the constituent minerals are quartz and calcite,
construct a line segment containing the plotted point and connecting points of equal porosity on the
Quartz and Calcite curves. This line segment should connect the 19% porosity points on the two
curves, indicating that φDN = 19%. By using the plotted point to proportion the segment, you can
estimate that the matrix contains about 35% quartz and 65% calcite, with calcite having the higher
percentage since the plotted point is closer to the Calcite curve.
To determine the porosity and mineralogy mix if the constituent minerals are quartz and dolomite,
Quartz and Dolomite curves. This line segment should connect the 20% porosity points on the two
curves, indicating that φDN = 20%. By using the plotted point to proportion the segment, you can
estimate that the matrix contains about 70% quartz and 30% dolomite, with quartz having the
higher percentage since the plotted point is closer to the Quartz curve.
Answer: If the constituent minerals are quartz and calcite, then φDN = 19% and the mineralogy mix is
approximately 35% quartz and 65% calcite. If the constituent minerals are quartz and dolomite,
then φDN = 20% and the mineralogy mix is approximately 70% quartz and 30% dolomite.
Notes: As long as the rock matrix is composed of two of the three common minerals quartz, calcite, and
dolomite, the crossplotted porosity is relatively insensitive to the mineralogy mix. To resolve
ambiguities regarding which minerals are present (e.g., quartz and calcite versus quartz and
dolomite), you can use a Mineral Identification Plot.
Individual crossplots of two porosity logs define the mineralogy percentage mix for two known
minerals. Three minerals require three porosity logs. More minerals require more measurements.
56
Porosity – Mineralogy Crossplot

Bulk (Log) Density versus Neutron Porosity
HDSN
Fluid Density = 0.85 g/cc (850 kg/m3)
Figure 3.17
57

HDSN
Figure 3.18
58

HDSN
Figure 3.19
59
Chart: Figure 3.20 (Porosity-Mineralogy Crossplot: Bulk (Log) Density versus Sonic)
Applications: Determination of porosity and mineralogy mix from density and sonic logs
Nomenclature: ∆tc .........................sonic compressional interval transit time in formation

∆tf..........................sonic compressional interval transit time in formation fluid in zone of investigation
φSD .........................formation porosity from combined sonic and density data
Given: Borehole fluid is oil-based mud.

∆tc = 82 µs/ft
∆tf = 245 µs/ft (Estimated. This is a reasonable value for pore fluids near the wellbore when oil-based
muds are used.)
ρf = 0.85 g/cc (Estimated. This is a reasonable value for pore fluids near the wellbore when oil-based
muds are used.)
Find: Empirical φSD and formation mineralogy mix
Procedure: From ∆tc = 82 µs/ft on the Interval Transit Time axis, project vertically into the chart. From ρb = 2.22
g/cc on the Bulk Density axis, project horizontally into the chart. Note that the point of intersection
of the two projections (later called the plotted point) lies between the empirical Calcite and Quartz
curves as well as between the empirical Calcite and Dolomite curves. Thus, the constituent minerals
can be calcite and quartz, or calcite and dolomite.
To determine the porosity and mineralogy mix if the constituent minerals are calcite and quartz,
empirical Calcite and Quartz curves. This line segment should connect the 26% porosity points on
the two curves, indicating that φSD = 26%. By using the plotted point to proportion the segment, you
can estimate that the matrix contains about 75% calcite and 25% quartz, with calcite having the
higher percentage since the plotted point is closer to the empirical Calcite curve.
To determine the porosity and mineralogy mix if the constituent minerals are calcite and dolomite,
empirical Calcite and Dolomite curves. This line segment should connect the 27.6% porosity points
on the two curves, indicating that φSD = 27.6%. By using the plotted point to proportion the
segment, you can estimate that the matrix contains about 85% calcite and 15% dolomite, with
calcite having the higher percentage since the plotted point is closer to the empirical Calcite curve.
Answer: If the constituent minerals are calcite and quartz, then empirically φSD = 26.0% and the mineralogy
mix is approximately 75% calcite and 25% quartz. If the constituent minerals are calcite and
dolomite, then empirically φSD = 27.6% and the mineralogy mix is approximately 85% calcite and
15% dolomite.
ambiguities regarding which minerals are present (e.g., calcite and quartz versus calcite and
Reference: Wyllie, M.R.J., “Elastic Wave Velocities in Heterogenous and Porous Media,” Geophysics, Vol. 21,
1956, p. 41.
Krief, M., Garat, J., Stellingwerff, J., and Ventre, J.: “A Petrophysical Interpretation Using the
Velocities of P and S Waves (Full-Waveform Sonic),” presented at the 12th International Formation
Evaluation Symposium, Paris, France, Oct. 24-27, 1989, paper HH.
60

Bulk (Log) Density versus Sonic
Oil-Based Fluid
∆tc, Interval Transit Time (µ s/m)

150 200 250 300 350
1.9
Time Average
Empirical
2.0
Halite
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
ρ f = 0.85 g/cc (850 kg/m3)
∆t f = 245 µs/ft (804 µs/m)
2.8
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
∆t c, Interval Transit Time (µs/ft)
Figure 3.20
61

Fresh Water

150 200 250 300 350
1.9
Time Average
Empirical
2.0
Halite
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
ρ f = 1.00 g/cc (1000 kg/m3)
∆t f = 189 µs/ft (620 µs/m)
2.8
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Figure 3.21
62

Salt Water

150 200 250 300 350
1.9
Time Average
Empirical
2.0
Halite
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
ρ f = 1.15 g/cc (1150 kg/m3)
∆t f = 167 µs/ft (548 µs/m)
2.8
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Figure 3.22
63
Chart: Figure 3.23 (Porosity-Mineralogy Crossplots:

Sonic versus Neutron Porosity (HDSN))
Applications: Determination of porosity and mineralogy mix from sonic and neutron logs
Nomenclature: ∆tc .........................sonic compressional interval transit time in formation φNLScor

∆tf ..........................sonic compressional interval transit time in formation fluid in zone of investigation
φSN .........................formation porosity from combined sonic and neutron logs
Given: Borehole fluid is fresh mud.

∆tc = 74 µs/ft
∆tf = 189 µs/ft (Estimated. This is a reasonable value for pore fluids near the wellbore when fresh
muds are used.)
φNLS = 21% (from HDSN log that has been environmentally corrected)
Find: Empirical φSN and formation mineralogy mix
Procedure: From φNLS = 21% on the Neutron Limestone Porosity axis, project vertically into the chart. From ∆tc=
74 µs/ft on the Interval Transit Time axis, project horizontally into the chart. Note that the point of
intersection of the two projections (later called the plotted point) lies between the empirical Quartz
and Calcite curves on the chart as well as between the empirical Quartz and Dolomite curves. Thus,
the constituent minerals can be quartz and calcite, or quartz and dolomite.
To determine the porosity and mineralogy mix if the constituent minerals are quartz and calcite,
empirical Quartz and Calcite curves. This line segment should connect the 22.8% porosity points on
the two curves, indicating that φSN = 22.8%. By using the plotted point to proportion the segment,
you can estimate that the matrix contains about 30% quartz and 70% calcite, with calcite having the
higher percentage since the plotted point is closer to the empirical Calcite curve.
To determine the porosity and mineralogy mix if the constituent minerals are quartz and dolomite,
empirical Quartz and Dolomite curves. This line segment should connect the 22.8% porosity points
on the two curves, indicating that φSN = 22.8%. By using the plotted point to proportion the
segment, you can estimate that the matrix contains about 55% quartz and 45% dolomite, with
quartz having the higher percentage since the plotted point is closer to the empirical Quartz curve.
Answer: If the constituent minerals are quartz and calcite, then φSN = 22.8% and the mineralogy mix is
approximately 30% quartz and 70% calcite. If the constituent minerals are quartz and dolomite,
then φSN = 22.8% and the mineralogy mix is approximately 55% quartz and 45% dolomite.
ambiguities regarding which minerals are present (e.g., quartz and calcite versus quartz and
1956, p. 41.
64

Sonic versus Neutron Porosity (HDSN)
Fresh Water
120
380
Time Average
Empirical
110 360
340
100
320
300
90
280
80
260
240
70
220
200
60
180
50
∆tf = 189 µs/ft (620 µs/m) 160
140
40
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
φNLS , Neutron Limestone Porosity (%)
Figure 3.23
65
Chart: Figure 3.24 (Mineral Identification Plot - maa Determination)
Applications: Determination of apparent formation matrix density
Nomenclature: ρb ..........................formation bulk density

ρma .......................apparent formation matrix density
a
Given: ρb = 2.34 g/cc (from density log corrected for borehole effects)
φNLS = 17% (from HDSN log corrected for borehole effects)
Find: ρma
a
Procedure: From φNLS = 17% on the Neutron Limestone Porosity axis, project vertically into the chart. From ρb =
2.34 g/cc on the Bulk Density axis, project horizontally into the chart. The point of intersection of the
two projections lies between the ρma = 2.66 g/cc and ρma = 2.68 g/cc curves. Use the intersection
a a
point to interpolate between the two curves and estimate ρma to be 2.675 g/cc.
a
Answer: ρma = 2.675 g/cc

a
Notes: You enter the value of ρma that you determine from this chart into Figure 3.27 or Figure 3.28.
a
66
Mineral Identification Plot

ma Determination
a
HDSN
Figure 3.24
67
Chart: Figure 3.25 (Mineral Identification Plot - tmaa Determination)
Applications: Determination of apparent sonic compressional interval transit time in formation matrix
Nomenclature: ∆tc .........................sonic compressional interval transit time in formation

∆tf ..........................sonic compressional interval transit time in formation fluid in zone of investigation
∆tma .....................apparent sonic compressional interval transit time of formation matrix
a

∆tc = 74.0 µs/ft
∆tf = 189 µs/ft (Estimated. This is a reasonable value for pore fluids near the wellbore when fresh
muds are used.)
Find: ∆tma
a
Procedure: From φNLS = 17% on the Neutron Limestone Porosity axis, project vertically into the chart. From ∆tc=
74.0 µs/ft on the Interval Transit Time axis, project horizontally into the chart. The point of
intersection of the two projections would lie approximately on a ∆tma = 52.5 µs/ft curve if such a
a
curve were displayed. Thus, estimate ∆tma to be 52.5 µs/ft.
a
Answer: ∆tma = 52.5 µs/ft

a
Notes: You enter the value of ∆tma that you determine from this chart into Figure 3.27.
a
1956, p. 41.
68

tma Determination
a
HDSN
∆t f = 189 µs/ft (620 µs/m)
140
440
130
420
400
120
380
110 360
∆tma 340
a
100
320
300
90
280
80 260
240
70
220
200
60
180
50 160
140
40
-5 0 5 15 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
φNLS , Neutron Limestone Porosity (%)
Figure 3.25
69
Chart: Figure 3.26 (Mineral Identification Plot - Umaa Determination)
Applications: Determination of apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor
Pem ........................modified photoelectric factor
Um .........................volumetric modified photoelectric factor
Uma ......................apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor
a
φta..........................apparent total formation porosity

ρf = 1.00 (Estimated. This is a reasonable value for pore fluids near the wellbore when fresh muds
are used.)
Pem = 2.41
Find: Uma
a
Procedure: Use φNLS = 17% and ρb = 2.34 g/cc in Figure 3.18 to determine that φta = 19.2%. (Refer to the example
accompanying Figure 3.17 for the procedure to use.)
To determine the point at which to enter the Um axis on the chart, use the nomograph below the
chart. Construct a line segment through ρb = 2.34 g/cc on the ρb leg and through Pem = 2.41 on the
Pem leg. Extend the segment to intersect the Um axis of the chart. The segment intersects the Um axis
at Um = 5.69.
From U m = 5.69 on the Um axis, project vertically into the chart. From φta = 19.2% on the φta axis,
project horizontally into the chart. The point of intersection of the two projections lies on the Uma
a
= 7.0 curve. Thus, estimate Uma to be 7.0.
a
Answer: Uma = 7.0

a
Notes: You enter the value of Uma that you determine from this chart into Figure 3.28.
a
70

Uma Determination
a
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Umaa
-5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20
U m, Volumetric Modified Photoelectric Factor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pem, Modified Photoelectric Factor
3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
ρ b, Bulk (Log) Density (g/cc or 1000 kg/m3)
Figure 3.26
71
Chart: Figure 3.27 (Mineral Identification Plot (MIP-1) - ma a versus tmaa)
Applications: Determination of formation mineralogy from the apparent density and apparent sonic
compressional interval transit time of the formation matrix
Nomenclature: ρma .......................apparent formation matrix density

a
∆tma .....................apparent sonic compressional interval transit time in formation matrix
a
Given: ρma = 2.675 g/cc

a
∆tma = 52.5 µs/ft
a
Find: Formation mineralogy
Procedure: From ∆tma = 52.5 µs/ft on the ∆tma axis, project vertically into the chart. From ρma = 2.675 g/cc on
a a a
the ρma axis, project horizontally into the chart. The intersection of the two projections is located
a
between the quartz and dolomite points on the chart. Assuming that the formation is shale-free, the
position of the intersection point indicates that the formation mineralogy is approximately 60%
quartz and 40% calcite.
Answer: The formation matrix is comprised of approximately 60% quartz and 40% calcite.
Notes: If you know that the rock matrix is comprised of any three minerals shown on Figure 3.27, then you
can construct a proportionality triangle to determine the percentages of each mineral.
72
Mineral Identification Plot (MIP – 1)

ma versus tma
a a
HDSN
∆tma a, Apparent Matrix Transit Time (µs/m)
120 140 160 180 200 220 240
2.4
2.0
Halite
2.5 2.1
60 70
Orthoclase
Albite
2.6
Quartz
2.7
Calcite
Langbeinite
2.8
2.9 Dolomite
Anhydrite
3.0
Muscovite
3.1
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
∆tmaa, Apparent Matrix Transit Time (µs/ft)
Figure 3.27
73
Chart: Figure 3.28 (Mineral Identification Plot (MIP-2) - maa versus Umaa)
Applications: Determination of formation mineralogy from the apparent density of the formation matrix and
from the apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor.
Nomenclature: ρma .......................apparent formation matrix density

a
Uma ......................apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor
a
Given: ρma = 2.675 g/cc

a
Uma = 7.0
a
Find: Formation mineralogy
Procedure: From ρma = 2.675 g/cc on the ρma axis, project horizontally into the chart. From Uma = 7.0 on the
a a a
Uma axis, project vertically into the chart. The intersection of the two projections is located near the
a
quartz point on the chart. Thus, the formation mineralogy is most likely to be predominantly quartz.
If you assume the formation to be composed of only the primary minerals quartz, calcite, and
dolomite, you can estimate the percentage of each by using the triangular figure in the chart. The
previously found point of intersection of the projections into the chart lies between the 60% and
80% Quartz lines (the diagonally oriented lines running lower-left to upper-right) in the triangle.
From the position of the point between those two lines, you can estimate that the formation
contains about 72% quartz. The intersection point also lies between the 20% and 40% Calcite lines
(the diagonally oriented lines running upper-left to lower-right). From the point’s position between
the Calcite lines, estimate that the formation contains about 21% calcite. Finally, the point lies
between the 0% and 20% dolomite lines (the approximately horizontally oriented lines). From the
point’s position between the Dolomite lines, estimate that the formation contains about 7%
dolomite.
Answer: The formation is predominantly quartz. If you assume that the formation contains only quartz,
calcite, and dolomite, then the mineralogy is approximatley 72% quartz, 21% calcite, and 7%
dolomite.
Notes: You can select any three minerals to form a proportionality triangle such as the one shown in the
chart.
74
Mineral Identification Plot (MIP – 2)

ma versus Uma
a a
HDSN
2.4
2.0
Sulphur
Halite
2.5
Orthoclase
2.1
12 13 14 15 16 17
2.6
Quartz
2.7
Calcite
Langbeinite
2.8
Dolomite
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
Muscovite
3.1
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Umaa , Apparent Matrix Volumetric Photoelectric Factor
Figure 3.28
75
76
Section 4
Cased-Hole
T
he HEAT sonic, neutron, and CEMENT BOND/
®*
gamma-ray tools described in
Section 1 of this publication
MICRO-SEISMOGRAM
LOGGING (HFWS) Logging
can all operate in cased holes.
To obtain cement bond logs under harsh
In addition, Halliburton has other logging
well conditions, the Hostile Full Wave
tools that can run in small-diameter tub-
Sonic Tool is run in a short-spaced
ulars under hostile conditions. Included
configuration (Figure 4.3 ). Data are
are gamma-neutron-CCL, cement
obtained at conventional 3- and 5-ft
bond, and production logging tools.
transmitter-to-receiver spacings. The
transmitter is pulsed to produce acoustic
GAMMA-NEUTRON-CCL energy that travels through borehole
fluid, casing, cement, and formation
(GNST AND HGNC) before reaching the receivers. The
Halliburton's gamma-neutron-CCL acoustic energy is attenuated in all the
services provide precision cased-hole materials through which it propagates,
measurements in hostile environments but the attenuation is severe at the
and slim boreholes. On the resulting casing-cement and cement-formation
combination logs, the gamma-ray curves interfaces when bonding between the
are used to verify depth, correlate adjacent materials is poor. Analysis of the
formations, and calculate shale volume. recorded acoustic information, which
The curves from the single-detector can be displayed in several log formats,
neutron devices are used for the same can reveal the effectiveness of cementing
purposes as the gamma-ray curves and operations. The logs show areas where
also serve to identify gas zones and, in there is free pipe, where there is good
time-lapse logging, to monitor gas/liquid bond to the pipe but not to the forma-
contacts. Casing collar locator (CCL) tion, and where there is good bond to
curves are usually used with gamma or the pipe and to the formation. When
neutron logs for depth correlation. cement properties are known, the logs
can also indicate intervals over which
The 1-11/16-inch Hostile Gamma there is partial bond or channeling.
Neutron CCL tool (Figure 4.1 ) comple-
ments the openhole HEAT Suite tools On cement bond logs, a pipe amplitude
by being able to make through-tubing curve is generated from data recorded at
correlation measurements under the 3-ft receiver. This curve displays the
extreme temperatures and pressures. The amplitude of acoustic signals that have
1-7/16-inch Gamma Neutron Slim traveled only through the borehole fluid
tool (Figure 4.2 ) furnishes precision and casing. Signal amplitude is related
correlation in gas- or liquid-filled wells to signal attenuation: High amplitudes
and is ideal for use in wells that have indicate low attenuation; low amplitudes
small restrictions. indicate high attenuation.
* A registered mark of Halliburton
77
Full acoustic wavetrain data recorded at the 5-ft receiver the dielectric constants of the fluids flowing through the
can be displayed on the log in several ways. An XY chamber and causes a change in the oscillator frequency.
display presents amplitude information for the entire Low frequencies correspond to high-dielectric-constant
acoustic wavetrain at selected depth intervals; it is a fluids (water), and high frequencies correspond to low-
sinusoidal-type display. An XZ, or Micro-Seismogram®, dielectric-constant fluids (hydrocarbons). Consequently,
display, presents the entire acoustic wavetrain in the form the Hydro tool can differentiate between water and
of light and dark streaks of varying intensities that hydrocarbons, but the frequency differences between the
represent the amplitudes of the half cycles comprising the two hydrocarbon phases (oil and gas) are small and may
wavetrain. A combination of the XY and XZ displays, be indistinguishable. The tool is calibrated so that water
referred to as the XYZ log, also can be generated. While a holdup can be calculated from the oscillator frequency.
cement bond log is being run, the logging presentation
can be switched between the XY, XZ, and XYZ formats.
Fluid Density (FDT)
It should be noted that when the cement bond with the The Fluid Density tool (Figure 4.5) is used to determine
casing and with the formation is good, the Hostile Full the density of the flowstream. Wellbore fluid flows through
Wave Sonic tool can be run in a long-spaced configuration a tool chamber that has a gamma-ray source at one end and
to evaluate the formation behind casing. Both compres- a gamma-ray detector at the other end. The attenuation
sional and shear slowness (∆tc and ∆ts ) can be measured, of gamma rays in the chamber depends upon the density
and most of the openhole applications of sonic data— of the wellbore fluid there: the denser the wellbore fluid,
including determining formation porosity, detecting forma- the fewer gamma rays that reach the detector. Thus, low
tion gas, analyzing natural fractures, and obtaining data detector count rates correspond to high fluid density, and
for hydraulic fracture design—are valid also in cased wells. high detector count rates correspond to low fluid density.
The tool is calibrated so that fluid density can be calculated
from the detector count rate and displayed on the log.
PRODUCTION LOGGING (PL) Light-phase and heavy-phase holdups (the cross-sectional
Production Logging (PL) services furnish quick and accurate areas of the casing occupied by the light and heavy phases,
information about downhole fluid flow. Fluid sources and respectively) can be calculated from the fluid density
sinks can be located, fluid types can be identified, and fluid shown on the log, provided the density of each individual
flow rates measured. Halliburton's PL tools provide reliable phase is known.
results in both single-phase and multiphase flow, even in
deviated wells. PL flow profiles aid in studying reservoir
production, monitoring injection operations, diagnosing Gradiomanometer
tubular problems, detecting crossflow between zones, and Gradiomanometers are also used to determine fluid density.
modeling reservoir characteristics. The PL data may These tools contain a fluid-filled float system. The pressure
indicate a need for production enhancement operations, in difference between two points in the system is measured
which case PL tools can be used to monitor and evaluate and used to determine a pressure gradient, which in turn
these operations. is converted to fluid density. Gradiomanometer measure-
ments must be corrected for hole inclination; measurements
The conventional PL toolstring consists of Hydro (fluid
with the Fluid Density tool do not require such a correction.
dielectric), Fluid Density, Continuous Flowmeter (spinner),
Gradiomanometers are not recommended for high-angle
Temperature, Pressure, Gamma Ray, and Collar Locator
or horizontal wells.
tools. These tools are rated to 375˚F and 18,000 psi and
each has 1-7/16-inch OD. A Gradiomanometer and a
Borehole Audio Tracer tool are also available.
Fullbore Gas Holdup (GHT)
The Fullbore Gas Holdup tool (Figure 4.6) measures the
Hydro (HYD) gas holdup of the flowstream. The tool contains a gamma-
ray source and a gamma-ray detector located a short
The Hydro tool (Figure 4.4 )—also known as the fluid
distance from the source and separated from the source by
dielectric, capacitance, or watercut tool—is sensitive to the
shielding material. The measurement consists of counting
dielectric constant of the flowing stream. Wellbore fluids
the gamma rays backscattered from the wellbore fluid to the
flow through a tool chamber that acts as a capacitor in an
detector, the count rate being inversely proportional to the
oscillator circuit. The capacitance varies with changes in
gas holdup. The measurement is insensitive to the
78
SECTION 4: CASED-HOLE LOGGING
composition of the liquid phase (oil, salt water, or fresh Borehole Audio Tracer (BATS)
water), to the material outside casing, to casing thickness,
The Borehole Audio Tracer tool (Figure 4.11 ) senses noise
and to the volume-distribution of the gas. The
created by fluid movement in and around the borehole.
measurement is suitable for use in highly deviated wells,
The 1-11/16-inch tool is rated at 392˚F and 15,000 psi.
where the gas may be separated from the liquid phases, as
To eliminate noises that would occur as a result of tool
well as in vertical wells where the gas may be uniformly
motion, the tool is held stationary while measurements
mixed with the liquids.
are being made.
The logging system records the maximum noise amplitude

Continuous Flowmeter (FMC) in each of four frequency ranges extending from 200 Hz,
Continuous flowmeters (Figure 4.7) contain a helical 600 Hz, 1,000 Hz, and 2,000 Hz up to the maximum
impeller, or spinner, of diameter slightly less than that of the frequency to which the tool is sensitive. Amplitudes are
tool case. They are designed for use in wells with moderate plotted versus depth, and points in corresponding frequency
to high flow rates and in wells containing small-diameter ranges are joined to produce a four-curve log. The log is
casing. These devices evaluate flow velocities in both tubing used to locate fluid flow, to assist in identifying fluid type,
and casing. Since the mass of the impeller is very small, the and to give information about the type of passage through
tool has excellent resolution and a low threshold velocity. which the fluids are flowing. The data can also be used to
indicate sand movement.
Pressure (SPT and CQPT)

Halliburton uses strain gauges and quartz transducers in CASING INSPECTION
its PL Pressure tools (Figure 4.8 and 4.9). Strain gauges The CAST tool described earlier can provide detailed
respond more quickly to pressure changes, so are generally images for determining casing condition. CAST images
used when real-time pressure measurements are needed. can verify perforation location and reveal damage such as
Quartz transducers have higher accuracy and thus can give parting and splitting. CAST tools can be used in tubulars
superior data for analyzing drawdowns and buildups. When with OD as small as 4-1/2 inches.
held stationary in the wellbore, the Pressure tool measures
pressure as a function of time. The resulting data are
analyzed to obtain the reservoir's permeability and skin
damage. These measurements are made as the well is being
shut in, particularly during the afterflow, wellbore storage,
and buildup phases.
Temperature (TLT)
Temperature tools (Figure 4.10) use a resistance thermo-
meter to measure wellbore temperature. A resistive element
that is part of an electrical circuit is exposed to wellbore
fluids: changes in fluid temperature cause changes in the
element's resistance. Fluid entering the wellbore, or fluids
leaving the wellbore and accumulating in the region
surrounding the well, can alter the normal temperature
gradient in the well. Such temperature-gradient anomalies
serve to identify producing zones, locate zones accepting
fluid in injection wells, and detect channeling from above
or below.
79
TOOL: Hostile Gamma Neutron CCL (HGNC-A)
GROUP: Natural and Induced Radioactivity

Min Csg/Tbg ID: 2 in
Max OD: 1.687 in
Max Csg/Tbg ID: na
CCL BOREHOLE CONDITIONS

Source Type: 5-Ci Americium-Beryllium 241 (neutron)
Sensor Type: Helium-3 (neutron), Nal (TI) (gamma)
Gamma Ray Sensor Spacings: Proprietary
No. of Windows: (gamma)
Full Spectrum: 60 keV - 3 MeV (gamma)
Combinability: Stand-alone
MEASUREMENT
Neutron Gamma
Principle Neutron-Thermal Neutron Natural Gamma Ray
Range 0 - 3,000 cps 0 - 5,000 API
Neutron
Vertical 18 - 36 in (enhanced)
Detector 24 - 36 in
Resolution (90%) 12 in (enhanced)
Depth of
5 in 4 in (90%: 11 in)
Investigation (50%)
Precision 3% 4%
Accuracy 5 API 5 API
Primary Curves: Neutron, GR
Secondary Curves: CCL
Neutron CALIBRATION
Source Primary: API pits in Houston
Secondary: TMD water tank (neutron), Thorium verifier (gamma)
Wellsite Verifier: Polyethylene sleeve (neutron), Thorium verifier (gamma)
Figure 4.1
80
TOOL: Gamma Neutron Slim Tool (GNST-A)
GROUP: Natural and Induced Radioactivity

Min Csg/Tbg ID: 1.875 in
Max OD: 1.437 in
Max Csg/Tbg ID: na
CCL BOREHOLE CONDITIONS

Source Type: 5-Ci Americium-Beryllium 241 (neutron)
Sensor Type: Helium-3 (neutron), Nal (TI) (gamma)
Gamma Ray Sensor Spacings: Proprietary
No. of Windows: 1 (gamma)
Full Spectrum: 60 keV - 3 MeV (gamma)
Combinability: Stand-alone
MEASUREMENT
Neutron Gamma
Principle Neutron-Thermal Neutron Natural Gamma Ray
Range 0 - 3,000 cps 0 - 5,000 API
Neutron
Vertical 18 - 36 in (enhanced)
Detector Resolution (90%)
24 - 36 in
12 in (enhanced)
Depth of
5 in 4 in (90%: 11 in)
Investigation (50%)
Precision 3% 4%
Accuracy 5 API 5 API
Primary Curves: Neutron, GR
Neutron CALIBRATION
Source Primary: API pits in Houston
Secondary: TMD water tank (neutron), Thorium verifier (gamma)
Wellsite Verifier: Polyethylene sleeve (neutron), Thorium verifier (gamma)
Figure 4.2
81
TOOL: Hostile Full Wave Sonic (HFWS-A)
GENERIC TYPE: Cement Bond
GROUP: Cement Evaluation

Min Hole: 3.9 in
Max OD: 2.75 in
Max Hole: 12 in
* Add 3.5 ft for each in-line centralizer (usually two).
Source Type: Two 17-kHz piezoelectric (one inactive)
Sensor Spacings: 3, 5 ft (both active); 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 ft (all inactive)
Firing Rate: 200 ms (service dependent)
Samples per Sensor: 1,024
Transmitter 1 Measurement Bandwidth: 8 to 30 kHz
Transmitter 2 Combinability: HDSN, HNGR
MEASUREMENT
Neutron Gamma
Principle Sonic waveform attenuation
Range 1000 µs 0 - 100 mV
Receiver 1 Vertical
5 ft 3 ft
Resolution (90%)
Depth of
na na
Receiver 2 Investigation (50%)
Sensitivity na < 1 mV
Accuracy na ± 2%
Receiver 3 Primary Curves: Waveform or MSG® Display (5-ft), E1 Peak Amplitude (3-ft)
Receiver 4
Secondary Curves: TT, GR, CCL, Tension
Receiver 5
Primary: API CBL Test Facility (Free Pipe and Bond)
Secondary: Free Pipe
Wellsite Verifier: Internal signal
Lower
Electronics
Figure 4.3
82
TOOL: Hydro (HYD-FC), MUX
GENERIC TYPE: Water Cut
GROUP: Production Logging

Max OD: 1.437 in
Max Csg/Tbg ID: na
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Recommended Logging Speed*: 30 ft/min
*Stationary for holdup calculation
Source Type: None
Sensor Type: Fluid capacitance
Sensor Spacings: na
Hydro
Sampling Rate: 2, 4, or 10 Samples per ft
Assembly
No. of Windows: na
Full Spectrum: na
Combinability: PLT, GRT, TLT, FMS, FDT, SPT, CCL, FBT, HPA
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Water holdup from dielectric constant
Range*: 0 - 100% water holdup
Resolution: 3% of holdup at stationary reading
Depth of Investigation (50%): na
Sensitivity: na
Accuracy: ± 5% of holdup at stationary reading
Primary Curves: CPS, Water Holdup
Secondary Curves: Frequency
*Range depends upon fluid distribution
CALIBRATION
Primary: Water and air
Secondary: Water and air
Wellsite Verifier: Water and air
Figure 4.4
83
TOOL: Fluid Density (FDT-EC), MUX
GENERIC TYPE: Fluid Density

Max OD: 1.437 in
Max Csg/Tbg ID: na
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
*Stationary for holdup calculation
Source Type: 17-mCi Cesium 137
Sensor Type: Geiger-Mueller detector
Fluid Sensor Spacings: Proprietary
Density Firing Rate: Continuous
Instrument Sampling Rate: 2, 4, or 10 Samples per ft
No. of Windows: 1
Full Spectrum: na
Combinability: PLT, GRT, HYD, FMS, TLT, SPT, CCL, FBT, HPA
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Gamma backscatter
Range: 1 - 1.5 gm/cc
Resolution: 0.01 gm/cc
Sensitivity: na
Accuracy, Typical: ± 0.02 gm/cc
Accuracy, Maximum: ± 0.03 gm/cc
Primary Curves: Fluid Density, Amplified Fluid Density
Secondary Curves: Density Counts
CALIBRATION
Figure 4.5
84
TOOL: Fullbore Gas Holdup Tool (GHT)
GENERIC TYPE: Gas Holdup

Max OD: 1.687 in
Max Csg/Tbg ID: na
Length: 2 ft Weight: 8 lb
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Detector *Stationary for holdup calculation
Source Type: 3-mCi Cobalt 57
Sensor Type: Nal Scintillation
Shield
No. of Windows: 1
Full Spectrum: na
Combinability: PLT, GRT, HYD, FMS, TLT, SPT, CCL, FBF, HPA, FDT
Source MEASUREMENT
Principle: Gamma backscatter
Range: 0 - 100% gas holdup
Resolution: 2% gas holdup
Depth of Investigation (50%): Fullbore
Sensitivity: na
Accuracy, Typical: ± 2.5% gas holdup
Accuracy, Maximum: ± 4% gas holdup
Primary Curves: Gas Holdup
Secondary Curves: Backscattered Gamma Counts
CALIBRATION
Figure 4.6
85
TOOL: Continuous Flowmeter (FMS-HC), MUX
GENERIC TYPE: Flowmeter/Spinner

Max OD: 1.687 in
Max Csg/Tbg ID: na
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Recommended Logging Speed: Dependent on flow rate
Source Type: None
Sensor Type: Magnetically coupled optics assembly
Sensor Spacings: na
Flowmeter Firing Rate: Continuous
Assembly Sampling Rate: 2, 4, or 10 Samples per ft
Samples per Run: Multiple pass technique
Combinability: PLT, GRT, FDT, HYD, SPT, TLT, CCL, HPA
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Spinner/Fluid Velocity
Range: 0 - 1,600 ft/min dynamic in water
Resolution: < 1 ft/min in water
Sensitivity: 8 pulses/revolution
Accuracy: ± 1 ft/min in water
Threshold Velocity: 3.5 ft/min in water (computed)
Primary Curves: Spinner (rev/s)
Secondary Curves: Fluid Velocity (0 - 100%)
CALIBRATION
Primary: In-situ well calibration
Secondary: Flow loop characterization data
Wellsite Verifier: CW/CCW verification
Figure 4.7
86
TOOL: Stack Pressure Tool (SPT-CC), MUX
GENERIC TYPE: Pressure

Max OD: 1.437 in
Max Csg/Tbg ID: na
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Source Type: None
Sensor Type: Strain gauge pressure transducer with temperature corrections
Sensor Spacings: na
Stack Firing Rate: Continuous
Pressure Sampling Rate: 2, 4, or 10 Samples per ft
Tool No. of Windows: na
Full Spectrum: na
Combinability: PLT, GRT, HYD, TLT, FMS, FDT, CCL, HPA, FBF
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Pressure
Range: 100 - 10,000 psi
Resolution: 1 psi
Sensitivity: na
Accuracy: ± 15 psi at full scale
Primary Curves: Pressure, Amplified Pressure,
Differential Pressure
CALIBRATION
Primary: Dead-weight tester and heat box
Secondary: Dead-weight tester and heat box
Wellsite Verifier: Software verification
Figure 4.8
87
TOOL: Compensated Quartz Pressure Tool (CQPT-A), MUX
GENERIC TYPE: Pressure

Max OD: 1.687 in
Max Csg/Tbg ID: na
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Recommended Logging Speed: Stationary
Source Type: None
Sensor Type: Quartz pressure transducer with temperature corrections
Sensor Spacings: na
Instrument Firing Rate: Continuous

Assembly Sampling Rate: 2 - 3 Samples per second (frequency dependent)
Sample Size: One 24-bit pressure word, one 24-bit temperature word
Full Spectrum: 10 - 37.2 kHz
Combinability: PCU, PFDT, PFST, PGT
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Pressure
Range: 14.7 - 16,000 psi
Resolution: 0.01 psi
Sensitivity: 1.7 Hz/psi
Accuracy: ± (1 psi + 0.01% of reading)
Primary Curves: Pressure, Amplified Pressure,
Differential Pressure
Secondary Curves: SIT
CALIBRATION
Primary: Dead-weight tester and NIST-traceable heat box
Port Body
Assembly Secondary: Secondary pressure standard
Wellsite Verifier: Software verification
Figure 4.9
88
TOOL: Temperature Logging Tool (TLT-IC), MUX
GENERIC TYPE: Temperature

Max OD: 1.437 in
Max Csg/Tbg ID: na
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Source Type: None
Temperature Sensor Type: Platinum RTD
Logging Sensor Spacings: na
Tool Firing Rate: Continuous
No. of Windows: na
Full Spectrum: na
Combinability: PLT, GRT, FMS, FDT, SPT, HYD, CCL, FBF, HPA
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Wellbore temperature
Range: 50 - 375°F
Resolution: 0.02°F
Sensitivity: 50 Hz per °F
Accuracy: ± 3°F (uncorrected), ± 2°F (corrected)
Primary Curves: TEMP, DTEMP, Amplified TEMP
CALIBRATION
Primary: Heat box/water bath
Secondary: Heat box/water bath
Wellsite Verifier: Atmospheric check
Figure 4.10
89
TOOL: Borehole Audio Tracer Survey (BATS)
GENERIC TYPE: Passive Acoustic

Max OD: 1.687 in
Max Csg/Tbg ID: 20 in
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Recommended Logging Speed: Stationary
Electronic Source Type: None
Section Sensor Type: Piezoelectric hydrophone
Sensor Spacings: na
Firing Rate: na
Sampling Rate: Continuous (analog)
No. of Windows: na
Full Spectrum: 5 Hz to 10 kHz
Hydrophonic Combinability: Stand-alone
Sonde MEASUREMENT
Principle: Acoustic noise
Range: 1 - 2,000 mV
Bottom Resolution: na
Sub Depth of Investigation (50%): na
Sensitivity: na
Accuracy: na
Primary Curves: 200 Hz, 600 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz
CALIBRATION
Primary: none
Secondary: none
Wellsite Verifier: none
Figure 4.11
90
Section 5
Cased-Hole
Mechanical
and
H
alliburton offers a wide Drill-Collar Severing
variety of explosive, Tools (DCST)
chemical cutting, and
plugback services for
Conventional jet cutters are seldom Related
successful in cutting drill collars because
small-diameter, high-pressure, high-
temperature cased wells.
of the softness and thickness of collar
metal. The drill-collar severing tool was
Services
designed specifically for drill-collar
applications. The tool simultaneously
EXPLOSIVE SERVICES generates two shock waves, one at each
Halliburton has small-diameter, high- end of the tool. When the two waves
pressure, high-temperature equipment meet in the borehole near the center of
for cutting tubing, casing, and drillpipe; the tool, their energies are redirected
severing drill collars; perforating casing outward toward the inner wall of the
and tubing; and performing junk shot drill collar. The resulting force shears the
services. Because the tools depend upon drill collar. Drill-collar severing tools are
explosives for their operation, the temp- available in four sizes: 1-3/8-, 1-3/4-,
erature limitations of the tools depend 2-, and 2-5/8-inch OD. As indicated in
upon the temperature limitations of Table 5.3 , the tools are rated at 20,000
the explosives. The explosives most psi and 400˚F (with HMX) or 475˚F
commonly used are RDX, HMX, HNS, (with HNS).
and PYX. The chart of Figure 5.1 gives
the maximum time that these explosives
can withstand exposure at a given temp- Perforating Systems
erature and still perform effectively. In Perforating systems for slimhole, high-
high-pressure, high-temperature pressure, high-temperature work are
applications, high-temperature explosives available in a variety of sizes and types.
are used not only in the main charge The systems are based on wire, strip,
but also in the detonating cord and and hollow carriers and are rated as high
detonator. as 600˚F and 20,000 psi, depending
upon the explosives used. Tables 5.4
through 5.7 list the more commonly
Jet Cutters used systems.
Tables 5.1 and 5.2 contain the most
commonly run small-diameter, high-
pressure, high-temperature jet cutters
for tubing and drillpipe applications.
However, other jet cutters can be
specially manufactured to accommodate
practically any size pipe.
91
Junk Shots FREE-POINT AND BACK-OFF TOOLS

Junk shots can be positioned and detonated via wireline The free-point tool (Figure 5.3) is a sensitive, highly
or tubing. They are designed to shoot downward, and accurate strain gauge device that measures stretch and
normally only one or two shots are needed to disperse the torque in a stuck string of drillpipe, tubing, casing, or
toughest downhole junk. Junk shots are available in two washpipe. Free-point measurements determine the lowest
sizes: 5-1/4- and 7-3/4-inch OD. Both are rated to 18,000 depth at which the pipe can be recovered. Free-point tools
psi and use HMX explosives for applications above 375˚F. are available in 1-, 1-3/8-, and 1-5/8-inch-OD sizes. The
tools are rated to 400˚F and 20,000 psi.
Magnetic Orienting Device (MOD) Back-off services are usually run with the free-point service.
The Magnetic Orienting Device was developed to prefer- Back-off tools use the explosive force of a string of detonator
entially perforate selected tubing and/or casing in wells cord to uncouple the pipestring at the first collar above the
containing multiple tubing strings. Using a rotating stuck point. As the cord is detonated, left-hand torque is
permanent magnet, the MOD tool detects differences in applied to the pipe at the surface.
metal mass in the region surrounding the tool. Tool
response is based on metal proximity and metal mass. To
keep constant the proximity effect of the string in which the
BRIDGE PLUGS
tool is located, the tool must be centralized in that string. Bridge plugs generate a temporary or permanent seal
When the tool is centralized, higher metal mass will be between two zones in a well. Halliburton has both basket
indicated in the direction of an additional tubing string. (through-tubing) and cast-iron bridge plugs.
Tool response is relatively unaffected by cement, formation,
and borehole fluid. The MOD tool is 1-11/16 inches in
diameter and is rated at 350˚F and 18,000 psi. Through-Tubing Bridge Plugs
Through-tubing bridge plugs offer a fast, easy, and econom-
ical way to permanently plug back a well without using
Slimhole Hostile Gamma Perforator expensive workover or snubbing services to pull production
(HGPS) tubing. After the plugback assembly is lowered through
The slimhole Hostile Gamma Perforator (Figure 5.2) is tubing into casing, serrated slips anchor the assembly to
used to correlate perforating-gun depth when casing or the casing and a basket is expanded to form a strong base
tubing collars cannot be reliably detected with a collar for the placement of cement. An internal bypass system
locator. This tool generates a cased-hole gamma-ray log that allows fluid to migrate through the plug while cement
is correlated with an openhole gamma-ray log to determine hardens. The bypass system is closed by a wireline-actuated
gun depth. The tool has 1-11/16-inch OD and is rated at mechanical valve. The plugback assemblies are available
450˚F and 22,000 psi. in several sizes for use in 4-1/2- to 9-inch-OD casing at
temperatures up to 400˚F.
CHEMICAL CUTTERS
Cast-Iron Bridge Plugs
When mechanical efforts to free stuck pipe are unsuccessful,
the pipe must be cut and as much pipe salvaged as possible. Halliburton's Elite Magna-Range bridge plugs have the
Jet cutters are the traditional method of cutting pipe and smallest running diameter in the industry. They are rated
perform best when the pipe is in tension. In instances where at 425˚F and can withstand a 10,000-psi pressure differen-
jet cutters are unsuccessful or cannot be used because of tial. These plugs have three-piece rubber packing elements,
restrictions or the inability to apply tension (such as between can set in P-110 and harder casings, and contain a cast-
packers), chemical cutters are employed. Chemical cutters iron release ring for easy drillout. Table 5.9 lists setting
eject a circular stream of bromine trifluoride to dissolve the ranges for Magna-Range plugs.
pipe. This stream produces a clean cut that leaves no debris
and requires no further milling before the pipe is retrieved.
Chemical cutters are rated to 370˚F and 20,000 psi.
Applications are listed in Table 5.8.
92
SECTION 5: CASED-HOLE MECHANICAL AND RELATED SERVICES
Table 5.1 — Specifications for Jet Tubing Cutters
Running Diameter Temperature/Pressure Rating

Recommended Use
(inches) (°F/psi)
1-3/8 1.9-inch P-105, 0.150-inch wall 400/15,000

1-9/16 2-1/16-inch P-105, 0.156-inch wall 400/15,000
1-11/16 2-3/8-inch P-105, 0.190-inch wall 400/20,000
1-23/32 2-3/8-inch P-105, 0.190-inch wall 400/20,000
1-13/16 2-3/8-inch P-105, 0.190-inch wall 400/20,000
2-1/32 2-7/8-inch P-105, 0.217-inch wall 400/20,000
2-1/8 2-7/8-inch Hastelloy, 7.5 lb/ft 400/20,000
2-1/4 2-7/8-inch P-105, 0.217-inch wall 400/20,000
3-19/32 3-1/2-inch P-105, 0.254-inch wall 400/20,000
2.70 3-1/2-inch P-105, 0.254-inch wall 400/20,000
2.70 3-1/2-inch Hastelloy, 9.3 lb/ft 400/20,000
Table 5.2 — Specifications for Drillpipe Cutters
Running Diameter Temperature/Pressure Rating

Recommended Use
(inches) (°F/psi)
2-3/8 3-1/2-inch drillpipe, 0.449-inch wall 400/16,000

Table 5.3 — Specifications for Drill-Collar Severing Tools
Temperature/Pressure Ratings 1
Running Diameter Recommended Use
(inches) (°F/psi)
1-3/8 2-7/8-inch drillpipe 400/20,000

1-3/4 6-inch drill collars 400/20,000
2 6-inch drill collars 400/20,000
2-5/8 9-inch drill collars 400/20,000
1 Ratings apply when HMS/HNS/PYX explosives are used.
93
Table 5.4 — Specifications for Strip-Carrier and Wire-Carrier Through-Tubing Capsule Guns
Temperature/
Running Diameter Shot Density Phasing 1
Type Pressure Ratings
(inches) (shots/ft) (degrees)
(°F/psi)
1-11/16 4 or 6 0 Strip DP2 400/15,000

2-1/8 4 or 6 0 Strip DP 400/15,000
2-1/8 4 or 6 0, 90, 180, or spiral Strip DP 400/15,000

1-53/64 4 or 6 63 or 116 Bi-wire 400/15,000
2-1/4 4 or 6 63 or 116 Bi-wire 400/15,000
1
Ratings apply when HMS/HNS/PYX explosives are used.
2 Deep penetrating
Table 5.5 — Specifications for Scalloped Hollow-Carrier Through-Tubing Guns
Temperature/
(°F/psi)
1-9/16 4 0, 90, or 180 General Purpose 500/30,000

2-3/4 6 0, 90, or 180 DP 2 400/20,000
2-3/4 6 0, 90, or 180 DP 600/20,000

1
Ratings apply when HMS/HNS/PYX explosives are used.
2 Deep penetrating
Table 5.6 — Specifications for Ported Hollow-Carrier Casing Guns
Temperature/
(°F/psi)
3-1/8 4 or 6 120 DP2 400/20,000

3-1/8 4 or 6 120 DP 400/20,000
4 4 or 6 120 DP 400/20,000
2
Deep penetrating
94
Table 5.7 — Specifications for Scalloped Hollow-Carrier Casing Guns
Temperature/
(°F/psi)
3-1/8 6 60 DP2 400/15,000

3-1/8 6 60 DP 500/15,000
3-1/8 6 60 DP 600/15,000
3-3/8 6 60 DP 400/22,500
3-3/8 6 60 DP 600/22,500
3-3/8 6 60 BH3 400/22,500

3-3/8 6 60 BH 600/22,500
3-3/8 4 90 DP 400/20,000
3-3/4 12 60 DP 400/19,000
3-3/4 12 60 BH 400/19,000
4 4 90 DP 400/17,000
4 4 90 DP 600/17,000
4-1/2 12 150 DP 400/15,000

4-1/2 12 150 DP 600/15,000
4-1/2 12 150 BH 400/15,000
4-1/2 12 150 BH 600/15,000

5 12 60 DP 400/13,000
5 12 60 DP 500/13,000
5 12 60 BH 400/13,000
5 12 60 BH 500/13,000
5 5 60 DP 400/13,000
5 5 60 DP 600/13,000
6 12 60 DP 400/15,000
6 12 60 BH 400/15,000
2 Deep penetrating
3 Big hole
95
Table 5.8 — Chemical Cutters Used in Tubulars With ODs of 4-1/2 Inches or Less
Recommended Tubular Use

Cutter OD
(in.) Type Nominal Size OD ID Weight
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft)
3/4 3/4 1.050 0.824 1.14

7/8 1 1.315 1.049 1.70
3/4 Coiled Tubing 1 1.000 0.993 to 0.891 0.668 to 1.037
3/4 Coiled Tubing 1-1/4 1.250 1.175 to 1.141 0.941 to 1.328
1-1/8 1-1/4 1.660 1.380 2.30
1-1/16 Hydril 1-1/4 1.660 1.278 3.02
1-1/4 1-1/2 1.900 1.610 2.75
1-1/8 Coiled Tubing 1-1/2 1.500 1.405 to 1.366 1.426 to 1.955
1-3/8 2-1/16 2.063 1.751 3.25
1-11/16 2-3/8 2.375 2.041 4.00
1-11/16 2-3/8 2.375 1.995 4.60
1-11/16 2-3/8 2.375 1.867 5.80
1-1/2 Drillpipe 2-3/8 2.375 1.815 6.65
2-1/8 2-7/8 2.875 2.441 6.40
2-1/8 2-7/8 2.875 2.323 7.90
2 2-7/8 2.875 2.259 8.60
1-7/8 Drillpipe 2-7/8 2.875 2.151 10.40
2-5/8 3-1/2 3.500 3.068 7.70
2-5/8 3-1/2 3.500 2.992 9.20
2-5/8 3-1/2 3.500 2.992 10.20
2-1/2 3-1/2 3.500 2.750 12.70
2-1/4 Drillpipe 3-1/2 3.500 2.764 13.30
2-1/4 Drillpipe 3-1/2 3.500 2.602 15.50
3 4 4.000 3.476 11.00
3 4 4.000 3.428 11.50
3 4 4.000 3.340 13.40
3-5/8 4-1/2 4.500 4.090 9.50
3-5/8 4-1/2 4.500 4.052 10.50
3-5/8 4-1/2 4.500 4.000 11.60
3-5/8 4-1/2 4.500 3.958 12.60
3-5/8 4-1/2 4.500 3.920 13.50
96
Table 5.9 — Elite Magna-Range Bridge Plugs
Plug Setting Range

Plug OD
Minimum Maximum (in.)
(in.) (in.)
1.406
1.610 1.995
1.468
1.905 2.441 1.750
2.156 2.765 1.906
2.375 3.000 2.187
2.441 3.343 2.281
2.875 3.500 2.500
3.187 3.920 2.750
3.437 4.154 3.000
3.920 4.276 3.250
3.920 4.670 3.625
4.154 5.044 4.062
4.950 6.400 4.7501
6.625 7.921 6.125
1
Available by special order
Time – Temperature Effect on Explosives

Operational Limits
Figure 5.1
97
TOOL: Hostile Gamma Perforator (HGPS-A), Slim Version
GENERIC TYPE: Conventional Gamma Ray
GROUP: Gamma Perforator

End Max Temp: 450 °F (5 hr) Max Press: 22,000 psi
Subassembly
Max OD: 1.688 in
Max Csg/Tbg ID: na
*Length and weight are given for the tool in standard perforating
CCL configuration (with Shock Subassembly). In stand-alone configuration,
tool length is 11.57 ft and tool weight is 63 lb.
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Source Type: na
Instrument
Sensor Type: Nal(TI) (gamma)
Section
Sensor Spacings: na
Sampling Rate: Continuous
No. of Windows: 1
Full Spectrum: 0 - 3 Mev
Combinability: Expendable Hollow Steel Carrier Through-Tubing Guns with
OD not exceeding 2.75 in; any Expendable or Expendable
Retrievable Through- Tubing Guns; Wireline Pressure-Setting
Assemblies used for setting in-tubing or through-tubing
Gamma Ray bridge plugs
MEASUREMENT
Principle: Natural Gamma
Range: 0 - 10,000 API
Vertical Resolution (90%): 12 in
Depth of Investigation (50%): 4 in (90%: 11 in)
Precision: ± 4%
Accuracy: ± 7 API
Shock Primary Curves: GR
Subassembly Secondary Curves: CCL
CALIBRATION
Primary: Halliburton Test Pits (referenced to API Pits)
Secondary: Thorium verifier
Wellsite Verifier: Thorium verifier
Figure 5.2
98
TOOL: Combination Free Point—Backoff Tool (Dia-Log), 1.625 inch
GENERIC TYPE: Free Point/Pipe Recovery
GROUP: Fishing

CCL Min Hole: 1.875 in
Max OD: 1.625 in
Max Hole: 5.0 in
Length*: 24.8 ft Weight**: 80 lb
Conductor *With jar in closed position. Add 5 inches for G-series cablehead adapter.
Weight Add 4.5 inches for W-series cablehead adapter.
**Additional conductor weights can be added as needed. Each conductor weight
is 60 inches (5 feet) long and weighs 33 pounds.
BOREHOLE CONDITIONS
Source Type: Oscillator
Sensor Type: Tuned coil
Sensor Spacings: Single point
Sampling Rate: na
No. of Windows: na
Combinability: String shot (limited strength)
MEASUREMENT
Free-Point Torque Pull
Tool Principle Frequency Shift
Range na
Vertical Resolution (90%) Single Point
Depth of Investigation (50%) na
Sensitivity (Sensor Displacement) 0.0031 in 0.001 in
Accuracy ± 10% ± 10%
Primary Curves: Pipe Torque, Elongation, Compression
Combination Sub CALIBRATION

Primary: Electronic adjustment
Shooting Adapter
Secondary: Free pipe
Wellsite Verifier: Free pipe
Shooting Rod
Figure 5.3
99
100
Section 6
Radius-of-
T
he maximum length of a where lt is the tool or tool section length,
rh is the radius of curvature of the well,
rigid downhole tool that can
be run in a deviated well is dh is the borehole diameter, and dt is
the tool diameter (Figure 6.1). All
Borehole-
limited by the radius of
curvature of the well. Clearly, a long,
rigid tool cannot negotiate a well with
dimensions must be in the same units.
Curvature
Conversely, the minimum radius of
rapidly changing direction. To allow
such a tool to traverse a deviated well, curvature of a well in which a specific
rigid tool or rigid tool section can be
Limitations
flex joints can be placed between the
sections of the tool. run is given by
on
+ −
The maximum length of a rigid tool or
rigid tool section that can run in a = Downhole
deviated well is given by ( − )
= ( + ) −( + )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6.2) Tools
Charts such as those in Figures 6.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6.1) through 6.5 can be derived from these
equations.
Radius of Curvature Limitations on Tool Length
Radius of Curvature
Tool Length
Borehole Diameter
Tool Diameter
Figure 6.1
101
Chart: Figure 6.2 Minimum Radius of Borehole Curvature Determination:

Tool Diameter = 2.75 in (69.9 mm)
Applications: Determination of minimum radius of borehole curvature in which a tool can run
Nomenclature: dt ...........................tool diameter

lt ............................tool length
rh ...........................minimum radius of borehole curvature
Given: dt = 2.75 in
lt = 15 ft
dh = 4.75 in
Find: rh
Procedure: Enter the chart at 15 ft on the lower Tool Length axis. Project vertically to the 4-3/4-inch Borehole
Diameter curve, then horizontally to the left-hand Minimum Radius of Curvature axis. From that axis,
estimate rh to be 168 ft.
Answer: rh = 168 ft
Notes: You can calculate rh from
I 2
 t  + d2t − d2h
2
rh =
2( dh − d t )
All variables must be expressed in the same units (e.g., feet).
102
SECTION 6: RADIUS-OF-BOREHOLE-CURVATURE LIMITATIONS ON DOWNHOLE TOOLS
Minimum Radius of Borehole Curvature Determination

Tool Length (m)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
400
120
110
350
100
300
90
80
250
70
Borehole Diameter (in)
200 60
50
150
40
100 30
20
50
10
0 0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Tool Length (ft)
Figure 6.2
103

Tool Length (m)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
400
120
110
350
100
300
90
80
250
70
Borehole Diameter (in)

200 60
50
150
40
100 30
20
50
10
0 0
1 5 10 15 20 25
Tool Length (ft)
Figure 6.3
104
SECTION 6: RADIUS-OF-BOREHOLE-CURVATURE LIMITATIONS ON DOWNHOLE TOOLS

Tool Length (m)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
60
18
17
55
16
50
15
14
45
13
40
12
11
35
10
Tubular OD/ID
30 9
8
25
7
20 6
5
15
4
10 3
2
5
1
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tool Length (ft)
Figure 6.4
105

Tool Length (m)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
60
18
17
55
16
50
15
14
45
13
40
12
11
35
10
Tubular OD/ID
30 9
8
25
7
20 6
5
15
4
10 3
2
5
1
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tool Length (ft)
Figure 6.5
106
Index
acoustic scanning tool. See Circumferential Acoustic tool specifications 84

Scanning Tool fluid holdup. See Fullbore Gas Holdup; Hydro
audio survey. See Borehole Audio Tracer FMC. See Continuous Flowmeter
back-off. See free-point and back-off four-arm caliper. See Hostile Four Arm Caliper
Borehole Audio Tracer free-point and back-off
tool description 79 tool description 92
tool specifications 90 tool specifications 99
bridge plugs 92 full-waveform sonic. See Hostile Full Wave Sonic
cablehead tension load cell 3 Fullbore Gas Holdup
caliper. See Hostile Four Arm Caliper tool description 78
cased-hole tool specifications 85
logging 77 Gamma Neutron Slim
mechanical services 91 tool description 77
casing cutter. See jet cutter tool specifications 81
casing inspection 79 gamma ray. See Hostile Natural Gamma Ray
cast-iron bridge plugs. See Elite Magna-Range bridge plug gamma-neutron-CCL. See Hostile Gamma Neutron CCL; Gamma
CAST. See Circumferential Acoustic Scanning Tool Neutron Slim
CBL. See cement bond logging gamma-perforator. See Hostile Gamma Perforator
cement bond logging gas holdup. See Fullbore Gas Holdup
tool description 77 GHT. See Fullbore Gas Holdup
tool specifications 82 GNST. See gamma-neutron-CCL
centralizers 4 Gradiomanometer 78
chemical cutters HDIL. See Hostile Dual Induction
tool descriptions 92 HEAT and standard log comparison 21, 23
tool specifications 96 HEAT Suite logging system
Circumferential Acoustic Scanning Tool description 3
tool description 6, 79 log analysis 25, 27
tool specifications 19 log examples 21, 23, 24, 26
coiled-tubing-conveyed logging 6 typical logging configurations 7
Compensated Quartz Pressure Tool HECT. See Hostile Four Arm Caliper
tool description 79 HEDT. See Hostile Dipmeter
tool specifications 88 HETS. See Hostile Telemetry Assembly
Continuous Flowmeter HFWS. See Hostile Full Wave Sonic
tool description 79 HGNC. See Hostile Gamma Neutron CCL
tool specifications 86 HGPS. See Hostile Gamma Perforator
CQPT. See Compensated Quartz Pressure Tool HMX 91, 97
cutter. See jet cutter HNGR. See Hostile Natural Gamma Ray
DCST. See Drill-Collar Severing Tool HNX 91, 97
decentralizer. See Hostile Powered Decentralizer holdup. See Fullbore Gas Holdup; Hydro
density. See Hostile Spectral Density hollow-carrier perforating gun. See perforating systems
dipmeter. See Hostile Dipmeter Hostile Dipmeter
Drill-Collar Severing Tool tool description 6
tool description 91 tool specifications 18
tool specifications 93 Hostile Dual Induction
dual induction. See Hostile Dual Induction correction charts 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43
dual-spaced neutron. See Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron correction-chart examples 30, 32, 34, 38
Elite Magna-Range bridge plug logging configuration 7
tool description 92 tool description 5
tool specifications 97 tool specifications 11
environmental effects on HEAT Suite response 29 Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron
explosive services 91 correction charts 47, 49, 51, 53, 55
FDT. See Fluid Density correction-chart examples 46, 50, 54
flex joints 4 logging configuration 7
flowmeter. See Continuous Flowmeter tool description 5
Fluid Density tool specifications 16
tool description 78
107
Hostile Four Arm Caliper Micro-Seismogram® logging 77

tool description 4 mineral identification plots
tool specifications 10 plot examples 66, 68, 70, 72, 74
Hostile Full Wave Sonic plots 67, 69, 71, 73, 75
log analysis 21, 22, 27 MIP. See mineral identification plots
log example 21, 26 MOD. See Magnetic Orienting Device
tool description 5, 77 natural gamma ray. See Hostile Natural Gamma Ray
tool specifications 12, 13, 82 neutron. See Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron
Hostile Gamma Neutron CCL openhole logging 3
tool description 77 perforating
tool specifications 80 systems descriptions 91
Hostile Gamma Perforator specifications 94-95
tool description 92 PL. See Production Logging
tool specifications 98 porosity-mineralogy crossplots
Hostile Natural Gamma Ray crossplot examples 56, 60, 64
logging configuration 7 crossplots 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65
tool description 5 powered decentralizer. See Hostile Powered Decentralizer
tool specifications 17 pressure. See Compensated Quartz Pressure Tool; Stack
Hostile Powered Decentralizer Pressure Tool
logging configuration 7 production logging 78
tool description 4 PYX 91, 97
tool specifications 9 quartz pressure tool. See Compensated Quartz Pressure Tool
Hostile Spectral Density radius-of-borehole-curvature limitations on downhole tools
correction chart 44 chart example 102
correction-chart example 45 charts 103, 104, 105, 106
logging configuration 7 equations 101
tool description 5 RDX 91, 97
tool specifications 14, 15 severing tool. See Drill-Collar Severing Tool
Hostile Telemetry Assembly Slim Hostile Gamma Perforator. See Hostile Gamma
tool description 4 Perforator
tool specifications 8 sonic. See Hostile Full Wave Sonic
HPDC. See Hostile Powered Decentralizer spectral density. See Hostile Spectral Density
HSDL. See Hostile Spectral Density spinner. See Continuous Flowmeter
HSDN. See Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron SPT. See Stack Pressure Tool
HYD. See Hydro Stack Pressure Tool
Hydro tool descriptions 79
tool description 78 tool specifications 87
tool specifications 83 strain-gauge pressure tool. See Stack Pressure Tool
induction. See Hostile Dual Induction strip-carrier perforating gun. See perforating systems
instantaneous frequency 22, 27 telemetry assembly. See Hostile Telemetry Assembly
instantaneous phase 22, 27 temperature
instantaneous transmissivity 22, 27 tool description 79
Instantaneous Waveform Characteristics tool specifications 89
analysis 21, 22, 27 through-tubing bridge plugs 92
log 21, 27 time-temperature effect on explosives 97
IWC. See Instantaneous Waveform Characteristics Toolpusher logging 6
jet cutter TPL. See Toolpusher logging
tool description 91 triple-combo
tool specifications 93 log 21, 24
junk shots 92 log analysis 21, 25
load cell. See cablehead tension load cell tubing cutter. See jet cutter
log comparison 21, 23 tubing-conveyed logging. See coiled-tubing-conveyed
logging logging
cased-hole 77 water holdup. See Hydro
openhole 3 wire-carrier perforating gun. See perforating systems
Magnetic Orienting Device 92
108

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Halliburton

Logging and Perforating

Halliburton Energy Services

© 1995 by Halliburton Energy Services. All rights reserved.

Halliburton Energy Services Publication EL-1088

SECTION 1 Openhole Logging 3

SECTION 2 HEAT Suite Log Examples 21

SECTION 3 Environmental Effects on HEAT Suite Responses 29

SECTION 4 Cased-Hole Logging 77

SECTION 5 Cased-Hole Mechanical and Related Services 91

SECTION 6 Radius-of-Borehole-Curvature Limitations on Downhole Tools 101

Examples: HEAT Suite Logs

Charts: HEAT Suite Interpretation

Specifications: Cased-Hole Logging Tools

Specifications: Cased-Hole Mechanical Services

Charts: Minimum Radius of Borehole Curvature

Halliburton has developed equipment for providing a complete line of wireline

Table 1.1 — HEAT Suite Specifications

Tool OD Temperature Rating Pressure Rating Length

Dual Induction 2-3/4 500 25,000 31.7

Hostile Telemetry Assembly (HETS) Centralizers and Flex Joints

Hostile Dipmeter (HEDT) TOOLPUSHER LOGGING (TPL)

Typical HEAT Suite Configurations

TOOL: Hostile Environment Telemetry (HETS-A)

GENERIC TYPE: Tool Telemetry

DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS

TOOL: Hostile Powered Decentralizer Caliper (HPDC-A)

GENERIC TYPE: Decentralizer

GROUP: Powered Decentralizer

DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS

TOOL: Hostile Environment Caliper Tool (HECT-A)

GENERIC TYPE: Caliper

DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS

TOOL: Hostile Dual Induction (HDIL-A)

GENERIC TYPE: Dual Induction

DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS

TOOL: Hostile Full Wave Sonic (HFWS-A), Long-Spaced Operation

GENERIC TYPE: Sonic Full Waveform

DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS

Secondary Curves: Quality, tc , ∆tSt (Stoneley Slowness)

TOOL: Hostile Full Wave Sonic (HFWS-A), Long-Spaced Operation

GENERIC TYPE: Sonic Real-Time Slowness

TOOL: Hostile Spectral Density (HSDL-A), With In-Line Pad

GENERIC TYPE: Gamma-Gamma Spectral Density

GROUP: Induced Radioactivity

DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS

TOOL: Hostile Spectral Density (HSDL-A), With Extendable Pad

GENERIC TYPE: Gamma-Gamma Spectral Density

GROUP: Induced Radioactivity

DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS

TOOL: Hostile Dual Spaced Neutron (HDSN-A)

GENERIC TYPE: Neutron—Thermal Neutron

GROUP: Induced Radioactivity

DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS

TOOL: Hostile Natural Gamma Ray (HNGR-A)

GENERIC TYPE: Gamma Ray

GROUP: Natural Gamma Radioactivity

DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS

TOOL: Hostile Environment Dipmeter Tool (HEDT-A)