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 T R A N S C E N D E N TA L N U M B E R T H E O RY

First published in 1975, this classic book gives a systematic account of transcendental
number theory, that is, the theory of those numbers that cannot be expressed as the roots of
algebraic equations having rational coefficients. Their study has developed into a fertile and
extensive theory, which continues to see rapid progress today. Expositions are presented of
theories relating to linear forms in the logarithms of algebraic numbers, of Schmidt’s
generalization of the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem, of Shidlovsky’s work on Siegel’s
E-functions and of Sprindžuk’s solution to the Mahler conjecture.
This edition includes an introduction written by David Masser describing Baker’s
achievement, surveying the content of each chapter and explaining the main argument of
Baker’s method in broad strokes. A new afterword lists recent developments related to
Baker’s work.

Alan Baker was one of the leading British mathematicians of the past century. He took great
strides in number theory by, among other achievements, obtaining a vast generalization of
the Gelfond–Schneider Theorem and using it to give effective solutions to a large class of
Diophantine problems. This work kicked off a new era in transcendental number theory
and won Baker the Fields Medal in 1970.

David Masser is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mathematics and Computer

Science at the University of Basel. He is a leading researcher in transcendence methods and
applications and helped correct the proofs of the original edition of Transcendental Number
Theory as Baker’s student.
 CAMBRIDGE
MATHEMATICAL LIBRARY

Cambridge University Press has a long and honourable history of publishing in

mathematics and counts many classics of the mathematical literature within its list.
Some of these titles have been out of print for many years now and yet the methods
which they espouse are still of considerable relevance today.
The Cambridge Mathematical Library provides an inexpensive edition of these
titles in a durable paperback format and at a price that will make the books attractive
to individuals wishing to add them to their own personal libraries. Certain volumes in
the series have a foreword, written by a leading expert in the subject, which places the
title in its historical and mathematical context.

A complete list of books in the series can be found at www.cambridge.org/mathematics.

Recent titles include the following:

Attractors for Semigroups and Evolution Equations

OLGA A. LADYZHENSKAYA
Fourier Analysis
T. W. KÖRNER
Transcendental Number Theory
ALAN BAKER
An Introduction to Symbolic Dynamics and Coding (Second Edition)
DOUGLAS LIND & BRIAN MARCUS
Reversibility and Stochastic Networks
F. P. KELLY
The Geometry of Moduli Spaces of Sheaves (Second Edition)
DANIEL HUYBRECHTS & MANFRED LEHN
Smooth Compactifications of Locally Symmetric Varieties (Second Edition)
AVNER ASH, DAVID MUMFORD, MICHAEL RAPOPORT &
YUNG-SHENG TAI
Markov Chains and Stochastic Stability (Second Edition)
SEAN MEYN & RICHARD L. TWEEDIE
T R A N S C E N D E N TA L
N U M B E R THEORY

A L A N BA K E R F. R . S .

With an Introduction by

DAV I D M A S S E R
Universität Basel, Switzerland
 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

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It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of

education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781009229944
DOI: 10.1017/9781009229937

© Cambridge University Press 1975

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1975

Reprinted with additional material 1979
Reissued as a paperback with updated material in the Cambridge Mathematical Library series 1990
Reprinted with introduction 2022

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-1-009-22994-4 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
 Contents

Introduction by David Masser page ix

Preface xiii

1 The origins
1 Liouville’s theorem 1
2 Transcendence of e 3
3 Lindemann’s theorem 6
2 Linear forms in logarithms
1 Introduction 9
2 Corollaries 11
3 Notation 12
4 The auxiliary function 13
5 Proof of main theorem 20
3 Lower bounds for linear forms
1 Introduction 22
2 Preliminaries 24
3 The auxiliary function 28
4 Proof of main theorem 34
4 Diophantine equations
1 Introduction 36
2 The Thue equation 38
3 The hyperelliptic equation 40
4 Curves of genus 1 43
5 Quantitative bounds 44

v
vi CONTENTS

5 Class numbers of imaginary quadratic fields

1 Introduction 47
2 L-functions 48
3 Limit formula 50
4 Class number 1 51
5 Class number 2 52
6 Elliptic functions
1 Introduction 55
2 Corollaries 56
3 Linear equations 58
4 The auxiliary function 58
5 Proof of main theorem 60
6 Periods and quasi-periods 61
7 Rational approximations to algebraic numbers
1 Introduction 66
2 Wronskians 69
3 The index 69
4 A combinatorial lemma 73
5 Grids 74
6 The auxiliary polynomial 75
7 Successive minima 76
8 Comparison of minima 79
9 Exterior algebra 81
10 Proof of main theorem 82
8 Mahler’s classification
1 Introduction 85
2 A-numbers 87
3 Algebraic dependence 88
4 Heights of polynomials 89
5 S-numbers 90
6 U -numbers 90
7 T -numbers 92
9 Metrical theory
1 Introduction 95
2 Zeros of polynomials 96
3 Null sets 98
 CONTENTS vii

4 Intersections of intervals 99
5 Proof of main theorem 100
10 The exponential function
1 Introduction 103
2 Fundamental polynomials 104
3 Proof of main theorem 108
11 The Siegel-Shidlovsky theorems
1 Introduction 109
2 Basic construction 111
3 Further lemmas 114
4 Proof of main theorem 115
12 Algebraic independence
1 Introduction 118
2 Exponential polynomials 120
3 Heights 122
4 Algebraic criterion 124
5 Main arguments 125

Bibliography 129
Original papers 130
Further publications 145
New developments 155
Some developments since 1990 by David Masser 162
Index 166
 Introduction
David Masser

On the first page of the Bibliography are listed earlier works about some of the
topics treated in this monograph. In particular the books of Gelfond, Schneider
and Siegel are universally regarded as milestones in the development of the
theory of transcendental numbers. Each book was based largely on the author’s
own breakthroughs.
The present monograph represented a similar milestone. Chapters 2, 3, 4,
5, 9, 10, and to a lesser extent Chapters 6, 8, cover material due to the author
Alan Baker. This material and Baker’s own further developments of it earned
him a Fields Medal in 1970.
Of course it is the material in Chapter 2 that constitutes the heart of his
achievement. This is explained in the first two pages with a characteristic
brevity and modesty. Here we wish to complement this with the following
less brief and modest account.
The essential ideas can be conveyed through the special case of his
Theorem 2.1 for n = 2,3, even ignoring the extra 1 that appears there.
We start with n = 2. It amounts to the impossibility of

β log α = log α  (1)

for α,α  non-zero algebraic numbers and β irrational algebraic. Of course this
is the Gelfond–Schneider Theorem of 1934. It also follows from Theorem 6.1
of Chapter 6, and we proceed to sketch the argument.
We assume (1) and we will obtain a contradiction. Following Gelfond we
construct a non-zero polynomial F , say in Z[x,y], such that

f (z) = F (ez,eβz ) (2)

has many zeroes. More precisely we need the derivatives

f (t) (s log α) = 0 (3)

ix
x INTRODUCTION

for a certain range of integers

t < T, 1 ≤ s ≤ S (4)

with T ,S integers to be suitably chosen later. Thus we have zeroes at

log α, . . . ,S log α and moreover of multiplicity at least T . The point is that
the functions ez,eβz in (2) take the values

elog α = α, eβ log α = elog α = α 

at say z = log α; and these are algebraic numbers. Similarly at s log α and
with multiplicities. Thus the conditions (3) are homogeneous linear equations
in the coefficients of F . Under appropriate assumptions relating T ,S to the
degree of F , these can be solved non-trivially; and using things like Lemma 1
of Chapter 2 or Lemma 1 of Chapter 6 one can make sure that the resulting
coefficients are not too large.
Next, Gelfond used analytic techniques to show that the values f (t) (s log α)
are very small on a range larger than (3). Compare (8) of Chapter 2 and the
use of Cauchy’s Theorem in section 5 of Chapter 6. These values are still
algebraic numbers, and then arithmetic techniques show that they are in fact
zero. Compare Lemma 3 of Chapter 2 or Lemma 3 of Chapter 6 (nowadays one
tends to use heights, with a definition slightly different from that of Chapter 1).
Together these lead to (3) for the new range

t < 2T , 1 ≤ s ≤ 2S (5)

slightly larger than (4) (this is not quite consistent with Baker’s remark near
the end of section 1 of Chapter 2 or the method of section 5 of Chapter 6, but
it simplifies the proof a little).
And now the step from (4) to (5) can be iterated, and even indefinitely.
This provides infinite multiplicities, and so this f must be identically zero.
Taking into account the irrationality of β, we see that this implies that F is
also identically zero; our required contradiction.
Next for n = 3 we have to reach a similar contradiction from

β1 log α1 + β2 log α2 = log α  (6)

instead of (1), where α1,α2,α  are non-zero algebraic and β1,β2 are algebraic,
this time with 1,β1,β2 linearly independent over Q. Even this was a new result.
Baker’s first step looks natural: to construct now

f (z1,z2 ) = F (ez1 ,ez2 ,eβ1 z1 +β2 z2 ) (7)

 INTRODUCTION xi

instead of (2) with many zeroes; but no-one had written this down before.
Still less had anyone considered multiplicities, now defined by the partial
derivatives
   
∂ t1 ∂ t2
f (s log α1,s log α2 ) = 0 (8)
∂z1 ∂z2
instead of (3). Note that there is no (s1 log α1,s2 log α2 ) here, because we do
not have the Cartesian product situation for C2 mentioned in section 1 of
Chapter 2. In fact our (s log α1,s log α2 ) lie on a complex line in C2 .
Baker took a range
t1 + t2 < T , 1 ≤ s ≤ S (9)
instead of (4), and the problem is then to increase this as in (5).
Now the experts know that the world of two complex variables is very
different from that of a single variable. Possibly Baker did not know this.
Anyway, to this day no-one knows how to reach t1 + t2 < 2T as in (5).
He probably started by reducing to C via
g(z) = f (z log α1,z log α2 ). (10)
Then we deduce
g (t) (s) = 0 (t < T , 1 ≤ s ≤ S).
The twin analytic-arithmetic argument then shows that g(s) = 0 for a
larger range of s, that is, f (s log α1,s log α2 ) = 0. However, as it stands
we cannot deduce even g  (s) = 0 because differentiation in (10) introduces
transcendental numbers, so we cannot get at, say,
 
∂
f (s log α1,s log α2 ) (11)
∂z1
in this way.
Now that we have set up the scene, Baker’s solution to this problem may
seem in retrospect obvious: we use (10) with f replaced by (∂/∂z1 )f . For
the new g we get almost (9), but now only for t < T − 1. However this tiny
loss does not affect the argument, and we find indeed that (11) vanishes on the
larger range of s.
And what about higher derivatives? To get at some
   
∂ τ1 ∂ τ2
f (s log α1,s log α2 )
∂z1 ∂z2
we use (10) with f replaced by (∂/∂z1 )τ1 (∂/∂z2 )τ2 f . We then get (9) for
t < T − τ1 − τ2 . If we aim for all τ1,τ2 just with τ1 + τ2 < T , then hardly
xii INTRODUCTION

anything remains of the multiplicity; so it is wiser to restrict to say τ1 + τ2 <

T /2, thus securing t < T /2. Now the loss is less tiny, but still acceptable.
We end up with (8) on the range, say,
t1 + t2 < T /2, 1 ≤ s ≤ 8S. (12)
As (9) is about T 2 S/2 conditions and (12) is about T 2 S conditions, we do
actually have more zeroes.
But now another problem arises: we cannot iterate indefinitely the step from
(9) to (12).
In fact a related problem had turned up before Baker; for example when
trying to show that the two sides of (1) cannot even be too near to each other.
And indeed Baker was able to extend the classical methods; in this case the
argument of section 5 of Chapter 2 amounts to the use of a non-vanishing
Vandermonde determinant.
All this extends to n logarithms, and then to include 1 as in Theorem 2.1. In
our notation assuming
β0 + β1 log α1 + · · · + βn−1 log αn−1 = log α , (13)
we have to use
f (z0,z1, . . . ,zn−1 ) = F (z0,ez1 , . . . ,ezn−1 ,eβ0 z0 +β1 z1 +···+βn−1 zn−1 )
in place of (7) at (s,s log α1, . . . ,s log αn−1 ) – compare Lemma 2 of Chapter 2.
This completes our account of Chapter 2. On the way, we have mentioned
the problem of approximate versions of (1), and the corresponding generaliza-
tions to (6) and (13) are treated in Chapter 3. It is these that are needed for the
applications in Chapters 4 and 5.
It is these applications, to Diophantine equations and class numbers, that
were the most spectacular of his achievements. It is enough here to cite the
first ever upper bounds for the solutions of Mordell’s equation y 2 = x 3 + k
with a history going back to 1621, and the verification of Gauss’s conjectures
from 1801 about imaginary quadratic fields with class numbers h = 1 and
h = 2.
But one should not overlook the less spectacular material in Chapter 6,
whose subsequent developments (by others) will be described in the afterword.
 Preface

Fermat, Euler, Lagrange, Legendre . . . introitum ad penetralia huius divinae

scientiae aperuerunt, quantisque divitiis abundent patefecerunt
Gauss, Disquisitiones Arithmeticae

The study of transcendental numbers, springing from such diverse sources

as the ancient Greek question concerning the squaring of the circle, the
rudimentary researches of Liouville and Cantor, Hermite’s investigations on
the exponential function and the seventh of Hilbert’s famous list of 23
problems, has now developed into a fertile and extensive theory, enriching
widespread branches of mathematics; and the time has seemed opportune to
prepare a systematic treatise. My aim has been to provide a comprehensive
account of the recent major discoveries in the field; the text includes, more
especially, expositions of the latest theories relating to linear forms in the
logarithms of algebraic numbers, of Schmidt’s generalization of the Thue–
Siegel–Roth theorem, of Shidlovsky’s work on Siegel’s E-functions and of
Sprindžuk’s solution to the Mahler conjecture. Classical aspects of the subject
are discussed in the course of the narrative; in particular, to facilitate the
acquisition of a true historical perspective, a survey of the theory as it existed
at about the turn of the century is given at the beginning. Proofs in the subject
tend, as will be appreciated, to be long and intricate, and thus it has been
necessary to select for detailed treatment only the most fundamental results;
moreover, generally speaking, emphasis has been placed on arguments which
have led to the strongest propositions known to date or have yielded the
widest application. Nevertheless, it is hoped that adequate references have been
included to associated works.
Notwithstanding its long history, it will be apparent that the theory of
transcendental numbers bears a youthful countenance. Many topics would

xiii
xiv PREFACE

certainly benefit by deeper studies and several famous longstanding problems

remain open. As examples, one need mention only the celebrated conjectures
concerning the algebraic independence of e and π and the transcendence of
Euler’s constant γ , the solution to either of which would represent a major
advance. If this book should play some small rôle in promoting future progress,
the author will be well satisfied.
The text has arisen from numerous lectures delivered in Cambridge,
America and elsewhere, and it has also formed the substance of an Adams
Prize essay.
I am grateful to Dr D. W. Masser for his kind assistance in checking the
proofs, and also to the Cambridge University Press for the care they have taken
with the printing.

Cambridge, 1974 A.B.

Another random document with
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58Lomi, or lomilomi, a massage
treatment for bruised or tired body in
which Hawaiians are acknowledged
experts. ↑
59 The caretaker of the body of Kawelo,
stated as his sister, is here shown to
be his cousin. ↑
60 Kawelo’s inquiry must have had
reference to the number of days of
the two anahulus remaining. ↑
61 This is coincident that indications of
Kawelo’s decomposition should be
noted on the fourth day, and that he
should revive when but four days
remained of the period of royal
decree. ↑
62 Locating heiaus on hill tops was not
uncommon, several of which were
inaccessible save through great
effort. ↑
63 The “wish father to the thought”, that
Kawelo was so weakened by his
stone-bruises and three weeks’ fast
that he would be an easy prey. ↑
64Not shown who this may be unless
Huliamahi, not heretofore
mentioned. ↑
65This evidently has reference to a
customary treatment of defeated
warriors, in disemboweling the leader
and treating the others with ignominy. ↑
66 A fair warning as to the result if they
insist in their ascent. ↑
67 Kawelo’s return to life and standing
defiant was expected to strike
dismay into the ranks which would
make them easy victims. Here again is
a resemblance to Kamapuaa, in the
incident at the heiau of Kawa’ewa’e,
Koolau, in coming to life at the temple
and killing Olopana and his warriors. ↑
[Contents]
INDEX
 Abridged from an exhaustive analysis prepared by Thos. G. Thrum

Aalii (Dodonaea viscosa), forest tree, 346, 586, 680.

oo, or digger, made from, 586.

Aama, rock crab (Grapsus sp.), 16;

soft shell crab, 510.

Aamakao, 216.

Acacia koa (Koa), Hawaiian mahogany, 630.

koaia (Koaie), a hard wood, 150.

Acanthurus unicornis (Kala), 298.

Acrostichum micradenium, Ekaha fern, 654.

Adoption of children, 694.

Adze, 604–6, 612, 630, 634.

Agriculture, gods of, 664–66, 680.

Ahakeanui, daughter of Kalana and Waihauakala, 510, 514.

Aheleakala, definition of, 534;

Haleakala a misnomer for, 536–38.

Aholehole fish, (Kuhlia malo), as offering, 646;

accompanied Ihukoko and remained at Waialua, 270.

Ahuapau, palace of, 142;

daughters of, 144, 374.

Ahu-a-Umi, memorial pile of Umi, Keawenuiaumi hides near, 200.

Ahukini, water of, tendered Kaoleioku by Kamehameha, 692.

Ahuli, a warrior of Makalii, killed by Kamapuaa, 346.

Ahuimaiaapakanaloa, in Nuumealani, appeases Pele, 578;
definition of, 578, 604;
brother of Pele, 604.

Ahupuaa, a division of land, 182, 220;

Hiku’s arrow, Pua-ne, passed over, 182.
of Kukuipahu, Kohala district, 220;
spear thrown over, 100;
war club of Paopele compared with, 220.

Aiae (Nothocestrum breviflorum), a tough-grained wood, 636.

Aikake, name for Isaac Davis, 426.

Aikanaka, king of Kauai, 694, 696, 700, 702, 704, 706, 708, 712, 716, 720.

Aikanaka, son of Kauai king, 2, 4, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 44, 48, 50,
52, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 238, 242.

Aikapu and Ainoa (eating restrictions), defined, 480;

Kekuaokalani and Liholiho differ in regard to, 480.

Aimoku, creator, devourer, 350.

Aina, personification of the moon, 540.

Ainakea, indigenous cane used by sorcerers, 586.

Ainoa (release from kapu), Kekuaokalani rebels against, 480.

Aiohikupua, champion athlete of Kauai, known also as Aiwohikupua, 406, 408,

410–12, 414, 416.

Aiwohikupua, defeated suitor of Laieikawai, 618;

sisters of, 668.

Akala, (Rubus Hawaiiensis), used in house building, 642.

Akanikolea, point of Kilauea;

kapued by Pele, 332;
chants on, 334;
Pele and sisters at, 336;
 Kamapuaa at, 342;
quarreling at, 578.

Akia (Wikstroemia foetida), shrub used in making kapa, 636.

Akimona, cooked kukui-nuts, 714.

Akoki, indigenous cane, 584.

Akolea fern (Polypodium Keraudreniana), 686;

prophet’s entrails placed on, 554.

Akulikuli blossoms at Huia, 30.

Ala, stone used to pulverize kukui kernels, 676.

Alaalapuloa (shrub) and Pohuehue vine, 390.

Alala, Hawaiian crow, 614.

Alanapo, temple of Humuula, 136, 138, 144, 146, 372;

relation of Palila to, 136, 138, 140, 144, 146, 372, 374.

Albula vulpes (oio), bone-fish, 158.

Alehela, sun’s rays, proper name of Haleakala, 538.

Alenuihaha, channel between Hawaii and Maui, 202, 390, 442, 546.

Aleurites moluccana (kukui), candle-nut tree, 216, 670.

Alii (chiefs), sacred, 144.

Alii pio, high rank of chiefs, 192.

Alina, maimed, 52.

Alphitonia ponderosa (kauila), 638.

Altar, Kamapuaa and Lonoaohi to be placed on, 324;

Malae and Olopana near, 324.

Alula, off Hiiakanoholae, shark at, 298.

Alyxia olivaeformis (Maile), a fragrant vine, 240, 614.

Ama’uma’u the Sadleria tree fern, 342;

used for house trimming, 646.

Amau, king of Oahu, 276, 278, 280.

Anaana, or praying-to-death, priest, 570;

place of ceremonies of (papa kahuia), 640.

Anahola, place where Kemamo’s sling-stone stopped and where Kapunohu’s

spear pierced the ridge, 224.

Anahulu, a ten day period, 168, 188, 712;

Kawelo placed on the platform for two anahulus, 712, 716.

Ancestral spirit (Aumakua), 570.

Antagonists considerate, 34.

Anuu (temple structure), Kamapuaa placed on the, 324.

Ape (Gunnera petaloidea), 552;

leaf test of Pamano, 312, 552.

Apiipii, fragrant shrub used in scenting kapa, 112.

Apua, a wicker fishing basket, 512.

Apua introduces the coconut and other food plants into Hawaii, 590–94;
Kaneapua, Lanai, named from, 592.

Apuakehau stream, 4, 6, 10, 20, 24.

Apuna, a priest, 176.

Army of Lono, 446, 448.

Arrow shooting, 280.

Astrologers, consulted by kings, 260.

Astrologer from Kalapana, 260–62.

Auguries, 10.

Auhau wood, firebrands of, 142.

Aukele, contest repeated, 400.

Aukelenuiaiku, 576.

Aukelenuiaiku and Apua introduce the coconut, 590.

Auki, stalk of ti used for firebrands, 668.

Aulima and aunaki, wood used in making fire, 296.

Aumakua, the owl as an, 574.

Aumakuas (ancestral gods, or spirits), 574;

relation to souls of the farming class, 544.

Auwe, expression of grief, or surprise, 444.

Awa (Piper methysticum), the intoxicating plant of Polynesia, 74, 114, 132, 238,
252, 306, 308, 310, 364, 388, 392, 434, 438;
various names of, 606, 608;
introduction, distribution, culture, etc., 606–610;
offering to the gods, 610.

Awahua, son of Kahuoi, 602;

sister of, 602.

Aweoweo, an indigenous cane, 586.

Backbone (servant), iwikuamoo, 80, 268, 382. [ii]

Bambu (ohe), 588–90.

Banana field of Kahuoi, 598, 600, 604;

plants from taken to other islands, 604, 616;
leaf house, construction and story of, 652.

Bath water (wai auau) spear attacks referring to, 18, 452, 454, 460, 484, 698.

Battle of Nuuanu, 474.

Battles between Kamapuaa and Pele, 340–42;
Kamapuaa chants his, 348–52.

Bible similarities with things Hawaiian, 658;

Adam–Kahiko, 658;
Ahab–Hua, 660;
Elijah–Lonomuku, 658–60;
Jonah–Kuikuipahu, 660;
Pharaoh and Herod–Hakau and Owaia, 660;
Voice from Heaven, 660.

Birds (the) eyes of Imaikalani, 382.

Bone-breaking, 62, 500;

Uma skilful in, 500;
of Pele, 506.

Breadfruit of Kalapana and Kookoolau, 248;

of Kauheana, 542;
of Kualakai, 278;
of Malama, 256;
of Piihonua, 256;
origin of, 670, 676, 678;
value of bark, sap and wood, 678.

Brother-in-law of Puniakaia, 156, 158.

Brothers (older) of Kawelo, 4, 6.

Broughton, captain of the ship Providence, 474.

Broussonetia papyrifera (wauke), 270.

Burden carrying, method of, 314.

Burial, method of, 570, 572.

Bryonia sandwicensis (Kawau), 638.

Calabash, 50;
of wind, Laamaomao, 72, 104.
Calabashes, 212, 306.

Callyoden ahula (panuhunuhu?), 154.

Callyoden lineatus (uhu), 298.

Calotomus sandwichensis or parrot-fish (uhu), 76, 78.

Cannibal robber of Hanakapiai, 212.

Canoe, 8, 12, 28, 34, 36, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 84, 134, 160, 164, 166, 186, 234, 236,
280, 284, 396, 434, 470;
double, 28, 128, 186, 702;
six-manned, 126;
“momoa” end of, 280;
of Kahului, 146;
of Keawenuiaumi and others swamped, 108, 122;
of Kuapakaa, 136;
of Uweuwelekehau, 194, 196;
“peleleu” canoe described, 690, 692;
stowaways on, 702.

Canoe-building, 610–612, 630–632, 634, 636;

-building gods, 612;
-building priests, 612–630;
names of parts, 612, 702.

Canoes, 106, 108, 110, 116, 120, 124, 128;

of Keawenuiaumi and party, 78–80;
of Manini, 74, 164, 178;
voyages of, 120, 178, 376;
fastened together in twos, 178, 376;
large and small, 194, 198, 200, 204;
used in expedition to Maui greatest known, 376, 390;
Alenuihaha channel covered with, 390;
number at Kapua, 204;
fleet of 8000, prepared by kings of Puna and Hilo, 260;
eighteen war, set sail, 278;
general, 204, 206, 278, 394, 428, 430, 432, 444, 452, 592, 692.
of Kamehameha, many, 442;
third battle of Kamehameha renowned for number of, 470;
 double, 472;
lengths of, 630;
Kamehameha sailed for Molokai with one hundred, 688.

Carangus (ulua), 266, 274.

Cave at Kalamaula, dwelling of Maniniholokuaua’s lizard grandmother, 164, 166.

Chant (name) of Halemano, 244;

of Halemano, 246–48–50–52–54;
of Kamalalawalu, 256–258;
of Kamapuaa arousing Lonokaeho, 326;
of Kamapuaa to Kuilioloa, 332;
of Kamapuaa to Pele, 334–36–38;
to Kamapuaa, 314–16–18–20;
of Kaniki, 550;
of Kawelo, 26–34, 38–46, 86, 94, 104;
(prayer) of Kekuhaupio to Lono, 456;
of Koolau to Pamano, 304–06;
of Kuapakaa, 80–106, 118;
of Kamapuaa calling his gods by name, 328–30;
of Pamano, 308–10;
of Pele to Kamapuaa, 336–38;
(wail) of Punia, 298.

Chief, Hema made a, 482.

Chiefs, 267;
blue blood of, 244;
Kamehameha, foremost, 464;
lands divided with, 466;
principal of Kona, 466;
of Hawaii, 198, 206 (Namakaokaia and Na-maka-o-Kalani), 276;
Nunulu one of the high, 246;
of Maui, 206;
slaughter of, 264;
under king Keliiokaloa, 262, 264.

Circumcision of Palila by Hina, 140, 144.

Cliffs of Puna, offspring of, 8, 12, 32, 34.

Clouds fixed in the heaven, continuation chant by Kuapakaa, 90–92.

Club of Malailua, 28, 30;

of Paopele, named Keolewa, 220;
(war) of Palila, 142, 146, 148;
(war) strokes, names of, 28, 30.

Coconut (cocos nucifera), 590;

brought from Kahiki by Kane, 596;
dancing drum from tree trunk of the, an introduction by Laamaikahiki, 594;
introduction of, 590–92, 594;
leaf contrivance, 692;
products from, 594, 596, 598;
trees, cut down, 466.

Coconut Island, Hilo (Mokuola), 248.

Companions, 800 dogs as (with Kamala-Lamalu and her brother), 228.

Conquered lands, custom of dividing, 60.

Contestants, 130, 132, 134;

of Kupakaa, 128.

Coral, fish-line fastened to, 288.

Cord, Hawaiian names for, 136;

Pahila born in the form of a, 136.

Cordia subcordata (kou), a rare tree, 184.

Cordyline terminalis (ki), 316, 640.

Corpse, treatment of the, 570–72, 574.

Coryphaena hippurus (Mahimahi), 270.

Cowrie shells for squid fishing, 284;

Keaau gives two to Umi, 284.

Crab (yellow-backed), 468.

Crabbing, 156–58.
Crier, 290;
(kukala) who promulgates royal decrees, 236.

Cultivation of taro, ancient, 680–84;

modern, 686.

Curcuma Longa (olena), furnishing a yellow dye, 640.

Custom of dividing conquered lands, 60.

Daggers (wooden), Keeaumoku stabbed by, 468.

Daughters given to kings, 398.

Davallia tenuifolia (pala-a), a Hawaiian fern furnishing red dye, 640.

Davis (Isaac), white man at Kawaihae, known as Aikake, 426.

Days for cultivating, 662–64–66.

Dead, treatment of the, 570–72.

Death, belief in life after, 574;

belief in the soul after, 572–74;
customs at approach of and following, 570.

Demigod of Hawaii, Maui, prominent as, 536.

Divers, depth attained by, 288.

Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), forest tree, 346, 586, 680.

Drought, similarity of Hawaiian and biblical accounts of, 660–62.

East Maui prominent, an old saying, 250.

Eating customs, 648.

Eeke, or Eke (summit crater of West Maui), 534.

Eeke, husband of Lihau, made into a mountain, 534.

Eeke and Lihau, parents of Pundaina, 532.

Ehukai of Puaena, name for Waialua, 616.

Eight-eyed monster (makawalu), 314.

Ekaha (Acrostichum micradenium), fern used for huts, 654.

Eku, chief of Kona, 82.

Eleio, chief of Kohala, 660.

Eleio, Hawaii, Kanaihalau found residing in, 486;

noted runner of Kaalaneo, 434, 544.

Eleotris fusca (oopus), 510.

Elepaio, Paio bird (Chasiempis sandwichensis), 600, 614, 632;

god of the canoe builders, 632.

Eleuli, kapa of Olaa, perfumed, 284.

Eragrostis variabilis (Kalamalo), tufted grass, 640.

Eruption (volcanic) destroys Keoua’s army, 472.

Erythrina monosperma (wiliwili), 56, 216, 618.

Eyes of a cannibal used as bait, 212.

Ewa, 54, 252, 278, 430, 606, 608.

Famine below Waohonu, Hana, 600, 602.

Famous men of early days, 486.

Feather cloaks, 478;

Kamehameha sends present of, 688. [iii]

Fern, pala-a (Davallia tenuifolia), furnished red dye, 640;

tree, Ama’uma’u, (Sadleria), 646.

Fire, origin of, 562–64;

-making sticks, 296, 342;
-sticks, a sport of Kauai, 142.
Firebrands of auhau, 142;
of ti-plant stalk, called auki, 668.

Fish, abundance of, 146, 148, 154, 156, 162, 656.

Laenihi takes form of, 232. Uhumakaikai, 154;
drives some to Kauai, 160–162.

Fishermen, Kamehameha chased those of Papai, 468.

Fishermen’s line, 116.

Fishhooks made of one’s bones, a dreaded insult, 212.

Fishing by Puniakaia, 154.

grounds of Kolo, 148.

Flood brought by Pele, 524. caused by Kane and Kanaloa, 194;

hills of Heeia submerged by, 580;
(the) in Hawaii, 522.
Uweuwelekehau carried away by the, 194.

Flying-fish, caught by Kuapakaa, 126.

Flying by aid of club or spear, 128, 374.

Food preserving, method of, 116.

Foreheads, eight of Lonokaeho, 328, 370.

Foretelling child’s future by feeling its limbs, 2.

Four waters (the) poetic term for West Maui, 688.

Fragrant shrubs and vines of Laa and Puna, 112.

Fregata Aquila (Iwa), man-o’-war bird, 98.

Friday (Poalima) day for service due to the king, 708.

Future events, auguries of, 10.

Games, 396–8–400, 410. at Hinakahua, Kohala, 406.

“Gently, Gently,” chants of Kuapakaa, 86–88, 98.
chant of Kuapakaa’s master, 104.
chant for Keawenuiaumi, 108–10.

Ghosts, 428, 434.

Ghosts, chiefs of Kona are, 338.

deceived by Lepa, 422–24.
Hawaii, Lanai, Maui and Molokai have, 428.
inhabit Oahu, 428.
Keaukaha inhabit by, 298.
killed and ate men, 428, 430, 432, 434.
Kaulu encounters, 364.
Punia’s experience with, 298, 300.

God, invocation of, 682, 684;

offerings to, 326, 328.
Kekuhaupio called a, 454.
(or goddess) Laka, the presiding deity, 364.
of dancers, Kukaohialaka, 364.
of husbandry petitioned, 684.
Lono, offerings to, 456.

Gods, assembly of (pukui), 328, 330.

breadfruit spread over Hawaii by, 676.
Kane and Kanaloa, 676.
Kaulu and Kaholeha plan to deceive the, 364.
ordered by Pele to keep up the fires, 340.
of agriculture, 664–66, 680.
of Kamapuaa try to deceive, 336.
of Kamapuaa invoked, 328–330.
of the mountains invoked, 680.
of Pele, Kaohelo one of the, 576.
of wind and tide, 160, 330, 364.

Goddess, fire of the, 256;

rain from the, 256;
ohelo berry held sacred to (Pele), 576.

Grandparents of Kawelo, 2, 4.
Grave of Kaawa, at Haleakala, 570.

Graves, secret of chiefs of Nuu, 572.

Great Fleet, 470.

Ha, trough or watercourse, 510, 512.

Haalelea, the “hapupue” of, 40.

Haalou, mother of Namahana, 688.

Haiamu, mother of Kawelo, 694.

Haili, the plain of Lehua, 258.

Haka (shelf), play on name, 48.

Hakau, chief of Waipio, 660.

Hakaula (robe), of Palila, 140.

Halahala, reddish fish of uhu family, 16.

“Halahalakau, say, are you asleep,” 428–30–32.

Halahola, mat of, 10.

Halakii, wife of Peleioholani, 172.

Halalii (king of Oahu), a ghost, 428.

island ghosts of, 428, 430, 432.

Halapepe (Dracaena aurea), 592.

Halaula, Kapunohu arrives at, 216.

Halawa and Ewa (mythical persons), 606.

Kohala, Kamehameha reared at and built temple of Hapuu in, 464.
Molokai, 100.
Oahu, awa from Kauai planted at, 606.
winds of, 100, 102.

Haleaha in Makua, 338.

Haleakala, definition of, 536, 538.
climbed by Maui, 536.
graves on, 570–72.
Halemano enraptured by, 238, 240.
Hoolae killed on, 180.
visited by Pele, 526.

Haleauau, Kalena in uplands of, 250.

Halekou, mother of Puniakaia, of royal blood, 154, 156, 158, 160–62.

Hale kukuohi (a house occupied by persons of rank), 642.

Halelua, 242.

Halemano, legend of, 228–265.

Halemaumau, 334, 340, 342.

Halialia, a premonition, 136.

Haloa, son of Wakea, eyes of, 8, 12, 32, 34.

Halulu, father of Kamaakamikioi and Kamaakauluohia, 164;

of Niihau, 166.

Halulukoakoa, Maui taken prisoner at, 540.

Hamakua, Aiohikupua sails for, 410.

chiefs of, 486.
firs in uplands of, 256.
Hilo and Kohala go to, 348.
Hilo and Waimea, 500.
Kamehameha becomes king of, 466, 472.
Palila flew to, 148.
Wanua, chief of, 84.

Hamau and Hooleia, parents of Luukia and Makahi, 564.

Hamoa, a section of Hana, 598.

Kamalalawalu lands at, 258.
legend relating to, 544.