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AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING

Trainer: Joemarie Gustilo 5/6/2021

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Qualification/Course Descriptor:
The AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING consist of competencies that a
person must achieve to perform basic engine servicing, removal
and installation of vehicle components for both diesel and gasoline-
engine powered vehicles
Three types of compentency to be achieved this qualification and is
competent to be (automotive mechanic assistant or automotive
junior mechanic).
A. BASIC COMPETENCIES
B. COMMON COMPETENCIES
C. CORE COMPENTENCIES
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A. BASIC COMPETENCIES:
1. Received and respond to workplace communication
2. Work with Others
3. Demonstrate work values
4. Practice basic housekeeping procedures

1. Received and respond to workplace communication.

is the process of exchanging information and ideas,both verbal and
non-verbal between one person/group and another person/group within
an organization.

2 Elements of received and respond to workplace communication:

A. Follow routine spoken messages:

1. Required information is gathered by listening attentively and correctly interpreting or understanding
information/instructions.
2. Instructions/information are properly recorded.
3. Instructions are acted upon immediately in accordance with information received.
4. Clarification is sought from workplace supervisor on all occasions when any instruction/information
5/6/2021

is not clear.
 B. Perform workplace duties following written notices:
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1. Written notices and instructions are read and interpreted correctly in
accordance with organizational guidelines
2. Routine written instruction are followed in sequence
3. Feedback is given to workplace supervisor based on the instructions/information

RANGE OF VARIABLES

1A. WRITTEN NOTICES AND INSTRUCTIONS:

Handwritten and printed materials.

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 Internal memos - “internal memo” is short for “internal memorandum.” Internal
memos are used to spread information as well as make mass requests of people in
a company, department or team
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External communications- is the transmission of information between a business

and another person or entity in the company's external environment.
Examples of these people and entities include customers, potential customers,
suppliers, investors, shareholders, and society at large.

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 Electronic mail- is another term for email

Briefing notes- are short paper that quickly and effectively informs a decision-maker about
an issue or subjects of debate.

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 General correspondence- written communications, especially those sent by courier or post,
organized as a series rather than interfiled with records relating to a specific subject.
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Marketing materials- include any items for communicating your marketing to customers. In
print marketing, this includes business cards, brochures, catalogs,digital assets to
billboards, flyers, t- shirts, postcards

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 Journal articles- are shorter than books and written about very specific topic. A journal
collection of articles (like a magazine) that is published regularly throughout the year.
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1B. ORGANIZATIONAL GUIDELINES:

Information documentation procedures- refers to information that must be controlled and
maintained. Refers to utilization of a written document as described under the definition above
for document for the purpose of establishing a permanent written record of the processes and
procedures that must be followed during the process of carrying out a particular activity,
process.

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 Company Policies and Procedure- establish the rules of conduct within an organization,
outlining the responsibilities and protect the rights of both employees and
9 employers.

Organization Manuals- The authority and responsibility of every person is given in detail

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 Service manual- A handbook containing instructions and specifications for the maintenance and repair
of a certain vehicle.
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EVIDENCE GUIDE
1. Critical aspects of competency Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:

1.1. Demonstrated knowledge of organizational procedures for handling verbal and written
communications
1.2. Received and acted on verbal messages and instructions
1.3. Demonstrated competency in recording instructions/information

2. Underpinning Knowledge and attitude

2.1. Knowledge of organizational policies/guidelines in regard to processing internal/external

information
2.2. Ethical work practices in handling communications 5/6/2021

2.3. Communication process

11 3. Underpinning skills:
3.1. Conciseness in receiving and clarifying messages/information/communication
3.2. Accuracy in recording messages/information
4. Resource implications: The following resources MUST be provided:
4.1. Pens
4.2. Note pads
5. Method of assessment: Competency may be assessed through:
5.1. Direct Observation
5.2. Oral interview
5.3. Written Evaluation
5.4. Third Party Report
6. Context of assessment:
6.1. Competency may be assessed individually in the actual workplace or simulation
environment in TESDA accredited institutions
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 2. Work with others
is the ability to effectively interact, cooperate, collaborate and manage conflicts with
12 other people in order to complete tasks and achieve shared goals.
2 Elements of work with others
A. Develop effective workplace relationship:

1. Duties and responsibilities are done in a positive manner to promote

cooperation and good relationship.
2. Assistance is sought from workgroup when difficulties arise and addressed
through discussions.
3. Feedback provided by others in the team is encouraged, acknowledged and
acted upon.
4. Differences in personal values and beliefs are respected and acknowledged in
the development.

B. Contribute to work group activities:

1. Support is provided to team members to ensure workgroup goals are met.

2. Constructive contributions to workgroup goals and tasks are made according
to organizational requirements.
3. Information relevant to work is shared with team members to ensure designated
goals are met.
 RANGE OF VARIABLES
2A. Duties and responsibilities- is a moral commitment to something or someone,
whereas responsibility is a condition of being responsible.
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Job description- is an internal document that clearly states the essential job requirements,
job duties, job responsibilities, and skills required to perform a specific role.
Employment arrangements- formal agreement that specifies the conditions of the relationship
between an employee and an employer including compensation and expectations. Also referred
to as employment contracts, they are often executed for a specified period of time.

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 Organization’s policy relevant to work role- ensure compliance with laws and regulations,
give guidance for decision-making, and streamline internal processes, performance
management and discipline helps employees know what is and is not acceptable
14 behavior at work.

Organizational structures- is a system that outlines how certain activities are directed in order
to achieve the goals of an organization. These activities can include rules, roles, and responsibilities.
It also determines how information flows between levels within the company.

Supervision and accountability requirements including OHS- Overseeing and monitoring

the overall safety performance inside the workshop area. Improve communication and
awareness of OHS. Investigate OHS issues or incidents for the workshop.

Code of conduct- is a set of rules outlining the norms, rules, and responsibilities or proper
practices of an individual party or an organisation.

2B. Work group-

Two or more individuals who routinely function like a team, are interdependent in
achievement of a specific common goal.

Supervisor- oversees a team of employees or a specific operation,and makes sure things

get done in a certain way.
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 Manager- has a more active role in directing operations and creating objectives for
employees and decides the way things will get done.
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Peers - similar interest, age, social status.

Work group- working together to achieve specified goals.

Other members of the organization- means any individual, corporation, limited liability
company, partnership, association or other entity that belongs to an association.

2C. Feedback on performance- job performance of an employee is documented and

evaluated

Formal/Informal performance appraisal- typically focus on long-term goals where as informal

evaluations focus on short-term objectives and tasks or projects.

Obtaining feedback from supervisors and colleagues and clients- ask for feedback to
support and achieve your development goals.

Personal, reflective behavior strategies- focus your thoughts and develop your ideas,
experiment with ideas and ask questions and be creative.
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 Routine organizational methods for monitoring service delivery- monitoring work
performance and output.
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2D. Providing support to team members- Be decisive and confident, share
knowledge and skills in order to achieve goals.

Explaining/clarifying Explaining
Helping colleagues
Providing encouragement
Providing feedback to another team member
Undertaking extra tasks if necessary

2E. Organizational requirements

Goals, objectives, plans, system and processes

Legal and organization policy/guidelines
OHS policies, procedures and programs
Ethical standards
Defined resources parameters
Quality and continuous improvement processes and standards
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 DEMONSTRATE WORK VALUES
a set of moral principles an employee uses in his or her job and it encompasses many of these
17 traits: reliability/dependability, dedication, productivity, cooperation, character, integrity, sense of
responsibility, emphasis on quality, discipline, teamwork, professionalism, respectfulness,
determination.
4 elements of demonstrate work values:
1. Define the purpose of work.
One’s unique sense of purpose for working and the why’s of work are identified, reflected on and
clearly defined for one’s development as a person and as a member of society.
Personal mission is in harmony with company’s values
2. Apply work values/ethics.
Work values/ethics/concepts are classified and reaffirmed in accordance with the transparent
company ethical standards, policies and guidelines.
Work practices are undertaken in compliance with industry work ethical standards, organizational
policy and guidelines
Personal behavior and relationships with coworkers and/or clients are conducted in accordance
with ethical standards, policy and guidelines.
Company resources are used in accordance with transparent company ethical standard, policies
and guidelines.

3. Deal with ethical problems. 5/6/2021

 Company ethical standards, organizational policy and guidelines on the prevention and
reporting of unethical conduct are accessed and applied in accordance with transparent
company ethical standard, policies and guidelines.
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Work incidents/situations are reported and/or resolved in accordance with company
protocol/guidelines.
Resolution and/or referral of ethical problems identified are used as learning opportunities.
4. Maintain integrity of conduct in the workplace
Personal work practices and values are demonstrated consistently with acceptable ethical
conduct and company’s core values.
Instructions to co-workers are provided based on ethical, lawful and reasonable directives.
Company values/practices are shared with coworkers using appropriate behavior and
language.
RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. Work values/ethics/ concepts
Commitment/ Dedication 1.2 Sense of urgency 1.3 Sense of purpose 1.4 Love for work 1.5 High
motivation 1.6 Orderliness 1.7 Reliability 1.8 Competence 1.9 Dependability 1.10 Goal-oriented
1.11 Sense of responsibility 1.12 Being knowledgeable 1.13 Loyalty to work/company 1.14
Sensitivity to others 1.15 Compassion/Caring attitude 1.16 Balancing between family and work
1.17 Pakikisama 1.18 Bayanihan spirit/teamwork 1.19 Sense of nationalism. 5/6/2021
 2. Work practices
2.1 Quality of work 2.2 Punctuality 2.3 Efficiency 2.4 Effectiveness 2.5 Productivity 2.6
Resourcefulness 2.7 Innovativeness/Creativity 2.8 Cost conciousness 2.9 5S 2.10 Attention to
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details.
3. Incidents/situations
3.2 Gambling 3.3 Use of prohibited substances 3.4 Pilferages 3.5 Damage to person or
property 3.6 Vandalism 3.7 Falsification 3.8 Bribery 3.9 Sexual Harassment 3.10 Blackmail
4. Company resources
4.1 Consumable materials 4.2 Equipment/Machineries 4.3 Human 4.4 Time 4.5 Financial
resources
5. Instructions
5.1 Verbal
5.2 Written

PRACTICE HOUSEKEEPING PROCEDURES

is a documented, step-by-step process on how to effectively
perform housekeeping procedures, such as daily cleaning and maintenance tasks.
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 5 ELEMENTS OF PRACTICE HOUSEKEEPING PROCEDURES OR 5S

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 1. Sort and remove unnecessary items
1.1 Reusable, recyclable materials are sorted in accordance with company/office
procedures
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1.2 Unnecessary items are removed and disposed of in accordance with company or office
procedures
2. Arrange items (STRAIGHTEN)
2.1 Items are arranged in accordance with company/office housekeeping procedures
2.2 Work area is arranged according to job requirements
2.3 Activities are prioritized based on instructions.
2.4 Items are provided with clear and visible identification marks based on procedure
2.5 Safety equipment and evacuation passages are kept clear and accessible based on
instructions
3. Maintain work area, tools and equipment (SHINE)
3.1 Cleanliness and orderliness of work area is maintained in accordance with
company/office procedures
3.2 Tools and equipment are cleaned in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions/manual
3.3 Minor repairs are performed on tools and equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s
instruction/manual 5/6/2021

3.4 Defective tools and equipment are reported to immediate supervisor

 4. Follow standardized work process and procedures (STANDARDIZE)
4.1 Materials for common use are maintained in designated area based on procedures
22 4.2 Work is performed according to standard work procedures
4.3 Abnormal incidents are reported to immediate supervisor
5. Perform work spontaneously (SUSTAIN)
5.1 Work is performed as per instruction
5.2 Company and office decorum are followed and complied with
5.3 Work is performed in accordance with occupational health and safety (OHS) requirements

RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. Unnecessary items
1.1 Non-recyclable materials
1.2 Unserviceable tools and equipment
1.3 Pictures, posters and other materials not related to work activity
1.4 Waste materials
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 2. Identification marks
2.1 Labels
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2.2 Tags
2.3 Color coding
3. Decorum
3.1 Company/ office rules and regulations
3.2 Company/ office uniform
3.3 Behavior
4. Minor repair
Minor repair include but not limited to:
4.1 Replacement of parts
4.2 Application of lubricants
4.3 Sharpening of tools
4.4 Tightening of nuts, bolts and screws

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 B. COMMON COMPETENCIES
4 ELEMENTS OF COMMON COMPETENCIES
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1. Identify appropriate Sealant/adhesive
1.1Sealant/adhesive are selected in line with job requirements and manufacturer’s
specification
1.1 Sealant/adhesive checking is performed to ensure that the product is fit for use.

2. Prepare surface for Sealant/adhesive

2.1 Surface materials are identified as per construction
2.2 Surface is cleaned and free of moisture, dust and other foreign matters to ensure
maximum adhesion or seal.

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 3. Apply sealant/adhesive evenly

25 3.1 Sealant/adhesive is applied evenly on the surface in line with manufacturer’s

specification
3.2 Excess sealant/adhesive is removed by sanding or scrapping
3.3Tools and equipment used to apply sealant/adhesive are appropriate to job
requirements
3.1 Safety are observed and PPE are worn in accordance with industry SOP
3.2 Hazards associated with the use of sealant and adhesives are identified.

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 4. Store/Dispose of sealant/adhesive
4.1 Sealant/adhesive are stored as per prescribed procedure
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4.2 Waste are disposed as per workshop standard operating procedures

RANGE OF VARIALBLES
1. Sealant/Adhesive
1.1Form in Place Gasket (FIPG)
1.2 Ribbon Sealer
1.3Hametite
1.4Silicon Body sealer
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1.5 Prestite for Auto and Auto Aircon
 2. Tools and equipment
27 2.1 Putty knife
2.2 Scraper
2.3 Compressor
2.4 Steel brush
2.5 Paint brush
2.6 Rubber hammer
2.7 Hand tools Personal protective equipment include:
2.8 Gloves
2.9 Apron
2.10 Safety shoes
2.11Goggles
2.12Gas mask

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 3. Safety
28 3.1 Ventilation
3.2 Handling of Flammable/Irritating substances
3.3 Use of Personal Protective EquipmenT
4. Hazards
4.1 Fumes
4.2 Skin irritation
4.3 Burns
5.Adhesive/Sealant checking
5.1 Expiry date
5.2 Free of contamination
5.1 Cap/Covers
5.2 Tightly closed
5.3 ConcentratioN

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MOVE AND POSITION VEHICLE
3 ELEMENTS OF MOVE AND POSITION VEHICLE
1. Prepare vehicle for driving.
1.1 Correct check-up procedures performed based on vehicle manufacturer’s standard
2. Move and position vehicle.
2.1 Select vehicle to be moved or re-position.
2.2 Drive the vehicle to appropriate location
2.3 Park vehicle following parking safety techniques and procedure
3. Check the vehicle
3.1 Vehicle position is checked as per requirement
3.2 Vehicle is checked for external damages

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 RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. Check up procedure
30 1.1 Engine Oil level
1.2 Brake fluid/power steering fluid
1.3 Clutch fluid
1.4 Coolant level
1.5 Battery (electrolyte)
1.6 Tire pressure /cluster warning
1.7 Position of driving gear
1.8 Lighting / warning devices
2. Vehicles
2.1 Vehicles with automatic transmission
2.2 Vehicles with manual transmission
3.Parking safety techniques
3.1 Engaging of Park brake
3.2 Vehicle parking position 5/6/2021

3.3 Front wheel position

 PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
3 ELEMENTS OF PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
31 1. Select measuring instruments
1.1 Object or component to be measured is identified
1.2 Correct specifications are obtained from relevant source
1.3 Appropriate measuring instrument is selected according to job requirements
2. Carry out measurements and calculation
2.1 Measuring tools are selected in line with job requirements
2.2 Accurate measurements are obtained in accordance with the job requirements
2.3 Calculation needed to complete work tasks are performed using the four fundamental
operations of addition (+), subtraction (-),multiplication (x) and division (/).
2.4 Calculations involving fractions, percentages and mixed numbers are used to complete
workplace tasks.
2.5 Numerical computation is self-checked and corrected for accuracy
2.6 Instruments are read to the limit of accuracy of the tool.

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 3. Maintain measuring instruments
3.1Measuring instruments are kept free from corrosion
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3.2Measuring instruments are not dropped to avoid damage
3.3Measuring instruments are cleaned before and after using.
RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. Measuring instruments

DIAL GAUGE W/MAG STD MICROMETER MULTI TESTER PLASTIC GAUGE PROTRACTOR

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SMALL HOLE GAUGE STEEL RULE STRAIGHT EDGE TELESCOPIC GAUGE THICKNESS GAUGE
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TORQUE WRENCH TRI SQUARE VERNIER CALIPER COMBINATION FEELER GAUGE

2. Calculation
2.1 Volume- is a measure of the amount of space something takes up,
volume is length × width × height. (V=L x W x H)

2.2 Area- can be defined as the space occupied by a flat shape or the surface of an object.
The formula is: A = L * W where A is the area, L is the length, W is the width, and * means
multiply.

2.3 Displacement- is a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the
object's overall change in position.

2.4 Inside diameter- The length of a line which passes through the center of a hollow
cylindrical or spherical object, and whose end points lie on the inner surface of the object.

2.5 Circumference- is the distance around a circle (its perimeter!) 5/6/2021

 2.6 Length- is a measure of distance.
2.7 Thickness- the measure of the smallest dimension of a solid figure
34 2.8 Outside diameter- measures the distance of a straight line from one point on the
outside of the object, through its center, and to an opposite point on the outside.
2.9 Taper- to become progressively smaller toward one end
2. 10 Out of roundness- The degree to which something is out of round; the property of
being out of round
2.11 Oil clearance- The oil clearance is the gap between the inside diameter of an installed
bearing and the outside diameter of the crankshaft or camshaft journal
2.12 End play/thrust clearance-what is often called end play. This is the amount of
clearance between the crankshaft's thrust plate and the vertical surface of the main
thrust bearing.

READ, INTERPRET AND APPLY SPECIFICATION AND MANUALS.

This unit deals with identifying, interpreting and applying service specification manuals,
maintenance procedure manuals and periodic maintenance manual. 5/6/2021
 4 elements of READ, INTERPRET AND APPLY SPECIFICATION AND MANUALS.
35 1. Identify and access manual/ specification
1.1 Appropriate manuals are identified and accessed as per job requirements.
1.2 Version and date of manual are checked to ensure correct specification and
procedure are identified.

2. Interpret manuals
2.1Relevant sections, chapters of manuals/specifications are located in relation to the work
to be conducted

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 2.2 Information and procedure in the manual are interpreted in accordance with industry
36 practices.

3. Apply information in manual

3.1Manual is interpreted according to job requirements
3.2Work steps are correctly identified in accordance with manufacturer specification
3.3Manual data are applied according to the given task
3.4All correct sequencing and adjustments are interpreted in accordance with information
contained on the manual or specifications

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 4. Store manuals
4.1 Manual or specification are stored appropriately to ensure prevention of damage, ready
access and updating of information when required in accordance with company
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requirements
RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. Manuals
1.1 Manufacturer’s specification manual
1.2 Repair manual
1.3 Maintenance Procedure Manual
1.4 Periodic Maintenance Manual
USE AND APPLY LUBRICANTS/COOLANTS
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in selecting and applying different
types of lubricants.
3 element of USE AND APPLY LUBRICANTS/COOLANTS
1. Identify types of lubricants/ coolants
1.1 Correct information on lubrication schedule is accessed and interpreted from
appropriate manufacturers specifications manuals 5/6/2021

1.2 Type and quantity of lubricants/coolants are identified as per job requirements
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2. Use and apply lubricants/coolant

2.1 Correct procedure for change of lubricant is identified following manufacturer’s
specification or manual
2.2 Correct tools and equipment are selected and used in line with job requirements
2.3 Existing lubricants are removed and replaced with specified types and quantity of new
materials in line with manufacturer’s specification
2.4 Safe procedure and use of PPE are observed when removing or replacing lubricant
2.5 Used lubricants are disposed in accordance with environmental guidelines
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2.6 Work is checked in line with company SOP.
 3. Perform housekeeping activities
39 3.1Tools, equipment and materials are properly stored as per company SOP
3.2 Workplace is free from waste materials

RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. Manuals
1.1 Manufacturer’s specification manual
1.2 Periodic Maintenance manual 5/6/2021

1.3 Service Manual

 2. Lubricants/ Coolant
2.1 Engine oil:
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Diesel engine oil
Gasoline engine oiL
2.2 Automatic Transmission Fluid
Destro II
T4
2.3 Gear oil lubricants:
Oil #90
Oil #140
Oil #30
Oil #40
2.4 Grease
Special (velocity joint) Molybdenum disolfate)
Ordinary
Multi-purpose oil
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Contact point lubricant (grease)
 3. Lubricant Schedule
41 3.1 Kilometers traveled used
3.2 No. of Hours used
3.3 Monthly
4. Tool and equipment
4.1 Hand tools
4.2 Oiler
4.3 Oil Dispenser
4.4 Grease gun
5.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
5.1 Apron
5.2 Gloves
5.3 Goggles
5.4 Safety shoes

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 PERFORM SHOP MAINTENANCE:
This unit deals with inspecting and cleaning of work area including tools, equipment
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and facilities. Storage of tools and equipment and disposal of used materials are also
incorporated in this competency.

4 ELEMENTS OF PERFORM SHOP MAINTENANCE SERVICE

1. Inspect/clean tools and work area
1.1 Cleaning solvent used as per workshop/tools cleaning requirement
1.2 Work area is checked and cleaned
1.3 Wet surface/spot in work area is wiped and dried

2. 2. Store/arrange tools and shop equipment

2.1 Tools/equipment are checked and stored in their respective shelves/location
2.2 Corresponding labels are posted and visible
2.3 Tools are safely secured and logged in the records

3. Dispose wastes/used lubricants

3.1 Containers for used lubricants are visibly labeled
3.2 Wastes/used lubricants are disposed as per workshop SOP
4. Report damaged tools/equipment

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 4. Report damaged tools/equipment
43 4.1 Complete inventory of tools/equipment is maintained
4.2 Damaged tools/equipment/facilities are identified and repair recommendation is given
4.3 Reports prepared have no error/discrepancy
RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. Work Area
1.1Workshop areas for servicing/repairing light and/or heavy vehicle and/or plant
transmissions and/or outdoor power equipment
1.2 Open workshop/garage and enclosed, ventilated office area
1.3 Other variables may include workshop with:
Mess hall Wash room Comfort room
2. Cleaning requirement
2.1 Cleaning solvent
2.2 Inventory of supplies, tools, equipment, facilities
2.3 List of mechanics/technicians 5/6/2021

2.4 Rags 2.5 Broom 2.6 Map 2.7 Pail 2.8 Used oil container 2.9 Oiler 2.10 Dust/waste bin
 3. Manuals
3.1 Vehicle/plant manufacturer specifications
44 3.2 Company operating procedures
3.3 Industry/Workplace Codes of Practice
3.4 Product manufacturer specifications
3.5 Customer requirements
3.6 Industry Occupational Health &Safety

4. Company standard operating procedure

4.1 Gloves
4.2 Apron
4.3 Goggles
4.4 Safety shoes

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 PREPARE JOB ESTIMATE/COSTING
This competency unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitude in estimating/costing
45
automotive repair.
2 ELEMENTS OF JOB ESTIMATE/COSTING
1. Identify nature/scope of work

1.1 Effective communication skills are applied to determine the nature and scope of
work to be undertaken
1.2 Extent of service to be rendered is determined and documented in line with standard
operating procedures (SOP)
2. Prepare and present estimate
2.1 Type and quantity of supplies, materials and labor required to perform work are
identified in line with job requirements
2.2 Cost of supplies, materials are obtained from suppliers
2.3 Total cost of required services is calculated in line with SOP
2.4 Estimate is presented to customer in line with SOP

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46 RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. Communication
1.1 Listening to customer
1.2 Speaking with suppliers, customers and coworkers
1.3 Questioning
2. Suppliers
2.2 Distributors
2.3 Managers
2.4 Proprietors
3. Cost
3.1Materials
3.2Labor
3.3Overhead

5/6/2021
 INTERPRET/DRAW TECHNICAL DRAWING
47 This unit identifies the competencies required to draw/interpret basic trade drawing
3 ELEMENTS OF INTERPRET/DRAW TECHNICAL DRAWING
1. Interpret technical drawing
1.1 Components, assemblies or objects are recognized as required
1.2 Dimensions are identified as appropriate to the field of employment
1.3 Instructions are identified and followed as required
1.4 Material and other consumable requirements are identified as required
1.5 Symbols are recognized as appropriate in drawing
2. Select correct technical drawing
2.1 Drawing is checked and validated against job requirements or equipment
2.2 Drawing version is checked and validated according to the Manual
3. Apply freehand sketching
5.5 Correct freehand sketching is produced using the necessary tools and materials

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 RANGE OF VARIABLES
48 1. Drawing
1.1 Drawing symbols
1.2 Alphabet of lines
1.3 Orthographic views
1.3.1 Front view 1.3.2 Right side view/left side view 1.3.3 Top view 1.3.4 Pictorial
1.4 Schematic diagram
2. Manual
2.1 technical drawing manual
2.2 manufacturers schematic diagram
3. Consumables
3.1 drawing plate
3.2 pencil and eraser
3.3 scotch tape

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 6. Tools and materials
4.1 compass
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4.2 divider
4.3 rulers
4.4 triangles
4.5 drawing tables
4.6 computer

PRACTICE HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROCEDURES

This unit of competency incorporates the work safe regional guidelines and encompasses
competencies necessary to apply basic safety and emergency procedures to maintain a
safe workplace for staff, customers and others.
1. Apply basic safety procedures
1.1. Policies and procedures to achieve a safe working environment are followed and
maintained in line with occupational health and safety (OHS) procedures and according to
worksite policy
1.2. All unsafe situations are recognized and reported according to worksite policy 5/6/2021
50 1.3. All breakdowns in relation to machinery and equipment are reported to supervisor or
nominated persons
1.4. Fire and safety hazards are identified and precautions are taken or reported according
to worksite policy and procedures
1.5. Dangerous goods and substances are identified, handled and stored according to
worksite policy and procedures and OHS requirements
1.6. Worksite policy regarding manual handling practice is followed
1.7. Participation in consultative arrangements established by company for OHS is exercised
2. Apply emergency procedures
2.1. Worksite policies and emergency procedures regarding illness or accidents are identified
and applied
2.2. Safety alarms are identified
2.3. Qualified persons are contacted in the event of accident or sickness of customers or staff
and accident details are documented according to worksite accident/ injury procedures
2.4. Worksite evacuation procedures are identified and applied
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 RANGE OF VARIABLES
51 1. Policies and procedures
1.1. Hazard policies and procedures
1.2. Emergency, fire and accident procedures
1.3. Personal safety procedures
1.4. Procedures for the use of personal protective clothing and equipment
1.5. Use of motor vehicles
1.6. Resolution procedures
1.7. Job procedures
1.8. Work instructions
2. OHS procedures- secure the health, safety and welfare of employees and other people at
work
2.1. Safe manual handling and lifting customers, staff, equipment/tooling, premises and stock
3. Hazards
3.1. Sharp cutting tooling and instruments
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3.2. Electricity and water
 3.3. Toxic substances
52 3.4. Damaged packing material or containers
3.5. Broken or damaged equipment
3.6. Flammable materials and fire hazards
3.7. Lifting practices
3.8. Spillages, waste and debris especially on floors, ladders, trolleys and glue guns/burns
4. Emergency procedures
4.1. Sickness
4.2. Accident
4.3. Fire or store evacuation involving staff or customers
INSPECT TECHNICAL QUALITY OF WORK
This unit covers the competence to inspect work done by other staff, apply quality standards
to work, and protect customer property and interests.
3 ELEMENTS OF INSPECT TECHNICAL QUALITY OF WORK
1. Gather information to carry out inspection
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 1.1 OH&S requirements, including company regulatory requirements and personal protection
needs are observed throughout the work
53
1.2 Pertinent information are sourced
1.3 Different methods are analyzed and those most appropriate to the circumstances are
selected and prepared
1.4 Technical and/or calibration requirements for inspection are sourced and needed
equipment is identified and prepared
2. Inspect and apply quality standards to work
2.1 Work is identified and confirmed for inspection in accordance with company quality
procedures
2.2 Quality Inspections are conducted throughout the course of the work to ensure quality
standards are maintained
2.3 Quality standards are applied during work completion to ensure the treatment of
customer property meets industry and / or company standards
2.4 Activities are coordinated throughout the workplace in accordance with company
procedures
2.5 Documents of work quality are maintained according to company requirements
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 3. Achieve quality work outcomes
54 3.1 Damage to customer property is avoided through ensuring staff adherence to quality
procedures and use of protective materials at all stages of the repair or service
3.2 Communication pertaining to quality improvements and recommendations are to be
done in accordance with company requirements
RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. OH&S Requirements
1.1 Safety equipment
1.2 Personal protective equipment and clothing
1.3 First aid equipment
1.4 Hazard and risk control
1.5 Elimination of hazardous materials and substances manual handling, including shifting,
lifting and carrying
1.6 Emergency procedures
1.7 Road rules and safe driving policy.
2. Information 5/6/2021
 2.1 Manufacturer / component supplier specifications
55 2.2 Company operating procedures
2.3 Supplier directories
2.4 Parts catalogues
2.5 Customer orders
2.6 Service manual
2.7 Material safety data sheets
3. Quality Procedures
3.1 Worksite quality system documentation
3.2 Work instructions
3.3 Safe work procedures
3.4 Product specifications
3.5 Equipment maintenance schedules
3.6 Technical procedures
3.7 Adopted or specifically prepared standards 5/6/2021
 4. Quality Inspections
56 4.1 Periodic inspection during the job or observation at completion of the job to ensure all
ordered parts have been fitted, components used meet manufacturer / component supplier
specifications, invoicing complies with service / repair / parts order and contains sufficient
details of labor and / or components used
4.2 Reported and diagnosed problems have been confirmed as rectified thru test procedures
and presentation of the vehicle or equipment after service / repair meets manufacturer and
Company standards.
5. Communication
5.1 Verbal
5.2 Written
5.3 Telephone or Electronic means
MAINTAIN QUALITY SYSTEMS
This unit of competency covers the competence to conduct the final quality check on
completed work or orders, report on the quality of processes and work outcomes, and
implement improvements to work processes.
3 ELEMENTS OF MAINTAIN QUALITY SYSTEMS
5/6/2021

1. Conduct final quality check on completed work / orders

 1.1. Completed work / orders are checked for compliance with supplier, company or
customer specifications
57
1.2. Level of inspection conducted is appropriate to the size and importance of the job
1.3. Documentation is authorized in accordance with company requirements
1.4. Feedback is provided to staff on the quality of their work with equal emphasis on
strengths and weaknesses and opportunities for development
2. Report on the quality of processes and work outcomes
2.1. Documents are kept according to company quality procedures on outcomes of quality
checks
2.2. Quality problems are identified according to company performance indicators
2.3. Information relating to the quality of processes and work outcomes is provided to
appropriate persons on a regular basis
3. Implement improvements to work processes
3.1. Staff input is encouraged to generate possible solutions to quality problems
3.2. Options for solving quality problems are generated and the costs and benefits of each
option are evaluated
3.3. Recommended solutions to quality problems are discussed with management
3.4. Improvements to work processes are implemented according to company policies
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procedures
 RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. Quality procedures
58 1.1 Company quality system documentation
1.2 Work instructions
1.3 Safe work procedures
1.4 Product specifications
1.5 Equipment maintenance schedules
1.6 Technical procedures and adopted or specifically prepared standards
2. Performance indicators
account for issues of time, quantity, quality and cost factors and may include establishing
time targets for own work, identifying reasonable criteria for evaluating own work outcomes,
identifying measures to avoid wastage, identifying reasonable criteria to judge internal
and/or external customer satisfaction
3. Quality problems
3.1 Misdiagnosed faults
3.2 Jobs requiring rework
3.3 Jobs which do not meet customer requirements 5/6/2021

3.4 Repairs which do not fix the problem within the allocated timeframe
 4. Communication
4.1 Verbal
59 4.2 Written
4.3 Telephone or other means
5. Information/documents
5.1 Vehicle manufacturer practices
5.2 Company operating procedures
5.3 Supplier directories
5.4 Parts catalogues
5.5 Customer orders and industry/workplace codes of practice
5.6 Material safety data sheets (MSDS)
PROVIDE WORK SKILL INSTRUCTIONS
4 ELEMENTS OF PROVIDE WORK SKILL INSTRUCTION
1. Organize instruction and demonstration
1.1 Gather information about learner characteristics and learning needs
1.2 Confirm a safe learning environment 5/6/2021
 1.3 Gather and check instruction and demonstration objectives and seek assistance if
required
1.4 Access and review relevant learning resources and learning materials for suitability and
60
relevance, and seek assistance to interpret the contextual application
1.5 Organize access to necessary equipment or physical resources required for instruction and
demonstration
1.6. Notify learners of details regarding the implementation of the learning program and/or
delivery plan
2. Conduct instruction and demonstration
2.1 Use interpersonal skills with learners to establish a safe and comfortable learning
environment
2.2 Follow the learning program and/or delivery plan to cover all learning objectives
2.3 Brief learners on any OHS procedures and requirements prior to and during training
2.4 Use delivery techniques to structure, pace and enhance learning
2.5 Apply coaching techniques to assist learning
2.6 Use communication skills to provide information, instruct learners and demonstrate
relevant work skills
2.7 Provide opportunities for practice during instruction and through work activities 5/6/2021

2.8 Provide and discuss feedback on learner performance to support learning

 3. Check training performance
3.1 Use measures to ensure learners are acquiring and can use new technical and generic
skills and knowledge
61
3.2 Monitor learner progress and outcomes in consultation with learner
3.3 Review relationship between the trainer/coach and the learner and adjust to suit learner
needs
4. Review personal training performance and finalize documentation
4.1 Reflect upon personal performance in providing instruction and demonstration, and
document strategies for improvement
4.2 Maintain, store and secure learner records according to organizational and legal
requirements
RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. Learner Characteristics
1.1 Language, literacy and numeracy levels
1.2 Learning styles
1.3 Past learning and work experiences
1.4 Specific needs
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1.5 Workplace culture
 2. Safe Learning Environment
2.1 Exit requirements
62 2.2 Personal protective equipment
2.3 Safe access
2.4 Safe use of equipment
3. Instruction and demonstration objectives
3.1 Competencies to be achieved
3.2 Generic and technical skills, which may be provided by the organization, developed by a
colleague and individual or group objectives
3.3 Learning outcomes
4. Learning resources
4.1 Learner and user guides
4.2 Trainer and Facilitator guides
4.3 Example training programs
4.4 Specific case studies
4.5 Professional development materials
4.6 Assessment materials
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4.7 A variety of formats produced locally or acquired from other sources
 5. Learning materials
5.1 Handouts for learners
63 5.2 Materials sourced from the workplace, like workplace documentation, operating
procedures, and specifications
6. Details
6.1 Location and time
6.2 Outcomes of instruction or demonstration
6.3 Reason for instruction or demonstration
6.4 Who will be attending instruction session
7. OHS procedures
7.1 Emergency procedures
7.2 Hazards and their means of control
7.3 Incident reporting
7.4 Use of personal protective equipment
7.5 Safe work practices
7.6 Safety briefings
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7.7 Site-specific safety rules
 8. Delivery techniques
8.1 Coaching
64 8.2 Demonstration
8.3 Explanation
8.4 Group or pair work providing opportunities to practice skills and solve problems
8.5 Questions and answers
9. Coaching
9.1 Learning arrangements requiring immediate interaction and feedback
9.2 On-the-job instruction and 'buddy' systems
9.3 Relationships targeting enhanced performance
9.4 Short-term learning arrangements
9.5 Working on a one-to-one basis.
10. Measures
10.1 Informal review or discussion
10.2 Learner survey
10.3 On-the-job observation 5/6/2021

10.4 Review of peer coaching arrangements.

 IDENTIFY AND SELECT ORIGINAL AUTOMOTIVE PARTS AND PRODUCTS
3 ELEMENTS OF IDENTIFY AND SELECT ORIGINAL AUTOMOTIVE PARTS AND PRODUCTS
65 1. Identify the part/product and its end use
1.1 Available part/product information is gathered, documented and confirmed with
customer
1.2 Information gathering techniques is established for proper identification of part/product
1.3 End user or host for the part/product, i.e. vehicle/unit assembly or vehicle/unit assembly
options, is established from an analysis of available information
2. Identify details of the part/product
2.1 The parts/product cataloguing system is identified and accessed
2.2 Part/product is matched accurately with cataloguing information by accessing and using
the catalogue system
2.3 Details of identity of the part/product are documented and processed
3. Part/product is supplied or ordered for customer
3.1 Customer accepts process used
3.2 Part/product is supplied or ordered if not available
3.3 Customer records are updated 5/6/2021
 RANGE OF VARIABLES
1. Part/product information
66 1.1 Manufacturer/component supplier specifications and technical documentation
1.2 Company procedures and documentation
1.3 Company or industry specifications, diagrams, sketches
1.4 Verbal descriptions and physical and visual evidence
2. Information gathering techniques
2.1 Common vehicle/unit model
2.2 Date of manufacture
2.3 Purpose and appearance of product and other tracking information
3. Parts/products cataloguing systems
3.1 Hard-copy (book-fast, loose-leaf)
3.2 Stand-alone computer or networked/online computer-supported services

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 CORE COMPETENCIES
Automobile- a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically
having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.it use to
67 transport passenger from place to place and considered as necessity when you need
a vehicle to get to work and serve as your primary means of transportation.

Why is it called automobile?

combining the Greek word auto ('self') and the Latin word mobils ('moving'). Or, a self-moving
vehicle.
Karl Benz was the first who invented the first successful gas-powered commercial automobile
in 1885 and was patented in 1886.

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 How does an automobile work?
are powered by an internal combustion engine. Fuel, usually gasoline or petrol, is
burned with air to create gases that expand. A spark plug creates a spark that ignites
68 the gas and makes it burn.
This 3 energy moves through cylinders in which pistons slide up and down.
a. Air
b. Fuel
c. Spark
THE INFORMATION IN THIS REPORT WILL GIVE YOU THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL WORKING
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT YOUR CAR
 Engine
 Fuel System
 Exhaust System
 Cooling System
 Drivetrain
 Suspension
 Electrical System
 Body Brakes
 Heat/AC
 Oil Lubrication 5/6/2021
 INTRODUCTION FOR AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENTS:

69

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 Engine- is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy.
Heat engines, like the internal combustion engine, burn a fuel to create heat which
is then used to do work.
70

Two kinds of internal combustion engine.

1. The compression ignition diesel engine.
2. The spark ignition gasoline engine

Diesel engine- named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of
the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to the
mechanical compression. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high
degree that atomised diesel fuel injected into the combustion chamber ignites spontaneously.
With the fuel being injected into the air just before combustion, the dispersion of the fuel is
uneven; this is called a heterogeneous air-fuel mixture.
Heterogeneous- is simply any mixture that is not uniform in composition 5/6/2021

-Using highly compressed hot air to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark plug
 Diesel engine compression ratio- 15:1 and 23:1, This high compression causes the
temperature of the air to rise.
71
Fuel Injection pump- is the device that pumps fuel into the cylinders of a diesel engine.
Traditionally, the injection pump was driven indirectly from the crankshaft by gears, chains or
a toothed belt (often the timing belt) that also drives the camshaft. It rotates at half
crankshaft speed in a conventional four-stroke diesel engine. Its timing is such that the fuel is
injected only very slightly before top dead centre of that cylinder's compression stroke.

Diesel fuel injector- is to deliver fuel into the engine cylinders, while precisely controlling the
injection timing, fuel atomization, and other parameters.

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 Diesel engine anatomy

72

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 Gasoline/Petrol engine- is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run
on petrol and similar volatile fuels. In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually pre-
mixed before compression.
73

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 2 BASIC ENGINE DESIGN
1 RECPROCATING ENGINE
74 A. SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE- is a piston engine with one cylinder. They are often used for
motorcycles, motor scooters, go-karts, all-terrain vehicles

B. IN LINE ENGINE- an internal combustion engine in which the cylinders are arranged in one
or more parallel straight lines

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 V-ENGINE- It consists of two cylinder banks — usually with the same number of cylinders in
each bank — connected to a common crankshaft. usually forming an angle of 60° or 90°.

75

RADIAL ENGINE- is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the
cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel.

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 OPPOSED PISTON ENGINE- is a piston engine in which each cylinder has a piston at both
ends, and no cylinder head. Petrol and diesel opposed-piston engines have been used
mostly in large-scale applications such as ships, military tanks, and factories.
76

HORIZONTAL OPPOSED ENGINE OR FLAT ENGINE- is a piston engine where the cylinders are
located on either side of a central crankshaft.

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 B. ROTARY /WANKEL ENGINE- has more uniform torque and less vibration and, for a given
power, is more compact and weighs less.

77

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 2 kinds of engine working cycle operation
2 strokes engine- that was developed to obtain high power output from a simple engine size
78 and valve design via the movement of the piston during one crankshaft revolution. It works in
spark ignition and combustion ignition engine.

Advantage of two strokes

-They are simpler and lighter
-they produce about twice as much power than 4 strokes
-Has less maintenance cost since it requires only few parts.

Disadvantge of two strokes

-Two-stroke engines don't last nearly as long as four-stroke engines. The lack of a dedicated
lubrication system means that the parts of a two-stroke engine wear a lot faster.
-Two-stroke oil is expensive, and you need about 4 ounces of it per gallon of gas.
-Two-stroke engines do not use fuel efficiently
-Two-stroke engines produce a lot of pollution 5/6/2021
 4 strokes engine- is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four
separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston
along the cylinder, in either direction.
79
Intake strokes-An intake valve is opened by the camshaft, and the piston moves down inside
the cylinder creating a vacuum which sucks air and fuel into the combustion chamber.

Compression stroke- The intake valve closes as the piston moves up the cylinder. This creates
a seal that allows the air and fuel to be compressed.

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 Power Stroke- As the piston nears the top of the cylinder, the spark plug fires
and ignites the compressed air and fuel. The force of ignition drives the piston
back down into cylinder again, turning the crankshaft.
80

Exhaust stroke- Once the piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder again, the
exhaust valves open. Leftover air and gas are sent out to the exhaust system.

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 Valve timing diagram- is a graphical representation of the opening and closing of the intake
and exhaust valve of the engine, The opening and closing of the valves of
the engine depend upon the movement of piston from TDC to BDC, This relation between
81 piston and valves is controlled by setting a graphical ..

5/6/2021
 There are three main components that make up a combustion engine:
 Piston-Your average car engine will have 4, 6 or 8 pistons. You can think of Piston as similar
to “plungers” moving up and down within their cylinders. On the top side of the piston is
82
the combustion chamber, where fuel and air are mixed together before being ignited.
 Crankshaft-The crankshaft is connected to a piston by a rod. As the piston moves up and
down, motion into rotary motion. In other words, it helps turn the wheels
 Valvetrain-The valvetrain is made up of valves, rocker, arms, pushrods, lifters, and cam
shaft. The job of the valvetrain is to let the air and fuel in and out of the engine at the
appropriate time. This is accomplished by synchronizing the cam shaft to the crankshaft
with a belt or a chain

5/6/2021
 Other engine components:
Camshaft- is a rotating object,usually made of metal that
contains pointed cams, which converts rotational motion
83 to reciprocal motion. Camshafts are used in internal combustion
engines (to operate the intake and exhaust valves) mechanically
controlled ignition systems and early electric motor speed controllers.

Intake Valves- a valve in the cylinder head of an internal-

Combustion engine that opens at the proper moment in the cycle
to allow the fuel-air mixture to be drawn into the cylinder.

Exhaust Valves- is a valve that releases burned gases from a cylinder.

The exhaust valve closes during the initial part of the induction stroke

Cylinder head- provides space for the passages that feed air and
fuel to the cylinder, and that allow the exhaust to escape. The head
can also be a place to mount the valves, spark plugs, and fuel injectors.

Engine block/cylinder block- is the structure which contains the

cylinders, coolant passages and other parts, of an internal combustion
engine.
Wet liners- cylinder blocks use cylinder walls that are entirely removable,
which fit into the block by means of special gaskets. They are referred
to as "wet liners" because their outer sides come in direct contact with
the engine's coolant 5/6/2021
 Dry liner- cylinder blocks use either the block's material or a discrete
liner inserted into the block to form the backbone of the cylinder wall.
Additional sleeves are inserted within, which remain "dry" on their
84 outside, surrounded by the block's material.

Air cooled or Finned cylinder liner- are made of same type of heat and debris-resistant
metal. Finned type liner is intended by professionals specifically for air-cooled engine.
tiny fins that allow the cylinder to cool down from the overflowing incoming air.

Valve springs- a helical spring used to hold closed a valve

in the cylinder head of an internal-combustion engine. any
spring that closes a valve after it has been opened
mechanically or by flow pressure.
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 Rocker Arm- is an oscillating lever that conveys radial
movement from the cam lobe into linear movement at
the poppet valve to open it.
85
Valve cover- covers valve train components at the top
of the engine.

Throttle valve- is the mechanism by which fluid flow is

managed by constriction or obstruction. An engine's power
can be increased or decreased by the restriction of inlet
gases, but usually decreased.

PCV / Positive Crankcase Ventillation Valve- allows air to

flow from the crankcase to the intake manifold.

Valve guide- support and center the valves as they open

and close.

Valve seal- prevent the oil lubricating the valve contro

l system from getting into the cylinders

Valve Cover Gasket- seals the valve cover to the top portion
of the engine cylinder head. The gasket prevents motor oil from 5/6/2021

leaking out as it travels around the camshafts, rockers and valves.

 Rocker arm shaft- The shaft upon which the rocker arms are mounted.
86
Crankshaft oil seal (front or rear)-the seal located on the front or rear
of the engine that seals the end of the crankshaft with the timing cover

Camshaft oil seal- is responsible for sealing the end of the

engine's camshaft or camshafts between the top of the cylinder head
and the valve cover gasket.

Camshaft sprocket- attached to one end of the camshaft in a combustion

engine. responsible for maintaining the timing between the crankshaft and
the camshaft.

Camshaft Position Sensor- detects camshaft rotation, and is mounted near

the cylinder head so that the sensor is opposite to the timing rotor attached
to the engine camshaft. The engine ECU detects the camshaft angle, and
performs cylinder recognition based on the signals detected by the
camshaft position sensor.

Crankshaft position sensor- to monitor the position or rotational speed of

the crankshaft. This information is used by engine management systems to
control the fuel injection or the ignition system timing and other engine
parameters.
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 Crankshaft sprocket- also called a harmonic balance wheel or crankshaft
sheave, is a grooved, wheel-shaped device that connects directly to the
87 vehicle's crankshaft. The crankshaft pulley typically connects to other car
components via accessory belts.

Flywheel- is a mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store

rotational energy (kinetic energy), which is proportional to the square of its
rotational speed and its mass. It provide a ring gear for the starter motor to
engage on and crankshaft position signal to the ecu.

Main bearings- are the bearings which hold the crankshaft in place and
allow it to rotate within the engine block. Main bearings are usually plain
bearings or journal bearings, held in place by the engine block and
bearing caps.

Thrust bearing- is a type of bearing that helps rotation and resists thrust at
the same time. The main function of a thrust bearing is to resist any axial
force applied to the rotor and maintain its position.

Connecting Rod- also called a con rod,is the part of a piston engine which
connects the piston to the crankshaft. Together with the crank, the
connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the 5/6/2021
rotation of the crankshaft.
 Piston ring- is a metallic split ring that is attached to the outer diameter
of a piston in an internal combustion engine or steam engine. The main
functions of piston rings in engines are: Sealing the combustion chamber
88 so that there is minimal loss of gases to the crank case.
a. Compression Rings— are primarily for sealing the combustion chamber
1. Upper compression ring- typically has a barrell profile for the periphery
2. Lower compression ring- typically has a taper napier facing.
b. Oil Control Ring— is primarily for controlling the supply of oil to the cylinder wall, in order to
lubricate the piston skirt and the oil control rings.

Piston ring configurations:

A) Rectangular section
B) Barrel face
C) keystone
D) Torsional twist
E) Taper face
F) Dykes
Which also differ for the type of retainer band:
Y) Behind-band
X) Above or under-band
Or for the ends that work without firm stops:
K) Step
J) Oblique 5/6/2021

W) Oblique with step

 Intake Manifold- ensures that the air coming into the engine is evenly
distributed to all the cylinders. This air is used during the first stroke of the
combustion process. The intake manifold also helps cool down the
89 cylinders to prevent the engine from overheating.

Exhaust Manifold- are generally simple cast iron or stainless steel units
which collect engine exhaust gas from multiple cylinders and deliver it
to the exhaust pipe.

Oil temperature switch- monitors the temperature of the engine oil in

a vehicle and displays this measurement to the vehicle's occupants. If
a vehicle operates at too high a temperature, the engine can be in
danger of damage.
Normal oil temperature up to 100-120’C

Coolant Temperature switch- is used to measure the temperature of

the coolant/antifreeze mix in the cooling system, giving an indication
of how much heat the engine is giving off.

Timing belt- timing chain, or cambelt is a part of an internal combustion

engine that synchronizes the rotation of the crankshaft and the camshaft
(s) so that the engine's valves open and close at the proper times during
each cylinder's intake and exhaust strokes. 5/6/2021
 Timing belt tensioner- to ensure that the timing belt stays tightly in place
as it rotates between the camshaft and the crankshaft in your engine.
90
Timing belt idler pulley- is a pulley that helps route the timing belt in its
correct position. Depending on the size and length of the belt and engine,
there can be one or more idler pulleys within a timing system.

ENGINE OIL LUBRICATION SYSTEM:

Oil pump- in an internal combustion engine circulates engine oil under
pressure to the rotating bearings, the sliding pistons and the camshaft of
the engine.

Oil filter- stops impurities in the oil which are passed on from the combustion
chamber and are created during the friction of the engine parts that are
working together. If not for the filter, the contaminated oil would increase
the wear of the moving parts, which would directly increase the risk of
engine damage.

Engine oil strainer- is designed to prevent debris and contaminants from

entering the vehicle's engine oil.

Engine oil pan- is attached to the bottom of the engine with bolts and is
the reservoir for oil that gets pumped throughout the engine to lubricate,
clean and cool moving parts. ... Gaskets or seals installed where the pan 5/6/2021

attaches to the engine block may wear out and allow leaks.
 Oil pan baffle- is to prevent the engine from starving from oil when you
go around turns, up hills, etc. ... The baffle is a metal (usually) plate,
strategically placed to make sure oil is always directed towards the
91 pick-up tube.

Engine oil / Motor oil- is a substance, usually organic, introduced to

reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately
reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have
the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or
heating or cooling the surfaces. The property of reducing friction is
known as lubricity. It is mainly used to reduce friction and to contribute
to a better and efficient functioning of a mechanism.

Engine oil pressure regulator- to regulate the oil pressure and make sure
that it is always at a safe level, never too high or too low, and always at
the correct pressure.

Oil cooler- is a mechanical device that is used to remove surplus heat

from internal combustion engines through a heat-exchanger.

Types of engine oil cooler:

Oil-to-water cooler: in these types of oil coolers, the coolant passes

through a heat exchanger element of some parts. The coolant is enabled
either by adding heat to cold oil or draw heat from excessive hot oil.
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 Oil-to-air cooler- is a small radiator that enables the engine oil to be cooled
directly from an ambient air from the cooling fans. Most of the oil-to-air
coolers work with a thermostatically controlled bypass valve that stops
92 the engine oil from passing through the cooler without reaching its desired
operating temperature.

Engine oil pressure sensor- is a unit that is in charge of telling a vehicle's

computer, the engine control unit, the amount of the oil pressure. It controls
the gauge on a vehicle which then lights up as a warning indicator on the
dashboard of your vehicle.

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