TUGAS 1 READING 3

Nama : Handini Widaputri

NIM : 048905619

Read the following text and answer the questions that follow.

Vaccines are prepared from harmful viruses or bacteria and administered to

patients to provide immunity to specific diseases. The various types of vaccines are
classified according to the method by which they are derived. The most basic class
of vaccines actually contains disease-causing microorganisms that have been killed
with a solution containing formaldehyde. In this type of vaccine, the
microorganisms are dead and therefore cannot cause disease; however, the antigens
found in and on the microorganisms can still stimulate the formation of antibodies.
Examples of this type of vaccine are the ones that fight influenza, typhoid fever,
and cholera. The second type of vaccine contains the toxins produced by the
microorganisms rather than the microorganisms themselves. This type of vaccine is
prepared when the microorganism itself does little damage but the toxin within the
microorganism is extremely harmful. For example, the bacteria that cause
diphtheria can thrive in the throat without much harm, but when toxins are released
from the bacteria, muscles can become paralyzed and death can ensue. A final type
of vaccine contains living microorganisms that have been rendered harmless. With
this type of vaccine, a large number of antigen molecules are produced and the
immunity that results is generally longer lasting than the immunity from other
types of vaccines. The Sabin oral anti-polio vaccine and the BCG vaccine against
tuberculosis are examples of this type of vaccine.

(Adapted from Phillips, D. (2001). Longman complete course for the TOEFL test:
Preparation for the computer and paper tests. White Plains, N.Y: Longman.)

1. What is the suitable title for the paragraph?

The type of Vaccines

2. What is the main idea of the paragraph?

The various type of vaccine is classified according to the method by which are
derived.
3. What are the supporting details of the paragraph? (Mention 3 supporting details)

- the most basic class of vaccines actually contains disease-causing

microorganisms that have been killed with a solution containing formaldehyde.

- the second type vaccine contains the toxins produced by the microorganisms
rather than the microorganisms themselves.

- then the final type of vaccine contains living microorganisms that have been
rendered harmless.

4. Are the following statements TRUE or FALSE?

a. The toxins of the microorganisms used to produce the second type of

vaccine can cause people to die. TRUE

b. The final type of vaccine has the most long-lasting immunity of all types of
vaccines. TRUE

c. The vaccine that fights again cholera contains living organisms. FALSE

5. How are vaccines classified?

Vaccines are classified according to the method by which they are derived.

6. What are the examples of vaccines which contain living microorganism?

The example of the living microorganisms is The Sabin oral anti-polio vaccine and
the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis.