PEE6L-M / 3C

SHORT-CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC OF THREE PHASE

SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Experiment No. 2

GROUP NO. 4
Leader: CLETO, KATHLENE KAYE, S.
Members: DELA PEÑA, ELBERT JOHN, L.
DINOY, MAX PHILIP, M.
LAVITORIA, JOEMAR LYN
MENDARO, DARYLLE REIGN O.
MONTANTE, TYRON
NAVOR, MAUI XYREIA M.
VALENZUELA, PHOL ANDERSON
ZAPANTA, JIRAH

Submitted to:
ENGR. JUN A. TERESA

February 28, 2024

(Date of Performance)

March 13, 2024

(Date of Submission)
 EXERCISE 15-
3
Short-Circuit Characteristic

OBJECTIVE

After completing this exercise, you should able to demonstrate the

operating characteristic of a three-phase salient pole synchronous
generator under short-circuit condition.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

Qty Description Cat. No.

1 DC Permanent-magnet Machine EM-3330-1A
1 Three-phase Salient Pole Synchronous Machine EM-3330-3A
1 DC Power Supply Module EM-3310-1A
1 Three-phase Power Supply Module EM-3310-1E
1 Synchronous Machine Exciter EM-3310-1C
1 Three-pole Current Limit Protection Switch Module EM-3310-2A
2 Digital DCA Meter EM-3310-3A
2 Digital DCV Meter EM-3310-3B
1 Digital RPM Meter EM-3310-3G
or Magnetic Powder Brake Unit EM-3320-1C
Brake Controller EM-3320-1N
1 Digital Power Analysis Meter EM-3310-3H
or Digital ACA Meter EM-3310-3C
Digital ACV Meter EM-3310-3D
1 Laboratory Table EM-3380-1A
1 Experimental Frame EM-3380-2B
or Experimental Frame EM-3380-2A
1 Connecting Leads Holder EM-3390-1A
2 Coupling EM-3390-2A
2 Coupling Guard EM-3390-2B
1 Shaft End Guard EM-3390-2C
1 Connecting Leads Set EM-3390-3A
1 Safety Bridging Plugs Set EM-3390-4A
Fig. 15-3-1 Circuit diagram for short-circuit test
Fig. 15-3-2 Connection diagram for short-circuit test
PROCEDURE

CAUTION: High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise!

Do not make or modify any connections with the power on
unless otherwise specified! If any danger occurs, immediately
press the red EMERGENCY OFF button on the Three-phase
Power Supply Module.

1. Place the DC Permanent-magnet Machine, Three-phase Salient Pole

Synchronous Machine, and Digital RPM Meter on the Laboratory Table.
Mechanically couple the DC Permanent-Magnet (PM) Machine to the Three-
phase Salient Pole Synchronous Machine and the Digital RPM Meter using
Couplings. Securely lock the Machine Bases together using the delta
screws. Install the Coupling Guards and the Shaft End Guard.

2. Install the required Modules in the Experimental Frame. Construct the

circuit in accordance with the circuit diagram in Fig. 15-3-1 and the
connection diagram in Fig. 15-3-2. Have the instructor check your
completed circuit. The synchronous generator operates in delta.

3. Set the V.adj knob on the DC Power Supply Module to the min. position.
Set the voltage control knob on the Synchronous Machine Exciter to the 0
position.

4. Sequentially turn on the 3-P Current Limit Protection Switch, Three-phase

Power Supply, and DC Power Supply Modules.

5. On the DC Power Supply Module, press the START button and slowly turn
the V.adj knob to increase the motor voltage until the generator rotates at the
its rated speed. Maintain the speed through this exercise. Note: The rated
speed of the generator (Three-phase Salient Pole Synchronous Machine) is
1,800 rpm for 60-Hz power (1,500 rpm for 50-Hz power).

6. Turn on the Synchronous Machine Exciter.

7. Slowly turn the voltage control knob on the Synchronous Machine Exciter
Module and set the field current I f (obtained from the Digital DCA Meter) to
0 A. Record the generator output current Io (obtained from the Digital Power
Analysis Meter) and the generator speed N (obtained from the Digital RPM
Meter) value in Table 15-3-1.

8. Repeat step 7 for other field current If settings listed in Table 15-3-1.

9. Sequentially turn off the DC Power Supply, Synchronous Machine

Exciter, Three-phase Power Supply, and 3-P Current Limit Protection Switch
Modules.

Using the results of Table 15-3-1, plot the Io vs If curve on the graph of Fig.15-3-3.
Appendix D:

1. Remain previous connections unchanged. Complete the connections of the

temperature circuit as shown below.

2. When the Generator or the Motor overheats, the power supply will be turned off
and the temperature indicator of Three-phase Power Supply Module (EM-3310-
1E) will light up.
Experimental Results

Table 15-2-1. Measured value of Ir, Eo, and N

If (A) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14

EO
0 29.5 48.2 72.1 97.1 117.8 134.6 155.8
(V)
N
1800 1801.8 1802 1802.4 1802.4 1801.8 1802.4 1800
(rpm)

If (A) 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3

EO
179.7 188.5 208.1 219.9 230.6 239.2 247 254.1
(V)
N 1801.
1800 1800 1806 1804.8 1803.6 1801.8 1801.2
(rpm) 8

Eo vs. If
300 Curve
250 247 254.1
219.9230.6239.2
200 208.1
150 179.7188.5
155.8
134.6
117.8
97.1
Eo

100 72.1
50 48.2
29.5
0
0

00.050.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

If (A)

Fig. 15-2-3 The Eo vs. If curve

Experimental Results

Table 15-3-1. Measured value of Ir, Eo, and N

If
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
(A)
IO
0 0.097 0.179 0.266 0.336 0.392
(A)

N (rpm) 1803 1825.8 1816.8 1804.2 `1830 1827.6

If (A) 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24

IO (A) 0.457 0.552 0.614 0.695 0.781 0.863 0.958

N
1826.4 1824 1816.8 1815.6 1812 1809 1803.6
(rpm)

Io vs. If
1. Curve
2
0.95
0.86 8
1 0.78 3
0. 0.69 1
8 0.61 5
0.55 4
0.
0.45 2
Io

6 0.39 7
0. 0.336 2
0.266
4 0.17
0. 0.09 9
2 0 7
0
0 0.0 0. 0.15 0. 0.2 0.
5 1 If 2 5 3
(A)

Fig. 15-2-3 The Eo vs. If curve

DISCUSSIONS:

Synchronous generators are widely used in power systems to convert mechanical

energy into electrical energy. The synchronous reactance is an important parameter that
determines the behavior of the generator under different operating conditions. To
measure this parameter, a short circuit test is performed on the generator. However, some
issues with this technique can affect the accuracy of the results.

To perform a short circuit test on a synchronous generator, the internally

generated voltage (EA) and armature current (IA) must be measured. These values are
then used to calculate the synchronous reactance using the formula X S = EA/IA. However,
accurately measuring EA and IA can be challenging. To determine EA, the generator
short circuit test characteristic (OCC) should be used at the specified field current. The
short-circuited current IA at the field current should be measured from the open-circuit
characteristic (OCC). Once the values of EA and IA are obtained, they can be substituted
into the XS formula to determine the synchronous reactance.

This graph among the field current and the armature current known as the short-
circuit characteristic (SCC):

You can observe that the graph is linear. To understand this straight-line behavior, let's
take a look at the equivalent circuit of the short-circuited synchronous generator shown
below:
This circuit allows you to calculate the value of the armature current (IA) using the
following equation:

IA = EA / (RA + jXS)

The magnitude of the armature current can be found using this formula:

IA = EA / √(R2A + X2S)

Additionally, the phasor diagrams of the short circuit test for the synchronous generator
are displayed below:
As the stator field Bs crosses the effect of the rotor magnetic field (B R) so the total field
Bnet has low value.

As the value of the Bnet is lesser so the generator is un-saturated short circuit
characteristic curve is linear.

To recognize what data these two features, have output, note from a given figure that the
Vt is 0.

From this figure, the interior impedance of the generator is given here:

Zs = √(R2A+X2s)
= EA/IA

As we know that synchronous reactance X S is greater than the armature resistance R A so

this equation becomes:
XS = EA/IA
= Vø,oc/IA

Moreover, there are some issues with this technique in the measurement of the
synchronous reactance. As the internally generated voltage EA is measured from the
OCC at that point where the generator is partly saturated for a higher value of the field
current and the armature current (IA) is taken from the SCC where the generator is un-
saturated for all values of the field current.

So, at the larger field current, the internally generated voltage calculated from the
OCC at a specified value of the IF is not similar to the internally generated voltage
measured from the SCC at the same value of the field current IF.

This difference affects the value of the synchronous reactance X. Therefore, the result of
this method can be applied to the saturation point, the unsaturated XS can be measured by
this equation at any value of the IF in the straight-line part of the open-circuit
characteristic (OCC):
 XS= EA/IA

The estimated value of XS fluctuates with the gradation of saturation of the open-
circuit characteristic curve, therefore the value of the X S to be used in a specified problem
must be measured at the estimated load on the generator.

A graph of estimated (approximated) XS as a function of IF is in a given figure:

Identifying the resistance and reactance of the winding is crucial. To measure

resistance, one can provide a DC voltage to the windings when the generator is not in
operation. During this process, the reactance of the winding will be zero.

This method does not give proper results because the alternating current
resistance is somewhat higher than the value of the direct current resistance.
REFERENCES:

Admin. (2018, April 25). Open circuit and short circuit characteristics of synchronous

machine. Electrical Concepts. https://electricalbaba.com/open-circuit-and-short-

circuit-characteristics-of-synchronous-machine/

Henry, & Henry. (2024, January 6). Open Circuit Test and Short Circuit Test of

Synchronous generator - The Engineering Knowledge. The Engineering

Knowledge. https://www.theengineeringknowledge.com/open-circuit-test-and-

short-circuit-test-of-synchronous-generator/?fbclid=IwAR16s64nTK-

wIFjm4C9EuXgOKZFeGbGW3iddIMtfSQpQApTwLT6K8TaZAoI
CONCLUSION

The objective of the experiment was to demonstrate the operating characteristics

of a three-phase salient pole synchronous generator under short-circuit conditions,
which was achieved by conducting a short-circuit test and measuring the armature current
(Io) at various field currents (If).

The experiment's findings were documented in Table 15-3-1 and plotted as a

curve of Io versus If (Fig. 15-3-3). The short-circuit characteristic of the salient pole
synchronous generator displayed a non-linear relationship between the field current and
armature current. This behavior can be attributed to the saliency of the rotor poles,
resulting in the inductance of the machine varying depending on the rotor position.

The experiment provided valuable insights into the behavior of a salient pole
synchronous generator when it experiences short-circuit conditions. The information
gathered from this study is crucial for understanding the transient response of
synchronous generators during fault conditions on a power system.
 In conclusion, this experiment aimed to contribute to the development of a better
understanding of the behavior of a salient pole synchronous generator under short-circuit
conditions. In addition, the experiment served as a valuable hands-on experience in
setting up, conducting, and analyzing measurements on a three-phase salient pole
synchronous generator. This reinforces the theoretical concepts learned in coursework
and provides a practical understanding of the machine's operation.

MEMBERS PERFORMANCE (DOCUMENTATION)

CLETO, KATHLENE DELA PEÑA, ELBERT

JOHN, L.

DINOY, MAX
 MONTANTE,
MENDARO, DARYLLE REIGN O. TYRON

NAVOR, MAUI
VALENZUELA, PHOL
XYREIA M.
ANDERSON

ZAPANTA, JIRAH
 TUP-COE-EE-001
Revision Status Date: March 2023

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – MANILA

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