Chapter 16

Neutralisation and Salts

 What is Neutralisation?
The reaction of an acid and an ______ is
called neutralisation.
During a neutralisation reaction, the
properties of the acid and the alkali are
taken away or __________.
 What is Neutralisation?
Engage: Provide a few more examples of
neutralization in our daily life
 What Occurs During
Neutralisation?
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fyev2aWcLs&t=26s
Substances Produced During
Neutralisation
An acid-alkali neutralisation produces a salt
and water.
When acids and alkalis react, _________ ions
from the acid and ________ ions from the
alkali combine together to form water.
Neutralisation of an Acid and
a Base
Insoluble bases also react with acids to
form salts and water.
Neutralisation is the reaction between an
acid and a base to form a salt and water
only.
 Answers
1. The salt is potassium sulfate, K2SO4.

2. (a) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

The salt formed is sodium sulfate.
(b) KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
The salt formed is potassium nitrate.
(c) MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
The salt formed is magnesium chloride.

3. (a) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(b) Based on the definition of neutralisation as the
reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and
water only, the reaction of a carbonate with an acid is not
a neutralisation reaction as carbon dioxide is also formed.
 How is Neutralisation Applied in
Daily Life?
Treatment of Indigestion
The walls of the stomach
produce hydrochloric acid
which helps in the digestion of
food.
Overeating can cause the
production of too much acid.
The extra acid causes a pain known as indigestion.
To relieve the pain, the acid is neutralised with a
medicine containing a mild alkali. E.g. ________
 How is Neutralisation Applied in
Daily Life?
Treatment of Insect Stings
The pain from a bee sting is the
result of an acid injected into
the skin by the bee.
This acid can be neutralised by applying a
solution or paste of baking soda to the affected
area.
Baking soda contains sodium hydrogencarbonate
which is alkaline.
To relieve the pain from a wasp sting, apply
vinegar or lemon juice as a wasp has an alkaline
sting.
 How is Neutralisation Applied in
Daily Life?
Toothpaste
Toothpaste usually contains
an alkali such as
magnesium hydroxide.
The alkali neutralises acids
on our teeth produced by
bacteria when they feed on
sugars in our food.
If the acids are not neutralised, they corrode
the teeth, causing them to decay.
Skills Practice
 Answers
1. (a) Some antacids are solids (tablets or powder) whereas
others are liquids.
(b) They contain different active ingredients. For example,
‘Alka-Seltzer’ is sold as solid tablets with sodium
hydrogencarbonate as the active ingredient.

2. Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
NaHCO3(s) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
 What are oxides?
Chemical compounds contain oxides
Examples:

Group them based on your knowledge and

explain why you group them in such way
 1. Acidic Oxides
Acidic oxides are the
oxides of ____________.
They are called ‘acidic’
oxides because they
react with water to
produce acids.
Acidic oxides react with
alkalis to form salts and
water.
1. Acidic Oxides
 2. Basic Oxides

Basic oxides are the oxides of _________.

Examples are copper(II) oxide, magnesium
oxide and calcium oxide.
These oxides react with acids to form salts
and water.
 3. Amphoteric Oxides
Some metallic oxides are amphoteric.
This means they can behave as an acidic oxide
or as a basic oxide.
 3. Amphoteric Oxides
Amphoteric oxides react with acids and with
alkalis to form salts.
An example is aluminium oxide. It acts as a
base when reacting with an acid and acts as an
acid when reacting with a base.
Another example is zinc oxide.
 4. Neutral Oxides
Neutral oxides do not react with either
acids or bases.
Therefore, they do not form salts.
Examples include water, carbon monoxide
and nitrogen monoxide.
Skills Practice
 Answers
1. The formula of water contains H (hydrogen) and O
(oxygen). If H2O did not have the common name water, it
would be called hydrogen oxide. (Sodium oxide, Na2O,
has a similar formula but does not have a common
name.) .

2. (a) The four kinds of oxides are acidic oxides, basic

oxides, amphoteric oxides and neutral oxides.
(b) Similarities Differences
1. All contain oxygen. 1. Some are oxides of metals whereas
2. Except for neutral others are oxides of non-metals.
oxides, all form salts. 2. Some are solids, others are liquids
or gases.
3. Some are soluble in water whereas
others are insoluble.

3. (a) SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) [sulfuric acid]

(b) P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4 [phosphoric acid]

4. Gallium oxide is an amphoteric oxide.

 What are Salts?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnAKhtnJjz0
 What are Salts?
A salt is produced when an acid reacts with a
base.
The salt consists of two parts.
One part comes from the base, the other from
the acid.
In the reaction of an acid with a base, the
hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a metal
from the base.
It can also be replaced by ammonium ion from
aqueous ammonia.
What are Salts?
 Preparation of Salts
The preparation of salts involves combining
an acid and a base in a neutralization
reaction to form a salt and water.
The salt can then be isolated and purified
using various techniques, such as
crystallization, evaporation, or filtration.
Salt crystals have various practical
applications, including as a seasoning in food,
as a preservative, and in the production of
chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
 Preparing Salts
The method used to prepare a salt depends on
the chemicals being reacted together to make
the salt and on the solubility of the salt in
water.
Preparing Salts
Preparation of Insoluble Salts
An insoluble salt is prepared by precipitation.
Aqueous solutions of two suitable soluble salts
are mixed.
The precipitate is filtered and washed with
distilled water.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ql0Sm3
1MUdA
Preparation of Insoluble Salts
The precipitate is then dried in an oven or
between sheets of filter paper.
 Preparation of Soluble Salts
Reacting an acid with a metal
Only metals such as zinc and magnesium
which react moderately fast with dilute acids
are suitable for this method.
Hydrogen gas is produced.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpM_VCMPFug&t=9s
 Preparation of Soluble Salts
Reacting an acid with an insoluble base
The same method is used as for the reaction of
an acid with a metal.
The metal oxide is added, a little at a time, to
the acid until some of it no longer dissolves .
All the acid has then reacted.
The unreacted metal oxide is removed by
filtration and the salt obtained by crystallising
the filtrate.
 Preparation of Soluble Salts
Reacting an acid with an insoluble carbonate
The same method is again used as for the
reaction of an acid with a metal.
The only difference is that carbon dioxide gas
is produced during the reaction.
(mistake on textbook – “hydrogen gas”) pg 254
 Preparation of Soluble Salts
Reacting an acid with an alkali (i.e. a soluble
base) – by titration

The addition of an accurately measured

volume of one solution to a fixed volume of
another solution is called a titration.
 *Solubility
Solubility is the ability of a substance to
dissolve in a solvent and form a homogeneous
solution.
The solubility of a salt is dependent on various
factors, including temperature, pressure, and
the nature of the solvent.
**The solubility of salts can be predicted using
general rules based on the polarity and ionic
character of the salt and solvent.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8f-rVdnEBs&t=16s
 Preparation of Pure Salt
Crystals
Salt crystals are formed when a solution
containing the dissolved salt is allowed to
evaporate slowly, causing the salt molecules
to come together and form a crystalline
structure.
The size, shape, and purity of salt crystals
can be influenced by factors such as the rate
of evaporation, the temperature and
humidity of the environment, and the
presence of impurities.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AZ2Z6_CQmA
 Saturated solutions
When a solution
cannot dissolve
any more of
solute at a given
temperature, it is
called saturated
solution.
 Answers
1. Metals that are unsuitable are those located at the top
of the reactivity series, as potassium and sodium.

2. The presence of excess insoluble reactant at the

bottom of the beaker tells us the reaction is complete, for
example, the presence of excess zinc powder in Figure
16.16 on page 253 of the Textbook.

3. The substances are zinc oxide, zinc carbonate, zinc

metal and zinc hydroxide.

4. (a) copper chloride, CuCl2; barium sulfate, BaSO4;

sodium nitrate, NaNO3; IV – calcium nitrate,
Ca(NO3)2; lead sulfate, PbSO4
(b) sodium nitrate, NaNO3
(c) barium sulfate, BaSO4, lead sulfate, PbSO4
 Answers
(d) CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
H2SO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2HNO3(aq)

5. (a) To ensure all the acid reacts.

(b) By filtration.
(c) To dissolve the solid faster.
 Water of Crystallisation
Some salts, such as sodium chloride, copper carbonate
and sodium nitrate, crystallise in their anhydrous forms
(without water).

However, many salts produce hydrates when they

crystallise from solution.

A hydrate is a salt which incorporates water into its

crystal structure.

This water is referred to as water of crystallisation.

The shape of the crystal hydrate is very much dependent

on the presence of water of crystallisation.
 Water of Crystallisation
When many hydrates are heated, the water of
crystallisation is driven away.
For example, if crystals of copper(II) sulfate
hydrate (blue) are heated strongly, they lose
their water of crystallisation.
Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate remains as a
white powder.

copper(II) sulfate anhydrous copper(II) + water

pentahydrate sulfate

CuSO4·5H2O(s) CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g)

 Water of Crystallisation
When water is added to anhydrous
copper(II) sulfate, the reverse process
occurs. It turns blue and the pentahydrate
is produced.

CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4·5H2O(s)

This is an extremely exothermic process.

 Worked Example
Calculate the percentage by mass of water
in the salt hydrate MgSO4·7H2O.
(Ar: H = 1; O = 16; Mg = 24; S = 32)
 Answer
Mr for MgSO4·7H2O = 24 + 32 + (4 × 16)
+ (7 × 18) = 246
The mass of water as a fraction of the total
mass of hydrate = 126/246
The percentage of water present
= 126/246 *100
= 51.2%
 Skills Practice
Calculate the percentage by mass of water in
the following salt hydrates:
a CuSO4·5H2O
b Na2CO3·10H2O
c Na2S2O3·5H2O.
(Ar: H = 1; O = 16; Na = 23; S = 32; Cu = 63.5)
 Learning Outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
describe neutralisation as the reaction between
hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce water
classify oxides as acidic, basic, amphoteric or neutral
based on metallic/non-metallic character
describe applications of neutralisation in daily life
including the importance of controlling pH in soils and
how excess acidity in soils can be treated using
calcium hydroxide
describe the techniques used in the preparation,
separation and purification of salts
describe the general rules of solubility of common salts
suggest a method of preparing a given salt using
suitable materials, given appropriate information
 Learning Outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
define a hydrated substance as a substance that is
chemically combined with water and an anhydrous
substance as a substance containing no water
define the term of crystallisation as the water
molecules present in hydrated crystals, including
CuSO4·5H2O and CoCl2·6H2O