PipeFittingCharts 10269964

P REFA C E
IN response to n umerous requests the articles by the

,
author relati ng to piping connections which have appeared

,
in the M etal Worker have been rearranged added to a n d

,
put in the form herewith presented which it is hoped wi ll

,
be found convenient for reference .
I t is assumed that the reader is familiar with the elemen

tary sy stems of piping for steam and hot water illustrate d
,
in many treatises on heatin g This book deals with piping

.
details not with general heating layo uts

,
I t has n o t been attempted to illustrate to any extent

the me t ho ds of pipi n g in patented or proprietary systems
of heating as the manufacturers of th e devices used in con
,
n e c t i o n wi th these systems as a rule publish abundant li t
era t u r e illustrati n g an d describing methods of application

.
While in no sense complete the charts given on these pages

,
will doubtless suggest methods of piping to accomplish cer

tain en ds a n d in conn ection with the appendix will it is
, ,
hoped form a useful addition to the literature on the

,
subj ect .
C HAP TER I
PI P I N G F OR H OT WA T ER HEATI N G
Figs 1 a and l b show the plan and side elevation o f a cast

.
iron sectional hot water b oiler The conn ectio n s on the

.
top may be made more e asily with the main at one side than
when placed directly over the outlets , which may happen to
be tapped crooked .
The main return at the rear enters an equalizing pipe con

n e c t e d near the middle of each side I t is practic a ll y as well
.
to conn ect at t h e rear of the boiler except in the case of ,
unusually long o n es which should hav e the returns con

,
n e c t e d near the middle to s ecure a fairly uniform flow
through the sections .
A hot w a ter thermometer should be connected with the

flow pipe .
Th e water supply c onn ecti on for filling or replenishing

the system is m ade as in di cated in the m ain return near
the boiler .
A plug cock should be placed at the lowest point in the

system and connected with a drain or left with a hose ni pple .
A damper regulator controlling the draft a n d check dam

,
pers is a desirable additio n to a hot water boiler the operation

, ,
of the regulator being e ffected by a diff erence in tempera

ture of the water One type of regulator i s shown in Fig
. .
1b .
PIPING HOT WATE R HEATING
MN N EU
R T RN
F LO W
FI G 1 a
. . Pla n Hot Wa t er Boil er
,
WA T E R
FI G 1 b
. . Eleva tion ,
Ho t Wa ter Boi ler
4 PIPE FITTING CHAR T S
Figs 2 a and 2 b show

. plan and side elevation a pair
of hot water boilers connected so that either or both may be
used .
A relief or safety valve with a non corrosive seat should be

-
placed o n each boiler . These valves may be either the

spring or weighted lever pattern .
The dotted lines represen t the overhead returns wi t h

whic h the cold water pipe is connected at some point
outside of return v alves the supply being controlled by
,
a co o k or a lo ck shield globe valve to prevent any tamper

,
i n g by persons n o t i n charge of the apparatus C o ld water

.
to make up a n y deficiency i n the system is generally admitted

to a return line where it wi ll not tend to retard the flow
,
.
A thermometer is indic ated at end of top drums in

elevation A damper regulator though not shown should
.
, ,
be used .
PIPING F OR HOT WATER HEATING 5
S A F E T VALVE
Y
ER S UPPLY
COCK
FI G 2 a
. . Eleva ti on ,
Ho t Wa t er Bo i lers
VALVE
.
M AIN E T U RN
R
FI G 2 b
. . Pl a n Twi n
,
Ho t Wa ter Boi lers
6 PIPE FITTING CHA R TS
Fig 3 represents a group of fi t tings used in hot water heat

.
ing A shows a long turn elbow _which o ff ers consider

.
ably less resistan ce than the standard elbow B shows a .
long turn twin elbow which guides the water with v ery little
resis t ance C shows an O/S distributin g tee , v ery com
.
mou ly used in risers more particularly the supply lines

, .
D and E show a quick opening valve and a union elbow ,
and F a separable bulb thermometer A ll pipes should .
be reamed to remove rough sharp edges ; othe rwise the

,
flow will be much impeded P ipe j oint lubric ant or filling

.
s hould be app lied to the male thread only I t is a great

.
mistake to s wab the threads of the fittings with this ma

t eri a l for i t is then pushed into the pipe when the j oint
, .
is m a de up .
In Fig 4, showing several branch connections , A

.
shows the m a nner in which branches near the boiler or

those leading to u pper floors should be conne cted with the
main .
B and C show how branches should lead from the

main to radiators on lower floors The connections shown
.
in C favors the flow of water to a radiator somewhat more

th a n the method shown in B I t m akes but little diff er
.
ence whether the returns are connected with the s ide o f the
mains with the top or at 4 5 degrees
,
The s upply m a ins
.
should if possible pitch upward in the direction of flow 1

, ,
inch in 1 0 feet
PIPIN G HOT W ATER HE ATING
FI G 3
. . Hot Wa ter Va lves Fi t ti n g s
, a nd Th erm om eter
n ow
RE T U RN E T U RN
R RETURN
OI
A B C
FI G 4
. . Br a n c h Connections
8 PIPE FI TTING CHA R TS
5 shows the method of connectin g with main

branches t o radiators in di fferent loc ations as to hei ght or di s
from
shows conn ecti o n with

drip co ck Thi s arrangemen t is e s pecially
.
g oo d in systems of c on siderable e xt ent as in c a se o f a leak o r

changes only a small part of the system would h ave to be
Sh ut down where otherwise all the wa ter m ight h ave to be
,
dra wn o ff The st op valve gate p a tte rn is lo ca ted between

.
, ,
the 45 degrees e lbow and t h e drain c o ck .

PI PING F OR HOT WATE R HEATING 9
To 1 87 FLOO R RADIATORB
’
To RNDIAYo ns o n
2 M) 5 . mo n o o ne
ADIA T
TO R OR NEA R B OILER
‘
A
DR IN C OC K
FI G 6
. . R i s er Connecti on
10 PIPE FITTING CHAR TS
Fig 7shows branch co n nectio n s which may be concealed

.
in floors The pipes leading to the left are to radiators on

.
the lower floor those to the right leading to floor above

,
.
I t will be noted that the lower floor is favored by being taken

from the run of the tee a s the water flo wing up the riser
,
tends to conti nue in a straight line .
shows an application of the connections illustrated

8
in Fig 7 A quick opening valve with union is placed near
. .
the bottom of the radiator in which case a retarder or

,
wooden plug is often placed in the lower nipple between

the first and second sections of the radiator to cause the
water to rise to the top of the first section thence t h rough the
,
nipples connecting the sections at the top .
A unio n elbow is sho wn at the opposite end of the radiator.
The air valve o n hot water radiator is a lways loc ated at

the highes t point and should preferably be of the key pat
tern .
12 PIPE FITTI NG CHA R TS
Fig 9 shows very s imple ra diator con necti o ns with a qu i ck

.
opening valve a t t he top and a union elbow at th e bottom at

opp osite en d This location of v a lve is more conven ien t
.
than that shown in Fig 8 but is conspicuous

.
a t o r s i n fine ly furnishe d rooms .
F ig shows c o nnections with a stack

. 10 ben c h
o f indirect radiators One valve is a ll that 1 s necessary to
.
give co ntrol b u t it is well to use two to provide for making

,
repa irs witho u t shutting down too large a part of the sys
tem assum i ng that it is divided into sections by main valves
,
.
To save expen se a n d avoid d anger from freezing bo t h valves

,
are in man y j ob s o m itted the control of the heating being

, , ,
secure d by means of the register .
For h o t water heating deep sections sho ul d be used to

insure the proper heati ng of the air .
P art i c ul ar care must be paid to air v enting indirect sys

te ms .
PIPING F OR HOT WATER HEATING
FI G 9 . . Ra d ia to r Con nec ti ons
FI G 1 0
. . Indi rec t R a dia to r Connec ti ons
14 PIPE FITTI NG CHAR TS
buting tee i n a down feed riser t h e water from th e co il

.
-
returning to the s ame ri ser C onne ctions may be mad e

.
larger tha n in the cas e of return b end coils The v alve

-
.
shown is un i on g ate air vents riser .
FI G . 12 . adapted only t o rela

t i vely s m all units since if th e surfac e exceeds t h e capacity
“
o f the pi pe the lowe r li n es will be coo l a n d ineffi cient The

“
.
PIPIN G FOR HOT WATER HEATING
M a ni fold Co il Conn ections
R
. & L
. .
FI G 1 2
. . Re tu rn Bend Coi l Down Feed Connect io ns
-
PIPIN G F OR HOT WATE R H EATIN G 12
13 . R et urn B end
P I PE FI TTING C HAR TS
20 PIPE FI TTI NG CHAR TS
di s tribu t ing fitting s

be i ng con cea led un de r t h e floors either b e twee n b e a ms o r
,
run thr o ugh no tc h es in them whic h is per m i ss ible if the

,
n ot c hes a re made ne a r the b ea r ing s of the beams . I n case

ho le s ar e bore d thr o ug h the t imb e rs t hey sho u ld be mad e
o n t h e c enter l i n e whi c h wil l wea k en th e be am le ss t h an if
.
,
ou t ne a r top or bottom .
PIPING FOR HOT WATER H EATI N G 21
F I G 1 5a
. . Eleva ti on R a di a to r
,
Conn e c t ions Up Feed -
F I G 1 5b
. . Pla n , R a di a tor Connections
16 shows an ordinary overhead feed system of

the radiators to use an electri cal term being placed in
, ,
parallel that is the w ater passes through each separately

, ,
then enters the return so th at each radi a tor receives water of

,
the same temperature ( neglecting the slight loss due to the

radiation from the supply riser ) This system is there
.
fo re applicable to buildings of many floors The valves .
are sh o wn in the most convenient location When shut the

.
radiator will not b e come cold as a slight double circulation

,
is set up through the return connection the cooled water

,
flowing o u t from the radiator through the lower half of the

pipe and entering through the upper portion .
PI PING F OR HOT WATE R HEATING
R a d i a t or Conne cti on s Do wn Feed

-
S y s te m
Fig 1 7 shows
. overhead feed one pipe sy stem suitable
-
for residences and low buildings These radiators it will

.
,
be noted are s o connected that the water flows through

,
them successi v ely from top to bottom of the building and ,
of course becomes cooler the lower it descends the dis

, ,
ch arge from each radiator mixi ng with the water passing

directly down the riser .H ence radiators on lower floors
,
m ust be made larger in proportion to the space he ated

th an on floors above since they give out less heat per
,
square foot of s urface :

The single pipe feature and the fact that no air valves
are required on the radiators since the air escapes to the
,
expansion tank commend this system in buildin gs where

,
overhead feed pipes may be r un .

PIPIN G F OR HOT WATER HEATING 25
FI G 1 7
. . S in gle Pi p e Down Feed
-
R a di a to r Connec tio ns
26 PIPE FITTING CHA R T S
Fig 1 8 shows a portion of an overhead distributing sys

.
tem The main riser R discharges through a twin elbow to

.
mains with which branches to the several risers are con

nect ed L ines leading to the expansion tank should be
.
connected at A and mains should pitch upward toward these

,
poin ts from the ends of the lines so that all air will freely
,
escape B ran ches to risers should be taken from the bot

.
tom of main s a n d on work of co n siderable magnitude should

,
have a stop valve at top and bottom of each riser .
Fig 1 9 shows a small apparatus with radia t ors and

.
boilers on the same floor Th e successful working of such a

.
system depends on the overhead feed through the exp a n

sion tank which acts as a cooling coil an d in conj un ction
, ,
with the radiators and pipes cools and increases the weight
,
of the water per u nit volume causing a preponderance of

,
weight over th at of an equal height of water in the boiler

and upward flow pipe thus causing the water to circulate
, .
Fig 2 0 shows a typical expan sion tan k I n place of a

. .
water gauge however try cocks are preferable as they

, , ,
involve no dan ger of dam a ge from a broken glass .
The expansion pipe is connected with the bottom of the

tan k and should lead to one of the return lines in the base
ment The pipe will then Stan d full of cold water and a
.
higher temperature may be carried in the system without

boiling the water than when the expansion pipe is connected
with one of the flow pipes .
The overflow and air vent is shown at the top of the

tank This line m a y be carried out through the roof or to
.
other convenient point of discharge where no damage

would result from a sudden disch arge of w ater from the
tank .
No valve must be placed on the expansion pipe .
The dotted line represen ts a circulating pipe for use

when the tank is located i n a place where the water in it
or in the pipes connected with it is liable to freeze This
.
circulating pipe is intended to be connected with one of t h e

flow pipes of the system .
The greatest care must be exercised i n locating tank a n d

pipes to g uard against freezing since the expansion tank
,
is the safety valve of a hot water heater and if it or the

,
pipes connected with it freeze or a valve i s placed in the

expansion pipe and is closed an explosion is likely to result
from a freshening of the fire .
PIPI NG F OR HOT WATER HEATING 29
‘
b vs m ow m o ve
FI G 2 0
. . Exp a nsi on Ta nk Connecti o n s
C HA P T E R II
P I PI N G F OR S T E A M HE ATI N G
Fig 2 1 shows a typical arran gement of a steam heating

.
boiler for low pressure The water supply should preferably

.
be contro lled by a plug cock with a removable handle I t .
is better to place the drain c o ok at some other point than

at the bottom of the water column connection where the
opening of th e cock would affect the indication of the w ater
gauge P rovide a separate co ck for draining piping without
.
emptying boiler The safety valve may preferably be located

.
where sho wn instead of at th e t o p of water column con

n ec t i o n where a blowing of the valve would tend to cause a
,
siphoning of water from the column and a faulty indication

of the glass .
The presen t form of damper regulator with a chamber in

which the s team is condensed the water fill ing the space ,
below the diaphragm is far preferable to the old style with

,
the regulator perched o n top of a pipe some distance ab ove

the water line in the boiler The present pattern is far more
.
sensitive .
I t seems hardly necessary to illustrate the arrangemen t

of connections with twin boilers P ractice di ffers g reatly in.
the manner of making these conn ections M any fitters .
connect the main steam pipes with a header of ample size ,
say twice t h e diameter of the pipes from boilers and use no ,
equalizin g pipe whatever bet ween them Other fitters .
consider an equali zin g pipe essen tial in order to s teady the ,
water line S uch a pipe if used is co n nec t ed directly with

.
, ,
both boilers and has no outlets A valve is p laced between .
the bo i lers for use when one of them is out of service C er .
tain fitters recommend a similar connection below the

water line but many successful plants are in operation
,
with n o equalizer pipes wha tever care being taken to make ,
the steam connections and header of ample size a n d to

arrange the returns so that the water will enter one boiler
as easily as the other .
PIPI NG F OR S TEAM HEATING 31
FI G 2 1
. . Low Pr es s u re S tea m Boi ler Co nn ec ti ons
32 ,
PIPE FITTIN G CHA R TS
2 2a
and 22 1) s h ow a s h pit u nder
ca st iron sectional boilers The bottom should be 4 t o 6

.
inches below t h e flo o r level to pro vid e ampl e space for

,
the a ccumulati o n of ashes be low t h e gr ate T he bricks .

"
should b e laid on edge lengt hwise of t he boiler and grouted

in cement I f lai d flat they are li k elv to be pul led o u t of
.
plac e by h o e or s hov el .
Fig 2 8 s hows a boiler p i t for use wh en boilers must be

.
set bel o w basement floor level to secure a gravity return .
The wa lls sho uld be m ad e 8 t o 1 2 in che s thi ck a cco rdi ng to

,
,
their h e i g ht t he top or c urb being finish ed with bricks lai d on

,
e dge The b ottom of the p i t sho u ld be paved in t he same

.
PIPING FOR S TEAM HEATING 33
FI G 22a
. . Pla n As h P i t
S e c t i on Th ro u gh A s h Pi t
TO P C OU RS E ON ED G E
FI G 2 3
. . S ec tion Thr ou gh Boi ler Pit
Fig 2 4 shows the simplest of all steam heating systems

.
,
the one pipe circuit I t is essential in this system that

-
.
large pipes be used as the water of condensation flows

,
through the same pipes as the steam and ample space

,
must be provided for both if wet steam is to be avoided

,
.
The main rises to the highest point near the boiler from,
whence it pitches do wn ward back to the re t urn opening of

the boiler The main is kept full size throughout The
. .
branches should pitch sharply upward from the mains and

may be taken o ff the top or from a tee set at an angle of
45 degrees .
The labor cost of erecting a circuit system is relatively

low owing to i ts simplicity and the cost of piping will not
,
di ffer materially from the one pipe relief system with its
-
separate horizontal return lines .
The circuit system is well a d apted to sm all buildings of

compact form S ince the mains are all above the water
.
line there is no danger of freezing in exposed places The

, .
system contains onl y the water that is in the boiler and is

therefore affected more by variations in the condition of the
fire than systems h aving water fi lled returns With the
.
latter more time must be consumed in raising the steam

pressure owing to the larger volume of water contained
,
in the system I t is well to place an automatic air valve

.
at end of circuit main at point where drop to boiler is made .

shows a common arrangement of basement pip

ing for draining mains and risers of a one pipe or two pipe
- -
relief system A single valve placed in the riser above the

.
re ducing tee accomplishes all that may be done by the two

valves shown in the drawing and avoids interrupting t h e
dripping of main when valve is closed .
When branch is taken off as in B space is often lack

,
“
,
ing between branch and ceiling in which to place a shut

o ff valve i n riser
.
I t is better practice to use a straight tee at the b ase of

” “
risers with a nipple and re ducer as shown in A in place
, ,
of a reducing tee as shown in the larger drawing With

,
.
the latter the steam tends to pick up the water of condensa

tion flowin g down the riser and to cause a noise at the
j unction of the horizontal and vertical pipes .
PrPLNG no n; S TE AM HEA TI N G
38 PIPE FI TTING C HA RTS
b a seme nt
sy stems where t he ri s ers d r ain to t h e m ai n ,
t he l a t t er b e n
drained at t h e end N o t e the m anne r i n
. wh i ch provi s io n
means of s wan g m g o tions

c n ne c arrd n i pples t he la tt er
o P I P I NG F OR S TE A M HEATI NG 39
27 shows an arran gement basement piping

which supply risers drain to the main a valve being
,
placed at the base of each t h e return risers d i s charging into

,
a water sealed main return The supply main is drained at

.
the en d This method of piping is particularly applicable

.
to the two pipe vacuum system the draining of supply

-
risers to the main avoidin g the use of a t hermo valve or

trap at th e base of each With the vacuum system a valve
.
of the type mentioned would be required in the relief line

at the end of the main and the stop valve in the return
riser would be unnecessary .
PI PI NG F OR STEA M
-
H EATI NG 41
Fig 2 8 shows the proper arrangement of t h e co nn ection

.
between an overhead feed main and a riser The connec

.
tion is taken from the bottom of the main to provide for

the removal at each branch of all condensation in the main
between branches A valve should be placed at the top
.
and at the bottom of each riser in a building of any mag

n i t u de to provide for readily makin g repairs .The move
ment of the main is readily accommodated by the swinging
of the lateral branch on the nipple C and on the thread at
the top of the riser The expansion of the riser is taken up
.
by the movement of the branch t u rning on the nipples A

and B This arrangement provides perfectly for the ex
.
p a n s io n of both main a n d riser

. Fewer fittings and nipples
would not accomplish this ; more would do the work no
better O ften one sees a whole batch of fittings inte n ded
.
to provide amply for expansion which will ac complish the

,
purpose no better than half the number of fittin gs in t elli

gently arranged .
Fig 29 shows an arrangement of piping of an overhead

.
feed system at the end of a long line where a t u rn is to be

made and where any thrust against risers must be avoided .
Where the right angled turn is made a pair of elbows a nd a

nipple should of course be used althoug h it is surprising
,
how ofte n a single elbow is the only fitting put in The .
expansion of the long mai n will cause the elbows to tu rn o n the

nipple D and will force the main E F over i n the direction of
the riser The latter will not be forced out of position
.
,
ho wever due to t h e turning of nipples H and J

, .
The expansion of the riser is take n up by the nip ple K and

the thread at the horizontal outlet of elbow at L The .
essence of the arrangeme nt for taki ng up the expansio n of

mai n s and risers is i n providing parallel nipples to act as
swivels wherever t he expansion is to be taken u p .
L e t the o ffsets be of considerable lengt h ; t h e longer they

are t h e less will be the t u rning o f elbows o n nipples .
PI P I NG F OR S T EA M H EAT I NG
“
Fig 3 0 shows a method of providi n g for the expansion of

.
long mains The vertical nipples give the necessary swivels

.
or hinges and the dripped tees connected with traps provide

for the removal of all con densation C are must be t aken
.
in co n necting with th e traps to allow for the movement

of the main .
The lengt h of the laterals ( in this case the horizontal pipes

of the expansion loop ) depen ds of course o n the distance
between the anchors which are located on the main mid
,
way between pairs o f laterals With high pressure steam

.
and distance between anchors of 3 00 feet for example the

, ,
lateral swings must take up about 7inches of expansion I f .
they are 1 6 feet long which the writer has used successfully
,
under the conditio n s stated the ang u lar swing will be

,
degrees ( 1 degree being equal to about one sixtieth of the-
radius which in this c ase is the length of the swing 1 6 feet)

, , .
I t is well to keep the angular movement with i n s ay 2 % , ,
degrees to avoid too great a turn o n the nipples with likeli ,
hood of leakage at the threads .
Fig 3 1 shows a simple method of taking up the expansion

.
of mains which may be used in basements and in tunnels

of considerable width Offsets of as little as 3 feet will do
.
the work if placed at sufficiently close i ntervals I t is some.
what better to drip the main through a full size tee with ,
drip leg a n d reducer at the bottom than through a reducing

,
tee as with the latter some of the water is likely to be

,
swept up and carried over into the main .

48 PIPE FITTIN G CHAR TS
Fi g . 32 sho ws
di sta nce
arran g ement
by m eans o f a U bend The o ffs et m us t be ma de long
-
en o ug h to provi de sp ring ” s ufficient to tak e up t he expa n

“
sion I f too sti ff it is of no use I t often h a ppens especially

.
.
.
,
in underg ro und work that the fall must be continuo us

, ,
no rise rs a nd dr ips being permissible I n such c a se s the

.
ben d illus t ra ted m ay b e used to advan ta ge .

PI PI NG F OR STEAM HEATI NG 49
FI G 32
. . Exp a ns ion an d Dr a i na ge Connectio n s
FI G 3 3
. .
Exp a n s i on L o op
shows the proper arran gement of nipples and elbows

34
to provide for the expansion of a horizontal line the verti
,
c al swin g ing piece being free to mo v e on the nipples S uch

.
an arrangem ent could be us ed to adv antage in the case of a

pipe passing from a basement ceil in g to underground
duct .
The ordin a ry pac k ed expan sion j oint is shown in

35 These ar e used to a limited extent for risers in high
.
buildings and are often found i n underground in stallations .
As a rule their us e involv ing the bother of r ep a c k in g can be

, ,
avoided by utilizing nipples and long swings as described ;

,
the point to be kept in mind in the latter is to avoid too

great a tu rning of nipples and consequent loosening of and
leakage at threads .
illustrates methods of providing for expansion and

drainage of pipes entering a building from a tunnel or
underground d u ct I t will be noted that the long horizontal
.
lines swinging on nipples are cap a ble of taking up a great

deal of expansion in the main supply a nd return pipes The .
trap connections are also p rovided with swi vels . When

buildings some distance apart are connected by underground
pipes it is well to tak e up as much of the expans ion as possi
ble in the buil di n gs thus avoidi ng expans i on j o m t s in inac
,
ces s ible locat io ns

.
PIPING S TEAM HEATING
shows a simple method of taking the expansion

of risers by o ffsetting them below the ceiling every five or
six stories N ote the two para llel nipples connectin g the
.
fittings at the ends of the horizontal line The latter

.
must have an ample pitch to avoid a pocket when expan sion

takes place The radiator conne ctions are made with proper
.
provision for a movement of the branch .
Where the distance from the fl oor to the inlet of radi a tor
is not su ffi cient for the arrangement shown a corner valve
,
may be used t o a dvantage .

PIPING FO R S TEAM HEATING 55
37 Ofis et R i s er Exp a n s ion A rra ngem ent

'
.
38 hows a form of expansion loop ma de up of elbows

s ,
ni pples and swing pieces that m ay be u sed with satisfacti o n

,
in tall buildings the expansion j oints being concealed in

,
pockets in the floors or above a false ceiling Two of these

.
would be required on each riser i n a modern skyscraper of

say eighteen stories the rest of the expansion to be t aken
,
up in the attic and in t he s u b basement The rise rs should

-
.
be anchored in three places I t is important to anchor the

.
expansion loop to prevent its saggi ng down and for ming a

pocket .
58 PIPE FITTI N G CHA R TS
Fig 3 9 shows a steam radiator placed in front of a window

.
on the first floor I t is well for the sake of appearance to

.
have the top of the radiator an inch or two below the sill On
.
the lower floor it is better practice to use an gle radiator

valves connecting with pipes leading from the basem ent than
to connect directly with the risers above the floor level
“ ”
where the run outs
-
would be more or less unsightly.
The branch connections in the basement may d rain back to

the m ai ns I f short ( see Figs 40a and 40b); otherwise they
.
should pitch down away from the m ain and be dripped to

t he return at the heel of the riser.
60 PIPE FITTI N G CHAR TS
Fig 41 shows an arrangement of radiator connections

.
common in offices or rooms that are relatively narr ow .
B y locating the risers as shown nipples and elbows m ay be

,
placed in the proper position to act swivels when the

risers expand.
Figs 42 a and 42 b show plan and

. view of a radiator
with concealed connections and risers This arrangement
.
may be accomplished with wooden floor construction but is ,
more di ffi cult in fireproof buildings since the space between

,
the under side of finished floors and the top of the steel
beam s is ofte n o n ly a b o u t 2 inches With covered pipes
‘
this gives very little space for expansion There is no diffi

.
culty in such buildings in concealing the risers and bringing

the branch conne ctions through plates with elliptical open
ings attached to the base bo ards runn ing the conn ections
,
along the latter .
S pecial plates m ay be procured fitted with slides to pro

vide for exp ansion .
PIPING FOR S TEAM HEATIN G
Pla n Tw o -
Pi p e R a di a to r Connecti on s A b ove Floor
A ra VA L VE
F I G 42 a
. . Pla n , Two —
Pi p e R a di a t or Connecti on s in Floor
F I G 42 b
. . Vi ew R a di a tor
En d ,
Conne cti on s Con cea led

C oncealed risers as in Fig 43 should always be covered

.
either with sectional coveri ng or with suitable nonconductin g

material packed in around the pipe the face of the slot to be
,
covered with metal lathing .
Figs 44a and 44 b show a very desirable method of making

.
radiation connection in buildings where the finish is such

that the presence of short branch pipes on the ceiling would
not be obj ectionable Am ple provision for the expansion
.
of risers may be made N ote the arran gement of nipples

.
and elbows to secure the proper swing This method of mak

.
i n g con nections overcomes the di fli c u lt y experienced with

radiator connection above the floor that when a riser ,
an chored midway expands the tees below the anchor are

,
apt to bring up agai n st the floor while those above on a high

,
building may raise the branch connection enough to form a

pocket To overcome these troubles radiators have to be
.
raised on boards or pedestals or fitted with extra high legs ,
in order to secure s u fli c i en t pitch to the connections b e

tween the radiators and the risers .
PIPING F OR S TEAM HEATING 63
F I G 43
. . Pla n ,
T wo -
Pi p e R a di a t o r Conne ct i on , R i s ers Con ce a led
F I G 44a
. . Pla n , S in gle Pi pe R a di a to r Connec t i on B r a n c h ,
B elo w C ei li n g
F I G 44b
. . Eleva ti on ,
On e -
Pi p e R a di a tor Connec t i on
Figs 45 46 and 47 show one pipe radiator conn ection

.
, ,
-
in o ffice buildings and the like The method shown in Fig . .
46 is preferable as it provides the freest swing to take up the

,
expansion of the riser .
A corner offset valve is shown connected with a nipple

and elbow This arrangement may be secured with ra t her
.
wide radiators like the three column or four column type - -

,
but for narrower radiators either the radiator must be

blocked up and an angle valve with nipple connected with
a n elbow set at 45 degrees be used or a straightway gate or ,
offset globe valve be used as sho wn in Fig 47 the swing to

,
.
,
be provided for by nipples and 45 degree elbows -

.
Fi g .shows a method of conn ecting a radiator with

48
supply and return risers which must be run close to a wall .
While this makes a rather ugly bunch of fittings near each

riser they are not very conspicuous along the baseboard of a
room especiall y if the bronzing harmonizes fairly well with
,
the woodwork .
With this arrangement of fittings expansion c an take place

w ithout putting too great a strain on fittings provided , ,
o f course the risers are properly anchored and the branches

,
a r e not too short .
Fig 49 shows two pipe radiator connections the return

.
-
being connected direc tly with the riser wi thout swing or

swivel the spring of the pipe bei n g depended on to allow for
,
the expansion .
The shorter and larger supply co n nection is shown pro

v i d ed with nipples and elbows t o take up expansion in the
usual manner .
PIPING F OR S TEAM HEATING
F I G 45
. . On e -
Pi p e R a di a to r Conne ct i on
F I G 46 . . On e -
P i pe R a di a tor Connect i on
F I G 47 . . On e -
Pi p e R a di a t o r Conn e c t i on
F I G 48. . T wo -
Pi p e R a dia t or Conn ect i on
F I G 49
. . T wo -
Pipe R a di a t o r Conn e ct i on s
Fig 50 shows a method of making two single pipe radia

.
tor connections with one riser Elliptical plates and slots

.
will be required in the partition to provide for the up and

down movements of the branch .
I t is far preferable to make the connections as shown than

to use a tee a t A and make branch connections therefrom
wi t h the right hand radiator or to express it technically
-
, ,
“ ”
than to use a b u llhead tee .
Figs 5 l a and 5 1 1) show by plan and elevation a s i n gle pipe

.
c oncealed connection with a radiator and an exposed riser .
I n certain c a ses this scheme c an be adopted a n d of course , ,
presents a neat appearance in the room except for the riser

, ,
which it is assumed cannot for some reason be concealed

, , .
I t must be borne in mind in using exposed risers that as a rule

they should be covered in order tha t the roo m temperature
,
may be properly controlled in mild weat h er .

68 PIPE FITTIN G C HA R TS
shows me thod arra nging a ra dia tor back of a

marble wains cot with inlet screen at the bot t om and o ut
,
let register face a t the top in the sill A corner valve i s

.
s hown with extended spindle to bring the wheel outside .
The marble front is of course removable I f the wai n scot

,
.
and sill are woo d they should be sheathed wi t h asbestos air

cell or ot h er nonconducti n g material no t less than 3 in thick
1
.
held in place b y galvanized iron screwed on .

PIPIN G FOR S TEAM HEATING 69
MARB LE S I
O U TL E T S C REEN
MA RB LE FRON
A A
R DI TO R
INLE T ec nes n I
INLE T C EEN
S R
FRO NT E L EV AT IO N
S I DE EL
PLAN
F I G 52
. . Pla n Front
, , an d S i de E leva ti ons Concea led R a d i a tor
70 PIPE FI TTIN G CHA R TS
Figs 53 a , 53 b , and 53 0 show a concealed radiator the front

.
,
of the enclosure being arranged to run i n gro o ves m a king it ,
easily removable The top or sill turns up on hin ges I f

. .
walls are thin or are chiefly of terra cotta the back o f the
recess sho u ld be sheathed with nonco n ducting material ,
the top and sides being similarly treated to protect the ,
woodwork . I t is important to make the inlet and outlet

openings of ample area An allowan ce of 2 % and 3 square
.
inches net register area to e ach square foot of r a diatin g

surface for inlet and outlet respectively give s well propor
t i o n ed openings.
F I G 53 a
. . Pla n Con cea led
, R a d ia t o r
PI PING F OR S TEAM HEATI N G 71
S EC T IO N O N L IN E A B-
F I G 53 b
. . E lev a t i on a nd S ec t i on Con c ea le d R a di a tor
A BES AND
ST O S
G LVANI ED I N
A Z RO
REG . F AC E
F I G 53 C
. . Con c ea led R a d i a to r S ec ti on w i t h Woo de n S c r ee n
A method of concealing radiators back of seats is shown
in Fig 54 This treatment is convenient in billiard rooms
. .
,
reception rooms , and the like and large seats set back to
,
back in waiting rooms may have radiators concealed b e

tween them to advantage The scre ens or registers should
.
be proportioned about as stated above ( S e e p

. .
Fig 55 shows an excellent arrangement of wall radiation

.
in a factory A uniform distribution of heat is secured and

.
the radiators are out of the way This arrangement would

.
not be very satisfactory in rooms where ben ches are located

aro un d the walls since the radiant heat would be obj ection
,
able to those working opposite the groups of radiators .
A bout the best arrangement where benches are to be used

is to place wall radiators or coils below them the benches ,
bei n g set out 2 or 3 inches from the wall giving a passage for
,
the hot air ascending from the radiators Where persons.
must be seated at the benches a screen in front of the radiators

is recommended otherwise the heat will be too i n ten se
, .
I t is rarely that windows are spaced so far apart that

radiators may be used as shown in Fig 5 5 which r epr e
.
,
sents an actual installation .

PIPI NG F OR S TEAM HEATING 73
F I G 54
. . R a di a tor Conc ea led Behi nd S ea t
S UPP L MAIN
Y
F I G 55
. . A rra ngem ent o f Wa ll R a di a ti on
shows in plan arrangement of an ordinary

manifol d wall coil C ommon cast I ron hook plates ( Fig 62 )
.
-
.
are used to support t h e lo n g pipes the short ones near the

,
corner of the room being suppo rted by expansion plates ( Fig .
C oils of this type are more effective than overhead

coils , due to their loc ation
. A portion of the heat i s ,
however lost through the walls N evertheless where there

,
.
,
is no obj ec tion to locating coils near t h e floor it is without

doubt the bes t place in t h e ro o m in which to place them .
Itoften happens due to the length of a mill or to the

,
loca tion of door ways that ordinary wall coils similar to

, ,
Fig 5 6 c annot b e used throughout R e course must then

.
,
.
be had to harp or miter coils illustrated in Fig 57 or to

, .
,
return ben d coils sho wn in Fig 58 O bviously where the

,
. .
length is co n si derable h ar p coils should b e u sed since with

,
return bend coils of unusual length most or all of the steam

is condensed before reaching the end the lower pipes being
,
practic ally useless The vertic al pipes of a harp coil provide

.
for expansion and should as a rule , be made not less than 1

, ,
foot in length for every 1 5 feet of horizontal length of coil .
The air v al v e shown in Fig 57 is connected with a i inch

,
.
,
pipe leading down inside the manifold or branch tee .

PIPIN G FOR S TEA M HEATIN G
78 PIPE FITTING CHA R T S
Fig 59 illustrates a wall coil in a schoolroom The coil

. .
is shown broken to sav e space but is in tended to exten d

,
alon g both walls of the exposed sides of the room A dia

.
ph ra g m valve in con nection with a temperature control

system is sho wn at the left the return being carried inde
,
pendently to th e basement where a check valve is placed

,
below the water lin e These coils are chiefly used in con
.
n ec t i o n with a fan system of tempered air supply the coils

,
preven t ing down drafts along the windows and ten ding to
equalize the temperature of the room .
S team is kept o n the coils at night when the fan system

is shut down , giving direct heating the least expensive of
,
a ny .
The coil near the return header is intended to be sup

ported o n expansion plates ( Fig
. .
R TNERMOS TATIO C O N T RO L
AIR VALVE J
Fig 60 represents an ordi n ary miter coil used in over

.
head heating These coils are gen erally located not less
.
than 9 or 1 0 fee t from the floor and 3 to 4 feet from the

outside walls I f much nearer the fl oor than the distance
.
stated the radiant heat is uncomfortable to perso n s worki ng

beneath them and if placed too close to the outer walls the
,
circulation is retarded The suc ce ss of this ty pe of heating

.
depends on the cooling action of the glass and walls pro

d u c i n g a down ward current combined with the upward
current pro duced by the heat of the coils .
B y these two forces the warm air is circulated along the

outer walls from ceilin g to floor When properly installed
.
this system g ives good results even when there are no belts
,
or moving machinery to stir up the air ( The supports

.
shown under short pipes near t h e elbows are unnecessary ).
The air valve should be connected with a i inch pipe

-
extending inside the header about to the middle .
For very long coils a bleeder with valve through which

the air m ay be blown out is advisable .
PIPING F OR S TEAM
-
HEA TING 81
Fig
. shows a convenient method of connecting a
return —bend coil wit h a single pipe system . The check
valve insures the heating of the coil through the supply
v alve only pr eventing any backing up of stea m or water
,
hammer .
Figs 62 and 6 3 show hook plates and expansion plates

.
,
the latter used where the m ovement of the pipes is other

than longitudinal E xpansion bolts should be used to
.
hold the hook plates again st the wall wooden battens

,
being placed between the wa ll and h ook plates as

shown .
PI PI NG F OR. S TEAM HEATI NG 85
EVE BO LT
F I G , 64 .
— S {rp p o r t fo r
Fig 68 illustrates a method of hanging overhead coils

.
to prevent the sagging o f the rods supporting the rolls on

which the pipes rest .
Fig 69 shows a convenient c ast iron support for short

.
-
bolt passing through the vertical eye bolt holding these -
firmly in place With this type of hanger a single rod takes

.
t h e place of two as shown in Figs 6 5 66 and 67

,
.
, ,
.
H angers or supports for coils are placed 1 0 to 1 2 feet

apart S everal types are here shown
. .
Overhead coils should be hung with i n rods 1 0 feet on -

.
centers The horizontal rods which carry the p ipe rolls

.
shoul d be fay i n diameter steel to avoid sag where the coils

-
.
have more than 6 lines of pipe The hangi ng rods may have
.
an eye in each end and be fastened at top with ln lag -

.
screw in side of beam or may have gimlet point at upper

end The latter looks neater and permits an adj ustment
. .
G i rnl et point should enter wood about 3 in Where beams .
are not present a castin g to hold i n nut may be used -

. .
C as ting to be screwed up wi th s i n or in lag screws

-
.
-
. .
RM LI NG FLAN E
G
93 9l
NEW ww nea
RO LL E R
FI G 6 7
.
Ha n gers fo r O v erh ea d Co i ls
68 . S u p po r t fo r Ove r hea d C o i l
88 P I P E PI ETI NG (SHA R ES
A
EL EV T IO N
Pla n a n d Elev a tion

o f An c h or fo r R i s er
90 P IPE F IT TI N G C HAR T S
“
92 PIPE FITTING C H A RT S
Figs 74a and 741} s h o w two vie ws of a ve r y simp l e hanger

.
that may sometim es be used when t h e pi p e i s to b e run at

'
right angles to t h e b ea m s This form serve s very well for

.
hangi ng pipe s from trusses but is of little use when

“
renders
a dj ustment ,
possessin g certai n adva ntag es ,
T h e clamp at the top is made of t wo

through wh i ch the vertical bolt passes .
PIPING F OR S TEAM HEATING 93
FI G . 74a
'
9
6 x2 rno m
F I G 75
.
PI PE Ei T TI NG QHARTS
96 PE FITTI NG OH AR TS
‘
PI
PIPING F OR S TEAM H EATING 97
‘
GO NC RETE
98 P IPE FI TT I NG CHART S
“
1 00 PIPE FITTING CHA R TS
Fig 84a shows a better arrangement the wall box being

.
,
placed close to the under side of a sill the proj ection of

,
which casts a shadow which renders the box inconspicuous .
The double right angle turn serves as a wind break and makes
the flow of air through the radiator m ore uniform The .
double dampers are link ed so that one m ust be open when

,
the other is closed A t least 2 5 per cent more surface

. .
mus t be allowed with this type of radiation than when direct

radiation is used D ouble dampers are provided in the
.
box base arranged to shut o ff the cold air inlet when air is
,
being returned from the room and vi ce vers a A highly

,
.
desirable modification of the arrangemen t shown in Fig 84e .
is to have an extra thick wooden sill through which the

air e n ters passing through a screen or grating This
,
.
arrangement shown in Fig 84b does away with wa ll open

.
ings a n d wall boxes .

PIPIN G F OR S TEAM HEATIN G
RE TU N
R AIR DAMPE R
C OLD AIR DA M PE R
F I G 84a
. . S ecti on , Dir ect In direct R a di a to r
-
w i t h Dro p Flu e
Arra ngem ent of Di rec t In direct

-
R a dia t or with S ill Inlet
Fres h A i r
1 02 PI P E FITTING CHAR TS
shows a simple arrangement of a stack or bench

of i n direct radiators supplied from a cold—air duct which may
we ll r u n through the cellar wit h an inlet at each end fitted
,
with check valves arranged to admit air but to prevent back

draft The top of the casing is of é i n boards li n ed with
.
-
.
asbestos and tin The sides and bottom are of galvanized

.
iro n with j oints designed to provide for readily remo ving

,
the casing S lides are provided as indicated T he flu e

. .
should have back and sides protected with asbestos air cell
-
covering no t less than é i n thick

-
. .
1 06 PIPE FITTI N G CHA R T S
Figs 88a and

. show a plan a nd sectional e levation of
benches or stacks of indirect radiators as arranged for
schoolhouse heating Fresh air en ters the chamber through
.
the opening with arrow or at night wh en this opening i s

, ,
closed the air is rota t ed through the building and r e enters

,
-
the air ch amber through an opening in the first floor ,
this opening being closed during the day by a tight fitting

damper The air passes from chamber C up through the
.
radiators to the flue unless a portion of it is all owed to pass

,
directly to the fiues by the raising of the mixing damper to

position shown by dotted line This dam per is controlled
.
by the teacher by means of the chain &c indicated The

,
.
, .
heati n g chamber is inclosed in brick in the corner of the

basement rooms the top being plastered on metal lath and
,
a tight j oint m ade with the walls The radiators are con
.
n e c t e d in groups to give the proper co n trol of the temperature

,
the returns being kept above the water line until they pass
through the walls of the chamber .
On e of the most commo n ty pes of heaters us ed in con

n ec t i o n with hot blast apparatus , so called , is i n dic ated in
-
Figs 89 and 90 The sections are connected by flanged

. .
headers with gaskets bet ween them B ases like those .
shown in Fig 90 are used when the heater is to be divided

.
into not more than two grou ps these being separated by a

,
blan k fl ange , the steam and re t urn connections being made -
at each end .
When sections in dependently connected are desired ,
bases of the pattern sho wn in Fig 9 1 are frequently used

. .
These bases are tapped at the ends both supply and return
,
connections being separately valved .
I t is especially important when usi ng diaphragm valves

in connection with a system of temperature regulation to
place them at the highest point in the piping so that water ,
c annot collect abo v e them to be di scharged in a slug when

,
the v a lve suddenl y opens A corresponding diaphragm

.
v a lv e should be placed in each return They are more to be

.
depended on than chec k va l ves .

PIPING FOR S TEAM HEATING 1 09
F I G 89 . . Fr ont View Hea ter S ection
Pers pect i v e Hea t er B as es

, a nd Hea ter
FI G . 91 .
— Pers pec ti ve V i ew Independent ly Con
ne c t e d H e a t e r B a s es
PIPE FITTING CHA R TS
Figs 9 4 and 9 5 show side and end vi ews of supply return

.
,
and bleed conn ections with a type of heater commonly used

in which the vertical pipes are conne cted at the t o p by return
bends S ee Fig 93 M uch of the condensation in the pipes
. . .
on the supply
side of the re
turn bends is
c arried o ve r
them by t h e
velocity of the
steam and
escapes through
the return pipe ;
the b l e e d e r,
marked d r i p ,
takes that por

tion of the con
densation that
colle cts in the
SUP P V
L supply side of
the cast iron
base E ach blee
.
der is arranged
with a siphon
loop w i t h a
plugged tee for
the removal of
F I G 93 R et u r n Ben d P a t t er n Hea te r S ec t i ons
. .
any sed i ment .
This siphon discharges into the main return from each

section above the valve .
A n automatic air valve with air line conne ction is indi

c a t e d for each return . To remove air quickly fro m a heater
/
a valved branch discharging out board s h o u ld b e con n ected

with the main return . When the heater is not divided in
groups separately valved the piping is much simpler only ,
sing le supply return and air vent conn ections being required
, , .
PIPI NG F O R S TEAM HEATING 1 13
A VV
1 31 8 4 3 9 O 3 0 1 VA
illu strates of that used

lo cations By making the horizonal
.
pipes lo nger a heater of this type m ay be constructed hav

ing a large surfa ce and yet occupying littl e hei gh t a valu
,
able feature i n ca se gravity return to boilers l s de s ired .
The s pace not occupied by pi pes is to be stoppe d o ff wi th

sheet iron or m a y serve as a co ld air b y —
,
pass controll ed by
d ampers . This type o f heater is suited to the c irculat i on
.
of h o t water .
PIPING F OR S TEAM HEATING 1 17
F I G 9 7— C a s t
. . I r on Vento R a di a to rs fo r F a n S y s tem s
Fig 9 9 represents a return bend coil commonly used

.
as a s u pplementary heater in ducts or at the base of

flu es S uch coils should be divided i n sections to afford
.
proper control of the temperature I t is well to divide them

.
in unequal parts for example a coil 1 2 pipes deep may well

, ,
be divided in two sections of four and eight pipes thus ,
giving a better control of temperature by cutting out one or

the other of these sections than if the heater were equally
divided When thermostatic control is used the diaphragm
.
valve may well be placed outside the hand valves controlling

the sections the shallow coil being used in mild weather
, ,
the deeper one in colder weather and both sections when ,
the outside temperature is low .
H eaters of the type described may be suspended by

beam clamps attached to vertical pieces of bar iron properly
drilled for bolts passing through pieces of 1 — i n pipe to give .
sti ffness I t is well to give the pipes a slight pitch say

.
,
in per foot to make sure of the ready removal of condensa

.
,
tion The free area for the passage of air through such a
.
heater may be taken roughly at 40 to 50 per cent of the .
cross sectional area of the casing The area of the passage

.
for air shoul d always be computed and should be 1 0 to 2 5

per cent in excess of the area of the duct connected with the
.
heater to all ow for the additional resistance due to the pipes .
I t is often necessary to use more pipe than would other

wise be required merely to secure the proper air passage
, .
For maintaining an artificial water line in steam heating

systems in order to seal the return risers and drips a tank
with flo at as shown in Fig 1 0 0 is sometimes used operat
.
,
ing a balanced valve in the return main There is an .
advantage i n this arrangement for large plants over traps

in that a large size balanced valve may be operated in
the main return whereas more th an one trap through which
,
the water must pass would be required Furthermore the .
artifici al water line is apt to be maintained with less

fluctuation with the water line controller as sho wn in Fig .
1 0 0 than by traps fitted with an equalizing pipe .
T H E L O C AT I O N or C H E CK S V AL V E S ( FI G S . 1 01 1 02 )
The fact i s often overlooked that the area of a check

v alve —seat is greater on the discharge th an on the inlet side .
This di fference in area must be counteracted by a column

of water rising on the inlet side until the water pressure
overcomes the steam pressure exerted over the excess area
on the disch arge side On e frequently sees check valve s
.
in high pressure drip lines lo cated close up to the m ains .
With this arrangement the checks almost invariably rattle .
S ome checks are muc h worse than others as to di fference

in area between disch arge and supply sides ; tho se wit h
rounded seals presenting the least difference in area .
C hecks placed directly at the discharge end of radiators

or coils are pretty sure to hold water b ack in them the ,
water backing up till the excess of pressure on the dis

charge side o f the check is overcome the water being ,
disch arged periodically .

C ro s s
FIG . 1 00 . Artific i a l W a t er L i ne
Con t r oller
FI G . 1 01 . S wi nging C h e c k V a l ve
FI G . 1 02 .
—Angle Ch eck V al ve
wi t h Verti cal Li ft D i s c
C H AP T ER I I I
B O I L E R ENGI N E A ND P U M P R OO M
-
C O N N E C TI ONS ,
C AS T I N GS , E TC .
Figs 1 03 and 1 0 4 S how one method of mak ing connec

.
tions at the front O f a horizontal tubular boiler When two .
or more boilers are set in a battery the feed pipe A B is

extended across the boiler fronts and an angle valve is used
in place of the elbo w at C the check valve and union being
,
located between the two stop valves in feed line same as

in Fig 1 06a so that stop valves can be closed each side of
.
,
the check valve in case the latter has to be overhauled The .
feed pipe enters the front head O f the boiler j ust above the
upper row O f tubes and extends back inside the boiler to
within about 2 feet of the rear h ea d wh er e it branches in a ,
tee toward the shell perforations being provided in the pipe

,
to permit the escape of the feed water .
Feed pipes should preferably be iron S iz e brass although ,
in certain sections of the country where the water is of such

,
a nature that it does not attack iron extra heavy wrought ,
iron pipes are used .
When brass pipes are installed it is customary to co n nect

them with an extra heavy wrought iron nipple extending
through the front head in order that no galvanic action S hall
take place between the brass pipe and the steel boiler head .
I t is customary in some sections to use crosses with brass

plugs in the feed pipes to provide for inspection and cleaning .
A s to sizes it is not uncommon to find 1 in feed pipes on

,
.
boilers up to 3 6 in in diameter I i in pipes on 42 to 60 in

.
, . .
boilers and l é in on larger ones

,
. .
1 24 PIPE FITTIN G CHA R TS
connections
of 72 i n fiII S h f ront b o ilers
p ai r . .
C ros s es wit h brass p lug s a r e us ed in

in the lower connect ions with the w a ter co lumns These .
hav e quick clo s ing g au ge cocks opera ted by cha i n s an d leve r
The check va lve s have a valve each Si de

‘
Of the m to pro
v ide for ove rhauling .
BOILE R FEED AN D WATE R CONNECTION S 1 25
1 11
’
TO TO P O F ao u e n MAIN 2 F EED P I P E
C HA INR
F I G 1 0 6a . . Pa i r of Ho ri z onta l T u b u la r Bo i lers wi t h T r i m m i n gs
4
5 GA G E C O NNE CT I O N
S T EA M GA
R E T U N FL U E
R
EEO PI P E
D AIN VA L VE
R
1 34 WA T E R CO L U M N CO NNE CT IO N
D AIN VA L VE
R
AS H PIT
F I G 1 06 b
. . S ide Vi ew Boi ler Front Tri m m i ng s
1 26 PI PE FI T TING C HARTS
“
-
Figs 1 08a an d l o8b S how front and side elevations of

.
typical boiler feed and water column connections of a 3 00 h p -
B abcock Wilcox type water tube boiler The branch

.
feed li ne from the main boiler feed header terminates in a

combined stop and check v al ve at the front head of each
dr um .
The water column is connected by I i in connections

.
,
with fl anges or with a flange union for the top connection

and a right and left coupling for the bottom one .
The small pipe connections with water g auge water ,
column and steam gauge are made up with right and left
,
couplings or with ground brass unions .
P ractice v aries in di fferent sections owing to the charac

,
ter of the water as to the use O f iron size br a ss or extra

, .
heavy wr ought ir on pipe for the principal connections the ,
former being most commonly used in N ew England .

BOILE R FEED AN D WATER CONNECTION S
I I
I A N BO LER FEED
F I G 1 08 a
. .W a t er Tu b e Boi ler FI G . W a t er
Fr ont wi th Fi t t i n gs Fit t i n g s S i de
water tube boiler S hown in Figs 1 07 1 08a and l 08b

.
, , ,
termed longitudinal drum type take up more height than can

be secured for a given horse power in some basements
-
.
I n such cases recourse is b a d to the cross drum type

S hown in Fig 1 0 9 the drum running crosswise of the boiler at
.
,
the rear where S pace is available .
Water column connections S hould be made directly with

th e drum as the distance is too great to bring the connec
tions forward to the boiler front from fear that the pipes
might become clogged .
The blow Off conn ections are made as usual with the mud
-
drum at the rear .

132 PIPE FITTIN G CHAR TS
Fig 1 1 0 S hows a type o f boiler t h e S tirling in which

.
,
“
,
capacity may be secured in the height where that dimension

is ample and floor space may be lacking .
The steam supply is taken from the middle drum water ,
column connections being made with front one and feed

water connection with the drum at the rear .
The blow o ff connection is also S hown The front and

-
.
middle drums are j oined both above and below the water
line by curved tubes j ust below the brick work as shown .
The middle and rear drum s are connected in a similar

manner above the water line .
The course of the gases is shown by t he arrows the smoke ,
connection being made on top near the rear or in the rear

wall as may be most convenient .
A number of illustrations are presented of commonly

used boiler co nnections M any others could be shown but
.
,
it is unnecessary to present these provided the fitter bears

,
in mind that water pockets should be avoided and that

expansion must be provided for I n case the conditio n s
.
are such that the piping must be arranged so that water

may collect at certain points these points must be properly
,
dripped I n addition to expansion strains others may be

.
,
brought about by a settling of the boilers a sagging of ,
trusses or beams from which the pipes are suspended or from

other c auses With ample length in the various connections
.
the spring of the pipes will go far to relieve the strain on the
fittings .
MAIN S TEAM CONNECTION S W ITH BOILER S 1 33
FI G 1 1 0
.
—S e ti on l View
c a of S t i rli ng Bo iler — s i de Elevati on
1 3 4: PIPE FITTING CHA R TS
On e Of
the most common methods of making the main
steam connection with a boiler is S ho wn by Fig 1 1 1 a flanged
.
,
angle valve being placed as indicated to shut against the

steam pressure in the boiler so that the valve may be r e
packed without taking the pressure Off the boiler When .
there is a battery of boilers the writer favors placing the

valve where indic ated in Fig 1 1 2 arranged to shut against
.
,
the steam in the header This valve may be packed with

.
full steam pressure in the header the boiler controlled by

,
this valve to be shut down at such times .
For a first class j ob the arrangement shown in Fig 1 1 3 is.
recommended each boiler in the battery being double valved

, .
With a pair of valves between the boiler and the header it is

pretty safe to put water pressure on one of the boilers for
testing while steam pressure is on the header .
136 PIPE FITTING CH A R TS
r a gement
a r n connectio n ,
bend bei ng connected with t he b oi ler n o zz le a nd lea d ing

to an a ngle va lve place d a bove the main header I f t h e
.
header is of co nsiderable le ng th the nipple s hould b e inserted .
shown between the angle valve and t h e tee in t h e header

con tra cts .
co nnection
a gat e or globe valve at the hig h est point .
MAIN S TE AM CON NECTI ONS WITH B O ILERS 137
“
EN £ 0 1 EBRS
Se ver al M et ho ds of
. M a k ing S t e am C onn ec t i ons w i t h
. Bo i lers
Fig 1 1 6 represents a method of co nnecting boilers with a

.
pair of headers in a mann er that is recommended by certain

fire insur ance companies the obj ect being to provide for hav
,
ing steam on the fire pump and boiler feed pumps a t all
times these pieces of apparatus be i ng cross connected with
,
the main and supplementary headers A stop valve should

.
be placed in the steam main between the boilers and engines

to be closed in c ase the fire should approach the engine room ,
so that the operation of the pumps would not be interrupted

as long as the boiler house should stand .
I t is of interest to note the di fference in the method of

setting boilers ill ustrated by Fig 1 0 4 and Fig 1 1 6 I n the
. . .
former the smoke connection is shown at the front leading

to a steel plate breeching extending across the battery of
boilers .
Wh en boilers are set as S hown in Fig 1 1 6 the gases return

.
over the top to a brick smoke duct at the rear each boiler
,
being separately controll ed by a damper the draft on the

,
battery being regulated by a main damper A nother feature

.
ill ustrated i n Fig 1 1 6 that is worthy of note is the turning

.
up of the discharge from the safety valves to avoid danger

to a person on top of the boilers in case a pop valve shoul d
suddenly open .
1 40 PIPE FITTIN G CHA R T S
In large plants the boilers and engines are often piped on

the loop or ring system a stop valve with b y — ,
pass being
placed between each two boilers or engines as shown in
Fig 1 1 7 I n case a gasket has to be inserted in the main
. .
header between valves a and b for example these valves are , ,
closed and boiler B is temporarily laid Off steam from A and ,
C supplying the loop or ring P revious to the common .
adoption O f this me t hod of piping two sets of mai ns were ,
run in plants where a shut— down would be a serious matter

and had to be guarded against .
The main header in the several illustrations is shown rest

ing on rolls and plates the latter being supported by brick
,
piers built on the wall s of the boiler setting I f the header .
is level it should be dripped at both ends through traps ,
these as a rule discharging to a tank or to an open feed water

heater if there is one the water of condensation to be
, ,
pumped back to the boilers I n case the header has a good

.
pitch the drip is Of course co n nected with the low end only .
I n large plants traps are eliminated by the use of th e steam

loop or H oll y system for returning high pressure drips to the
boilers .
The blow o ff conn ections with high pressure boilers are

commonly made with 2 in extra heavy wrought pipe ; 2 % in
. .
conn ections are often used for boilers of 1 50 hp and larger . .
Fit tings should be avoided as far as possible bends being ,
used instead Where the pipe is subj ected to the action of

.
flame it should be protected by brickwork built in front of

it in the form of a V Fittings S hould be of extra heavy
.
pattern good for 2 50 lb working pressure I t is customary

,
. .
to make blow off connections extra heavy throughout ,
although of course no g reat pressure can occur between the

, ,
blow o ff co ck or valve and a properly vented tank E xtra .
heavy flanged unions should be placed at intervals to pro

vide for readily disconnecting the blow Off pipes in case of
repairs I f flanged fittings are used comparatively few flange
.
un ions are necessary .

MAIN S TEAM CONNECTION S WITH BOILER S 1 41
BO IL ER
H I,
EN G INE S UPPLY
BO I L E R
1 42 PIPE FITTI N G C HAR T S
A s besto s pa ck ed cocks si mi lar to t h e o ne shown in
for control lin g t he dis ch a rge thro ugh blow o ff pi p es al t ho ugh

,
adop ted f or high pre ss ure S ervi ce dur ing the pas t few years .
a nd 1 22 .
1 44 PIPE FITTING CHAR T S
It is well to use a valve and a cock or a pair of valves on

each bo i ler The former are O ften arranged as shown in
.
Fig 1 2 3 The writer however prefers placing the cock

. .
, ,
outside the v alve The reason for this arrangement is that

.
the valve is easier to repair and can be made to take the

wear I n blowing down the co ck is first O pened then the
.
,
valve these to be closed in the reverse order thus keeping

, ,
the pressure O ff the co ck when it is O perated When a single .
cock is used on each boiler it is well to guard against leakage

by placing a heavy gate valve in the blow Off pipe between
the blow O ff tank and the branch to the boiler nearest the
tank .
It is desirable to provide a plugged tee or other means for

determining whether or not there is leakage past the cocks
a nd valves On e of the manufacturers of the blow o ff
.
valves used in pairs as shown in Fig 1 2 1 states that since

,
.
,
the scale forming impurities passing through these valves

-
quickly d estroy the seats causing them to leak and since

, ,
it is impossible to avoid this wear they recommend a type ,
of valve in which the seat can be easily renewed thus keep ,
ing the valve tight at all times These valves are angle .
pattern with fl anged ends and it is recommended that they

, ,
be connected as shown in Fig 1 2 4 The Operation is as

. .
follows :
BOILE R BLO W OFF CON NECTION S 1 45
A P . COC K
.
BO I L E R
I W a s h o ut a nd Em e rg e nc y Va lve
2 B lo w O ff V a lve
-
3 B lo w O f f M a i n
-
4 S e w e r C o n ne c t i o n
C o nnec t io n ro B o i le r
‘
FI G 1 2 4
.
1 46 PIPE FITTING C H AR TS
When boiler is in use v alve No 1 is entirely open and .
not used for blowing Off N o 2 is the regular operating valve

. .
for blowing o ff I n case of leak in No 2 valve then N o 1

. . .
can be closed and No 2 repaired Wh en boiler is being

. .
cleaned valve N o 2 is kept closed to avoid scalding the

.
boiler cleaner as would occur if he ran waste wash water

,
into the blow o ff pipe when another fireman might be blowing

o ff some other boiler With these two valves he shuts o ff
.
blow o ff main entirely wi t h valve N o 2 removes bo nnet from.

,
valve N o 1 and drains his boiler wash water and scale into
.
,
sink made in floor same having catch basin connected with

‘
sewer B y doing this he is safe against back water from

.
blow o ff main it keeps all loose scale out of blow o ff pipe

,
and reduces the resistance of water leaving boiler and

enables him to wash boiler out more quickly Where single .
boilers are used and are not i n continuous operation allow ,
ing ample t ime for repairs a single valve could be used

, .
I n large power plants where a number of boilers are i n co n

t i nu o us use and connecte d in to one blow off main the use of ,
”
two valves would give the best results .
I n some cities it is the practice j ust to cover the law

by providing a plain blow o ff tank similar to the o n e shown
in Fig 1 2 5 The t heory of the operat i on of these tanks
. .
evidently is that the water under boiler pressure flows in a

great deal faster than it c an pass out to the sewer since the ,
t a nk is freely vented and the pressure on the water is relieved .
A much better type of tank is that shown in Fig 1 2 6 where .

,
t h e disch arge pipe is water sealed inside the tank thus pre ,
venting the blowing o f steam to the sewer .
I f lo cated in a cold place the drain must be left open after

blowing down I t is extremely i m portant th at the vent pipe
.
fro m the tank be so located and graded that there will be no

pockets in which water from condensed vapors can lodge
and freeze I n cities an exhaust he ad should be placed at
.
the top of the vent pipe for the purpose of condensing the
vapors .
1 48 PIPE FITTING CHARTS
Fig . 1 2 7is
copied from the O cto ber 1 906 number of the L 0 , ,
co m o ti ve published by the H artford S te a m B oiler I nspection

,
I nsurance C omp a ny from which we quote as follows :

,
I t is inj urious to a sewer to blow the contents of a boiler

into it directly , an d many cities h ave ordin a nces requiring
that an intermediate receptacle of some sort shall be pro
vid e d in order th a t the sewer may be protected from the de
,
structive action of the direct discharge I t is obj ectionable .

,
also to fill the sewer with hot steam a n d when tanks are
, ,
provided they should be so constructed that they will permit

the steam and wa ter to separate the steam being allowed ,
to escape into the air through a vent pipe at some point

where it will not co n stitu t e a nuisance while the water is ,
either permitted to flow from the tank into t h e sewer under

the combined influence of gravity a nd such pressure as may ,
exist within the t ank or pumped out of the tank when the
,
conditions are suc h that the as sistance of a pump is required .
“
When blow o ff tanks are employed it is exceedingly ,
important that they should be made strong enough to W ith

stand a considerable pressure Too often they are regarded .
in the light of mere v essels which are to receive the contents

of the boiler without being themselves subj ected to a ny seri
ous pressure This is , indeed the ide al function of a blow Off
.
,
t ank ; and yet in designing such a tank we should al w ays

bear in mind the possibility of its being subj ected to a pres
sure o f some m agnitude through the oc currence of conditions
,
that were perhaps not foreseen whe n the pl an t was installed .
The neglect of this prec aution h as resulted in many serious

accidents often accompanied by loss of life
, .
A correct form of construction for a blow off tank is

“
S hown in Fig 1 2 7 This tank is built of steel , the sides being

. .
g in thick and the he ads i n The S hell is double riveted

-
.
,
-
.
,
and the heads are bumped to a radius equal to the diameter

of the shell The blow o ff pipe enters at the side n e ar t h e
.
,
upper he ad the opening for it being reinforced by riveting

,
to the shell a piece of plate é i n or more in thickness The -

. .
water that is disch arged into the tank p as ses out again
through a siphon which comes down to within 6 inches or so
,
of the bottom of the tank a n d is designated in Fig 1 2 7as the

, .
B OILE R BLOW OFF C ONNECTIO NS 1 49
127. Blo w o ff T a nk Connec t i ons

1 50 PIPE FITTING CH AR TS
’
‘
outlet . The S iphon is made of pipe 3 or 4 in in diameter .
( the diame t er of the blow o ff being assumed to be 2 in )in .
order that the water may h ave the freest me ans of esc ape .
The elbow in the siphon is secured to a short nipple which

“
enters a bushing th at is screwed into a reinforced opening in

the S hell A nother piece of pipe of diameter equal to that
.
,
of the internal p art of the siphon enters the bushing on the ,
outside and leads to the sewer A vent pipe preferably 4 in

,
.
,
.
in diameter at le a st enters the upper he ad through a pressed

, ,
steel flange the co llar of which is of suffi cient length to afford

,
a proper holding power to the thread s on the end of the pipe .
Finall y a manhole is provided so that the in terior of the

, ,
tank may be readily accessible for inspection and repairs and ,
for the removal of s uch deposits as may accumulate in it .
C ontinuing the quotation from the L oco m o ti ve of O ctober ,
1 906 the H artford S team B oiler I nspection

,
I nsurance
C ompany h as the following to say regarding boiler blow o ff
connections :
“
We do not in sist upon blow off tanks having the p ar
t i c u la r desi g n shown in Fig 1 2 7 ( June 2 9 page
. but we ,
do insist upon their having a streng t h amply sufficient to

enable them to resist any pressure to which they may be
exposed The size and sh ape of the tank and the sizes of
.
,
its outlet and vent pipes will naturally vary from one steam
plant to another the number of boilers in the b attery and the
, ,
c ap acity of each having a consider able influence u pon these

,
elements B low off tanks are O ften placed underground

.
,
but we greatly prefer to have the tanks and their pipes so

S ituated that they can be easily examined at all times .
A s regards the intensity of the pressure that may exist

“
in a blow o ff tank we can hardly say more than that it

,
depe nds upo n the sizes and lengths of the pipes upon the ,
size of the tank upon the number and c apacity of the

,
boilers that may be blown o ff at the same time upon the ,
working pressure that is carried in the boilers and upon ,
v arious other circumstances I n a tank that is well desi g ned

.
,
and adapted to the work that it has to do the usual pressure , ,
while blowing o ff may be from 1 0 to 2 0 lb per square inch

,
.
,
though it should be u nderstood that this estimate is gi ven

1 52 PIPE FITTING CHAR TS
completely closed in winter in our N orthern latitudes ,
through the action of frost particularly if the blow o ff pi p e

,
leaks slightly S mall quan t ities of vapor p a ssing up through

.
,
the vent pipe in cold weath er may give rise to a co ati n g of

,
ice about the free end of th e pipe and this may increase
,
until the pi pe is seriously red u ced in area or possibly stopped

,
up entirely .
Wh atever the cau ses of pressure in blow o ff tanks may

be i t is certain tha t such tanks explode from time to time
, ,
owing to the existence within them of pressure n o t contem

plated by their desi g ners Ou r main contention is that blow
.
o ff tanks should be made strong enough to safely withstand
a ny pressure to which they may be subj ected through the ,
failure of either the plant or the workmen to operate cor

r ec t ly .
Asto the size of blow o ff tanks the custom varies widely i n

di fferent cities ; in some they are made of sufficient c apacity
to hold all the water from one of the boilers when emptied .
The water is then allowed to cool o ff before being discharged

to the sewer A nother advantage claimed for thus liberally
.
proportioning the blow off tank is that when the steam plant
includes but one boiler and the tank is below the level of the
sewer with no means of pumping out but a steam pum p the
, ,
entire contents of the boiler may be discharged to the tank

and allowed to remain there until the boiler is again fired ,
when steam may be had for the blow o ff pump A cold .
water j et is frequently applied to blow off tanks too small

in size to give time for the water to cool I t is customary
.
wit h some engineers to have br as s cooling coils placed i n the

blow o ff tank ; through these cold water is required to p as s .
I t is better to secure blow off tank c apacity in length

rather than in diameter since an incre as e in diameter i n
,
volves an increase i n the thickness of the metal to maintai n

a given strengt h I t sho uld be borne in mind that with a
.
given pressure the longitudi n al seams of a tank are subj ected

to twice as great a strain as the transverse or ring seams .
BOILE R BLOW OFF CONNECTION S
Whe n horizontal tubular boilers are used for he ating with

a gravi ty return system the m ai n return and blow o ff are often
somewhat indicated in Fig 1 2 8 A separate . .
1 28 . Ret u r n a nd Blo w o ff Connec t i on wi t h Bo iler

va lved branch is provided for draining the system without
necessi t ating the emptying of the boiler I t is pr eferable to
.
place t h e check valve outsi de of the stop valve in main

Fig 1 2 9 shows piping connectio n s of one of a group of

.
engines A steam separator is supposed to be located in the

.
main line instead of placing one at each engi ne as is the com

,
mon practice when they are some distance from the boilers
and the condensation would be considerable The expansion
.
of the m ain is provided for by the nipple at N and the ,
thre ad below the elbow at E which will allow an angular

,
movement of the horizontal branch when the main expands .
I t is well in co nnecting the cylinder lubricator to m ake the

condensation pipe above it of ample len g th The throttle
.
drip is shown be n t around the cylinder a neat arr an ge

ment readily accomplished with the i n br a ss pipe com
-
m o nly used This drip is S hown independent of the cylinder

.
drips While th is is preferable it is not absolutely necessary

.
provided check valves are properly placed The under .
ground duct is shown with the c a st iron plates remov ed from

the greater part of it .
Figs 1 3 0 a and 1 30 6 show by plan and elevation a pressure

.
reducing valve with b y pass The valve S hown is of the low

-
.
pressure pattern small on one S ide and large on the other .
The weight may be adj usted to give the desired pressure on

the low pr essure side as indic ated on the gauge which is an
essential adj unct of this equipment .
The pipe connec t ing the gauge with the low pressure side
should be 8 or 1 0 ft in length in order to enter the main
.
,
pipe at a point where the pressure will represent the average

of that in the line
.
THE R ED U CING V AL VE AND TH E ENGLI S H DR I P 1 57
LO W G SI
RR E
Plan a nd E le va ti o n P r es S u re R ed u c i ng Va l ve
-
wi th
1 58 P IP E FI TTING C HA RTS
i n t he m ai n exha u s t li ne near t he eng i n e Wh mb lo ca t i o n

‘
,
v
s
1 60 PI PE FITTING CH ART S
T here ele m ent arran g emen t sho wn

,
h appen t o be closed
when C is o pe n e d a n d en gi ne started an e xcessive pr essure
will be bro u gh t to be ar o n t h e in teri or of the heater c a usi n g
,
it to burst To avoi d th i s dange r a we i gh ted v a lve s i m i lar

.
to a back pressure valve sho ul d be placed at A w hich would

,
op en in c as e of excessive pressure .
FEED WATER HEATER CONNECTION S 1 61
BACK P RE S U RE VALVE
S
OYS TEM
E H AU T S TEA M
! S
BY
-
P SS A
PUMP S UCT IO
FI G 1 3 2
. . Ty pi ca l Arra n g em en t o f a n Op en He a ter a nd
Co nn ec ti o n s
heater prefere nce conne ctions .
exh aus t p i pe is so a rr an ge d that the ste a m will shoo t

into t h e he ater i n pr e fer en c e to t u rn i n g at ri gh t an g les to
en ter t h e p i pe le ad i ng to t h e exh aus t he a d On ly o n e v a lve
.
i s n ecessary to sh u t o ff t h e he a ter a c o ns i dera b l e s a vm g i n

“
-
ma terial being m ade over t h e arran ge m ent s h o wn i n Fig 1 3 2 . .

1 64 PIPE FITTI NG CHA R TS
a ddi t ion c onnec

t i ons Fig . 1 34 is gi ven s h o wm g wha t i s t e rmed a pr ef erence
stea m co nne c ti o n T h e out b oa rd exh a ust co nne cti on is

.
take n fro m t h e o u t l e t of t e e t h e he ate r be ing conne cted w ith

'
t h e run o f t h e tee .
FEED WATER HEATER CON NECTION S
1 34
.
-
Hea ter wi th Preference Co nn ec ti o ns
1 66 PIPE FIT TING CHA R TS
meth od of s u pporting cover

i n g plates for du cts t h e r a i ls a lon g t h e top o f t he duct b ei n g
,
h eld i n pl a ce by an c ho rs as i ll u str at e d Wi th co n crete

,
.
walls i t is we ll to bu i ld U p to wi th i n an i n c h or a n inch a nd
a h a lf of t h e botto m of the r ail settin g th i s in pl a c e w i t h t h e
,
top le vel wi th t h e flo o r li ne , groutin g i n t h e spa ce un d er the

Othe r types of rail s or border bars are shown in Figs .
and 1 3 7 Ord i n a ry ste e l t e e b a rs are often used along the

.
top of t h e d u c t wall s as i n di c ated i n Fi g 1 3 8 T hese are

,
. .
an chored by — i n iro n s tu r n ed a t right a n gles at ea c h e n d

.
,
as shown Th e bars are p u n c h ed for th ese iro n s at i n tervals

.
of abo u t 3 ft .
A variety of styles of m ark i n gs are sho wn the d i am o n d

,
pattern be i n g perh a ps the m ost co m m o n wi th the flute d

,
plates a close seco n d T h e c a st iron plates should be he a vi ly

.
ribb e d un dern eath to i n su re stren gth A t i n tervals they

.
should be provi ded with h oles for i nserti n g a hook to facili

tate the i r removal .
CO V ER PLATE S FOR D U CT S A ND PITS 1 69
Fro 1 3 6
.
FI G 1 3 7
.
L
co nc ne' re F OOR
“ '
r es BA R
END_T URNED A I A NS HO R
I G HI A N G LE
.
'
o uccr
FI G 1 3 8
.
1 70 PIPE FITTING C H A R TS
P lat e s about 3 ft square m a ke a good floori n g i n fro n t of

.
boilers wh en su pport e d on t e es a n d an gles as illustr a ted in

, ,
Fi g 1 3 9
. Wh en usi n g fl u ted pattern pl a t e s for t h i s service
.
they should be set w ith t h e groove perpendicular to the

bo i ler fron t to f a c i litate sh ov e ling P r e ssed steel pl a tes a r e
.
n o w v e ry co m m o n ly u sed for d u ct covers a n d for boiler roo m
floori n g C are must be taken i n thei r u s e h oweve r to a void

.
, ,
tro u bl e from warpin g .
In the better class of plan ts it bec o me the custom to

u s e c ast i r on co m b i n ed b e d plat e s a n d drip pan s u n d e r t h e
p u m ps S ee F i g 1 40
. . .
T hese t a ke the place of c o pper or zin c pan s a n d m a ke a

s a ti sfacto ry finish for t h e top of the fo u n dati o n Co n crete
.
foun d a ti o n s a r e pe rhaps more co m m only used th a n b ri ck

, ,
.
“ ”
Wi th t h e latter if t h e c orn ers are laid u p with bull n ose
,
”
or
“
j a m b bri c ks a n d the r a di u s of t h e pu m p p a n corn ers is
m ade to correspond the effe ct is ple asing
,
.
cert a i n lo catio n s space is lacki ng place

the m s i de by side or en d to en d a n d leave s ufficien t space
aro un d the m . I n s u ch c a ses t h e do u bl e deck arr a n gemen t
i llustrated i n F i g 1 41 a ffords o n e s o lut i o n of the difficulty
.
Subs tantial s u pports s h o u ld ere d n e ar the e n d s should be

us ed t o gi ve t h e necessary ri gid i ty th ese to be loc a te d at the
,
f our corners .
CA S T I R ON B ED PLATE S TAN K S ETC
, ,
. 173
F I G 1 41
. . D o u b le Dec k Pum p S u pp o rt s wi th B ed Pla tes
174 PIPE FITTING CHAR T S
Cast iro n tanks on account of their greater durability

,
th an steel plate are u sed to a great exten t for s um p t a nks

,
i n buildings . T hey a re n o t in t en d e d to stand much pr e ssu re

and should be freely ven ted to the a tm osphere N o p i t is .
n ecessary ; th ey a r e m erely buried Th e co n structio n of

.
t h e tan k ill u strated in Fig 1 42 is clearly shown a n d n e e ds

.
n o description Th e co m pan y th at manufactures tan ks l i ke

.
the o n e i llustr a te d a lso m a kes cyl i ndri c al t a n ks for s i n k i n g

i n the gro u nd w itho u t e ndan gering foundation walls Th e
.
“
man ufacturer states : T hey are sun k i n place c a i sson
fas h i on by exc av a ti n g from within their weight c arry i n g
,
th e m down as fast as t h e earth is removed t h e exter i or ,
be i n g sm ooth Th e se c tio n s are bolted toge ther i n ri n gs

.
,
a n d these ri n gs are a d ded as f as t as t h e top i s su nk to t h e
floor level u n til the r e q u ire d d e pth is reached Th e tan k

,
.
i s then completed b y pu tt i n g i n t h e bot tom and t h e t o p an d ,
rustin g the j oints w i th a m i xture of i ron fil i n gs a n d s a l a m

m oniac c alked i n plac e w hi c h gi ves a j oin t impervious to
,
steam or w a ter B y s i n k i n g th em belo w the floor l i n e a n d

.
bringi n g t h e m anhol e op en ing a n d cover up to this l i n e a ll ,
p i pe conn ections to th ese tan ks c an be m ade ben e a th t h e

floor Wi th this con str u c ti on no brick pit is req u ired as
.
,
t h e plates are sufficien tly h eavy and stro n g to withstan d t h e

external pressure a n d as o n ly the exact di am eter of t h e tan k
,
is excavated th e re w ill b e n o settl i n g B eing sectio n al they

,
.
,
c a n be introduced i n to a n y buildi ng through the reg u lar

”
d o o r w a vs or openings .
Fig 1 43 shows a co m m o n type of tank pum p controller

.
for auto m atic a lly starting the steam p u mp when ever water
is drawn fro m tank or st a ndpi pe a n d stopping the pum p
W hen ever the water reac h es a gi ve n he i ght th us keepi n g the
,
tank const a ntly filled with water u p to a ny po i n t tha t m a y

be desired and preventing ove rflo wing When the ball .
flo at is rai sed by the wa ter the v a lve is closed a nd the acti o n

of the pump in c reases t h e press u re i n the d i s c h arge line ,
th i s pressure a cti n g o n the diaphragm of the regul a tor over

com e s the co m pressi o n o f the spri n g a n d closes t h e valve .
Wh e n t h e wa ter line in t h e t a nk falls the action is reverse d .
Th e check valve sho wn i n Fig 1 43 openi n g toward the

.
pipe i s of u s e i n c as e t h e vertical s u pply line fro m pum p to

t a nk has br a n ches to supply fixtures I t is b e tt e r practice to
.
su pply all fixtu re s t h ro u gh a separate d i scharge l i n e fro m

t h e tan k b u t i n certai n c a ses especi a lly in m a n uf a ct u ri n g
,
plan ts a co n s i d e rable saving can b e made i n pipi n g by usi n g

the l i n e co nn e c t i n g t h e p u m p w i th t h e t a nk for both a s u pply
to a n d d i sc h arge fro m t h e t a nk With this a rr a n ge m en t
.
the pressure i n this pipe v a r ies a n d there i s m or e or less shock

o n fixtures du e to the a c t i on of the pu m p
, . I t is well to place
a stop v a lve i n t h e s m a ll pipe co nn e c ti o n wi th t h e regu lator ,
a n d to place a b y pas s aro u n d t h e l a tter in plants of so m e

-
m a g nitude .
P U M P CON NECTION S 177
I H
CONNCC f IONFROM DSC ARGEPIPE
‘
F I G 1 43
. . Arra n g e m en t o f T a n k
C o n tro lle r fo r P u m p
P IPE FITTI NG C HAR TS
connec
the proper pres

1 45 sho w s a rathe r neat arrangement of steam c o n

n ec t i o n s w ith a pair of boil e r feed pu m ps as noted in a large
power plan t Th e p u mp regu lators are fl anged to provide

.
for ready re m ov a l in c ase of repairs Th e s m all pipes leadi n g

.
fro m t h e top o f t hese con nect with the boiler feed li n e a n d,
t h ese co n necti o n s are valv e d D rip co nn ections m a y well

.
be placed j u st above the b y — p as s v a lves altho u gh if th ese

,
are o pened slo w ly after a p e riod of di suse the water m a y be

allowed to p a ss o ff thro u gh the pu m ps I n this c a s e t h e
.
cyli n d e r lubri c a tors were co nn ected d i rectly with t h e steam

c h ests at the top A lubr i c ator c o u ld well be co nn ecte d
.
w it h t h e v e rtic a l ste a m supply p i pe to t a ke t h e place of

these or force feed lub r i c ators co u ld be used .
P UM P CO NNEC TI O NS 1 81
1 82 PIPE FI TTING CHAR TS
E xcept in the of p u mps h aving the suction connec

t ion with but a sin gle supply and the disch a rge leadi n g
directly to boilers or to a tan k there is good opport u n ity for
,
the fitter to display so m e ori gi n al i ty a n d sk i ll i n the arr a nge

ment of pipe conn ectio n s Several methods o f arran gi n g
.
the p i pi n g are shown in t h e ill u strati o n s presented herewith .
Fig 1 46 shows by a combin a tion of plain elevational a n d

.
i so m et ric drawi n g o n e m eth od of pipi n g a pai r of bo i ler feed

pumps to be used interch a n geably a s house service pumps .
Th e s u ction of each p u mp is provided with valved c on nec

tions with ( 1 )t h e feed water h ea ter ( 2 )t h e city wa ter supply
,
and ( 3 )a large co n crete reservoir below grade Th e bran ch

.
discharge l i n es lead to ( 1 ) t h e bo i ler ( 2 ) the h ouse servi ce

tanks ( 3 ) t h e sprink ler system tan ks a n d i n t h e case
ill u strated to the dy e ho u se storage tanks placed at a lower
,
level than the house service t a n ks .

1 47sho w s a typical pu mp layo u t for a n o ffice buildi n g ,
t h e pu m ps bei n g s u ppl i e d e i t h er fro m t h e feed w a ter heate r

or direct from the conn ecti on wi th t h e city main Th e di s .
c h arge li n e s lead to the boile rs a n d to the house servi c e

t a nks in t h e atti c or o n the roof t h e tanks being provi d ed
,
with a fl o a t valve at the en d of t h e disc h arge l i n e . T his

valve s h ould be of t h e b a lanced type .
A pump reg u l a ti n g v a lve is shown i n the c u t for co n trolling

t h e speed o f t h e pump w h e n o perat i n g o n h ouse servi c e .
When used for bo i l e r feedin g t h e p u m p i s controlled by h an d

through t h e b y — p as s.
PU M P CONNECTION S 1 85
Fig 1 48 shows three pumps all proportione d for boiler

.
feedi n g c on nected so that any pum p c a n draw its s u pply

from the city mai n from the filtered water tank or from the
,
feed water h eater A di rect c i ty water conn ectio n i s also

.
provided for filli n g th e boil e rs Th e d i scharge co nn e ctions

.
lead to ( 1 )the boil ers (2 )the house servic e tank for filtered
,
w a ter ( 3 )the house serv i ce tan k for un filtered water ( 4)t h e

,
spri n kler syste m t a nk Th e a r r a ngement i n dic ate d prov i des

.
for the use of o ne pu m p for bo i ler fe e di n g o n e for ho u se ser

,
vice a n d one sp a re T h e drawi n g a co m b i natio n of isom etri c

.
,
a n d plain e levati o n a l ill u s tr a t e s a si m ple method of con

,
v ey i n g to the fitter t h e ide a s fro m t h e office as to t h e gen
eral arr a n gement of p i pi n g des i r ed t h e p u m ps bei n g i n dicated

,
a s sho wn i n stead o f as they r e a lly appear ,

in order to save
ti m e i n maki n g t h e d rawi n g T h e latter serves t h e purpose
.
as well as if the pum ps were drawn o u t i n t h e greatest detai l .
Si n gle l i n es serve to show the pipi n g as well as though double

l i n es had been used .
18 8 PI P E FI TTING CHARTS
P U M P CONNECTION S 1 89
E TU RN S
R
C H E C K VALVES
S T EAM BY PABO
‘
S T EA M FRO M B O ILE R TO P U MP
WATw s vn
1 49 . Pu m p Re g u la to r Co n nec tio ns
190 PIPE FITTIN G CHA R TS
shows one m ethod co nn ectin g o i pu m ps
( o n e to be used as a r elay )wi th a tan k i n to which t h e r e tu rns

fro m a la rg e h eati n g sys t e m di sc h arge. Th e tan k sh o u l d
be s o se t that th ere wi ll b e a g o o d he a d of wa ter a b o ve t h e
suctio n valv es o f t h e p um ps Th e p u m ps a r e a r ran ged t o
.
be o pe rated by h an d in ca s e the pum p co n tr oller i s t em

po rari ly o ut of commis sion .
1 92 PIPE FITT I N G CHA R TS
Fig 1 5 1 shows a double c v li n der damper regulator used

.
to operate balanced valves when a very close re g ulation is

desired between live and exhau st steam .
On e piston is more heavily w eighted than the other .
When pressure reaches the desired point in line to heating

system or machines the di a phr a gm is raised , lifti n g the
weighted lever and admitti n g water pressure to the two cyl
in ders Th e one more l i ghtly weighted rises first and shuts
.
the balan ce valve cutting o ff live steam t o the mai n pipe

, ,
the back pres sure valve rem a i n i n g closed Should t h e pres

.
su re incre a se after live ste a m h a s been shut o ff , the heavier

weigh ts are then raised by t h e wa ter pressure a n d t h e large
balanced valve is opened p e rmitti n g a portion of the steam
,
to escape to the atmosph e r e .
Sho u ld t h i s p res s u r e n e w fall the heavy weights fall first

,
c los i n g the back pressure v al ve a n d should the press u re f al l
s ti ll lo w er the lighter w e igh ts descend opening more or less

,
a s may be necessary the b a lan c ed valve admitting li ve ste am

,
to the system .
Single cylinder combi n ati on regulators are not infreque n tly

used for operati n g eith e r a l ar ge size bal anced valve for
back pressure service or a high pressure balanced valve for
reduc i ng pressure service .
P U M P CONNECTION S 1 93
Figs 1 52 an d 1 53 show oil separators with siphon loop and

.
with trap I f there is a ny ch ance of the pressure i n the oil

.
separator fall i n g below a tm osphere t h e tr a pped disch a rge is

preferable provided the trap c an be set sev e r al feet belo w the
,
bottom of the separator Wi t h the sipho n loop arran ge m en t

.
,
if the poi n t of discharge c an be placed o n ly 2 feet or there

abouts below the bo t tom of t h e separator it req u ir e s com
,
p a r a t i v ely little vac u u m to hold gre asy water b a ck i n the

separa t or so m e of which is l i kely to fin d i ts way to t h e bo i ler
,
a n d c ause trouble . For c o n de nsing plan ts the oil separators

are arranged to d i sc h a rge to a t i gh t tank w h i c h m a y be
e m pti ed periodi cal ly or to some form of auto m atic pum p
,
and tank arrang ement .

C HA P T E R I V
D R A WI N G S or P I PI N G A ND A PP A R A T U S
M uch labor be saved and drawi n gs c a n be fin ished

ca n
with great convenienc e accuracy a n d promptness if the ,
meth od here expl a ined i s adopted in lay i n g out heating

w ork . I t co m prises i n subst a n ce the pre p arat i on of c h arts
from w hich the le a d i n g dimen sion s of a ny s i ze rad i ator ,
valve fitting or oth e r standard piece of apparatus used

,
i n h e at i n g work can be re a dily tran sferred to the drawing

i n q u est i on B esides fa c ilit a tin g the produ ction of draw
.
ings th e re a r e m any i nstances where t h e complexity of

,
t h e plan s or the c los e u t i l i z a t i o n of sp a ce i s such that t h e

utmost care n eeds to be exerc i sed in arrangi n g for the
appar a tu s i n order th a t th e re m a y be n o attem pt to put
t wo thi n gs in t h e s a m e space Th e charts describ e d pre
.
,
pared by the author a r e b a sed o n t h e a ctu a l di m e n sio n s

,
of the parts of a h eati n g system menti o n ed and are

design ed so that the draftsman c a n tra n sfer the di m en
sions without need for proporti o n al d i viders or scale rule .
R A D I AT O R S
Fi g . 1 54 i s
desi gned to avo i d constantly referring to cata
lo g u es for di m ensi o n s o f r a di ators w h en layi n g t h em in to
scale on draw i n gs Th e chart given is merely typical and
.
i n th i s c a se is for three colu m n radiators of a well kn own -
m ake Other si m i lar c harts are used fo r sin gle column two
.
,
colum n and fo u r colum n radiators I n F i g 1 54 which is . .
dr a wn to a scale of i i n to the foot the distance horizon .

,
tall y from the vert i c al l i n e A B to the several l i nes m arked

1 8 i n 2 2 i n 2 6 i n etc represents the len gth of radiators of
.
,
.
, .
,
.
,
differen t he i ghts of the surface stated in the column at the

DR A W ING S OF PIPING A ND APPAR AT US 1 97
44
”
F I G 1 54
. . Di m ens io n Ch a rt fo r Th ree Co l u mn R a di a to rs
S c ale, in . to th e fo o t
left Th e l i ne for 3 8 i n radiators is m ade heavier than t h e

. .
others as i t i s m ost ofte n referred to correspondi n g as it

, ,
does to radi a tors of stan dard height .
Th e width of a three column rad i ator is represented by the

fig u re at t h e top of the chart Co m m on d i stan ces to allow
.
for space occupi ed by an gle valves are as follo ws :
If the rad i ators are b u shed add in for e a ch bushing . .
To illustrat e the u s e o f t h e chart suppose i t i s des i red to

,
lay o u t a 1 2 0 sq ft ra di a tor 3 8 i n h i gh T ak e a pair of

. . . .
dividers and on t h e h ori zontal l i n e j ust below the nu mber

1 2 0 take t h e d i stance from lin e A B to the h eavy li n e m arked
3 8 in P r i ck this distance on t h e pl a n in the desired lo ca
.
ti o n after t h e manne r sho wn i n Fig 1 5 5 a n d for t h e width

,
.
,
t a ke the distan ce across the r a diator shown i n pl a n at the top

of t h e chart Th e radi a tor should be m arked on the plan
.
24 s 3 c 3 8 in 1 2 0 sq ft for example m eani n g 24

. . .
,
section 3 column radi a tor 3 8 in high

,
. .
2 00 PIPE FITTING CHA R T S
drawn to the scale to 1 ft

.
,
scale that
sho w s most pi pi n g very clearly C harts dr a wn to oth er
.
s c a les may very eas i ly b e pr e p a red fro m th is one tho se to

,
t h e scale of i in to t h e fo ot be i n g specially usefu l w h en

.
’
worki n g on architect s dr a wi n gs Such charts a r e gre at
.
labor savers over t h e commo n method of referri n g to trade

cat alogu es for these di m e n s i o n s a nd will doubtl e ss Su ggest
,
the m ak i n g of d i m en sion c h ar ts of other materials or a ppar a

t u s freq u en tly s h own on dr a wm g s i n di ff e ren t lines of
e n gi neeri ng work.
AWI NG S OF PIPING AN D APPARAT US
2 02 PIPE FITTI N G C HA R TS
P I PI N G, V AL V E S , F I TT I N G S
be fo u n d of great conven ience in t h e o ffice
w i ll
of t h e en gi n eer or contractor i n l a yin g out piping ,
fittings a n d v a lves Th e chart is practically self explana

.
-
tory A pair of d i vi ders sho u ld be u sed wi th wh i c h t a ke

.
,
the dist a n ce from the hori zo n tal l i n e to t h e lin e repre sen ti n g

t h e valve fitti n g or flan ge d e sir e d
,
For exam ple to lay o ff
.
,
a stand a rd 1 0 i n flanged tee with elbow o n o n e side a n d a

-
.
gate v a lve on t h e other as shown in Fig 1 57 t a ke t h e di s

,
.
,
tan ce on the verti cal l i n e m arked 1 0 i n fro m the horizontal

.
,
li n e to th e one marked flanged fit t i n g s ; center to face

and lay o ff A B a n d D Th e n lay o ff C and E i n the sam e
,
.
m a nn er by re ferri n g to the proper li n es o n t h e chart Th e .
valve is s h own i n the c o n ven t ion a l way by an ! and the ,
location of the valve wheel is indicated .

Fig 1 50 serves to show the clearness with which t h e

.
arran gement of all apparat u s a n d piping may be shown in

o n e V ie w by means of an i so m etric draw i n g B y this method .
the horizontal l i n es of a n obj ect are drawn t o sc ale at a n angle

of 3 0 degrees with the horizontal Th e vertical lines of the .
obj ect are so i n dicated o n the isometric drawi n g also to ,
sc ale T o fully represe n t by regular mechanical drawin g a

.
box 2 ! 3 ! 6 ft for ex a m ple wo u ld req u ire three vie ws

.
, , ,
plan s i de or fro n t a n d e n d elevatio n s I t could be s h own

,
.
equally well if not better by an i sometri c dra wi n g as ill u s

t r a t e d i n F i g 1 58
. T o draw a c ircle isometrically inscribe
.
,
it i n a square the sides of which are of the s a me len gth a s the

d i am eter of t h e c i rcle then co nn ect the poi nts midw ay of
,
the length of each side by a curved l i ne as i ll u strated i n ,
Fi gs 1 59 a n d 1 60 T his rule i s useful in drawi n g cylinders

. .
,
v a lve wheels fitt i n gs etc Th i s method of draw i n g is some

, ,
.
what harder to acquire than the three view m et h od b u t is far -
e as i er for work m e n t o c o m prehe n d .
Th e writer once h a d th i s illustr a ted wh en h e was se n t for

by the operator of a pipe cutting machine to who m h a d been ,
g i ven a drawi n g of some large pipe conn ecti o n s shown in ,
plan elevation and side V ie w T h e wri ter ende a vored to

,
.
explain what was r e q u ired but the w orkma n i n sis t ed on

,
” “
h avi ng the piping ske t c h ed out either on t h e fla t or by
the method j u st described saying that if he co u ld u n der
,
stand the k in d o f dr a wi ngs first presented he would not be

running a pipe machi n e ; which emphasizes the d e sirab i lity
of havi n g all work of th is ki n d c learly drawn so that the ,
i n tent of t h e ske t c h c a n be taken i n at a glance by the work

m an . Always make sure th a t the drawing supplemented
by notes i n cludes all t h e ide as it is inten ded to convey so ,
that addit i o n al verbal explanatio n s will be u nnecessary .

D RAWI NGS DIE P I P I NG A ND; APPA RATUS 20 5
2 06 PIPE FITTIN G CHA R T S
a nd illustrate further
metri c drawing the latter bei n g developed from t h e front
,
and side elevati on s of a feed water heater as illustrated i n

the two figures first mentioned I n Fig 1 63 the merest out
. .
lines h ave been shown i n order to illustrate the method a n d

to S how how the fl a n ges appe a r when shown isometric ally .
I t is often puzzling to the begin n er how to show circles iso

metrically . I t i s hoped that illustrations Figs 1 59 1 60
,
.
,
a n d 1 63 w i ll be of ass i sta n c e
,
.
2 08 PIPE F I TT I N G
-
CHAR TS
To illust rate the use

se nt e d Th e top and
. . shown in Fig 1 6 4a a re.
devel o ped iso m etric ally t h e po i n ts a b c a n d d i n these

, , , ,
fig ure s c orresponding Th e sam e i s true of po i nts e f g

.
, , ,
an d h shown i n Figs 1 64C a n d 1 65

, . Th e dist a nce f ro m the
.
ce n ter to a ll t hese p oi n ts is the s a m e T h e face to f a ce di

.
"
m en s i o n mea sures t h e sam e i n F i gs 1 6 4a a n d 1 65

. .
D R A W ING S OF PIPI NG AND APPAR AT US 2 09
FI G l 6 4b
.
FI G 1 6346
.
S id e Ele va ti o n , End Ele va tion ,
Te e Tee
F I G 1 65
.
I s o m e tri c , T ee
P lans i n te n ded to show bo i ler en g ine a n d pump co n nec ,
tio n s etc c an h a rdly be drawn with m uch clearn ess to Sc ale

,
.
,
smaller th a n i i n to the foot although with the si n gle lines

.
,
sho wn in Fig l 66b very good results can be obt a ined on t in

. .
s c ale drawings I t is well to u s e two and so m etimes three

.
plan s accordi n g to t h e complexity of the system o n e for the

, ,
overhe a d pi pin g one for t h e pi pi n g near the floor a n d one

,
for un derground p i pes Tw o of these m ay be combi ned for.
simple layouts but it is confusi n g to attempt to show all the

,
p i pes o n a single pl a n Th e pipes for di ff erent services are

.
represented by li n es var yin g in c h ar a cter a key bei n g placed ,
on t h e drawi ngs to i d enti fy them Di ff eren t en gi neers use .
di fferent keys no stan dard so f a r as the writer is aware

, , ,
having been adopted .
Fig 1 661) shows a s e ries of li n e s used by the writer which

.
were foun d pretty s a ti sf a ctory i n practi ce I n connecti on .
with t h e si n gle lin e draw in gs b as ed on Fig 1 66b stop valves ,

.
,
may be shown either l i ke A i n Fig 1 6 6a for fl a nged valves .
a n d B for screwed o n es or t h ey m a y be shown with the ,
wheel as in C ,
Swi n g c h eck valves may be shown as in
.
D a n d globe check as i n E .
Th e single line drawi n gs are recommen ded for general

layout a n d estimating purposes it being more satisfactory ,
to mak e the worki n g drawi n gs showing large p i pes wi th

double lin es spaced the d i am eter of the p i pe apart w ith fit
tin gs drawn i n w ith fac e t o face dimen sion s and fl a n ges to
scale S ee Fig 1 5 6 for di m e n si o n s of valves and fittings
. . .
C H A P T ER V
G A L V A N I ZE D I R ON W ORK
T his chapter treats Of various methods commo n ly em

ployed i n t h e c onstruction of ducts and fi n es used with the fan
systems of heati n g a n d ven ti l a tio n a n d will take up det a i ls
,
of d a m pers h an gers etc T ables of the weights of ro u n d

, ,
.
a n d rectan gular pipes w ill be g i ven togeth er wi th extracts .
from specificati ons dealing wi th gau ges a n d m ethods of

co n structio n A ltho u gh s u ch work is used chiefly with fan
.
systems the fo llowing will apply equally well to large gravity

systems :
R O U N D P I PE S
L on gitudinal seams i n roun d or oval pipes are generally
m ad e wit h t h e usual lock edges as s h own i n Fig 1 67 ,
a on all .
gau ges up to a n d i n clu din g N o 2 0 i ro n A fter t h e edges

. .
are locked t h e pipe is pl a ced on a m an drel a n d t h e seam is

s et down w i t h a h a n d groov e r of t h e proper s i ze a n d i s then
set down fl at with a h ardwood mallet m a king a finished seam , ,
as s h o wn in 1 6 7 b T h e cost Of thes e oper a tions c a n be

.
m a terially reduced if one of t h e v a ri ous styles of h a nd or

pow er m a c h i ne groovers n o w on the m arket is used P ipe .
j o i n ted in this m anner m eets all the requirem e nts Of a firs t

class j ob a n d does n o t n eed additional solderi n g .
P i p i n g o f N o 1 8 a n d he a vier g a u ges S ho u ld be m ade

.
with riv e ted lap j oints R ivets should be spaced abo u t 2 or

.
2 % i n on cen ters a n d butto n ed down on surf a ce of m etal with

.
,
a rivet set of proper size T h e total lap sho u ld never be less

.
than 1 i n as shown in Fig 1 68

.
,
. .
R O U ND P I P E S — R I N G S EA M S
Figs 1 69 and 1 70 show two methods of making j oints in
.
round or ov al piping and ca n be either soldered or riveted

, ,
as desired Fig 1 69 shows a single bead on the small end

. .
of the j oint , which is made to fit snugly in the large en d

of adj oining j oint of pipe Fig 1 70 shows a bead on the small
. .
en d of j oi n t fitted to the large end of the adj oini n g j o i n t .
These beads serve to sti ffen t h e pipe and sometimes several ,
are used close toge t her for this purpose .
Fig 1 71
shows a plain lap j oint having a lap of about
.
,
2 in a n d ca n be either soldered or riveted , or both

.
,
as ,
requi re d Join ts are marked o u t allowing for a n outside

.
di ameter on sm a ll end of j o i nt and inside diameter on the

large end of j o i nt When the proper allowan ce is made
.
the sm all end shoul d ma ke a tight j oin t with the adj acent
one when the lap al lowed h as been reached
,
.
Fig 1 72 shows a method of using either c as t or wrought

.
angle iron fl anges in m a ki n g up j oints on piping of heavy

gau ges or piping r un in a vertic al position on the exterior
of a building An gle iron fl anges are gener al ly riveted on
.
each end of a len g th of piping about 1 2 or 1 4 ft , which h as

, .
i ntermediate riveted lap j oints .

Fig 1 73 shows a special fl anged connection u sed on work

.
th at m ust be absol u tely tight Special angle fl anges are

.
recessed at A to rece i ve the ends of t h e p i pe secti o n which ,
are flanged over A collar about 3 i n lo n g made of a straight

. .
,
piece of iro n rolled to d i am eter of t h e fl an ge is riveted to ,
t h e sm al l en d Of the pipe and extends beyond the j oi n t .
Such j oi n ts are used o n pressu re w ork b u t are n o t required

,
for ordinary heating and ve n tilati n g systems .
EL B o w s , B R A N C H E S A ND TA P E R S
E lbo w s should h ave the intern a l rad i u s at least e ! ual
to the di a m eter of the pipe wi th whi ch they connect E ven .
in t h e smaller sizes they should be made up of not less than

five pieces , those about 8 in usually having seven pieces See
. .
Fig 1 74 A ll elbows except those of NO 1 8 g a uge an d

. .
, .
heavier are grooved and locked H eavier elbows are

,
.
rivete d and soldered .
I n blower work Of good construction the br an ches are

c arefully desi g ned so m ewhat as shown in Fig 1 75 . .
T apers to reduce fro m o n e size to another are generally

made in a length O f not over 3 6 in T hey are either straight
.
or o ffset to suit conditions .

GALV ANI ZED I R ON W ORK 2 17
FI G 1 7
. 4 FI G . 175
Ga lva n i z ed Iro n Wo rk fo r F a n S y s tem s
218 PIPE FITT I NG CHAR TS
L ONG I TU DI N A L S EA M s IN D U CT S
s m t n gu l a r p i p i ng are made in
L o n gi tu d i n a l e a s o n r e c a
v a r i o u s w a ys a n d s h o u l d b e m o di fi e d to meet the condi

,
ti o n s o f c u tti n g s h e e ts to m a k e t h e various sizes of piping ,
lso i t t h m a n s of h a n d li n g various sizes of piping in

a t o s u e e
t h e s h op .
F i g 1 76 s h o ws o n e of the most common ways of making

.
a l o n gi tu d i n a l seam T his is done by bending the single

.
e d ge a t r i ght an gl e s to the piping Th e do uble edge is .
t u rn e d over a n d locked over the single edge a n d the single ,
and do u ble edges are then ben t over flat as shown .
Fig 1 77 shows another m ethod O f m aki n g lo n g itudinal

.
se am s which is very popular in many shops ; this is si m ply

the ordinary grove d seam and c an be loc ated at whatever ,
point desired T his is an advantage since the sheets c an

.
,
then be cut with a minimum of waste material Th e seam .
is m ade in the manner described for round pipes Where .
a h and or power machi n e groover is available , these j oints

c an be m ade very quickly and at small cost especially ,
when piping is made up in 8 ft 0 in j oints When large sizes . . .
of pipes are to be shipped to a distance they can be made up ,
in this m an n er with seams left O pen during shipment to be

,
put together by hand on the j ob T his facilitates handlin g .

,
permits nesting duri n g shipment and saves in the cost of

transportation L ess damage is likely to occur during ship
.
men t th an where the pipe is shipped made up .
Sheets can be taken from the bundle of iron squared up ,
in the shears a n d then taken to the Cornice brake and edged

on b o th sides also mak i n g the right angle ben d all at o ne
,
h an d li n g . Th is method c an be used on all gau ges up to a n d

i n cl u di n g N o 1 8 if t h e iro n u sed i s of a good grade
.
, I f p o or .
iro n is u sed it woul d be wise n o t to m ake this seam on gauges

over N O 2 0 as when edges are turned over in the brake they
.
,
often c rack op en and the whole piece must then be taken out
, ,
a costly proceed i n g .
Fig 1 78 shows the method O f making longitudinal seams

.
on pi pi n g of heavy gauges Th ey are ord i n ary lap seam s

.
a n d c an be placed i n alm o st any position T h e lap on these

.
seams sho u ld n ever be less th a n 1 in and rivets spaced about

.
2 or 2 % i n o n cen ters a n d i n about

.
, in from side of sheet
.
,
making rivet line in c e nt e r of lap When a n especially

.
n eat j ob is requ i red rega rd less of expen se it is probably

, ,
better to m ake t h e lap at the c o rn ers o f the pipe as sho wn

‘
,
i n Fig 1 79 a n d place t h e la p o n the i n side

. Th e raw edge
.
of metal c a n be rounded over t h e corner mak i n g a very neat

,
and service a ble j ob R i veted j o i n ts should be made up very

.
carefu lly a n d r i vets bu tto n ed down on the metal with a rivet

set of the proper size .
shows a general method of constructin g duc ts of

1 80
heavy p la t e metal w he n m etal is too heavy to readily make
a right angle be n d on a sheet O f ordinary le n gth Angle .
irons about 1 l é — fi; i n are cut the exact length

.
of sheets and about gr i n holes punched about 3 in on

,
. .
centers .
GAL VANI ZED I RON WO R K 221
F I G 1 79
.
FIG . 1 80
G I RT H OR C I R C U L A R JO I NT S F OR R E C TA N G U L A R D U C T S
Th e following shows approved methods of making up

j oints of rectangular pipi n g into lengths as occ a sion requires :
Fig 1 8 1 shows a m ethod of m aki n g up j oi n ts for the
.
lighter gauges of iron say from N O 3 0 to N o 2 6 and is

,
. .
,
known as a double seamed j oi n t A si n gle edge is turned up

.
on one end of the j oi n t of pipe and a similar edge on the

,
abutti n g en d is slipped over it Then both edges are brought

.
over flat with a smooth m allet Th is seam sh ould be .
den ted by mean s of a good prick punch i n order to avoid the

j oin t sl i pping out while handli n g the finished length .
Fig 1 82 shows a j oi n t m u ch used on good work and

.
k n own as the slid e j oi n t E dges are bent al m ost fl at on

.
the pipe and a do u ble edged fla t piece is slipped over these

,
edges T his mak e s a very n eat a n d serviceable j ob a n d h as

.
,
the advan tage of be i ng util i zed in almost a ny ti ght c o rn er ,
besides enabling the duct or casing to be taken a part for

cleaning .
Fig 1 83 shows a form of slip j oint used where particularly

.
neat work is required Th e sl i p proper is made up separate

.
from the piping and outs i de edge wired with about 1 33 or

,
i i n r o un d ro d then form ed u p with solid corners and riveted

-
.
,
to s m all end of the duct wh ere pro vision h as be en m a de for its

,
reception by cutting o u t the corner of t h e duct for the length

Of the sl i p Then the large en d of adj oini n g j o m t is p laced
.
into this slip as shown Slips Of this character s h ould not

.
h ave less than 2 in lap a n d o utside section of slip S h o uld

-
.
,
a bout wide .
same pattern slip j oints

for ego ing but withou t the wired outside edge and i n place
, ,
of it a hem ed g e turned i nside of slip thus doin g away wi t h

,
t h e raw edge of metal that would otherwise be exposed .

G AL V A NI ZED I RO N WORK
‘
226 PIPE FITTI NG CHARTS
Fi g . shows a j oin t used by some blowe r m a nu fa c

1 85
t u r er s for th eir rectang ular ducts Th e slee ve B into
.
,
which the end of section C slips is abo u t 2 in long T his

,
. .
j oint gives the appearan c e of go od workmanship a system

ducts connect ed this method .
shows a method making j oints

ii
been used where a very n eat j ob i s de sired About {. in -
.
e dges are bent up at an ang le of 45 degrees o n large and

small ends of the p iping T hey are then placed together
.
and a i n br as s tube previously slotted is slip ped ove r

-
.
the edges m i teri n g the corn ers of the tubing This method
, .
of making j oi nts is often used for cylinde r lagging .

228 PIPE FITT ING CHA R TS
Figs . a nd show a j oint used on large rectangular

pipi n g T his j oint is practically a standi n g se a m j o i nt
.
,
m akes a stro n g firm j oint and also serves to sti ffe n the p i p
,
ing When these j oints are m ade about 3 6 i n lo n g it makes

. .
a very r i gid le n gth of piping without the additio n al bracing

ge nerally n ecessary on p i pi ng of large sizes Th e j oint is
.
made by bending a si n gle edge abo u t 1 in at r i ght angles to

.
the s i de of the pip i n g and on the adj oining edge a double

,
edge is bent bendi n g down nearly tight on three sides of the

,
duct a llowi ng o n e s i de open in order to s lip single edge i n to

,
position Th en a ll sid e s are go n e over a n d ha m mered

.
do wn t i ght a nd riveted or bolted t h rough the standing lock .

G ALV ANIZE D IRON WOR K 22 9
230 PIPE FI TT ING CHAR T S
Fig 1 89 shows angle irons arranged t o make a j oint

.
bet ween lengths of piping Th e angles sho u ld be either

.
1 l i or 1 % i n
,
. ac cording to the size of the pi pe T hey
,
.
should be riveted securely m a k i ng either a miter or butt

,
j oi n t on the corner of the piping .
B RA C I N G or R E C T A N G UL A R D U C TS
On rectan gular ducts having a width of about 3 0 in or .
over it is generally necessary to provide some mean s of

br a cing t h e wide sides of the ducts Fig 1 90 shows a . .
popular and cheap m ethod of brac ing with b a r iron braces ,
s u i t a ble to use on ducts up to 3 6 in wide B races c an be

. .
m ade of about I i ! rag In bar iron a nd b ent up i n Z form

-
.
,
as there is no tendency for t h e brace to turn sideways Only .
one rivet is used on each end in riveti n g to duct .
Fig 1 9 1 shows a metho d o f bracing ducts by means of

.
b e nt strips of about No 1 8 iron riveted to the ducts as

.
,
shown .
23 2 PIPE FI TT ING CHAR T S
Fi g shows a duct br a ced with a n gle iron w hich

. 1 92 ,
mak e s a thoroughly s u bstantial j ob Angle iro n should .
not be less th a n 1 X 1 X i n on ducts up to 40 in wide . .

,
a n d usi n g larger an gle i ro n on sizes above this R ive ts .
should be spaced a b out 6 in on centers and braces spaced .
about 3 2 in apart . .
Fig 1 93 shows a method of usi n g wooden strips incased

.
i n galvan i zed iron and fasten ed to the ducts b y wi re n ails ,
cl i n ched o n the inside Strips of h e m lock or almost any .
soft w oo d about 2 3} X {34 i n wi th the ends ta pered wedge

,
.
,
sh a ped for a distance of about 4 i n a r e completely inc as ed .

,
i n a coveri n g of abo u t N o 2 6 galvanized iron a llowi n g a s m a ll .

,
tab for riveti n g to t h e side of t h e d u c t at e ach end of the

br a ce T h e rough edges of t h e iron are left o n t h e u n der
.
side o i the brace which is then set on the duct a nd 3 —

,
in .
wire nai ls are d rive n throug h the brac e a n d duct then ,
clinche d o ver by the h e lper o n the i n s i de This m akes a .
cheap form of br a c i n g b u t i s barred o u t by many s p ec ific a

,
ti o n s .
Fig 1 9 4 shows a very good m ethod of brac i n g rec t a ng u

.
la r ducts a n d c a n be used o n a ll sizes

,
A n gle i ro n s are c u t .
for a ll sides and an a llowa n ce equal to t h e wi dth of the

,
angl e iron is made o n e ach angle on each end B y setting .
an gle i ro n s on a dj ace n t sides of the du ct i n a n oppos i te

pos i tio n w e wi ll h ave a ngle i rons m eeti n g b a c k t o back at
,
t h e corners then havi n g a hol e i n each they c an be bolted

,
or riveted toge ther for m in g a co m plete fram e around t h e

,
d u ct T his feat u re i s m a de use of in erecting t h e m o n a length

.
of piping as t h e n e c essary n u m ber of brac e s c an be bolted

,
aro u n d t h e pipi n g then a ll riveted to t h e p i pi n g at o n e time

, ,
t h ereby savi n g l a bor i n han dli n g A n gle irons s h ould be .
1 X 1 X in o n small e r s i zes of pip i n g req u iri n g bracing

.
and 1 % X 1 % X 1 31; i n o n ducts of larger di m ens i o n s . .
Space rivets ab o u t 6 in on centers a n d space braces about .
3 2 i n on centers
. .
Fi g 1 95
shows a method of j oi n ing corners of this brace
.
in larger det a il .
GALV ANIZED I RO N WO R K 23 3
FI G . 1 93
B ra c i ng R ec ta ng u l a r Du c ts a nd o th e r De ta i l s
2 34 PIPE FI TT ING CHAR TS
T RA N S F O RM A T I O N P I E C E S
T ran sfo rmation piec e s are made i n a variety of forms

fro m rectangular to square o r to a rectangular shape of
d ifferent d i m ensions I t is importan t in the cas e of the
.
latter that the p i ece be of a mple length so that the change

,
fro m one s h ape to another will not be too abrupt thus ,
i n terferi n g with the p a ss a ge of a i r A transformation from

.
re ctan gular to rou n d i s shown in 1 96 .
B Ea IN R E CTA N GUL A R P I P I N G
In making rectangular bends it is always advisable to

make them as e as y as possible G ood practice determi nes
.
that bends shall have an inner radius or r a dius i n t h e throat

equal to the diam eter of t h e side of duct i n the direction of
t h e be n d as sho wn i n Fig 1 9 7. .
236 PIPE FI T T ING CHA R TS
G A UG E S OF G A L VA N I ZE D I R ON
As to gauges of galvan ized iro n c o m monly used the fol
lowing is taken fro m the Un ited States G overnment specifi c a
c ations :
Ro u n d pi pes up t o 1 3 i n i n d i a m e te r
.
Ro u n d pi pes 1 4 t o 3 0 in i n di a m e te r
.
Ro und p i pe s 3 1 t o 48 i n i n di a m e te r
.
Th efollowing are taken from the specifications of promi

nent engineers :
Ro u nd pi pes sma ller th a n 1 2 in . No . 2 6 g a ug e
Ro u nd p i pes 1 3 to 2 0 in . No . 24 g a u g e
Ro u nd pi pes 2 1 to 2 4 in . No . 23 g a u g e
Ro u nd pi pes 2 5 to 3 0 i n . No . 22 g au g e
Ro u nd pi pes 3 1 to 44 i n . No . 2 0 g aug e
Ro u nd p i pes 45 i n a nd la rg e r No 1 8 g auge
N
. .
R o u nd pi pes s ma ll er th a n 26 in . os. 24 or 2 6 gauge

Ro u nd pi pes 2 6 t o 36 in . NO . 22 g a u g e
Ro u nd pi pes 3 7t o 48 i n . No . 20 g a u g e
Ro u n d p i p es 49 i n . a nd l a rg e r No . 1 8 g auge
One promine nt blower co m p a n y uses these gauges

Ro u nd pi pes 3 t o 8 i n . No 2 8 g a u g e
.
Ro u nd pi peS 9 t o 1 4 i n . No . 26 g a ug e
Ro u nd pi p es 1 5 t o 2 0 i n . No . 2 5 g a ug e
R o u nd p i pes 2 1 t o 2 6 i n . No . 2 4 g auge
R o u nd p i pes 2 7t o 2 5 i n . No . 2 2 g a ug e
R o u nd p i p es 3 6 t o 46 i n . NO . 20 g a ug e
Ro u nd pi pes 47t o 60 i n . No . 1 8 g a ug e
Ro u nd pi pes 60 i n a nd la rg e r
. No . 1 6 gaug e
Weight of G alvanized I ron Shee ts i n pounds per s ! uare

foot U nited States G overn ment Standa rd :
,
Ga ug e 28 26 24 22 20 18 16
Wei g h t i n po u nds
’
Th e
following table is reprinted from the author s treatise
on Furnace H eating
GAL V ANIZE D IRO N W ORK 23 7
TA B LE I .
—WE I GH T O F G A LVA N I ZE D I R ON PI P E , TH E ARE AS A ND
C I R C U M F E RE NC ES O F C I R C LE S
We ig ht o f P ip e p e r R u n n i ng F o o t
No 2 6 N o 24 . No 2 2 . NO 1 8 No 1 0.
G G G G G
. .
a ug e a ug e a ug e a ug e G a ug e a ug e
Th e h ea vy fa ced fi g ures i ndi

c a t e t h e wei g h t o f p i p es c o m
m o u ly b u i lt o f t h e g a u g e
s t a t ed a t t h e h ea d o f t h e
co lu m n i n wh i c h th ey o c cu r .
di a m e te r s ! u a red !
a r ea o f a c i r c l e .
T h e di a m e t e r ! ci r
c u m fere n ce o f a c i rcl e .
PIPE FI TT ING CHART S
WE I G HTS AND TH I C K NE S S E S OF A M E RI C A N T I N P L A TES

Itis of interest to co m pare the we i gh ts of galvanized S heets
”
stated in T able 1 w ith t h o s e of tin plates given in T able I I ,
which is reprinted fro m the M eta l Wor k er of August 2 5 1 900 , .
I n regard to rect a n g u l a r p i pe custom varies consider ably ,
in the gauges used ; if prop e rly sti ffen ed lighter gauges may
be used than for ro u nd pi pe s of t h e same area .
Th e fo llowing is t a ken fro m a U n i ted States G overnment

specification : R ect a ngu lar ducts n o t exceeding 40 in in .
TA B LE I I .
—W E I G HT S A ND THI C K NE S S E S OF TI N PLA TE S
We i g h t p er B o x o f A pp r o xim a te We i g h t
De n o m i n a t l o n
h
1 1 2 S ee t s 1 4 x 2 0 S ! u a re Fo o t in
h
T i c k ness m De m
P o u n ds Inc h es . Po u n d s
, p er
l
D ec i m a s o f Po u nd m al e O f a n I n c h
1 00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o o
width are to be m ade of N o 24 gauge ; those wider th an 40 .
in to be made of N o 2 0 gauge All surfaces of ducts 24 to

. . .
3 9 in w ide are to have V —

. s h aped sti ff e n i n g ribs riveted in ,
p lace outside of the ducts spa c ed n o t over 3 0 in apart A ll , . .
d u cts having a surface of 40 in or over in width or depth .
must have 1 X 1 X Tag In an gle iro n frames around them -

.
riveted to the ducts and S p a c e d n o t over 3 0 in apart Th e . .
ends of the various section s of ducts a r e to be finished With

2 40 PIPE FI TT IN G CHARTS
crosse d by a h e a vy d i a go n a l l i n e ; follow th i s li n e i n either

d i r ecti o n a n d t h e figu re is fo u nd which den otes the ,
w e i g h t i n p o u n ds p er run n i n g foot .
Th e di a go nal l i n es a r e made a lternately heavy a n d l i ght

t o a i d t h e e y e i n follow i n g them T h i s tabl e h as been i n
.
use for t h e l as t fiv e y e ars by o n e of the larger blower com

p a n i es a n d has bee n fo u n d in practice to agree closely with
,
t h e w e i g h t of m e tal used in actual i n stallatio n s .
Th e follow i n g g a uges are represen ted : From 2 X 2 i n .
to 6 X 6 i h N o 2 6 ; from 7 X 7i n to 1 2 X 1 2 in N o 2 4
.
,
. . .
,
.
°
from 1 3 X 1 3 i n to 2 0 X 2 0 i n N o 2 2 ; all above 2 0 X 2 0 in

. .
,
. .
N o 2 0 T his represen ts a bout the average of the gau ges

. .
u sed for f a n work the larger S izes req u iri n g i n tern al bra c
,
i ng. An a llowan ce h as been m a de for seam s laps sleeves , , ,
rivets a n d solder a n d waste when pipes are m a de fro m

,
S heets 3 0 X 96 i n Th ese we i ghts m a y be re a dily converted

.
into oth er gauges by u sing the u su al factors .
D A M P E RS , D E FLE C TO R S AND H A N G E RS
D ampers for con trolli n g the flo w of air ho u ld be placed in S
all bran c h pi pes a n d connecti o n s for i n a ll h e a ti n g a n d ,
ven ti lating w ork i t i s i m possible to foresee a ll conditio n s that

m ay arise i n erecti n g a p i pi ng syst e m Adj ustable dampers .
must be u s e d to sec u re the des i red distribution .
Fig 1 9 8 sh ows a n approved form of adj u stable damper

.
a n d fitt i n gs which c a n be used on round or rectan gular
d u cts D am per br a ces are m a de of c ast iron and holes

.
for ri veti n g to t h e damper a n d for the dam per rod are core d
i n the cas ti n g Th e top of the brace is tapped out to r e ceive
.
a set screw for setti n g dow n on the damper rod Screw .
c a sti ngs a r e c ast wi th a hole for t h e damper rod a n d holes

for ri veti n g to the ducts are cored in t h e c a sti n g a n d the ,
hole is tapped out to rece i ve a set screw for adj usti n g the
d a mper Th e d a m per rod is made from stock wrought rod
. ,
a n d g e n erally m ade i i n in d i a m eter for small dam pers and

.
abo u t i i n for large d am pers D am per braces are also made

. .
i n t w o S iz e s for large and small d ampers

, .
2 42 PIPE FI TT ING CHA RT S
D eflec t i n g d a m pers a re co m m o n ly u sed in d uc ts ,

at
br a n c h es T h e s e a re co m m on ly called swi tch
.
type i ll u strated
factory b u ild i ngs slow burning co n struc t io n han ge rs

c an be m a de up as s h own i n Fi g 20 0 wh en t h e du cts r u n at
.
right a n g les t o t h e floor be a m s Wh e re pi pi n g run s par a llel

.
t o t h e flo w be a ms a str a ig h t h ang e r of bar iron c a n be us ed

by ben di n g about 4 i n of t h e bar a t ri ght an gles a n d fasten
.
I n g to t h e ton gued and grooved floori n g by a t leas t two lag
s crews T his typ e is shown i n Fi g 2 0 1

. . .
GAL V ANIZ E D IR ON W OR K 2 43
1 99 . Ty p e of D a m per f o r Ai r D u c ts
F I G 2 00
.
LEG S CREWS
R
AR I ON HA N E G R
FI G 20 1
.
T y p es of H a n g e rs f o r A i r Duc ts
2 44 PIPE FI TT ING CHAR T S
In b u ildings of fireproof co n struction whe n the pipi n g

,
runs at ri ght angles to the floor beams a h a n ger of t h e type

S h o wn i n Fi g 20 2 may be used to good advantage
. . One half
-
of t h e beam clamp c a n b e made as p art of the h a n ger a n d t h e

re m ai n in g half of the cl a m p mad e up a n d bol t ed fas t
.
F i g 2 03 sho w s o n e meth od o f h an gi ng ducts from a c o n

.
crete floor T h e vert i c a l i rons ri veted to t h e s i d es of t h e

.
du c ts are turned at r i ght angles at the top a n d are drill ed to

receive bolts p a s s m g down through floor.
2 04 ho ws a m eth od of arran gi n g
S galvanized iron
c a s i n g t h e top being sh e athed with wo o d a g a i n st the floor
,
timb e r a n d covered wi th t i n o r l i ght g a lvanized iro n

.
246 PIPE FI TT ING CHARTS
metho d corners is
For d eep cas i ngs the S ides are made up of two sectio n s j o i n ed
by sl i p pie ces as i n dic ated i n Fig. Th e corne rs may b e
j oi n ed as s h own in Figs 2 0 7 2 08 o r 2 0 9 The botto m m a y
.
,
.
be held in pl a c e as s h own i n Fi g 2 1 0 W hich c a n be attached

.
,
more co nveniently than as arra n g ed i n Fig 2 04 . .

G AL V AN I EED IRON WOR K
2 48 ,
PIP E FIT TING CHARTS
pre ve n t an
y
-
t Of
he co l d a ir by p a ss i n g t h e h e at i n
g w r n
face I t is w el l t o pla ce a s mall s li de d o or i n t h e b o t to m

“
of t he ca s i n g As to h an g ers , se v e ra l type s a re s h o wn i n
“ “
. .
Fi g s . 21 1 , 2 12 a nd F ig . 2 14 s h ows a ca s i ng pro vid ed

2 50 PIPE FI T T ING CHAR T S
O B VI A T I N G NO I S E S IN FA N S Y ST E M S
Stoppi n g noise fro m bei n g c arried thro u gh galvan iz e d
iro n ducts fro m a fan c a n be acco m pl i s h ed so far as the tr a n s
m i ss i on o f vibration is concern ed by m e ans of the c a n vas
,
c o nn ection ill ustrated in t h e c u ts Fig 2 1 5 shows t h e con

. .
s truction of the flexi ble j o i n t for a c i rc u lar pipe Th e e n ds .
are located 4 to 6 i n apart a n d co nn ected by the c an vas

.
sleeve wh i c h is S lipped over the bead o n t h e pipe d o u bl e d ,
u n der at the ends a n d sec u red i n place by an nealed galvan
i z ed wi re drawn up tight .
For rectangular pipes the method shown in Figs 2 1 6 a n d .
2 1 7 m a y be used . Th e can vas is doubled un der as before

a n d held in place by stove bolts passi n g through t h e an gle
iro n canvas galvan ized iron and the strap iro n inside the
, ,
duct Th e ho les s h ould be punched about 4 in on cen ters

. .
,
a n d before putti n g the strap iron i n place in t h e insi de of t h e
d u ct it S hould be placed o n s u pports the same distance on

,
cen ters as t h e h oles a n d S lightly bent as in Fi g 2 1 7 s o th a t .

,
when draw n up in pl a ce by t h e b o lts the spring in the i ron

,
wi ll force the galvan i zed iron h ard against the c an v a s b e

tween i t a n d the angle iron m akin g a ti ght j o i nt C anvas
,
.
j oints of th i s descr i pt i on sho u ld be thoroughly p ai n ted after

they are put in place to prevent the leakage of air .
Jo i nt for Ro u n d
Jo i n t fo r Recta ng u la r
C H A P TE R V I
R E P RI N T S OF P O RT I O N S OF M I S CE LLA N E O U S A RT I C L E S R EL A T I N G
TO P I PI N G
Ru l es r ela ti ng t o b o i le r co nn e c ti o ns ,
et c .
,
ex tra c ts fro m the R u les fo rm u l a ted
by t h e B o a r d o f B o i l er Ru l es o f M a s s ,
1 9 09 .
Sa f ty
e E ach safety v a lve sh a ll have f u ll—
v a lv e 1 . sized direct connec
°° m
nfl e
tion to t h e bo i ler a n d wh e n a n escape pi pe is u sed it shall
o ns
,
be full s i zed a n d fitted w i t h a n ope n dra i n to prev en t water lodging

-
in the upper part of s a fe ty valve or escape p i pe When a boiler i s .
fitted wit h t w o ( 2 )safety v a lves o n o n e ( 1 )conn ectio n t h i s co n ,
nection to t h e bo i ler S h all have a cross secti o n al area equal to o r -
gre a ter th a n the co m b i n e d a r ea of the two ( 2 )safety v a lves N o .
valve of a n y descriptio n s h all be pl a ced betw een the s a fety valve a n d

the bo i ler n o r o n t h e e s c ape p i pe between the safety valve and the
,
atm osp h ere Whe n a n elbo w is placed o n a s a fety valve escape

.
p i pe it S h all b e located close to t h e safety valve outlet , or the

escape pi pe shall be se c u rely an chored and s u pported .
2 E ac h bo i l e r s h a ll have a steam gauge co nn ected to

.
S t ea m g g au e
the steam space of t h e bo i ler by a sypho n or equivale n t ,
device suff i c i en tly l a rge to fill the gauge tube with water a n d i n such
, ,
m an ner that the steam g a uge c a nn ot be s h ut o ff from the bo i ler except

by a cock wit h T or lever handle which shall be placed on the pi pe ,
near the steam gauge .
3 E a ch boiler S hall have a feed pipe fitted with a

F ed p i pe
.
e
c h eck valve a n d also a stop valve or stop cock between
,
g
t h e check valve ana t h e boiler t h e f e ed water to d i sch a rge below ,
the lowest safe wa t e r l i n e M ean s m u st be provided for feedi ng

.
a boiler with water agai n st t h e maxi m um pressure allowed on the

boiler .
4 E ac h steam outlet from a boiler ( except safety valve

S t o p v lve
.
a
conn e c tio n s )S h a ll be fitted wit h a stop valve .
5 Wh e n a stop valve i s so located that water can accumulate ,

.
a m ple drai n s sh a ll be provided

2 54 PIPE FI TT IN G CHART S
14 s i ze of a surface blow o ff p l p e s h a
. Th e m ax i mum -
n o t exceed o n e a n d o n e half ( l i ) inches a n d it shall I -
c a rried through the S hell or head with a brass or steel boiler bus h i n
or the openi ng re— e nf orced .
B tt m
o o
1 5 E ac h boiler S hall have a bottom blow o ff pip
.
-
bl w f
o -
o d fitted with a valve or cock in direct conn e c tion with t
an
,
fit t m g s
lowest water space practicable ; t h e m i n i m um size of pi ;
a n d fittings shall be o n e ( 1 ) i n c h a n d the m axi m u m size S hall l
two and o n e half ( 2 i )in ches G lobe valves s h all n o t be u sed

-
. .
1 6 A bottom blow o ff cock s h all have the plug h eld in place b

.
-
a guard or glan d Th e en d of the plug shall be disti n ctly m ark e

.
i n li n e with its passage .
1 7 When t h e pressure allowed o n a boiler exceeds twe n ty fit

.
-
( 2 5)poun ds per squ are i n ch the botto m blow off pipe a n d fitti n g ,
-
fro m the boiler to t h e valve or valves s h all be extra heavy , .
1 8 W h e n the press u re a llowed on a boiler exceeds o n e h u n dr e

.
a n d thirty fiv e ( 1 3 5 ) pounds per square i n ch

-
the bottom blow o ,
-
p i pe shall h ave t w o ( 2 ) valves or a valve a n d a cock ; and suc ,
valves or valve a n d cock shall be extra heavy

, ,
.
1 9 A botto m blow o ff pipe shall be protected from the produc t

.
-
of co m bustion by a fir e— bri ck casi n g substan tial cast i ron r em o v a b l ,

-
sleeve or coveri n g of n o n conduct i n g materi al

,
-
.
2 0 A n O pen i n g i n bri c kwork for a blow o ff pipe S h all be fit t e

.
-
with a n am ple cast or wrough t iro n sleeve to provide for free exp a r ,
sion and co n traction .
W t
a er 2 1 T h e m i n imum S ize of pipes conn ecti n g the wat e
.
Wm “ Pip colum n of a boil e r shall be one ( 1 )i n c h

es
.
2 2 T h e water conn ect i on to t h e water column of a boiler shall b

.
of brass when t h e allowa ble pressure exceeds twenty fiv e ( 2 5)pound -
per square i n ch .
2 3 Th e steam co nn ectio n to the water colu m n of a h o r i z o n t z

.
return t u bular boiler s h a ll be taken from the top of shell or t h

upper part of head ; the water connection S hall be take n from
po i n t n o t less than S i x ( 6 )i n ches below the ce n ter li n e of the shell .
2 4 N o connectio n s except for damper regulator feed water reg u

.
, ,
-
lator drains or steam ga uges shall be placed on the pipes connectin

, ,
a water colum n to a boiler .
2 5 When S h u t o ff valves are placed o n the pipes connecting

.
-
water colum n to a boiler , t h ese valves shall be of the straight

S TE A M PIPING F OR IN D U S T RIAL PLAN TS
way outside screw and yoke type , and shall be locked or sealed
o p en .
26 . No water glass connection shall be fitted with an automatic

shut o ff valve-
.
2 7 P rovision
shall be made for the expansion and
.
St m m i
ea a ns
contraction of steam mai n s co nn ected to all boilers with ,
substantial anchorage at sui table poi n ts that there may be n o per ,
c e p t i b le vi brat i o n on the boiler shell plates .
2 8 Steam reservoirs S hall be used on steam mains when heavy

.
pulsatio n s of the steam curre n ts cause vibration on the boiler shell

plates .
S TE A M P I P I N G F OR I N D U S T RI A L P L A NTS
Extra c ts fro m an a rti cl e by W E H OUS M A N

. .
,
i n E n g i neer i ng M a g a zi n e.
E very steam line s h ould start with a valve pl a ced at or very near
the connection to the steam bo i ler a n d t h e grade fro m th i s po i n t on ,
sho u ld be wi th t h e curr en t of steam With a sti ff up grade agai n st .
t h e flow water will c ollect at t h e foot of the gr a de un til a slug is

,
formed Fi n ally it wi ll be pi cked up a n d travel i n g at h i gh velocity

.
, ,
m a y wreck t h e first cast fitting e n countered T herefore at t h e foot .

,
of every vertical rise a n d c h an ge of grade a dri p po cket or water ,
leg sho u ld b e placed i n to which the greater part of the water w i ll

,
fa ll to be rem oved by a steam trap T o o m u c h atten ti o n cann ot

,
.
be gi ven to th i s questi o n of drai n age Th e qu an ti ty of water i n the .
steam is variable eve n i n t h e best covered l i n es I t will i n crease .
as the boilers are forc e d or a sudden or excessive de m an d on t h e

,
l i n e m a y li ft water out of the boiler .
A receiver separator is very useful at the en d of a long l i n e I t

-
.
n o t o n ly takes care of large bodies of water stor i n g t h em until the ,
trap can expel the water , but it will mai n tai n a n even flow of steam
rega rdless of sudden deman ds m a de by t h e ste a m users I t s u s e will .
often perm it a s m aller line to be used for a predeterm i n ed drop

i n terminal pressure Wi th high speed automatic e n gines receiver
.
-
separators are especi ally valuable ; they i n sure a steady flow of steam
i n one direction o n ly and serve as a cushion to receive the h am m er
or vi bration due to the quick action of the steam valve .
All pipe co n sidered i n this article is what is k no wn as wrought

iron .T his has n o w beco m e a gen eral term wh ich includes a ll butt
or lap welded pipe of either steel or iron When material is not
-
.
PIPE FI TT ING CHART S
disti n ctly specified the pipe received will usually be steel a n d wi

, ,
be un der weight by fro m 5 to 1 0 per cent the greater variat i o n be i r

-
,
”
on piping from 8 to 1 2 i n c h i n clusive ; full weight pipe wi ll r u
-
,
“
-
very close to the list weigh t a n d should be specified on all live stea -
work For be n ds of radius less than six diameters extra stror

.
,
pi pe i s often advi sable to co m pe n sate for t h e stretc h o n the out

curve of the bend P ip i n g l a rger than 1 2 —
. i n ch i s l i sted by extern
diameter and is called 0 D pipe Th e thickness of m etal m u
“
. . .
be S pecified i n ordering — u sually i — inch for l i ve steam in siz -
1 4 to 1 8 inches in c l u sive
,
O D pipe li gh ter than f ig inch cann
. . .
-
be threaded .
Th e best t h ree m et h ods of attach i n g fl a nges to wrought pipe a ,
reliable to 20 0— p o u nds pressure will be me n ti on ed i n t h e order ,
their cost : When properly made the screw j oi n t gives perfect resul t ,
wi th t h e m i ni m um cost T o make a good screw j o i n t req u ir e

.
onl y that the flan ge be tapped true the threads on the pipe cut to ,
lo n g true taper a n d t h e relatio n between m ale a n d female such t h e

,
the pipe c a n be screw ed h o m e to t h e s h oulder Witho u t h ea t i n

A n y grit or d i rt o n t h e threads will prod u ce added fri c tio n a n d co
sequen t heat hence the threads must be m ade clean before a pp lyi n
,
the grap h i te or oth er lubric an t u sed to red u ce fri c tio n I t must I .
u n derstood th a t w hen a j oi n t beco m es h o t i t wi ll afterw ards lea ,
t h e l i ghter tube will expan d m ore than the flange wh i le m aki n g t i ,
j oi n t a n d on cooli n g will shri n k m ore than t h e flan ge I f t i

, , . .
t h read is of proper len gth the end of the pipe will proj ect t h r o u g
,
the flan ge Th is portion i s faced off at the sam e ti me taking a lig

.
,
cut over the face of the flan ge I n lo n g steam lin es only s u fli c i e .

,
flan ge coupli n gs are n eeded to fa cilitate a repair or alteration t l ,
interm ed i ate conn ections being the stan dard forged S leeves
coupl i n gs .
T h e lap j oi n t formed by m achine swaging the end of the p i i

,
-
over the face of t h e flan ge is absolutely safe a n d has an a dv a nt a

,
in that the fl a nges being loose o n the pipe may be turned to m a t <
, ,
the holes in the fittings I t s cost is about o n e and o n e ! uarter tim

.
-
t h at of a screw j oint a n d steel flange I t follows that every j oi .
must be flanged .
Th e welded j oint is m ade by machine welding a forged ste - -
flange to the pipe I t s cost is about one and three quarters that
.
-
a screw j o i n t a n d steel flan ge .

PIP E FI TT ING CHAR T S
t he a u tomatic stop a nd check valves should be as near as p o s s i b

to the boiler o u tlets Wh ere t h e ord i n ary an gle or gate valves a
.
used they should preferably have r i si n g stems —to readily indica

,
w h e ther the v a lve is ope n or closed .
TH E U S E OF AUT O M ATI C S TO P V A LV E S I N C O N N E C T I ON
-
W I T H HI G
P RE S S U R E P I P I N G
E x tra c ts fro m a n a rt i c le o n T h e Pro tec t i o n o f S tea m P i pes fro m A c c i d en

b y A R T H U R H E R S C H M A N N i n t h e En g i neeri n g M a g a zi n e Dec 1 9 0 7
, ,
.
, .
Watt s low press u re e n gi n e was i n ve nted in 1 768

’ -
.
I n t h e year 1 80 1 E van s i n ven ted the h i g h pressure e n gi n e T -

.
co m pound en g i n e follo w ed a bout 1 850 the triple expa n s i o n e n gi

,
-
i n 1 880 a n d a bo u t 1 89 0 the steam t u rbi n e became pop u larly kn ow

,
Si m u ltaneously steam pressures have bee n co n stan tly i n cre a sed 5

,
as to obta i n i n cre ased econo m y of co a l co nsumption and w e find t h ,
today pressures of 1 50 poun ds per square i n c h are i n common u

a n d th a t loco m otive a n d m ari n e boil e rs are operat e d at 2 50 to 3 (
pounds Th e superh eat i n g of stea m has a lso bee n k n own for a gre
.
man y years a s a m ean s of obtai n i n g i n cre a sed econo m y .
T h e dan ger of a f a i li n g steam pipe or of ot h er da m age i n the stea

,
li n e p e r m itti n g the sudde n esc a pe of ste a m naturally is gre ate

-
with t h e h i gh est pre ssur e T h e he a t e n ergy liberated to wo r

.
da m a g e i s represe n ted n o t o n ly by t h e ste a m i tself b u t eve n m o ,
parti cul a rly by t h e heated water co n t a i n ed i n the bo i ler wh i ch pass

i n to s u dden evaporatio n a s soon as the pressure is s u dd e n ly tak e
o ff its s u r face .
E ve n i n t h e best desig n ed boiler roo m little O pportun ity exists t

re a c h the exits safe ly should a large pipe burst and per m it the b o ile
t o empty the i r co n te n ts .
I n view of this terrible d a nger many provisions are made to ren d

p i pes safe Th e des i gn of the piping is stud i ed wit h the greate
.
care so as to avo i d i n itial strai n Special care is take n to provi

,
.
for expansio n loops bei n g freque n tly resorted to and pitch is give
, ,
so as to facilita te t h e flow of con den sation T o mi n i m ize the pos s .
b i li t y of rupture piping of thi s class has even been strengthened I

,
steel a n d copper wire wi n di n g All these devices tend to redu

.
t h e ch a nces of a pipe failure ; but as experience proves that t

fail u re cann ot b e re n dered a n impossibility means must be p r o v i d ,
V ALV E S
to check the rush of steam and isolate the defective line i n case 0
the break of a pipe or fitti n g .
For the last fifty years valves have bee n on the market wh i c
could be operated mechan ically from a distance usi n g levers gear , ,
a n d ch a i n s a n d more rece n tly these dev i ces h ave been des i g n ed t

,
be actuated electrically I t is however plain that such a device W1

.
, , .
be a p a rtial protection at best ,

.
I n the pipes of the average power plant stea m travels at the rat ,
of a m i le per minute or abo ut that —sa y 9 0 feet per second fo

,
!
‘
m axi m um average speed S h ould a pipe break the velocity of out

.
,
flo w wil l be 900 feet per seco n d in roun d figures ,
I n t h e U nited States this subj ect h a s i n the last few years bee
give n co n s i derable attention a n d there are probably not m a n
experienced e n gi neers who do not recomm e n d pi pe protection I .
Fran ce auto m atic v a lves have be e n compulsory since 1 886 .
Whether t h e installation of such safeguard dev i ces proves de m on

s t r a b ly profita ble or n o t the i n vest m e n t r e prese n ted by them shoul
,
be made out of the profit a n d loss acco u nt .
Th a t p i pe protec t i on saves l i fe i s n o lo n ger questio n ed by t h e s e i

a pos i tio n to k n o w of t h e o ccurri n g pipe f a ilures a lthoug h these m a ,
n o t b e repo r t e d i n t h e da i ly press T o such perso n s it is a matte

.
of surpri se to n ot i ce th a t o c c a sionally t h e questio n is st i ll ra ised i

”
i t is n o t a safe gam ble j u st to d e pend on the p i p i n g
“
Th e te n de n e .
of t h e ti m es is to be m ore a n d m ore exa ct i n g t h at e very k n o wn pre

c aution shall be taken to prote ct life a n d limb .
V A LV E S
Fro m an a rti cl e on S t ea m P i pe Wo rk , by W . S . H U Y E TTE , Hea t . a nd V en t

M a r 1 5 , 1 89 7
. .
It always pays to buy t h e best valves for every poun d of hot wate ,
or steam lost m ean s t h e loss of the co a l used to heat it a n d coal mean

money — ma ny ti m es the only thing that the owner will n ot i ce
T h e ki n d of valve depe n ds upon the purpose for which it is to b e
.
Used For stop valves requiri n g n o throttling a dj ust m e n t b e t weer

.
fu ll open a n d tight shut gate valves are probably the most popular
,
as they give a full opening of the pipe a n d conse ! uently the pipe s
are perfectly drained .
I f double dis c valves are used care should be taken to see that t h
PIP E FI T T ING CHARTS
valve stems stand vertically so that the discs tend to drop into
,
pl a ce for if t h ey a re c onnected i n horizo n tal positio n or stem turn ed

, ,
down wards t h e d i scs te n d to fall o u t of place A good solid disc

,
.
w edge gate v a lve can be used i n a n y position with eq u a l res u lts In .
t h e large size gate valves i t is v e ry d e sir a ble to h ave a plugged hole

i n the botto m of the S pace betwee n t h e dis cs for blowi n g out dirt
a n d pipe c u tt i n gs .
I f t h e v a lve is to be u sed as a throttle valve the n use nothing but ,
a globe valve Th e prefer a ble for m of globe v a lve depe n ds upon the
.
use for which it is intended I f it is to be used often it is desira ble

.
to have a re m ov a ble flat dis c so that i n case of leaki n g the valve

,
c a n be m ade perfect for a few ce n ts for a n ew dis c I f t h e v a lve i s .
to be used a s a stop valve a n d is n o t i n te n de d to be used several t i m es

a d a y then a bev e l m etal seated valve w i ll be satisfact o ry
,
-
.
G lobe valves s h ould alwa ys be co nn e c ted so as to close a gai n st

the pressure so that in case the nut whic h secures the disc sho u ld
,
work o ff as so m eti m es h a ppe n s t h e ste a m pressure wo u ld ope n t h e

, ,
va lve T he n i n case of t h e d i sc co m i n g lo o se o r fall i n g o ff t h e run

.
, ,
could at least be fi n is h ed b efo re m ak i ng rep a irs A lso i n case the .

,
nut is o n ly par t way o ff t h e re is n o d a n ger of h a vi n g t h e dis c sud

,
d en ly p u lled o ff its seat a n d ad m i tt i n g stea m wi th a sudde n rus h .
I f globe v a lves a re placed i n horiz o n t a l p i pes alw ays i n sist in ,
havi n g the stem sta n d h orizo n t a lly a s i n t h is pos i ti o n a n d i n n o

, ,
oth er will the pipe drai n properly I f t h e valve is set so that the
,
.
stem is verti cal t h e n t h e w alls for m i ng the valve seat m a ke a dam

,
wh ich wil l hol d the w ater i n t h e p i pe u n til it is about half full .
TH E A B US E OF V A LV E S
Fro m t h e V a lve Wo rld , M a y , 1 9 06 .
Th e follo w i n g are a num ber of reaso n s wh y valves leak after

bei n g placed i n a pi pe li n e :
1 We are confide n t th a t n i n ety per c e n t of all the trouble with
.
leaky valves ar i ses from the i m proper use of ceme n t an d from t h e ,
fa i lure to re m ove the particles of ce m e n t scale chips dirt etc , , , ,

.
,
t h a t n at u rally get i n to the pipe while it is lyi ng aroun d a building

a n d the n lodge o n the valve seat after steam is turned o n .
W h e n applying ce m e n t it should be p u t on the m a le part only

, ,
for i f placed o n t h e female pa rt it goes t h rough t h e pipe and gets on

,
PIPE FI TT ING CHAR TS
6 . so m et i mes happens that when a valve is to be used on

It
he a der t h e s t e a m fit t er will start out with a lon g piece of pipe t h
,
is u n suppo rted a n d through carelessness will allow the strain

, , ,
t h e pipe to come o n the valve t h ereby springi n g it , .
7 Seri ous trouble is also likely to occur i n a pipe li n e w h ei

.
ligh t valves are used through the fitter n o t m ak i n g proper a llo wa n c

for expan s i on a n d con traction and allowi n g t h e strai n to be throw
o n t h e v a lv e s T h e pipe and fitti n gs are much more rigid a n d sti
.
t h a n the l i gh te r brass valves a n d i n consequence t h e exp a ns i o ,
strai n s w ill relieve them selves at the weakest point unless o t h erwi s ,
provided for .
8 V ery ofte n whe n a valve leaks so m e o n e will stupidly unde

.
, ,
tak e to t i gh ten i t by u s i n g so m e ki n d of a lever o n t h e wheel T h .
s h ould n e v e r be don e a s it will in all probability i n j u re t h e v a lv

,
As the trouble un doubtedly is due to t h e prese n ce of dirt i n t h e v a lv

it is very m uch better in such cases to take the valve apart a n d C lea
the seat .
N OTE S ON W R OUG HT — I RO N P I P E
Fu rni s h ed b y the Cr a n e C o m p a n y Ch i c a g o
, ,
I ll .
Wr ou g ht i ro n -
t e rm i s n o w used i n discri m i n ately f c
P i pe . Th is
all b u tt o r lap welded pi pe wh e ther made of i r o n or steel
-
,
.
M er c ha n t P i p e Th i s term i s u s e d to i n dicat e t h e regular wr o u g h

.
p i pe of t h e m arket and suc h orders are u sually filled by t h e s h i p

,
m e n t of soft steel pipe Th e wei gh t of m erc h an t p i pe w ill u s u a ll

.
be foun d to be a bout five per cen t less than card weigh t i n si z e ,
i i n ch to 6 i n c h i n clusive ; and about t en per cen t less than car

- -
weigh t in siz e s 77inch to 1 2 —

,
i n ch i n c l u siv e .
F u ll wei g h t P i p e — T his term i s used w h ere pipe is req u ired

-
.
abo u t card weight All suc h pipe is m ade fro m pl a tes wh i ch a r

.
expected to produce pipe of card weight ; a n d m ost of s u ch pipe wi

r u n f u ll card to a little above card ; b u t owing to exi ge n cies of ma m
facture some len gths m a y be below card but never m ore than fiv
, ,
per ce n t .
L a rge 0 D P i pe A term used to design ate all pipe larger t h a

. . .
1 2 i n ch
-
P i pe 1 2 i n ch and s m aller is known by the nor m al i n ter n
.
-
diam eter but a ll larger sizes by their external ( outside ) di a m et e

—
,
”
so that 1 4 inch pipe if i i n ch th ick is 1 3 i i n ch inside and 2 (
“
, , ,
“
i n c h pipe of sam e thickn ess is 1 9 i inch i n side .

Th eterms M er c hants or Standard pipe are not applicable
”
to L arge 0 D P i pe as these are made i n various weights , a n d
. .
,
should properly be ordere d by the thick n ess of the metal .
When orderi n g l a rge pipe threaded it must be re m embered that ,
i inch metal is too light to thread { 3 i n ch bei n g the m inimum thick

5
,
ness .
Orders for large outside diam eter pipe w h erei n the thick n ess of ,
metal i s n o t specified are filled as follows : ,
,
—
Fo u rt e e n fifteen and sixtee n i n ch O D 1 g i n ch or i i nch m etal
5
,
. .
,
.
L arger sizes i i n ch metal , .
Thi s pipe is S hi pped with plain e n ds u n less defi n itely ordered ,

”
threaded .
Extr a S tr o n g P i p e — T h i s term designates a heavy pipe from

.
,
i i n ch to 8 i n ch o n ly m ade of either pud d led wrough t iro n or soft

- -
steel U nless di rected to the co n trary steel pipe is u su ally shipped

.
,
.
“
I f wrough t i ro n pi pe is req u ired u s e t h e t e r m
-
Strictly VV r o u g h t , ,
”
i ro n Ex tra Stro n g P ip e E xtra stro n g p i pe i s always s h ipped with
.
plai n en ds a n d wi t h out co u pl i n gs u n less i n stru ctions are rec e ived ,
to t h read and co u ple for wh i ch th ere is a n e xtra c h arge

,
.
T his term when appl i ed to pipe larger than 8 inch is somew h at

,
-
,
7
i defin ite as 9 1 0 a n d 1 2 inc h are made both 3 3; a n d i i n ch thick
n ,
-
.
P ipes i i n c h are carr i ed i n stock a n d furn ish e d on open order .
Do u b le Extra S tron g P i p e Th is pi pe is appro xi m ately twice as .
heavy as extra stro n g a n d is m ade fro m i to 8 i n ch e s i n both iro n

,
a n d steel I t is di fli cu lt h owever to find a n y quan t i ty i n Strictly

“
.
, ,
”
Wrought iro n and the stock carri e d is u su a lly soft steel T his
-
pipe is s h i pped with plai n e n ds wi th out coupl i n gs un less ordered , ,
to thread a n d couple for which there is an extra charge ,

.
P I PE B E NDs
Fro m an a rt i cl e o n S o m e H i g h Pres s ur e S tea m Pi p e D e t a il s , b y JA M E S A C TO N

M I LL E R , C a s s i er s M a g a zi n e 1 9 06
’
.
,
Fig 2 1 8 ( S ee page 2 64)illustrates the relative saving to be e ffected

.
in passi n g aro u n d a corner with a line of piping I t wi ll be seen that .
to use a n elbow i n a run of piping and measuring say 1 0 feet each , , ,
way i n t h e li n e taki n g 1 0—
inch pi pe t o illustrate the case will requi re
, ,
abo u t 1 8 feet of pipe a n d a lo n g— radius extra h eavy cast iro n elbow ,

- -
two companio n flanges two gaskets two sets of bolts a n d the cutti n g
, , ,
2 64 PIPE FI T T ING CHARTS
of two threads a n d th es e take n with t h e cost of making up t h e t i n

, ,
j o i n ts even figu ring at close w h olesale cost will run up to abo

, ,
$ 3 0 i n a ctual cas h o u tlay A thi n g however that is in suc h co m m c

.
, ,
u s e as t h e fitti n gs of t h e prese n t day is ofte n looked upon as n ,
costi n g an ything or in other words the co n tractor or engi n e

, , ,
I
i<
—
10 0
"
FI G . 218 . Sa ving b y t h e use o f a b end as co m p a r ed wi th an e lb o w

does no t figure t h e cost of a thing which is so easy to get as an o
d i n a r y elbow b u t s i m ply uses i t on ge n eral principles whereas if
, ,
stopped to co u nt the cost he wo u ld soo n see that there was a c h eap

,
way of d o i ng this work i gnori ng even the fact t h at it is better to

,
it wit h a wrought be n d i n a n y c a se eve n if it cost do u ble , .
Counti ng as above 1 8 feet made i n to a bend of fair radius

, , ,
8 t i mes t h e diam eter of the pipe such a ben d will reach aro u nd t,
2 66 PIPE FI T T ING CHARTS
T here are several features co nn ected with pipe bends that are
worth further consideration here On e of these is self eviden t .
-
th at is that the larger the r a dius to wh i ch the pipe is bent the farther
,
it reac h es in the line ; or , i n oth e r words the already mentioned piece ,

-
of wro u ght pipe bent on a center radi us of 80 inches will go much

, !
,
fart h er around the corner to be passed than one bent on 40 i n ches .
A noth er lies in t he fact that the larger radius is much easier to

bend .
On e point in connection with the making of wrought bends that

was omitted in its proper conn ection above is that in bending pipe , ,
espec i a lly in larger sizes it wi ll n early always show slight buckles

,
o n the inside of the bend ; but i n the opi n ion of the writer , it is better
t o h ave these left j ust as they come than to have the pipe ben t in
such a way as to stretch it un duly o n the outside of the ben d to
obviate buckles I t is conside red better practice to leave th em
.
wi thout hamm erin g them down as steel pipe will not stand this ,
usage very well I t is liabl e to cau se slight fractures i n the metal

.
or produce a laminated condi tion weaken in g it very materially ,

.
I f i n ordering bends the above were mentioned so that the maker

, ,
of the bends could leave the pipe wi tho u t hammering the user wo u ld ,
get a much better and safer j ob for t h e re a sons above stated Si m i

,
.
la r ly where it is possible to do so the r a dius of the bends might well

, ,
’
be left to the maker s j udgment as to what the pipe will st a n d I f .
he is at all considerate of h i s own i n terests as well as those of his

customer he will make them of such c h a racter as will be best suited
,
for t h e pur pose and at the same time at a price that wi ll be a saving
, , ,
to the pur chaser M any other poi n ts of simi lar nature wi ll probably
.
occur to the reader in givin g th is matter attention .
FL A N G E D JO I N TS
Fro m an a rti cl e o n S o m e H i g h Pr es s ur e P i p e Det a ils , b y JAM ES A C TO N
’
M I LLE R , C a s s i er s 1 9 06
, .
T h ereare many good reaso n s for doi n g away with screwed flanges ,
a few of which we will consi der C u tti n g threads is a very un certain
.
thi n g with steel pipe so largely used as the threads will break a n d ,
tear o ff and give trouble in m any ways , making the weakest poi n t
in the entire line in the threads themselves Th e average c ast iron .
-
flange is screwed on the taper thread so forcibly that the wedge action
FLANG E D JOIN TS FO R PIPES 26
of the thread will produce a strai n o n the flan ge equali n g if no , ,
far exceedi n g i t s s a fe l i m it of stre n gth Whe n to this t h e stea

, .
pressure is added p u lli n g in the same direction it is not r em a rk a b l

, ,
that flan ges break .
Anoth er thi n g it is about as expensive to cut threads put o n

, ,
flan ge a n d face it o ff as it is to ,
flan ge the pipe out as show n in ,
Fig 2 1 9 a n d if properly m ad e
.
, , ,
the latter leaves the pi pe i n

good co n ditio n a n d will m a ke a
j oi n t t h a t will stan d m ore pres
F I G 2 1 9 —A g o o d fo r m fo r a fla ng e d
s u re th a n the body o f t h e p i pe
. .
itself .
j o int
Th is is not s a id in de r ogation
of welded flan ges ; but t h e fl a n g ed— out portio n of t h e pipe r ea chi n ,
out to t h e bolt h oles gi ves j ust a s m u c h su r fac e to carry packi n g a

,
a n y fl a n ge do e s a n d it is o n ly a q u e stio n o f t i m e w h e n fla n ged c u
,
-
j o i nts a n d welded j o i n ts will be u n i versal a n d will b e fu rn ished a

l e ss cost t h an t h e ordinary threaded pi pe so far as maki n g complete ,
j o i n ts are co n c e rn ed .
F LA N G E D JO I NT S F OR P I PE S
Cra n e Co .
,
i n V a lve Wo rld , M a r c h , 1 9 06 .
Th e screwed j o i n t i s by far t h e m ost popu lar m an u fact u red b

this co m pan y i t s sales exceed i n g th ose of a ll t h e ot h e r styles co m
,
b i n ed M a n y o f t h e screw e d j o i n ts o n t h e m a rk e t a r e m an ufactu r e
.
in a very sl i ps h od m ann er a n d u n sati sfactory ex pe r i e n c e with thes

,
poorly m a de j oi n ts h a s prej u di c ed s o m e u sers a ga i n st th i s type c

j oi n t I t has bee n o u r experi e n ce however th a t when p r o p er l
.
, ,
made screwed j o i n ts gi ve very satisfactory serv i ce

,
.
A n o b j e ctio n so m e ti m es a dv a n ced agai n st screwed j oi n ts is t h e

cutti n g t h e thread weake n s the pipe P racti c a lly t h i s o b jec t i o .
,
does n o t hold good for the r e aso n th a t t h e flan ge i n to wh i c h t h

,
pipe is screwed always strengthe n s the part where the thread is o u t

I n man y destructive tests m a de i n the Cran e works p i pe h a s alway ,
burst lon gitud i nally a t a poi n t so m e dist a n ce fro m the t h re a d n eve ,
g iv i ng way at the thread We have no record of ever r e c e iving

.
com plai n t of pipe gi vi n g way a t t h e th re a d .
I n the m anu f a ctur e of the s crewed j o i n t the fl ange is screwed o ,

PIPE FI TT ING CHARTS
by powerfu l mach i n er y u n ti l the pipe proj ects through Th e leng t .
of p i pe is t h e n pl a ced i n an other machine a n d the end turn ed 0

flush with the face of the flange a light cut being taken o ff the fla n ,
at the same t i me to i n sure i t s face bei n g perfectly square with t

pi pe On e of t h e secrets of maki n g a t i ght screwed j oi n t is to ha
.
the threads p erfectly clean G reat c a r e m u s t also be exercised

.
tappi n g a nd thread i n g i n order th at t h e pipe may be screwed u

,
to t h e shoulder of t h e fl a n ge wit h out the exposure of a n y part

the thread which w o u ld res u lt in a weak j oint
, .
W h e n screwed j oi n ts are used t h e flan ges sh ould be made of m et

,
of a m u ch higher ten sile stren gth a n d ductility than the fl a n ges O

the va lves or fitti n gs to which they are bolted Cast iron flanges a ! .
-
somet i m es strained a l m ost to the bursting point whe n they a)

screwed o n t h e pipe as very powerful mac hi n ery m ust be employ e
,
i n the operation to i n sure a n absol u tely tight j oint

,
A fter erecti o .
the additio n al strai ns du e to expan s i on co n traction i n tern al pre , ,
s u re drawi n g of bolts etc m a y cau se the cast i ron flange to g i t

, , .
,
-
way I n nearly all c as es of f a i l u r e o f cast ir o n flanges both i n d

.
-
structive tests a n d actual experi e n ce it is t h e flanges o n t h e pi }: ,
that give way not the flanges on t h e v a lves or fitti n gs

,
.
We make screwed j o i n ts in sizes from 1 to 24 i n ch i n clusive wit , ,
flan ges of c ast iron ferr o s t eel m alleable iron cast steel a n d wel
, , ,
less steel .
Follo wing is a state m ent of the average ten sile stren gths i n p o u nc
per square inch of m a teri a ls fro m which the flanges u sed o n Cran
j o i nts are m ade : cast i ro n ferr o s t eel
, m a llea b l ,
iro n, cas t steel weldless steel

, ,
Th e la p j oi n t i s free fro m t h e imag inary or real defects of t h

screwed j o i nt and is co n siderably m ore expensive
,
.
I n cons tructi n g t h e Crane lap j oi n t the face of the flange is b ev ele

,
to the wi dth of t h e la p Th e di fference i n t h e t h i ckness of the pi p

.
between the i n side a n d outside porti o n s of t h e lap due to d ra wi n ,
the pipe over i s compen s a t e d for a n d i n this m an n er the full thi e

, ,
ness and stre n gth of the pipe at the l a ppi n g over poi n t is retained -
.
Th e flanges o n Crane lap j oints are loose and swi vel Th i .
feature is of gre a t advan tage when it is necessary to c h an ge t k

position of bolt holes in t h e field which can be done without ext r ,
expense or labor Crane lap j oints are supplied in siz es fro

.
4 to 2 4 inch inclusive
, .
270 PIPE FI TT ING CHART S
rusti n g I f it does the n its e ffects ought to be made manifest eve

.
,
i n short ti m e tests Fro m t h e fact that such tests do n o t S h ow t h e

.
steel r u sts m ateri ally faster th a n wrought iro n I infer that t h : ,
man ganese i s probably n o t a ser i ous cause Of rusti n g .
3 Steel is gen er a lly richer t h a n wro u ght i ro n i n ce m e n tite t h

.
,
iron c a rbide Wrought i ron always conta i n s very m uch m ore c i n d e

.
than does steel E ac h of t h es e substan ces t h e ce m entite o f t h

.
,
steel a n d the cinder of the wrough t iron may have a do u ble i n flu en c ,
o n corrosion h a ste n i n g i t t h ro u gh d i fference O f potenti al a n d retar é

,
i n g it by acti n g as a m ech a nical barri e r l i ke so m uch p a i n t to ex c lu d ,
the oxyge n or the a i r or t h e water I t is not cle a r that the i n flu en c

.
of d iffere n ce of pot e nt i al ough t to chan ge m ateri ally as c o rr o s i o

proce e ds b u t i t i s clear t h a t mec h an i cal protection given by t h
,
pl a tes of ce m e n tite a n d O f c i n d e r ough t to increase as co rro s i o

proceeds Wh en a piece of wrough t i ron for i n stan c e i s first e
.
, ,
posed to corrosion o n ly t h e o u t c rops so to speak of the sheets

, , ,
c i n der come to t h e s u rface I t s mechan ical protection i s very smal

.
B ut as corros i on proceeds a n d m ore and m ore of the metal wh i c

,
at first overl a y t h e s h eets of c i n der i s eaten a way t h e r e m a i n i n ,
c i n de r form s a larger a n d larger proportio n O f the o u te r surface a n ,
therefo re protects a constantly i n creas i n g proporti o n of the u n cle

lyi ng m etal from corrosi o n I n short t h e m ech a ni c a l p r o t ect i o
.
,
aff orded by t h e cind e r o u gh t to in c re a se a s corrosio n proceeds .
H e re the n i s a cause wh i c h as corros i o n proceeds should co

, , , ,
t i n u o u s ly te n d to retard t h e corrosio n Of wrought iro n and to m alt ,
it co m pare more a n d m ore favorably with steel B ut i n like man n e .

,
as steel i s gradually corroded away m ore and m ore of its s u rfa < ,
should come to be c o m posed of ce m enti te and this fact sho u ld t en ,
to retard the corrosion of steel b e ca u se ceme n t i te too should pr

, , ,
teet the underlyi n g free i ro n or ferri te .
T wo ot h er poi n ts : S h eet steel roofing m a y rust faster than b e

because the l a tte r holds the pai n t better and yet steel in ot h e ,
forms l i ke tub i n g may rust no faster t h an wrought iro n A g a i

, ,
.
let m e e m p h asize the di ffere n ce between differe n t steels Car .
lessly m ade steel co n taini n g blowholes may rust faster than wr o u g I

iron yet care fu lly m a de steel free from blowholes may rust m O I
,
slowly R ecogn iz e that any differe n ce betwee n the two m a y I

.
due not to t h e i n h erent a n d intri n sic n ature Of the material b u t t ,
defects to wh i ch it is subj ect if carelessly made Care i n m a n .

WH ET HER PIPE I S M ADE OF WRO U GHT IR ON OR ST EEL 2 71
facture and special steps to lessen the te n dency to rust might well
make steel less corrodible than w rought iro n even if steel carelessly ,
made should really prove more corrodible than wrought iron .
T O A S C E RTA I N WH ET HE R P I P E IS M A DE OF W RO UG HT I RO N
OR S TE E L
Wro u g h t Iro n Pi pe 7
13 . S teel P i pe fro m Rea d i n g Iro n
, Co . Bo o kl e t , M a y , 1 906 .
Cut O ff a short piece of the pipe a nd suspe n d it i n a solution of

9 parts O f water 3 parts of sulphuric acid a n d 1 part of m uri atic
, ,
acid First place t h e water i n a porcel a in or glass dish addi n g the

.
,
sulphuri c a n d the n t h e m uriatic acid Suspe n d the pipe i n such a

.
w a y that t h e end w i ll not touch the bottom of t h e dish After .
’
about two hours i mmersion remove t h e pipe a n d wash o ff the acid .
I f t h e pipe is steel the e n d will present a br i g h t sol i d u n broken , ,
s u rfa ce wh ile i f made of i ron it wi ll show fa int ridges or ri n gs l i ke

, ,
the year ri n gs i n a tree showi n g the d i ffere n t layers O f iron and

,
streaks of c i n d e r I n order that t h e scratches m ade by t h e cutti n g

.
o ff tool may not be m i stake n for the circ u lar ci n der m arks it is ,
advi sable to file the en d of the pipe strai ght across or gri n d o n an
emery wh eel until the m arks Of the cutti n g off tool have d i sappeared -
before pu tti n g i t i n the ac i d I t someti m es h a ppens th at a bubble

.
of gas or air has b ee n c a u ght i n the i nteri or of the steel ingot which , ,
after be i ng rolled i n to skelp will form a blister : t e a se a m wh i ch

,
. .
,
has n o t been welded toget h er B ut this c a n easily be disting u ished

.
fro m t h e circ u lar c i n de r m arks referred to above by bei n g gen erally

vi sible before t h e pipe i s i mmersed i n t h e acid When such a blister .
oc curs i n i ron pi pe the circular ci n der m arks will appear i n addition

,
to the ri n g m ark m ade by t h e blister .
T h e fact that steel has a s m oother surface than iron furnishes a

very O bvious reason why galvan izing should adhere better to iron
t h an to steel and all galvani zers us i n g the hot metal process will
,
certify to the fact that it requires more zi n c to galvan ize iro n pipe
than steel pipe T his materially increases the protectio n given to
.
I ron.
272 PI P E FI T T I N G CH ART S
TH E U 5 S TA NDA RD
I 9 I2 . .
HE D U L SC FL GE S
E O F S TA NDA RD AN
SSO C T O O M S TE R S TE M —
F O R S T E A M P R SS U R E S U o 1 2 5 L B S P R S Q U A RE I N C H
E P T E
W A T R I TTE RS
.
A D O PT E D B Y H E N TI O N L
T A A A A ND H O
IA I N F A A T E F
-
T HE A M RI C N S O CI TY O M CH A N I C L N G I N E E RS T A M E RI CA N S O CI E TY O H E A T N G
E A E F E A E HE F I A
V N T L A TI N G E N G N E E R S
,
E I I
All d i m io e i in c h es e ns ns a r n
h
T ic k nes s D i a m et e r of
of Fl
a ng e l
B o t C ir c l e
Bo l t h le h u l d s t a ddle
o s s o r c en t e r li ne s . F l a n g es Sh l d b p l
ou e a in f a ce d .
THE I 9 l2 U . S . S TA NDA RD
S C H ED U LE L G
O F E ! TRA H EA VY F A N E S F OR E! T R A H E A VY FI TTI N G S
A N D VA ESLV
S T M P R SS R S R M
F OR EA E U E F O 1 2 5 T O 2 50 L B PER S S R
QU A E I N C H .
A D O PT E D B Y T H E N A TI O N L SSO CI A TI O N O F MA S TE R S TE A M A N D H O T W T E R F I TT E RS
A A A
THE A ME RI C N S O CI E TY O F M E C H A N I C A L E N G I N E E RS T H E A ME RI CA N SO CI E TY O F H E A TI N G
A
V E N TI L A TI N G E N G I N E E RS
,
A ll di m e n s i o ns a re in i nc h es
h
T i c k n es s D i a m e er t o f
l
o f F a ng e B o C i rclt l e
l Hl
Bo t o es s h ld
ou st ra ddl e c e n t er li S! u
n es H d B l t w it h h a re ea o s e xa g o n a l n u t s a r e r e c o m m en d
l Sh ld h ve { i h i e d f ce fo g
.
F a n g es ou a 5 nc ra s a r as ke t
s .
Dri n ki ng wa t er li nes D a rk o r na vy bl
V a c u u m h ea t i ng a nd h o us e-
l
c ea n i n g li n es
C o m pres s ed
R E F R I G E R A TI N G
Am m o n i a , g a s
A m m o n i a li! u id
,
Bri ne
L u b r i c a t i n g s y s t em
B o i l e r s u pply
T hese colors are to be applied to the pipe lines after c o m p let i o

a n d test T hey will be appli e d di rectly to the pipes t h e m s elv e
.
wh ere th ey are left bare and o n top of the finished coveri n g for a
,
others .
Th e pne u matic tube cash system bei n g of polished brass pip

-
was n o t t h o u ght to need special colori n g .
P ipe li n es for hydraulic elev a tors whe n installed might be viole , ,
Sti ll furth er di fferentiation if desi red could be secured by p a i n t i n

, ,
the valves and fittings a di fferen t col o r from the pipe itself .
G a s pipes where exp osed m igh t be left black as there would b

, , ,
no danger Of conf using them with i m pu re drains .
Care m ust be taken of course to secure colors that will n o t fa d

, ,
u nde r heat .
Th e fore going plan is believed to be consistent and r ea s o n a b l

co m plete and is recommended for general adoption
,
WI LL I AM H .
BRYA N in S tea m
,
.
V A RI O U S F O RM S OF FI L TE R
“
C h arles L H ubbard B osto n :
. Th e value of cloth filters in c o n
,
n ec t i o n w ith ventilating work depends principally upon t h e a v a ila b l
space for ext ended surfaces a n d upon the frequency with whi ch t h
,
filters are cleaned For large volumes Of air , and in cases where t h
.
expen se does not prohibit it a good form of air washer and p u ri fie

,
is muc h to be preferred to a n y of the dry filters in use in this country

V A R I OU S FOR M S OF FIL TE RS 275
T here are many c a ses where a comparatively s m all quantity of air

is required a s in the ventilatio n of isolated O ffices ba nki n g roo m s etc
, , , .
,
where clot h screens or filters may be made to do good service whe n

clean ed at freque n t intervals .
Alth ough c h eese cloth is commo nly used for this pu rpose the
-
wri ter has foun d a form of bunting such as is used i n outdoor decora ,
tion m ore satisfactory Th e threads have a h arder fi n is h a n d lack

,
.
the fuzzy appearan ce of cheese cloth T h is m a teri a l be a rs h a n dli n g

-
.
a n d clea n i n g well does not offer excessive resistance to the a i r a n d

, ,
is of su fficiently fine m esh to remove t h e co a rser p a rti cles from the

a i r s u ch as soot street d i rt etc
, , ,
.
Th e fin er t h e clot h the m ore effective it is as a filter but at t h e ,
same time it cut s do wn t h e a i r supply so i t is n e c e ss a ry i n desig n i n g

,
a filter to c o m pro m i s e between t h e two t o so m e exten t I n fa n w ork .

,
w it h c h eese — cloth or bun ti n g filters of n o t too fin e a mesh a n d kept

reaso n ably cl e an we m a y figu re o n an are a su c h that t h e veloc i ty
,
th ro u gh them will n o t h a ve to exceed 60 to 80 ft per m i n u te I f . .
t h e re i s a m ple space i n cre a se the a rea a s this will reduce the resi st
, ,
a nce t h us i n creas i n g the volum e of air a n d also the l e n gt h of the

, ,
peri ods between cle a ni n g .
I n des i gn i ng a filter Of t h is k i n d the t w o i m port a n t po i n t s are

evi den tly to get t h e l a rgest filter surface i n to t h e s m allest space ,
Ch e e s e C/o f h Fr/fe r
FIG . 220
and also to m a ke the filters easily rem ovable for clean ing Th e .
two form s i n m ost co m m o n u s e a r e those in whic h the cloth is

stret c h e d o n fra mes a n d th ose made i n t h e form of bags Fig 2 2 0
, . .
276 PIPE FI T T ING CHART S
sh ows in pl a n o n e of the former m ade i n sections and arranged in

,
sa w toot h for m to increase the area

-
I n this case angle iro n uprights
.
ar e pl a ced a t the points a a a etc exte n di n g from floor to ceiling

, , ,
.
, .
Th e c loth i s tacked to wooden frames wh i ch are i n serted between ,
th e u pr i gh ts a n d form t h e sides of t h e teeth A sectio n al detail .
th ro u gh two of the uprig h ts is s h own i n Fig 2 2 1 a n d ill u strates the .

,
um b S cr e w
FI G . 221
et h o d of attac hi n g t h e fra m es to t h e an gle i r o ns E a c h uprigh t is .
o r m e d of two angle iro n s placed as show n a n d co nn ected at three ,
oi nts by iron an gles or clips riv e t e d to t h em as indicated Th ese , .
uprights form recessed fram es into wh i ch the

scree n s or filters fit wh ere th ey a re fasten ed i n ,
pl a ce by t h um bscrew s a s shown E ach vertical .
secti on of the filter is best m ade in two or m ore

p a rts so they m a y be e asily re m oved for clean i n g
, .
Fig 2 2 2 shows a filter where the cloth is m a de in

.
the form of a bag instead Of bei n g stretched on

w o ode n frames as in the case j ust described
, Th e .
gen eral m eth od of mak i ng up a filter of this kind

"
a n d its relatio n to the f a n a n d heater are S h o wn
i n Figs 2 2 3 a n d 2 2 4
. T h e s i ze and nu mber of the
.
bags will depe n d upo n the volume of air to be

F I G 222
.
filt e red Sometimes when there is not space for

.
,
his n ear the heater it is support ed upon the outside of the build
,
PIPE FI T T ING CHART S
Cloth filters are n o t well a dapted for use i n co nn ection with gravi t
he a ti n g owi n g to the sl i gh t press u re available for overcomi n g t l
,
.
added resistan ce except i n t h e c ase of stro n g winds I f they are use .
cloth of a coarse m e sh should be employed and frequent c lea n i n ,

’
sho u l d b e pr a cticed T h e writer s experi e nce wo u ld lead h i m t
,
.
double t h e area that is used for fan work for a n equal volum e of ai
”
when poss i ble .
O B V I A TI N G NO I S E S IN FA N S Y S TE M S
Ch a rles L H ubbard B osto n : Th e m ethod which has given t h
.
,
greatest satisfaction to t h e writer has bee n to avoid vibration at t h

fan s o fa r as possible rat h er than to try a n d absorb i t by the u s e
flexi ble couplings I f th ere is a po u n ding i n the en gi n e or a rattle t
.
the fa n it is pretty sure t o be c a rried through t h e airways r eg a r dles ,
of a n y flexi ble co nn ecti o n wh i c h may be used to i n tercept it Th .
pr i nc i p a l po i n ts to b e O bs e rved i n preven ti n g v i brati ons or nois e

whic h m a y be communi cated to the a i r d u c ts are h ere m en t i o n ec
Fi rst the en gi n e or m otor use d for drivi n g t h e f a n sho u ld r e st upon
solid fo u n datio n a n d it is w ell to place b etwee n t h e bed piece of t h
,
-
m ac h i n e and t h e m aso n r y of t h e fo u n datio n a sound deadener co m ,
posed of severa l l a yers of h air felt between two sh eets of lead s , ,
fol d ed over as to protect t h e edges of the felt Th is s h ould be draw .
down qui te sol i d by m e a n s of t h e anchor bolts See F i g 2 2 6 . . .
ENG INE B ED P I EC E
FOUN DATIO N
FI G 226
.
A good way to prevent vi bration from a high speed motor is t -
bu i ld an 8— i n brick wall arou n d the m otor foundation about 8 i n

.
,
from it a n d fill the i nterve n ing space with moist san d tam ped hard
, ,
as i n dic a ted i n Fig 2 2 7 . .
N oises wi thin the e n gine itself are usually cau sed either by a sligh
play of the pisto n upon the rod or by a loosen ess of the brasse s
either at t h e wrist p i n or crank pi n C a re should be taken to use
- -
.
rather light a n d pliable belt of good width i n stead of a heavier narro

o n e a n d the j oi n t sho u ld be l a pped a n d ce m ented instead of lace d
,
N oise a n d v i bration wi th i n t h e fa n m a y be produced by an u mb a l

'
O B V IAT ING N OI S E S I N FA N S Y STE M S
ameed fan wheel too much en d play to the shaft or loose bolts or
, ,
rivets Attention sh ould th e n be given to the sheet iron work of

.
the duct adj acent to the fa n Th is should be of good weight rarel y

. ,
less than No 1 8 or poss i bly N o 2 0 if the duct is of moderate size

. .
, ,
and it should be well stiffe n ed wit h V strips or light angle iron , and
rigidly fastened to t h e
ceiling or walls of t h e
FOUNDATP "
basement With vibr a.
tion properly elimi n ated

from the fan and en gine ,
and the duct well c o n !
structed there should be

,
no S pecial di ffi culty from

vib ra t i o n w i t h the fan a n d F I G 22 7 .
duct rigidly conn ected .
Th e roaring noi se so c om m on ly h e a rd i n the m ain distributing

duct is c aused by the a i r i m pi n gi n g u pon the comparatively thin
l o wer edge Of t h e blower outlet as i n ,
di ca t ed by the arrow in Fig 2 2 8 which .

,
re presen ts a section through the out

o ur r s r let from a fa n casing Obviously if .
,
th i s n oise c a n be done away w ith by

c h a n g i n g t h e for m of outle t it is much ,
bette r th a n tryi n g to smother it with

P ro 22 8 .
a sle e ve Of c an vas or other flexible
m a teri a l w hich only prevents the vi
,
bration from being commun icated to t h e ironwork Without reducing

to any extent the noise at the fan Fi g 2 2 9 shows a form Of fan
. .
casin g with a V — “
shaped or vani sh i n g outl e t Fan casings con .
stru cted on these lines prod u c e b u t li ttle Of the roarin g noise so

common with the usual pat
tern Th e writer k nows Of
.
many fan systems in schools

and churches where the fa n
outlet is constructed in this
manner and the S heet iro n
,
distributing duct bolted di

r ec t ly to the casing and in ,
every case they operate sat

i s fa ct o rily without Obj ection
FI G 229 .
able noise or vibration .

2 80 PIPE FIT T ING CHART S
Fig 2 3 0 sho w s the m ethod of co nn ecti ng the duct to the fan o u

.
let ; t h e V pi ece is usually j oined to the duct at an angle of about

degrees a s shown Sometimes it is necessary to have the fan di
,
.
charge i n to a large plen um chamber constructed of galvan ized i r c

C A NVAS
FI G 2 3 0 . FI G 23 1
.
where there is a tenden cy to vi brat i on I n certai n cases O f t h .
k i n d i t m a y be necessary to insert a flexible sleeve between the fa

a n d ironw ork U sually a sleeve 8 to 1 2 i n i n len gt h Of h eavy c a n v
. .
securely a ttached to t h e fa n outlet and air duct as shown i n F i ,
2 3 1 is all that is n ecess a ry to break u p t h e v i brations

, T h e elab .
rate bellows arrange m e n ts M0 0 ”

wo o o FRA M E
someti m es u s e d s e e m
GAL I RO N DUC
h ardly necessary for t h i s .
C A NVAS S LEEVE
purpose Fig 2 3 2 shows
. .
a s a tisfactory w a y of a t
tachi n g the cloth sleeve
to t h e iro n work For .
FI G 232 .
conve n ience the e n ds of

,
the sleeves c a n first be tacked to the wooden frames and these i ,
t u rn bolted to the iron flan ges .
E! PA N S I ON OF W ROUG HT I RON P I P E
’
H oward s tests at t h e Watertown Arsenal how that wr o u g S
iron expan ds of its le n gth for each degree F rise .
tem perature through wh ich it i s heated .
On this basis if 1 00 ft of pipe is made up i n freezi n g w ea t h

.
°
for exam ple 3 2 F it w ill expan d approx i m a tely
. i n ches w h e
filled wi th steam at 5 lbs pressure . .
I f filled w i th steam of 1 00 lbs pressure the pipe having bee .
°
i n st a lled at say 3 2 F it will expand approximately. inches .
’
I l f D I ‘
l l l l IV U b n fi n l b
T ABL E OF DI M E N S I O N S OF
S T A N D A R D W E I G H T W R O U G H T—I R O N P I P E
1 } a nd sm a lle r pr o v ed t o 3 00 lb s p er s ! u a r e i n c h b y h y dr a u l i c p res s u i
.
1% a nd l a r g e r pro v e d t o 5 0 0 lb s p er s ! u a re i n ch b y h y dr a u li c pres s u r e
.
N O TE : T a b le com pi led by Wa lw o rth M fg . CO .

I NDE !
Air su pply to co n cea e d l di r ec t r a di Dra wi n g s o f pi pi ng a nd a pp a ra tu s ,

1 96
a t o rs , 70 Dr i p ta nk 1 75
,
A n c h o rs fo r m a i ns a nd r i s e rs ,
89
A s h pi t , 3 3 Eng i n e c o nn ec ti o ns ,
1 55
A u to m a ti c s o t p a nd c h ec k v a lv es fo r E n g i nes , 2 58
b o i le r s , 2 57, 2 58 E xp a ns i o n a nd dra in a g e t
s ea m h ea t
Au to m a ti c s to p va lves ,
use of ( H e rs c h i ng , 47, 49 , 53
m a nn )
,
2 58 E xp a ns i o n j o i nts 5 1 ,
Exp a ns i o n lo o p s t e a m ,
h e a ti ng , 3 9 , 41
B a b co c k a nd Wi lco x b o i le r 1 2 9 , ,
13 1 47, 49 , 5 1 , 57
B ed pla tes 1 71 ,
E xp a ns i o n Of wr o u g h t i r o n pi pe ,
28(
Blo w Off c o n ne c ti o n 1 53 2 54 , ,
E xp a ns i o n pla te s 83 ,
Blo w Off ta n k 1 47 1 49 , ,
E xp a n s i o n p ro vi s i o n
,
fo r in s t ea II
Blo w Ofi v a lves 1 43 1 45 h ea ti n g 3 9 4 1 45 47, 49 , 5 1 , 5 5

’
, , , , , ,
B o i le r c o nnec ti o n s h i g h pres s u re , ,
123, 5 7, 59 , 6 1 , 63 , 65 , 67
1 25 E xp a ns i o n ta n k co n n e c t i o ns ,
29
B o i le r ,
h o ri z o n t a l tu b u l a r ,
1 2 3 , 1 2 5,
1 39 F a n h ea t er s , 1 0 9 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 5
B o i le r pi p i ng M as s a ch u s etts re ! u i re
,
F a n s y s t em s , o b v i a ti n g n o i s es iI
m en ts 2 52 , ( H u b b a rd ) 2 78 , ,
2 79 , 2 80
B o i le r p i t 3 3 ,
Fe e d wa t er h ea t e r c o n ne c t i o ns ,
1 59
B o i le r rules 2 52 ,
1 6 1 , 1 63 , 1 65
B o i l er va lv es ( O t t ) 2 57 ,
Fi lter s creen s 2 74 2 75 2 76 2 77
, , , ,
Fi tti n g s di m ens i o n c h a r t 2 0 1 2 03
, , ,
C a n v as j o i n ts fo r fa n s y s tem s 2 5 1 , d r a w i ng s 2 0 9 ,
Ch e c k v a lves 1 2 0 1 2 1 , , Fl a n g e j o i n ts fo r wro u g h t i r o n pi p e
Ci r c les a rea s o f 2 3 7
, ,
2 66 , 2 67
C i r c u i t s y s tem o f s tea m h ea ti n g 3 5 ,
Fla n g e s s ta n d a rd a n d ex tr a h e a vy 2 7
, ,
Co rro s i o n wro u g h t i ro n a nd s t eel pi pe

, ,
Flexi b le j o i n ts fo r f a n s y s tem s 2 5 1 ,
2 69 Flo o r pla tes 1 71 ,
Da m p ers , deflec to rs a nd h a n g e rs f o r G a lv a ni z e d i ro n p i p es , r e c ta n g u l a r
ga lva n i z ed i ro n w o rk , 2 40 , 2 4 1 , 2 43 , 2 1 9, 22 1 ; r o u nd 2 1 3 2 1 5 2 1 7
, , ,
G lv
a a ni zed i r o n pi pi n g es t i m a t i n ,
D a m p e r r eg u l a t o r 1 9 2 , wei g h t Of , 239
Di rec t i n di re c t r a di a to rs 9 9 1 0 1
-
, , G a lv a ni z ed i r o n wo rk 2 1 3 ; s p e cifica ,
Do wn fe ed s tea m h ea ti n g co nn ec ti o n s
-
, ti o n s 2 3 8 ; tra n s fo rm a ti o n pi eces
,
43 , 45 2 3 5 ; rec t a n g u la r el b o ws 2 3 5 ; g a u g e ,
IND E!
of lva ni z ed i ro n f o r p i pes a n d
ga No n -
r e tu rn va lv es ,
2 57
d u c ts 2 3 6 ; wei g h t Of g a lv a ni z ed i r o n
,
p i pe 2 3 7; lo n g i tu di n a l s ea m s 2 2 1 ;
, , Oil p a ra to r co nn ec ti o n s
se ,
1 95
g i rth o r t ra nv e rs e s ea m s 2 2 3 2 2 5 , , , O n e p i p e c o il c o nnec ti o n
-
, s ea m ,t 83
2 2 7 2 2 9 ; b r a c i n g d u c ts 2 3 0 2 3 1
, , , , O ve rh e a d co i l 8 1 ,
233
Pi p e b en ds 2 63 ,
H a ng er fo r wa ll l 85 co i ,
P i p e j o i n ts 2 5 6 2 66 2 67
, , ,
H a n g e rs f o r i n d i r ec t r a d i a to rs ,
2 49 ; fo r Pi pe lin es c o lo r s c h em e 2 73
, ,
m a i ns , 9 1 , 93 , 95 , 9 7; fo r o v e rh ea d Pi p e wro u g h t i ro n a n d s teel 2 5 6 2 7
, , ,
l
co i s , 87 Pi p e wr o u g h t i ro n ( Cra n e
, 26
H a rp co i l 77 , Pi p e wro u g h t i ro n d im en s i o n s o f 2 8
, , ,
H a rtfo rd S B I I C O re co m m en da
. . . . . P i p i n g d r a wi n g s 2 1 1
, ,
ti o n s f o r b lo w o ff ta nks 1 5 1 , Pr es s u re re d u c i ng v a lve co nn ec ti o ns
H ea te r c o i ls 1 0 9 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 5
, , , , 1 57
H i g h pres s u re b o i ler c o n n ec ti o ns 1 2 3 , ,
Pu m p b edpl a tes ,
1 71
1 2 5 , 1 2 7, 1 2 9 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 7, 1 3 9 , 1 41 Pu m p co n n e c ti o n s ,
1 83 , 1 85 , 1 8 7, 1 89
H o o k pl a tes 83 , 191
H o t b l a s t h e a te rs 1 0 9 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 , , , ,
P u m p re g u l a to r 1 79 1 8 1 , ,
H o t wa t er b o i le r co nnec ti o ns 3 5 , , P u m ps do u b le d ec k a rra ng em en t
, ,
17
H o t wa t er fitti n g s 7 ,
H o t wa t e r p i p i n g : di rec t r a di a to r co n R a di a to r ch a rt ,
1 9 7, 1 9 9
n ec t i ng u p fe e d 1 9 2 1 ; di re c t r a d i
-
, , R a d i a to r ti o n s (s ee S tea m a n
c o nn ec
a to r co n n e c t i n g d o wn fe e d 23 ; -
,
H o t w a t er r a d i a to r co nn ec ti o n s )
o v e rh e a d m a i ns a n d b ra n c h es 2 7; , Ra di a to rs di rec t co n cea led 69 70 71
, , , ,
re t u rn b en d co i l co nn ec ti o n s 1 5 1 7; , , 73 ; w a ll a rr a n g em e n t o f 73
, ,
s u p ply co n ne c t i o ns 9 ; r i s e co n , Red u ci n g v a lve co nn ec ti o ns 1 5 7 ,
n ec t i o ns 9 1 1 ; d i r e c t r a d i a to r
, , Reg u l a to r fo r s tea m 1 9 3 ,
co nne c ti o ns 1 3 ; i n di rec t ra d i a to r
, Reh ea te r 1 1 9 ,
c o nn ec ti o ns 1 3 ; m a ni fo l d c o i l c o n
, Re tu rn b en d co i l s tea m 77 , ,
n ec t i o n s , 15 Ri n g s y s tem o f h i g h pres s u re b o ile

p i p i n g 1 41 ,
I n di re c t ra di a to r ca s i ng , 2 45 , 2 47 R is e r co nn ec ti o n s s tea m h ea ti ng d o wn ,
I nd i rec t ra di a to r a nd d u c ts , 1 0 3 , 1 0 5 , fe ed s y s te m 43 ,
1 07
I n du s tri a l pla n t pi pi ng 2 56 , S te a m h ea ti ng , b a s em e n t p i p i n g 3 9 4 ,
—
Iro n a nd s teel di f ere n ces i n ( Ho we ) , , S tea m h ea t i ng p i p i n g , b a s em en t p i p
2 69 i ng , a nd r i s er c o nn ec tio ns 3 7 ,
Is o m e tri c dr a wi n g s ,
2 0 5 , 2 0 7, 2 0 9 S t ea m p i p i ng fo r i n d u s tri a l pla n t
( Ho u s m a n ) 2 55 ,
Lo o p s y s em t fo r hi g h pres s u re s tea m , S tea m pi p i ng lo w pres s u re b o ile ,
1 41 co nne c ti o ns 31 ,
S tea m ra d i a to r c o nn ec ti o n s di rec t 55 , ,
M a n i fo ld c o i l 75 , 79 8 1 , , 59 , 6 1 , 6 3 , 6 5 , 6 7
M as s a c h us e tts b o i l e r r u les , ex tr a c ts , S tea m tra p a rra n g em en t ,
O f, 53
2 52 S te rli n g b o i ler 1 3 3 ,
M i tre co i l , 77 S u pple m en ta ry h ea t e r 1 1 9 ,
PRINCIPLES OF HEATING BY WILLIAM G SNOW . . .
Everyo ne i nteres ted in hea ti ng will find this n w revi s ed wo rk o f excep tio nal va lu e e .
It g ives t he la tes t i nfo rm a tio n a nd da ta rela t n g t o a ll types o f hea ti ng includi ng i ,
C n tral Sta tio ns s o a nyo ne ca n u nders ta nd I t 2 19 Pa g es 6 x 9 inc hes 62 Fi g u res 59

e . . . , ,
Ta b l s Clo th
e , ,
P ri ce ,
PRACTICAL STEAM AND HOT WATER FITTING BY H C LINCOLN . . . .
A new text b o o k fo r t he s tuden t a nd m e ha n ic g i vi ng a n elem enta ry trea tm ent o f

- c .
t he p ri nc ip les i n thei r a ppli ca ti n t o t he des i g n o f s y s tem so A fea ture is t he ins ertio n .
o f re vi ew ! u es tio ns a t t he end o f ea c h c ha p ter 200 Pa g es 6 x 9 i nch es 103 Fi g u res .

. , ,
Clo t h . P ri c e ,
FORM ULAS AND TABLES FOR HEATING BY J H K INEALY . . . .
Gives the Germ a n m etho ds fo r fi g u ri ng t he h ea t lo s s es o f b u ilding s t h e tra ns mi s . ,
s i o n o f hea t thro u g h wa ll s a nd wi ndo w a nd o th er h ea ti ng a nd ven ti la tio n p ro b lem s

s, .
Th e Ta b les a re fi g u red i n B T U Ev ry e ng i nee r o u g h t t o ha ve thi s b o ok

. . . 53
e .
Pa g es 4% x H i nc hes Flexib le Lea ther P ri ce

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, , , ,
STEAM AND HOT WATER FITTERS TE! T BOOK

’
BY THOS E Mc NEILL . . . .
Ano ther prac tica l m a nua l fo r t he a pprenti a n d s tudent co veri ng t he m etho ds

. ce ,
u s d i n lo w a nd hi g h p res s u re wo rk
e It i s a rra ng ed In ! u es tio n a nd a ns wer fo rm , a nd
.
w ll ill u s tra ted

e Sp ec ia l a tte ntio n i s g iven t es ti m a ti ng a nd s p ec i fic a tio n wri ti ng
. o .
140 Pa g es 5 x 7i nch es 86 Fig u res Clo th

. . . P ri c e . ,
FURNACE HEATING BY WILLIAM G SNOW . . .
A tho ro u ghly mo dern a nd c m plete trea tis e n this i m po rta nt b ra nch o f hea ti ng
o o .
Every thing rela ti ng t o t he d i g n a nd i ns ta lla ti n o f ho t a ir a nd c o m b i na tio n s ys tem s i s

es o
c vere d i n a practica l a u tho ri ta ti ve m a nner

o Th e c o ns tru c tio n a nd s etting o f a ll typ es .
o f fu rnaces a s well a s t he m a ki n g o f thei r fitti n g s i s a lso fully trea ted 2 16 Pa g es . ,
6 x 9 inches | 02 Fi g ures num ero s Ta b les Clo t h

. . u P ri ce , , ,
CONTRACT AND ES TIMATE RECORD BOOK FOR STEAM AND HOT .
WATER HEATING BY B H J ESS UP . . . .
Thi s i s a valua b le g uide a nd ti m e s a vi ng b o o k t he u se o f which fre! uently s a ves

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i s li s ted o n a fo u r pa g e fo rm so tha t a ll y o ha ve t o do i s p u t i n t he ! ua nti ti es a nd

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pric es There i s no ch a nce o f fo rg tti ng a ny thi n g a nd lo s ing o n tha t a cc o u nt The

. e .
b o o k co nta ins 100 Fo rm s wi th a n I ndex i n fro nt fo r li s ti ng t he o f t he p eo p le t o

who m es ti m a tes were g iven Clo t h . . P ri c e ,
Pa tterns fo r Elb o ws Y Bra n h es Furna c e Bo o ts et c We c a n s u pply full s ize

, c , . .
pa tterns fo r a ll t he s izes u s u a lly m a de S nd fo r s p ecia l li st . e .
OU R CA T AL O G U E B G I V E S F U L L PARTICULARS REGARDING
EVERY GOOD BOOK ON HEATING SENT FREE SPECIAL LIBRARY
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WE A LL O W I O% O N O R D E R S F OR
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O F F ER O R M O RE

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P REFA C E

IN response to n umerous requests the articles by the

author relati ng to piping connections which have appeared

in the M etal Worker have been rearranged added to a n d

put in the form herewith presented which it is hoped wi ll

be found convenient for reference .

I t is assumed that the reader is familiar with the elemen

in many treatises on heatin g This book deals with piping

details not with general heating layo uts

I t has n o t been attempted to illustrate to any extent

n e c t i o n wi th these systems as a rule publish abundant li t

era t u r e illustrati n g an d describing methods of application

While in no sense complete the charts given on these pages

will doubtless suggest methods of piping to accomplish cer

hoped form a useful addition to the literature on the

Figs 1 a and l b show the plan and side elevation o f a cast

iron sectional hot water b oiler The conn ectio n s on the

The main return at the rear enters an equalizing pipe con

to conn ect at t h e rear of the boiler except in the case of ,

unusually long o n es which should hav e the returns con

n e c t e d near the middle to s ecure a fairly uniform ﬂow

through the sections .

A hot w a ter thermometer should be connected with the

Th e water supply c onn ecti on for ﬁlling or replenishing

A plug cock should be placed at the lowest point in the

A damper regulator controlling the draft a n d check dam

pers is a desirable additio n to a hot water boiler the operation

of the regulator being e ffected by a diff erence in tempera

Figs 2 a and 2 b show

A relief or safety valve with a non corrosive seat should be

placed o n each boiler . These valves may be either the

The dotted lines represen t the overhead returns wi t h

a co o k or a lo ck shield globe valve to prevent any tamper

i n g by persons n o t i n charge of the apparatus C o ld water

to make up a n y deﬁciency i n the system is generally admitted

A thermometer is indic ated at end of top drums in

Fig 3 represents a group of ﬁ t tings used in hot water heat

ing A shows a long turn elbow _which o ff ers consider

ably less resistan ce than the standard elbow B shows a .

mou ly used in risers more particularly the supply lines

D and E show a quick opening valve and a union elbow ,

and F a separable bulb thermometer A ll pipes should .

be reamed to remove rough sharp edges ; othe rwise the

ﬂow will be much impeded P ipe j oint lubric ant or ﬁlling

s hould be app lied to the male thread only I t is a great

mistake to s wab the threads of the ﬁttings with this ma

In Fig 4, showing several branch connections , A

shows the m a nner in which branches near the boiler or

B and C show how branches should lead from the

in C favors the ﬂow of water to a radiator somewhat more

should if possible pitch upward in the direction of ﬂow 1

5 shows the method of connectin g with main

shows conn ecti o n with

g oo d in systems of c on siderable e xt ent as in c a se o f a leak o r

dra wn o ff The st op valve gate p a tte rn is lo ca ted between

the 45 degrees e lbow and t h e drain c o ck .

Fig 7shows branch co n nectio n s which may be concealed

in ﬂoors The pipes leading to the left are to radiators on