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 ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ

ȼɟɞɟɧɢɟ .................................................................................................................... 3
Ƚɥɚɜɚ I. Ⱥɥɝɟɛɪɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ .............................................................................. 5
§1.1. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ......................................................... 5
§1.2. ɂɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ............................................................... 7
§1.3. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ ...................................................................................... 7
§1.4. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ........................................... 8
§1.5. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ .......................................... 11
§1.6. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ........................................... 13
§1.7. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ................................. 16
§1.8. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ..................................................... 20
§1.9. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ................................................................ 21
§1.10. Ɋɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ .............................................................................. 23
§1.11. Ɍɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ .................... 26
§1.12. ɉɊȺȼɂɅɖɇɕȿ ɊȺɋɋɍɀȾȿɇɂə ......................................................................... 30
§1.13.ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ...................................................... 31
Ƚɥɚɜɚ II. ɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄȺə ȺɅȽȿȻɊȺ...................................................................... 35
§2.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ......................................................................................... 35
§2.2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ .................................................... 3
§2.3. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ................................................................. 40
§2.4. Ɏɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ .............................. 43
§2.5. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɢ ................................................... 45
§2.6. Ⱦɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.................................................................. 46
§2.7. Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ .......................................... 47
§2.8. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ........................................................ 51
§2.9. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ................................................. 53
§2.10. Ⱥɥɝɟɛɪɚ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ .............................................................................. 60
§2.11. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ............................................................ 63
§2.12. Ɇɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ................................................................ 64
§2.13. Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ......................................................................................... 73
§2.14. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ........................................... 78
§2.15. Ɂɚɦɤɧɭɬɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ........................................................ 82
§2.16. ɉɨɥɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ .............................. 87
1

§2.17. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɟ.................................... 90
§2.18. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ........................................................................... 91
§2.19. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ .................................................................. 99
§2.20. Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɹɞ ......................................................... 103
§2.21. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ...................... 105
§2.22. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ............... 106
§2.23. Ɉ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ...........................108
Ƚɥɚɜɚ III. k-ɁɇȺɑɇȺə ɅɈȽɂɄȺ ..............................................................................
§3.1. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ k-ɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ................................................. 113
§3.2.Ɂɚɦɤɧɭɬɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ k-ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ...................................... 119
ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɇȺə ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ ....................................................................... 125


2

 ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ

Ʌɨɝɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɹ (384-322 ɝɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.). ɋ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɷɬɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɭɱɢɬ ɧɚɫ
ɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ, ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ
ɜɵɜɨɞɵ. ȿɳɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ».
ɗɬɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɩɪɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɜɟɤɨɜ.
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XVII ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ Ƚ.Ʌɟɣɛɧɢɰ (1646-1716)
ɧɚɱɚɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɦɢɲɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɚɥɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ⱥɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ Ⱦ.Ȼɭɥɶ (1815-1864), ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ ɉɨɫɬ,
ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ Ƚ.Ɏɪɟɝɫ (1848-1925) ɢ Ⱦ.Ƚɢɥɶɛɟɪɬ (1862-1943),
ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ Ⱦ.ɉɟɚɧɨ (1858-1932) ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ
ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɭɤɭ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɥɨ ɩɭɬɶ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɚɦ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɥɨ ɢɦ ɩɭɬɴ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ «ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ» ɜ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ – ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȼɨ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɜɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɟɟ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɫ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɹɡɵɤ, ɫ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ.
ȼ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ
ɞɟɣɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɞɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: «ɢɫɬɢɧɚ» ɢɥɢ «ɥɨɠɶ». Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ.
ɇɟɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ
ɤɨɧɬɢɧɢɭɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
3

 Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. 

4

 Ƚɥɚɜɚ I

ȺɅȽȿȻɊȺ ȼɕɋɄȺɁɕȼȺɇɂɃ

§1.1. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ

Ɉɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɫ ɦɢɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ – ɠɢɜɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ,

ɪɟɤ, ɝɨɪ, ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɂɡɭɱɚɹ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɵ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɯ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ (ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ, ɰɜɟɬɟ, ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ (ɪɟɤɚ ɬɟɱɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɪɭɫɥɭ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɜ
ɞɨɦɟ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɦɵ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, «ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ», «ɋɚɪɞɚɪ
ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ» ɢɥɢ «ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ», «ɋɚɪɞɚɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤ».
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ, ɚ
ɧɚɛɨɪɭ (ɤɥɚɫɫɭ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ (ɧɚɛɨɪ) ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢɯ
ɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɡɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɢɞɵ
ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ «ɫɨɫɧɚ», «ɟɥɶ», «ɞɭɛ» ɢ ɞɪ. ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ «ɞɟɪɟɜɚ».
ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ».
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɫ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ,
ɤɚɤ «ɦɚɫɫɚ», «ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ», «ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ», «ɱɢɫɥɨ», «ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɮɢɝɭɪɚ» ɢ ɞɪ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɢɝɭɪɭ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɬɟɥɨ, ɟɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɰɜɟɬ, ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ). ɉɪɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɞɚɥɹɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɜ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ

5

ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ, ɚ ɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ, ɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ – ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɨɝɪɚɦɦ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ (ɱɚɫɬɶɸ) ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
«ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ».
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ. Ⱥ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ.
Ⱦɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ» ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɫ
ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ» ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɜɢɞɭ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɭɝɥɨɜ. ɇɨ
ɥɟɝɤɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ
ɭɝɥɵ, ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɫ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ,
ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ» ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
«ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɫ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ» ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ, ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ a
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɭ α, ɬɨ α ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ).
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ α ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɧɟ
ɨɛɴɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ) ɢ ɧɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɲɟɝɨ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɢɧ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɞɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɬɵɪɟɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɛɵɥ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɦ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɫɥɢ
ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɢɧ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɨɝɪɚɦɦ,
ɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ – ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɚɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ.

6

 §1.2. ɂɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ

ȼ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɮɢɡɢɤɟ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɯɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɜ

ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ
(ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɦɢ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ:
1) Ƚɹɧɞɠɚ – ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɚ.
2) Ⱦɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɢ ɪɨɦɛɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵ.
3) ɑɢɫɥɨ X ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ.
4) Ʉɚɪɬɢɧɵ Ⱥɡɢɦɚ Ⱥɡɢɦɡɚɞɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵ.
Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɣ (2) ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ, ɨɞɧɨ (1) ɥɨɠɧɨɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ 3-ɦ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɱɢɫɥɟ X, ɚ ɜ 4-ɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ «ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ» ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɵ, ɬɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɧɵɟ. ɉɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ ɨɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɧɨɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚ-
ɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɧɨɟ. ɇɢ ɨɞɧɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɧɵɦ. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ 1 ɢɥɢ ɂ – ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ 0
ɢɥɢ Ʌ – ɥɨɠɶ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ.
Ȼɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɚɬɨɦɨɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ X={A, B, C,...} ɢ Y={ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɥɨɠɶ}, ɬɨɝɞɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ U ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ X ɜ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ Y, ɢɥɢ U:XĺY. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɚɬɨɦɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɚɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, A: = ”2×2=4”, B: = “3<2”, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
U:Aĺɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ U(A)=1, U:BĺɅɨɠɶ ɢɥɢ U(B)=0.
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ,
ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɭ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ, ɞɢɡɶɸɧɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ,
ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɰɢɹ.

§1.3. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ

Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɨɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɥɨɠɧɵɦ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A ɥɨɠɧɨɟ (0), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A.
7

 Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ (1), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɨɜɨɟ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɨ (0), ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɦ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A.
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ A ɢɥɢ ºA.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ A ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ. ȿɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ A ɬɨɠɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ A ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɜɨɣɧɵɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A:

A A A
0 1 0
1 0 1

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ A:= “4 ɧɟɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ”, ɬɨɝɞɚ A=Ʌɨɠɶ (0), A =ɂɫɬɢɧɚ (1).
ȼɨɨɛɳɟ, ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɸ A , ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
A = A . ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ |A|, ɬɨɝɞɚ
| A | = 1− | A | .
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ a), b) ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ c)
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ.
ĂͿ ďͿ ĐͿ

§1.4. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ

ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢɥɢ B ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ C,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɩɪɢɦɟɬ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ A∨B ɢ
ɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ “A ɢɥɢ B”. Ⱦɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ:

8

 A B A∨B B∨A
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1

ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ

ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ
ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ (2, 3, 4 ɫɬɪɨɤɢ), ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɨɠɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɚ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɨɠɧɵɟ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ |A∨B| ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɬɨɝɞɚ |A∨B| ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:

|A∨B|=|A| + |B|−|A| |B|=max(|A|,|B|),

|0∨1|= |0| + |1|−|0| |1|=max (|0|,|1|).

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.
A: = “ȼ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɬɟɪ”,
B: = “ȼ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɬɟɪ”,
C: = “ȼ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɬɟɪ”,
D: = “ȼ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɬɟɪ”.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ F=(A∨B∨C∨D) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ
F: = “ȼ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ,
ɢɥɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɬɟɪ”.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A:=“ɑɬɨɛɵ

ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨ ɲɚɯɦɚɬɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɪɚɬɶ 11,5 ɨɱɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
15-ɬɢ ɨɱɤɨɜ” ɢ B:=“ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ
ɦɟɫɬɨ”. Ⱦɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ

A∨B:= “ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɪɚɬɶ 11,5 ɨɱɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ”.

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A ɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ

B ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ.
9

 ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ
A: = “x>7” ɢ B: = “x=7”: A∨B: = “x>7 ɢɥɢ x=7”.
Ʌɟɝɤɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ {x>7
ɢɥɢ x=7} ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ x≥7. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ
ɧɨɜɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟɫɬɪɨɝɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ 2≤2, 2≥3.
ɇɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ 2≤2 ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ 2=2
ɢɥɢ 2<2. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ 2=2 ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ 2<2
ɥɨɠɶ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ 1∨0=1.
Ⱦɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ 2≥3 ɥɨɠɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ 2>3 ɢ 2=3 ɥɨɠɶ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
0∨0=0.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A, B ɢ C ɜɟɪɧɵ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ:
1) A∨B=B∨A (ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ);
2) (A∨B)∨C=A∨(B∨C) (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ).
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A:=“ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɝɨɞɚ”, B:=“ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɞɨɠɞɥɢɜɚɹ
ɩɨɝɨɞɚ”, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A∨B:=“ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɠɞɥɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɝɨɞɚ”
ɢ B∨A:=“ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɞɨɠɞɥɢɜɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɝɨɞɚ” ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ (A∨B)∨C ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ A∨B∨C.
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɸ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ A , ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚ-
ɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A ∨ A . ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A
ɢ A ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɥɨɠɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ A A A∨A
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ∨ A ɭɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ 0 1 1
ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 1 0 1
ɢɡ «1». ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ A ∨ A ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɣ
ഥ ൌ ʗ).
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ A ∨ A = 1 ( ‫ ש‬
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ «ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ “x2+5=0 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ”. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ⱥ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ “ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ
x2+5=0 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɧɢɣ”, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ “ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ x2+5=0
ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ” ɛɭɞɟɬ A . Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ A ∨ A , ɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ.
Ɂɚɞɚɞɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱥ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ

10

 A 1 0 A‫ޕ‬A=A A‫ޕ‬0=A A‫ޕ‬1=1
0 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1

Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B, a), b) ɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ

c) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ:

a) b) c)

§1.5. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ɇɨɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ

ɞɜɭɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ
ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ʉɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ A∧B ɢ ɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ “A ɢ
B”. Ʉɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɟ ɨɛɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ (ɫɬɪɨɤɚ 4), ɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɥɨɠɶ (1-ɹ, 2-ɹ, 3-ɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ).

A B A∧B B∧A
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A:=“ȼ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ ɟɫɬɶ”, B:=“ȼ

ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ”, C:=“ ȼ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ”,
D:=“ ȼ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɵ ɜɯɨɞ-ɜɵɯɨɞ”, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
“F=(A∧B∧C∧D) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ F:=“ ȼ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ ɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɥɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɵ ɜɯɨɞ-ɜɵɯɨɞ”.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A∧B:=“7–4=3 ɢ 4 ɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ”.
ɗɬɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A:=“7–4=3” ɢ B:=“4 ɱɟɬɧɨɟ
ɱɢɫɥɨ”. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵ, ɬɨ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ “3<8” ɢ “8<11”. Ʉɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɷɬɢɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ “3<8 ɢ 8<11”. ɗɬɨ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ “3<8 ɢ 8<11” ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ
11

ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ 3<8<11. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɜɨɣɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ (1∧1=1). Ɂɧɚɹ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ 9<8<11 ɥɨɠɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɷɬɨ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɨɠɶ (0∧1=0).
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ A∧B ɩɨɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɢ B, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɸ B∧A. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ A∧B ɢ B∧A ɢɥɢ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɶ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ |A∧B| ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɬɨɝɞɚ |A∧B| ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:

|A∧B|= |A| |B| = min (|A|, |B|),

|0∧1|= |0| |1| = min (|0|, |1|).

ȿɫɥɢ A:=“ɑɢɫɥɨ 12 ɤɪɚɬɧɨ 4”, B:=“ɑɢɫɥɨ 12 ɤɪɚɬɧɨ 3”, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ

A∧B:=“ɑɢɫɥɨ 12 ɤɪɚɬɧɨ 4 ɢ 3” ɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ B∧A=“ɑɢɫɥɨ 12 ɤɪɚɬɧɨ 3 ɢ 4”
ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ A ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɸ A∧ A . ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ A ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɶ,
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A∧ A ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɥɨɠɶ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɡɚɞɚɞɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ:

A 1 0 A A∧A=A A∧1=A A∧0=0 A∧ A = 0

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ a), b) ɢ ɟɟ

ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ c) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ.
a) b) c)

12

 §1.6. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɨɠɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A
ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ B ɥɨɠɶ, ɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ.
ɂɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ A→B ɢ ɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ
{ȿɫɥɢ A, ɬɨ B}. ɗɬɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ
ɜɢɞɟ:
A B A→B B→A
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1

ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɵ A ɢ B, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ

ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɢ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ (A→B≠B→A).
ȼ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ A→B ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ,
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ B ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ (ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɨɠɶ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɜɟɪɧɨ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɨɠɶ (3-ɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ). ȼ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɢɫɬɢɧɚ (1-ɹ, 2-ɹ, 4-ɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ). ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ 1-ɣ ɢ 2-ɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ Ⱥ ɥɨɠɶ, ɬɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɨɜɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ȼ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ A→B ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɨɣ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɢɡ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A→B ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɢ B ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ, ɢɥɢ ɟɫɥɢ A→B ɥɨɠɶ, ɬɨ
ɨɛɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɢ B ɥɨɠɶ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ |A→B| ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɬɨ |A→B| ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ͳǡˈ˔ˎˋȁȁ ൑ ȁȁǡ
|A→B|= 1 −|A| + |A| |B| =൜
Ͳǡˈ˔ˎˋȁȁ ൐ ȁȁǡ

|0→1|= 1− |0| + |0| |1| =1, |1՜ Ͳ|= 1- |1| + |1| |1| =0,

|0→0|= 1− |0| + |0| |0| =1, |1՜ 1|= 1- |1| + |1| |1| =1,
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɞɥɹ
13

ɥɸɛɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɜɟɪɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ A→B= A ∨B:

A B A A→B A ∨B
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A→B (ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ). ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ

ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ B→A ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ {ȿɫɥɢ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɰɢɮɪ ɱɢɫɥɚ 138 ɤɪɚɬɧɚ 3, ɬɨ ɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ 138 ɤɪɚɬɧɨ 3}, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ {ȿɫɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ 138 ɤɪɚɬɧɨ
3, ɬɨ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɰɢɮɪ ɱɢɫɥɚ 138 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ 3}. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ
ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ. ɇɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ {ȿɫɥɢ 5>2, ɬɨ 5 ɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ} ɥɨɠɶ, ɧɨ ɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ
ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ {ȿɫɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ 5 ɱɟɬɧɨɟ, ɬɨ 5>2 } ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɥɨɠɶ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ
A : = “ɑɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ”,
B: = “ȼɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ”
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ F=(A→B) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ F: = “ȿɫɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ, ɬɨ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ
ɩɨɥɟ”.
Ɂɚɞɚɞɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ:
A A A→A=1 A→1=1 A→0= A A→ A = A
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0

Ɂɚɦɟɧɹɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɢ B ɢɯ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ A→B ɦɨɠɟɦ

ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ. ɗɬɚ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ A → B ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ A→B.
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɢ B ɢɯ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ B → A . ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ
A→B ɢ B → A :

14

 A B A→B A B B→A
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1

ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ A→B ɢ B → A ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵ, ɬ.ɟ.

A→B= B → A . ɗɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ
ɪɚɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɟɣ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ {ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɣ
ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ 140 ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɰɢɮɪɚ 0, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 5} ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɚ
ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ {ȿɫɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ 140 ɧɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 5, ɬɨ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɭɥɹ}. Ɉɛɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ
ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ, ɜɬɨɪɚɹ
ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɨɠɶ.
ɂɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ B→A ɢ A → B ɬɨɠɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ B→A= A → B .
ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ∨B ɢ A→B, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ Ⱥ ɢ ȼ ɫ
ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɶ:
A→B= A ∨B .
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
( A ∨B)→A∧B.

A B A A ∨B A∧B ( A ∨B)→A∧B
0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1

Xɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ A→B

ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɂɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ A→B (ɟɫɥɢ ɟɫɬɶ Ⱥ, ɬɨ ȼ ɬɨɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ)
ɟɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ȼ. ȼɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ
(ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ȼ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱥ) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱥ. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ഥ՜

ഥ ǣǼʔ˔ˎˋːˈ˕ʑǡ ˕ˑːˈ˕ˋʏǽ˓˃˅ːˑ˔ˋˎ˟ːˑ˅˞˔ˍ˃ˊ˞˅˃ːˋˡoǡ ˕ˑˈ˔˕˟
 ഥ՜
ഥ ൌ  ՜B.

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɚ
15

ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɵ.

§1.7. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɢ B ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɥɨɠɶ ɜ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ.
ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ A⇔B (A~B) ɢ
ɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ {A ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ B}.

A B A⇔B B⇔A
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1

ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɫ

ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɚ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ, ɢɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɥɨɠɶ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ |A~B| ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɬɨɝɞɚ |A~B| ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:

ͳǡˈ˔ˎˋȁȁ ൌ ȁȁǡ
|A~B|= 1− |A| − |B| =൜
Ͳǡˈ˔ˎˋȁȁ ് ȁȁǤ

ͳǡ ˈ˔ˎˋȁȁ ൌ ȁȁǡ
|0∼1|= 1− ||0| − |1|| =൜
Ͳǡ ˈ˔ˎˋȁͲȁ ് ȁͳȁǤ

Ɂɚɞɚɞɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ:

A 1 0 A A∼A=1 A∼1=A A∼0= A A∼ A =0

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

ɂɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ A→B ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɭ, ɚ B→A ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ

ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ

16

ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ œǡ ˈ˔ˎˋœ ൌ ሺoሻ᦬ሺo).
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ A⇔B ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɸ «Ⱦɥɹ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱥ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ȼ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ
Ⱥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ȼ».
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A:=“ɑɢɫɥɨ ɱɟɬɧɨɟ”, B:="ɑɢɫɥɚ, ɞɟɥɹɳɢɟɫɹ
ɧɚ 2” ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ F=(A⇔B) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ F:=“Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɱɟɬɧɵɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɨ ɞɟɥɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ 2”.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ – ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ,
ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ, ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ
F=((A∨B)‫ר‬C)→(B∼ C ):

A B C A∨B (A∨B)‫ר‬C C B∼ C F
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ

ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ:

ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬ-
Ɂɧɚɤɢ
ɋɜɹɡɤɢ ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɧɟɬ, ɧɟ ɜɟɪɧɨ, ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ º, (−) Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ
ɢ, ɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɨ ‫ޔ‬ Ʉɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ
ɢɥɢ ‫ޕ‬ Ⱦɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ
ɟɫɥɢ ... , ɬɨ → ɂɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚ- ∼, ≈, ⇔ ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɬɨɱɧɨ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ

17

 Ɂɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ 1: Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ
(†ଵ ǡ †ଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ †୬ ሻǡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ͳ ǡ ʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ  
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɮɪ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ N=0, 1, 2, …, 2n–1 ɜ
ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ  ൌ †ͳ ή  ʹെͳ ൅ †ʹ ή  ʹെʹ ൅Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ൅† ή ʹͲ Ǥ Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ
(†ଵ ǡ †ଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ †୬ ሻ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɶɸ ɱɢɫɟɥ
N=0, 1, 2, …, 2n–1 ɜ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ʹ୬ (ɡɞɟɫɶ n –
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɟɫɥɢ n = 2, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ  ൌ Ͳǡ ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
 ൌ †ͳ ή  ʹͳ ൅ †ʹ ή  ʹͲ :
0=0ή ʹଵ ൅ Ͳ ή  ʹ଴ ՜ ሺͲǡͲሻǡ ͳ ൌ Ͳ ή ʹଵ ൅ ͳ ή  ʹ଴ ՜(0,1),
2=1ή ʹଵ ൅ Ͳ ή  ʹ଴ ՜ ሺͳǡͲሻǡ ͵ ൌ ͳ ή ʹଵ ൅ ͳ ή  ʹ଴ ՜(1,1).
ȿɫɥɢ n=3, ɬɨ 0→(0,0,0), 1→(0,0,1), 2→(0,1,0), 3→(0,1,1), 4→(1,0,0),
5→(1,0,1), 6→(1,1,0), 7→(1,1,1).
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ N ɜ
n
ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ N = ¦ d i 2 n −i ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ (†ଵ ǡ †ଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ †୬ )
i=1

ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɭ:
1) ɑɢɫɥɨ N ɩɨɞɟɥɢɦ ɧɚ 2, ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ †୬ ǡ ˚˃˔˕ːˑˈ“ଵǢ
2) ɑɢɫɥɨ “ଵ ˒ˑˇˈˎˋˏː˃ʹǡ ˑ˔˕˃˕ˑˍ†୬ିଵǡ ˚˃˔˕ːˑˈ“ଶǢ
3) ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ (n-1) ɲɚɝɚ “୬ିଵ ൌ †ଵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ n (ɜ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ)
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ
ʹ୬ିଵ ൑  ൑ ʹ୬ Ǥ
ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɨ N=325 ɜ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ:
1) 325 : 2=“ଵ ൌ ͳ͸ʹǡ †୬ ൌ ͳǢ ʹሻͳ͸ʹ ‫ ʹ ׷‬ൌ “ ଶ ൌ ͺͳǡ †୬ିଵ =0;
3) 81 : 2=“ ଷ ൌ ͶͲǡ †୬ିଶୀ ͳǢ ͶሻͶͲ ‫ ʹ ׷‬ൌ “ ସ ൌ ʹͲǡ †୬ିଷ=0;
5) 20 : 2=“ ହ ൌ ͳͲǡ †୬ିସ ൌ ͲǢ ͸ሻͳͲ ‫ ʹ ׷‬ൌ “଺ ൌ ͷǡ †୬ିହ=0;
7) 5 : 2=“଻ ൌ ʹǡ †୬ି଺ ൌ ͳǢ ͺሻʹ ‫ ʹ ׷‬ൌ “଼ ൌ ͳǡ †୬ି଻=0;
9) †୬ି଼ ൌ †ଵ ൌ ͳǡʹ଼ ൏ ͵ʹͷ ൏ ʹଽ
ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ n=9, ɜ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɥɢɧɚ
ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 9 ɢ N=(101000101).
n
ɂɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ N = ¦ d i 2n −i ɞɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ di ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
i=1

ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ N ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ʹሺ୬ି୧ሻାଵ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ri,

ɡɚɬɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɨ N ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ 2n–1 ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ri+1. Ɋɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ri+1 ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ 2n–i ɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɟ †‹ .
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ †ଷ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ 325:
18

 ͵ʹͷǣʹଽିଷାଵ ൌ ͵ʹͷǣʹ଻ ǡˑ˔˕˃˕ˑˍ”ଷ =69,
͵ʹͷǣʹଽିଷ ൌ ͵ʹͷǣʹ଺ ǡˑ˔˕˃˕ˑˍ”ସ =5,

୰యି୰ర ଺ସ
”ଷ െ ”ସ ൌ ͸Ͷǡ ൌ  ଺ସ ൌ ͳǡ †ଷ =1.
ଶ౤ష౟

Ɂɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ 2: ȼ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɢ

ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ‫ר‬, ‫ש‬, →, ⇔, º ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɬɪɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
1. ɒɬɪɢɯ ɒɟɮɮɟɪɚ (ɚɧɬɢɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ). Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɲɬɪɢɯ ɒɟɮɮɟɪɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ A°B.
2. ɉɟɫɬɢɤ ɉɢɪɫɚ (ɚɧɬɢɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ). Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɫɬɢɤ ɉɢɪɫɚ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ A↓B.
3. ɋɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ (ɤɪɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ). Ʉɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ C, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ A ɢ B ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ C=A⊕B.

A B A‫ޕ‬B A‫ޔ‬B A∼B A↓B A|B A⊕B

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ
((AͮB)⊕( A ↓C))→(A∨ B )
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɭ:
1) AͮB; 2) A ; 3) A ↓C; 4) (AͮB)⊕( A ↓C); 5) B ; 6) A∨ B ;
7) ((AͮB)⊕( A ↓C))→(A∨ B ).

A B C 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

19

 §1.8. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. ȿɫɥɢ A:= “ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɞɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ”, ɬɨɝɞɚ

B:=“Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɬɫɹ” ɢɥɢ C:=“Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɚ” ɢɥɢ B:=”ȿɫɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɬɫɹ”, ɬɨ
D:=“ɇɚɥɨɝɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ” ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢ A:=”ȿɫɥɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹ ɧɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ”, ɬɨ ºC:=”Ȼɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ”.
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:

F= (A→(B∨C))∧(B→D)∧((D∧A)→ C ).

ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ:

1)B∨C; 2) A→1); 3) B→D; 4) 2)∧3);

5) C ; 6) D‫ ޔ‬ 7) 6)→5); 8) 4)‫ޔ‬7).

A B C D 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ (1111010100100100).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ȿɫɥɢ A:=“ȿɫɥɢ ɰɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ”, ɬɨ B:=“Ɂɚɪɩɥɚɬɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ

20

ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ”. ɐɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɢɥɢ C:=“Ɋɨɫɬ ɰɟɧ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ”. ȿɫɥɢ
ɪɨɫɬ ɰɟɧ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢɧɮɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɧɨ D:=“ɂɧɮɥɹɰɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ”. ȼ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ.
F=((A՜ ሻ᦬ሺ᦭ሻ᦬ሺ ՜  ഥ ሻ᦬ሻ ՜ 
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ.
1) A→B; 2) A∨C; ഥ Ǣ Ͷሻ ՜ 
3)  ഥ ;
5) ሺ ՜ ሻ᦬ሺ›ሻǢ ͸ሻሺoሻšሺ›ሻšሺ ՜  ഥ ሻ;
7) ሺ ՜ ሻ᦬ሺ›ሻ᦬ሺ ՜ ഥ ሻ᦬; 8) F.
A B C D 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ
F=(1111111111111111).

§1.9. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ A=ሼଵ ǡ ଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ୬ ሽ. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ Ⱥ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɤɜɚɪɶ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ Ai ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ. ȼ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɭɤɜɚɪɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ( ).

21

 ȼ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɛɭɤɜɚɪɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ. Ⱦɚɞɢɦ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. 1) ɂɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɛɚɡɢɫ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɬɨɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ;
2) ɂɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ. ȿɫɥɢ A ɢ B ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (A‫ޔ‬B),
(A‫ޕ‬B), (A→B), (A∼B), (ºA) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ.
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ
ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɫɤɨɛɨɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ. ɇɨ ɧɟ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ  ഥ՜
ത ഥ
᦬̱᦬ ՜  ɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ. ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ (A→B)→ሺത᦬ሺ ഥ᦭ሻሻ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ
1) A→B; 2) തǢ ͵ሻ
ഥ;
ഥ ത ഥ
4)ሺ᦭ሻǢ ͷሻሺ᦬ሺ᦭ሻ).
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ
ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ (ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ) ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ.
ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ. ɇɟ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ. ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɟ
ɫɥɨɜɨ).
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɦɚɬɢɤɚ.
ɉɪɨɝɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɶ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɢɛɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ.

22

 §1.10. Ɋɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ

ɂ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɦɟɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨɬ
ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ n ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɬɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ʹ୬ ɫɬɪɨɤ. ȼ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ
ɫɨɬɧɹɦɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ. əɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
Ɋɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ (ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ), ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ:

1. Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ:
A∨B=B∨A;
2. Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ:
A∧B=B∧A;
3. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ:
A∨(B∨C)=(A∨B)∨C;
4. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ:
A∧(B∧C)=(A∧B)∧C;
5. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ:
A∧(B∨C)=(A∧B)∨(A∧C);
6. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ:
A∨(B∧C)=(A∨B)∧(A∨C);
7. Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɟ Ɇɨɪɝɚɧɚ:
തതതതതത
᦭ ൌ ഥ ᦬ തതതതതത ൌ 
ഥǡ᦬ ഥ ᦭
ഥ;
8. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ :
A =A;
9. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɢɞɟɦɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɢ:
A∨A=A, A‫ޔ‬ 
10. A∨ A =1, A∧ A =0, A∨1= A∧1 =A,
A∨0=A, A∧0=0;

23

 11. AŸB= A ∨B;

12. A⇔B=(A∧B)∨( A ∧ B ), A⇔B=( A ∧B)∨(A ∧ B ),

A⇔B=(A՜ ሻ᦬ሺ ՜ );

തതതതതതതሻǡ᦬ ൌ ሺº᦭º
13.A‫ޕ‬B=(᦬º തതതതതതതത) ;

14. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ:

A‫(ޔ‬A‫ޕ‬B)=A , A‫(ޕ‬A‫ޔ‬B)=A;
15.Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ:
A=(A‫ޔ‬B)‫(ޕ‬A‫ޔ‬ഥ ሻǡ ൌ ሺ᦭ሻ᦬ሺ᦭
ഥ).

ȼ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɢɡ 5 ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɰɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ.
Ʌɟɦɦɚ. ȿɫɥɢ A≡B ɢ C – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ, ɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ:
ഥ‫ؠ‬
1)  ഥ; 2)A‫ޕ‬C≡B∨C; 3) A‫ޔ‬C≡B‫ޔ‬C;
4) A→C≡B→C; 5) C→A≡C→B; 6) A∼C≡B∼C.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ⱦɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
( A ∧ B ) ∨ ( B ∧ C ) = ( A ∧ B ) ∨ ( A ∧ C ) ∨ ( B ∧ C ).
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɟ Ɇɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ
( A ∧ B ) ∨ ( B ∧ C ) = ( A ∧ B) ∧ (B ∧ C ) = ( A ∨ B ) ∧ ( B ∧ C )
ɉɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ ( ഥ ›ሻ᦬ሺ ഥ ᦬
ഥ). Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ
ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ:
(( A ∨ B) ∧ B) ∨ (( A ∨ B) ∧ C) = (( A ∧ B) ∨ ( A ∨ C)) .
Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ
( A ∧ B) ∨ (B ∧ B) ∨ ( A ∧ C) ∨ (B ∧ C) .

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ A∧ A =0 ɢ A∨0=A, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ

( A ∧ B) ∨ ( A ∧ C) ∨ (B ∧ C)
Ɋɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ
F=(A→B)→((B→C)→(A‫ޕ‬B→C))
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɭɛɟɪɟɦ ɡɧɚɤ →:
24

 F=( A ‫ޕ‬B)→(( B ‫ޕ‬C)→(തതതതതത
᦭‫ޕ‬C))=
തതതതതത തതതതത ഥ ᦬
ഥ᦭ሻሻ ൌ ሺ᦬ ത ሻ᦭ሺ
ഥ ሻ᦭ሺሺ᦬ ഥ ᦬
ഥ) ‫ޕ‬C)).
ሺ᦭ሻ᦭ሺ᦭ ሻ᦭ሺ

ɉɨ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ

F=(A‫ޕ‬ ഥ ሻ᦬ഥ᦭᦬ത‫ޕ‬C=1.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ
(A∼B)∼((A→B)∧(B→A)):(A∼B)∼((A→B)∧(B→A))=
=1001∼(1101∧1011)=1001∼1001=1111.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ
F=(തതതതതതതത
 ՜ ሻ᦬ሺ ത ᦭
ഥ ሻ᦭ሺതതതതതത
᦭ሻ᦬ሺതതതതതത
᦬):
ഥ ሻ᦬ሺത᦭
F=ሺ᦬ ഥ ሻ᦭ሺ᦬ ഥሻ᦬ሺത᦭ ഥሻ ൌ   ത ᦭
ഥ ᦬ሺ ഥ ).

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5. ɂɫɬɢɧɚ, ɱɬɨ A ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɜ ɭɧɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɥɨɠɶ, ɱɬɨ Ⱥ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥ

ɢ ȼ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɢɥɢ Ⱥ ɢ ɋ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ Ⱥ ɢ ɋ ɢ ȼ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ. Ʉɬɨ ɢɡ A,
B, C ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ?
Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ:

തതതതതത
F=A‫ޔ‬ሺ᦬ ሻ‫(ޕ‬A‫ޔ‬C)‫(ޕ‬A‫ޔ‬B‫ޔ‬C)=A‫(ޔ‬A‫ޕ‬B)‫(ޕ‬A‫ޔ‬C)∨(A‫ޔ‬B‫ޔ‬C),
F=A‫((ޔ‬A‫ޕ‬B)‫ޕ‬A‫ޔ‬C‫ޕ‬B‫ޔ‬C)=
=A‫((ޔ‬A‫ޕ‬B)‫ޕ‬C‫(ޔ‬A‫ޕ‬B))=(A‫ޕ‬B) ‫(ޔ‬A ‫ޕ‬C)=A ‫(ޕ‬B ‫ޔ‬C),
F=A‫(ޕ‬B‫ޔ‬C).
Ɂɞɟɫɶ A=ɢɫɬɢɧɚ=1, (B‫ޔ‬C)=ɥɨɠɶ=0, ɬɨɝɞɚ F=1.
(ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ 1=1‫ޕ‬0).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6.
A∼B≡(A→B)∧(B→A)≡( A ∨B)∧( B ∨A)≡(A∧B)∨( A ∧ B ).

1) A∼B; a) (A→B); b) (B→A);

2) a)∧b); 3) ( A ∨B)∧( B ∨A); 4) (A∧B)∨( A ∧ B ).

A B 1) a) b) 2) A B A ‫ޕ‬B B ‫ޕ‬A 3) A‫ޔ‬B A ‫ ޔ‬B 4)

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1

25

 §1.11. Ɍɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɟ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ 1. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ (d1,d2,...,dn) (di∈{0,1})

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ A1, A2, ..., An ɡɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɥɢ ɬɚɜɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ .
ɋɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɲɟɟɫɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ
ɧɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɜɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ
A∧B⇔B∧A ɢ A∨B⇔B∨A
ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɜɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. A‫ ޕ‬A =1.
A A A‫ ޕ‬A
0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1

Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ (1),

ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɜɬɨɜɥɨɝɢɹ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɦ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɠɶ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ Ɏɟɪɦɚ ɧɟ ɬɚɜɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɬɚɜɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. Ⱦɨɤɚɠɟɦ, ɱɬɨ F=(തതതതതത

᦭ሻaሺഥ ᦬
ഥ )=(1111).

തതതതതതǢ
1) A‫  ޕ‬2ሻ› 3) A ; 4) B ; 5) A ‫ ޔ‬B .

A B 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) F
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ

(A→B) ⇔( B → A ).

26

 A B A՜B B A B → A (A→B) ⇔( B → A )
0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1

ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ: ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ

(A՜B)⇔( B → A )
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ Ⱥ ɢ ȼ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧ 1 ɢɥɢ ɂ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɷɬɨɬ
ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ ɱɟɪɟɡ G:
(A՜B)⇔( B → A )=G,
G – ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɢ
ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ (Ʌ ɢɥɢ 0)
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɶ.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ S (S – ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ).
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ 2. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ (d1,d2,...,dn) (di∈{0,1})
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ A1, A2, ..., An ɡɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɨɠɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. A∧ A =S.
A A A∧ A
0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5. Ⱦɨɤɚɠɟɦ, ɱɬɨ F=( A ∧B)∧(A∧ B )=(0000).
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɮɨɪɦɭɥ:
1) A ; 2) B ; 3) ( A ∧B); 4) A∧ B .
A B 1) 2) 3) 4) F
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0

27

 ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6. Ⱦɨɤɚɠɟɦ, ɱɬɨ F=(A→B)‫((ޔ‬A→ B )∧A) .
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɮɨɪɦɭɥ:
A→B; 2) B ; 3) A→ B ; 4) (A→ B )∧A.

A B 1) 2) 3) 4) F
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ 3. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ A1, A2, ..., An

ɡɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ (ɥɨɠɶ), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɦ (ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɢɦɵɦ) ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
ɂɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ.

ȼɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ 1. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ A ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɜɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ

ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɦ.

ȼɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ 2. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ A ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɢɦɨɣ

ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɪɧɵɦ:

(A→B)∧(A∧B)=(0001).
ȼɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ 3. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ A ɛɵɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɣ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɦ:

ɟɫɥɢ A→B ɢ B→C, ɬɨ A→C.

A B C A→B B→C A→C
0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

28

 ȼɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ 4. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ A ɛɵɥɚ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ.

Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. ȿɫɥɢ A – ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɚɹ, B – ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ

ɥɨɠɧɚɹ, C ɢ D ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɪɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ

∼C;
1)(C‫ޔ‬A)∼ 2) (C‫ޔ‬B)∼B; 3)(C‫ޕ‬A)∼A;
4)(C‫ޕ‬B)∼C;
5)((C‫ޔ‬D)→C)∼A; 6)(C→(C∨D))∼A;
7)(C⊕A)∼۱ത; 8)(C⊕B)∼C.

Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɹ ɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.

Ɍɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ.
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɪɚɮɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɂ (ɢɫɬɢɧɚ) ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ
«Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɂ (ɢɫɬɢɧɚ) ɜɵɲɟ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ».
ʰ

ʸ
ɂɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɂ (ɢɫɬɢɧɚ) (ɜ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɭ – ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ) ɟɫɬɶ ɩɭɬɶ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɂ (ɢɫɬɢɧɚ), ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɧɚ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ)
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
ȼ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɮɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ Ʌ (ɥɨɠɶ), ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɫɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ

29

«Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ʌ (ɥɨɠɶ) ɧɢɠɟ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ. ɂɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ Ʌ (ɥɨɠɶ) (ɜ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɭ – ɜ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ) ɟɫɬɴ ɩɭɬɶ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɥɨɝɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ Ʌ (ɥɨɠɶ) ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɧɚ
ɨɬɪɟɡɤɟ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɦɚɥɵɣ) ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ.
§1.12. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ

ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ, ɬɨ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.

ȿɫɥɢ F1, F2, …, Fn − ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɂ – ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ

F1 , F2 , ... , Fn
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɢɥɢ
D
ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (F1∧F2∧…∧Fn)→ɂ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. ȿɫɥɢ A:=“Ʉɭɪɫ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ” ɢɥɢ B:=“ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɭɩɚɞɟɬ”, ɬɨɝɞɚ C:=“Ʉɭɪɫ ɚɤɰɢɣ ɭɩɚɞɟɬ” ɢɥɢ D:=“ɇɚɥɨɝ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɟɬɫɹ”. Ʉɭɪɫ
ɚɤɰɢɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɭɩɚɞɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɭɪɫ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɝ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɭɩɚɞɟɬ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɤɭɪɫ ɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɤɭɪɫ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɟɬɫɹ. ȼ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɥɨɝ ɭɩɚɞɟɬ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɭɪɫ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɤɭɪɫ
ɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɞɧɹɥɫɹ:
1. (A‫ޕ‬B)→(C∨D); 2. C∼(A‫ ޔ‬D );
3. B→( C ∧ A ); 4. D ՜ ሺത᦬
ഥ ).
ଵǡଶǡଷ ଵǡଶǡସ
ɉɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ସ
ˋˎˋ ଷ
. ȼɵɹɫɧɢɦ ɤɚɤɨɟ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ
1) A‫ ޕ‬ 2) C∨D; 3) (A‫ޕ‬B)→(C∨D);
4) D ; 5) (A‫ ޔ‬D ); 6) C∼(A‫ ޔ‬D );
7) ((A∨B)→(C∨D))∧(C∼(A∧ D )); 8) C ; ഥ
9) 
ͳͲሻത᦬ത Ǣ ͳͳሻ ՜ ሺത ᦬ത ሻ; 12) 11‫ޔ‬
13) 4→10; 14) 12՜13; 15) 7‫ޔ‬ 16) 15→11.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ:

A B C D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

30

 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ

(((A‫ޕ‬B)→(C∨D))‫(ޔ‬C∼(A‫ ޔ‬D ))∧(B→ሺത᦬ഥ ሻሻሻ ՜ ሺ ത ᦬
ഥ ՜ ሺ ഥ)).
ȼ 14-ɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0 (ɥɨɠɶ), ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ (16-ɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ)
(((A‫ޕ‬B)ĺ(C‫ޕ‬D))‫(ޔ‬C~(A‫ ޔ‬D ))‫ (ޔ‬D →(ത᦬
ഥ ሻሻሻoሺoሺ ത ᦬
ഥ ሻሻ.

§1.13. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ

1. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ A, B, C, D ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ:

a) A≡"ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɨɝɨɞɚ ɹɫɧɚɹ", B≡"ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɞɨɠɞɶ", C≡"ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɢɞɟɬ
ɫɧɟɝ", D≡"ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɚɫɦɭɪɧɨ".
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ:
A֜(തതതതതതത ഥ ǡšሺ›ሻǡ ̱ሺ ‫ ר‬തሻǡሺ̱ሻ ‫ ר‬ത .
 ‫ ש‬ሻǡ ̱
b) A≡“ɗɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɰɟɥɨɟ”, B≡“ɗɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ”, C≡“ɗɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ”, D≡“ɗɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 3”:
ഥ , (A∧B∧C)∨D.

2. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
a) (A֜B)‫ר‬ºA֜ºB; b) ºA‫ר‬B֜A‫ש‬B; c) A֜B֞ºA‫ש‬B;
d) A֜(A֜B); e) (A‫ש‬B)‫((ר‬A֜B)֜C); f) (A‫ש‬B֜ºC)֜A;
g) A‫ש‬B֜(A֜B‫ר‬C); h) A֜º(B‫ר‬C);
i) (A‫ר‬B)֜(C‫ר‬ºC֜A‫ש‬C); j) ºA‫ש‬B֜D‫ר‬ºC; k) (ºA‫ש‬C)‫(ר‬BŸ(DŸA)).

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 3. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ Ⱥ ɢ ȼ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ:
a) (A֜¬B)‫(ר‬B֜¬C)‫(ש‬C֜¬A)֞ (¬A֜B)‫¬(ש‬B֜C)‫¬(ר‬C֜A), |A|=|B|=1;
b) ((B ֜ C) ֜ A) ֜ ¬D, |A| = 0, |B| = 1;
c) ((¬A ֞ C) ֞ D) ֜ (B ‫ ר‬C ֞ ¬E), |A| = |B| = 0.

4. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɬɚɜɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ:

a) (¬A ֜ A) ֜ A; b) (A ֜ B) ‫ ר‬A ֜ B;
c) (A֜B)֞(¬B ֜ ¬A); d) ¬(A֜B)֞(A‫¬ ר‬B);
e) (A ֜ B) ֜ (A‫ר‬C֜B‫ר‬C); f) (A֜B)‫(ר‬C֜D) ֜ (A‫ר‬C ֜ B‫ר‬D);
z) (A∧(A∨B)∼A); x) (A∨(A→B)∼B);
l) (A∨(A∧B)~A); k) (A∨(A→B)~A).

5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ,

ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɟ, ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ, ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɢɦɵɟ:
a) A ֞ A; b) A ֜ ¬A; c) A‫ש‬B ֞ A‫ר‬B;
d) ((A֜B)֜B) ֜ B; e) (A ֜ B) ֜ C;
f) (A ֜ B)‫(ר‬B ֜ C)‫(¬ ר‬A֜C).

6. Ⱦɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ:

a) A‫ש‬B ‫¬ ׽‬A ֜ B; b) A ‫ ר‬B ‫(¬ ׽‬A ֜ ¬B); c) (A‫ש‬B)‫(ר‬A‫¬ש‬B)‫׽‬A;
d) A֞B ‫¬( ׽‬A‫ש‬B)‫(ר‬A‫¬ש‬B); e) (A‫ר‬B)֜C ‫ ׽‬A֜(B ֜ C).

7. Ⱦɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɧɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵ:

a) A ֜ B ɢ ¬A ֜ ¬B; c) A֜(B֜C) ɢ (A֜B)֜C;
b) A ֜ B ɢ B ֜ A; d) A֜(B֜C) ɢ A֜(B֞C).

8. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ¬ ɢ ‫ש‬:
a) ¬A ‫¬ ר‬B ֜ A‫ש‬B; c) (¬A‫¬ר‬B)‫ש‬C֜C‫¬ר‬B;
b) (A֜B) ֜ B‫ר‬C; d) ((A֜B‫ר‬C)֜(¬B֜¬A))֜¬B.

9. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ¬ ɢ ‫ר‬:
a) (¬A ֜ B) ‫(¬ ש‬A ֜ B); c) (A‫ש‬B‫ש‬C֜A)‫ש‬C;
b) A ‫ ש‬B ֜ (¬A ֜ C); d) ((A ֜ B) ֜ C) ֜ ¬A.

10. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ:

32

 a) (A ‫( ר‬B ‫¬ ש‬C)) ‫¬( ש‬A ‫ ר‬B);
b) ((A ‫¬( ר‬B ‫¬( ש‬C ‫ ר‬D))) ‫¬ ש‬E) ‫ ר‬F;
c) ((¬A ‫¬ ר‬B ‫¬ ר‬C) ‫ ש‬D) ‫¬ ר‬E ‫¬ ר‬F ‫¬ ר‬G;

11. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ:
a) A ֜ ¬A; b) A ֞ ¬A; c) (A ֜ A) ֜ A;
d) ¬A ֜ (A ֜ B); e) ((A ֜ B) ֜ A) ֜ B;
f) (A ֞ B) ֜ (A ֜ B); g) (A֜B)‫(ר‬B֜A) ֜ A‫ש‬B.

12. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ

ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɟ:
a) (A ֜ B) ‫( ר‬A ֜ ¬B) ‫ ר‬A;
b) (A ‫ ר‬B) ‫( ר‬A ‫ ש‬B ֜ C) ‫¬ ר‬C;
c) (A ֞ B) ‫(( ר‬A ‫¬ ר‬B) ‫¬( ש‬A ‫ ר‬B)).

13. Ⱦɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɴɧɨɫɬɴ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ:

a) (A ֜ B) ֜ B ‫ ׽‬A ‫ ש‬B;
b) ¬(A ‫¬ ר‬B) ֜ (¬B ֜ A) ‫(¬ ׽‬A ֜ B) ‫ ש‬A ‫ ש‬B;
c) ¬(¬A ֜ ¬B) ֞ A ‫( ׽‬A ֞ B) ‫¬ ר‬A;
d) ¬(¬A‫¬ש‬B)‫(¬ש‬A ֜ B)‫ש‬B ‫(¬ ׽‬A‫¬ ר‬B) ֜ (¬B ֜ A).

14. Ⱦɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ:
a) A ֜ B, C ֜ B, (B ‫ ר‬C) ֜ A; b) A ֜ B, A ֜ B ‫ ש‬C, B ֜ C;
c) A ֜ B ‫ ש‬C, B ֜ A ‫ ש‬C, A ‫ ר‬B ֜ C; d) C ֜ A ‫ ש‬B, B ‫ ר‬C ֜ A, A ‫ ר‬B ֜ C;
e) A ֜ B ‫ ש‬C, D ֜ E ‫ ש‬F, C ֜ B ‫¬ ש‬A, D ‫ ר‬F ֜ ¬E.

15. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ¬, ∨, ∧:
a) (A ֜ B) ֜ ¬(B ֜ A); b) (AĻB)‫(ש‬B‫(ר‬B ֞ B));
c) (A ْ B) ‫( ש‬A ْ C); d) (A ֜ B) ‫( ש‬B ֞ C);
e) (A ֜ B) ‫( ר‬A Ļ  f) (A֜(B‫¬ר‬C))‫(ר‬A֜C).
16. Ɋɟɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ:
š›› ൌ Ͳǡ šš› ൌ Ͳǡ
1) ൜ š›› ൌ ͳǢ ʹሻ ൜š›› ൌ ͲǢ 3) xĺy=0;
š ĺ› ൌ ͳǡ š ĺ› ൌ Ͳǡ š ~› ൌ Ͳǡ
4) ൜ šš› ൌ ͳǢ ͷሻ ൜ šš› ൌ ͲǢ ͸ሻ ൜ š†› ൌ ͲǢ
š ĺ› ൌ ͳǡ š››ĺš†›ൌͲǡ
7) ൜ šp› ൌ Ͳǡ ͺሻ ൜ ͻሻ ൜
š̱› ൌ ͲǢ
10) šଵ šଶ ൌ šଷ .
š†› ൌ ͲǢ šp› ൌ ͲǢ
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 17. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ?
a) (A∨B)∧ሺA›Bሻ ՜ AǢ „ሻሺ›ሻ›ሺAšB)ĺA;
c) (A∨B)∨(A›Bሻ ՜ Ǣ †ሻሺA›ሻšሺ›Bሻ ՜ A;
e) (A›Bሻ›ሺšሻ ՜ AǢ ˆሻሺA›Bሻ›ሺAšBሻ ՜ A;
g) ሺA›BሻšሺAšBሻ ՜ Ǣ ሻሺ›ሻ›ሺA›B)ĺ 
j) (A›ሻšሺ›Bሻ ՜ AǢ •ሻሺA›Bሻ›ሺšሻ ՜ A;
h) (A~B)∨(A›ሻ ՜ Ǣ ‹ሻሺ̱ሻ ՜ B;
l) (A~B)šሺ›ሻ ՜ AǢ œሻሺ̱ሻš(AšB);
t) (A~B)šሺ†ሻ ՜ B; m) (AĺB)∧(A∨B).

18. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɜ

ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
1) x→(x∨y); 2) x→(x∧y); 3) (x ∨ y) → (x ∧ y) ; 4) x → ( y ∨ z) ;
5) x → (y → z) ; 6) (x → y) → z ; 7) x ~ ( y ~ z) ; 8) (x~y)~z;
9) (x ∨ ( y ∨ z)) → ( x ∧ ( y ∧ z )) ; 10) ( x → ( y ∧ z)) → ( x → ( y ∨ z)) ;
11) ( x ~ ( y ∨ z)) ~ ( x ~ ( y ∨ z)) ; 12) (x ∨ y ) → ((y ∧ z ) → (x ∨ (y ~ z ))) .

19. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ

ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ:
1) x~x; 2) x∨x; 3) x ∧ x ; 4) x ~ x ; 5) x→(y→x);
6) x → (x → y); 7) ((x→y)∧x)→y; 8) ((x → y) ∧›തሻošത;
9) ((x∨y)∧ x )→y; 10) ((x∨y)∧x)→y; 11) (x→y)~(y→x);
12) ((x→y)∧(y→z))→(x→z); 13) (x→(y→z))→((x∧y)→z);
14) ((x→z)∧(y→z))→((x∨y)→z).

20. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ

ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ:
1) x∨y≡y∨x; 2) x∧y≡y∧x; 3) x∨(y∨z)≡(x∨y)∨z;
4) x∧(y∧z)≡(x∧y)∧z; 5) x∧(y∨z)≡(x∧y)∨(x∨z); 6) x∨(y∧z)≡(x∨y)∧(x∨z).

34

 Ƚɥɚɜɚ II

ɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄȺə ȺɅȽȿȻɊȺ

§2.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ

Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɚ (ɥ.ɚ.), ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ

ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɞ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɥɨɠɶ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜɟɤɚ Ⱦɠ.Ȼɭɥɟɦ
ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ. Ɂɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ
ɨɬɤɪɵɥɨ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ f∈A×B, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɟɤɚɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ A×B, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɜɭɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɬɨ
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ f ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ:
1) ∀x∈A ∃y∈B ° (x,y)∈f
2) ɞɥɹ ∀x, y1, y2, ɟɫɥɢ (x,y1)∧(x,y2)∈f Ÿ y1=y2.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ A, B, C,... ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɚ x, y, z,... ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɞ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ 0 ɢ 1 ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɵ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɢ 1. ȼ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɟ
ɞɥɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɟɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ U*V, ɷɬɚ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ 0 ɢ 1. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ {0;1} ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0
ɢɥɢ 1 ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ f : {0 ;1}n → {0 ;1} , f ⊂ B n2 .
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ {0 ;1}  ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɭɛɨɦ Ȼɭɥɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ
n

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɢ

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɥɫɹ ɢ ɛɵɥ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ
35

ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɧɚɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɫɹ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɷɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ x , x‫ש‬y, x‫ר‬y, x→y, x⇔y ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:

x y x x‫ר‬y x‫ש‬y x→y x⇔y

0 0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 1

Ⱦɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ

ɬɚɤɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ. Ɋɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ
ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɩɨɝɥɚɳɟɧɢɹ x‫ש‬x=x ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɢɞɟɦɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɭ
Ȼɭɥɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɬɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ Ȼɭɥɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɷɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ T1={0;1}, ɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Q={0;1}. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɷɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ 0
ɢ 1, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ Q={0;1},
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ T2={{0;1}, {0;1}}. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ (22)
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ n ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Tn (n ɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ), ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ Q={0;1}, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɲɟɟ ɢɡ
2n ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ Ti (‹ ൌ തതതതത
ͳǡ ) ɢ Q. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ T={x1, x2, ..., xn} ɢ Q={y1, y2, ..., yn} ɢ
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ T ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ Q. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
36
ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ T ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ Q.
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ T ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ (ɜɯɨɞ), ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ Q
– ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ (ɜɵɯɨɞ). ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ T ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Q? Ʉɚɠɞɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ:

x1 x2 ... xs ... xn
› ୧భ ›୧మ ... y is ... y in

Ɂɞɟɫɶ y is – ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ Q, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ xs.

ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
›୧భǡ›୧మǡǤǤǤǡ›୧౤ˢ˅ˎˢˡ˕˔ˢˠˎˈˏˈː˕˃ˏˋˏːˑˉˈ˔˕˅˃Ǥʡˑˆˇ˃ˏˑˉːˑ˒ˑˎ˖˚ˋ˕˟୩
˓˃ˊˎˋ˚ː˞˘ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɍ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Q.
ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Q ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ n=2
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ n=2, k=2 ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ʹଶ ൌ
ͶǤ ʓˎˢ˗˖ːˍ˙ˋˋˇ˅˖˘˒ˈ˓ˈˏˈːː˞˘ ൌ ʹǡ  ൌ
Ͷǡ ˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃˕ˈˎ˟ːˑǡ ˚ˋ˔ˎˑ˗˖ːˍ˙ˋˌ˄˖ˇˈ˕ʹସ ൌ
ͳ͸Ǥʡ˃ˍˋˏˉˈ˔˒ˑ˔ˑ˄ˑˏˑ˒˓ˈˇˈˎˢˈ˕˔ˢ˚ˋ˔ˎˑ˗˖ːˍ˙ˋˌ͵ǡͶˋ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˈˆˑ˚ˋ˔ˎ˃
˒ˈ˓ˈˏˈːː˞˔˕ˑˎ˄˙˃Ǥʞˑˠ˕ˑˏ˖˚ˋ˔ˎˑ˓˃ˊˎˋ˚ː˞˘ˎˑˆˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋ˘˗˖ːˍ˙ˋˌ˓˃˅ːˑ
౤
˚ˋ˔ˎ˖˅ˈˍ˕ˑ˓െ˔ˎˑ˄˙ˑ˅ˇˎˋːˑˌʹǡ˕ˑˈ˔˕˟˚ˋ˔ˎ˖ʹଶ .
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. ȿɫɥɢ Bn – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ
‫ܖ‬
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ‫ܠ‬૚ ǡ ‫ܠ‬૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ‫ ܖܠ‬ǡ ˕ˑˆˇ˃ˈˆˑˏˑ˜ːˑ˔˕˟ȁ۰‫ ܖ‬ȁ ൌ ૛૛ .
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ n=3, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
య
ȁ ȁ ൌ ʹଶ ൌ ʹͷ͸ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ.
ଷ

Ȼɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ

ɬɢɩɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɝɭɝ

ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ (0 ɢ 1). ɇɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹɯ,
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɧɭɥɟɣ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɢɡ
ɧɭɥɟɣ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ. ɗɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ .

37
 §2.2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ †ത ൌ ሺ†ଵ ǡ †ଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ †୬ ሻǡ ˆˇˈ†୧ ‫  א‬ሼͲǡ ͳሽǤ
ȼɟɤɬɨɪ †ത ൌ ሺ†ଵ ǡ †ଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ †୬ ሻ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ n-ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɦ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ. ɑɢɫɥɨ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ †‹ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɛɚ. ɇɚɛɨɪɵ
†ത ‫ א‬୬ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɢɩɟɪɤɭɛɚ . ɋɨɫɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɤɭɛɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɨɣ †‹. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ 3-ɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɝɢɩɟɪɤɭɛɟ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (0,0,0) ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ሼሺͲǡͲǡͳሻǡ ሺͲǡͳǡͲሻǡሺͳǡͲǡͲሻሽ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (0,1,0) ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ {(0,1,1), (1,1,0), (1,0,1)}. Ʉɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɦɭ
n
ɧɚɛɨɪɭ d n ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ N( d n ) = ¦ d i 2 n −i . d n
i=1

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ N ( d n ) . Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ

ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
n
ρ( d , e ) = ¦ | d i − ei | .
i=1

ȿɫɥɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ †ത ൌ ሺ†ଵ ǡ †ଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ †୬ )‫ א‬୬ ǡ

ത ǡ ത ሻ ൌ ͳǡ ˅˒˓ˑ˕ˋ˅ːˑˏ˔ˎ˖˚˃ˈUሺ†തǡ ത)=n.
ഥన ൌ ሺ ଵ ǡ ଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ ୬ )‫ א‬୬ ˔ˑ˔ˈˇːˋˈǡ ˕ˑUሺ†
ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɝɢɩɟɪɤɭɛɵ  ǡ  ǡ  ଶ ǡ  ଷ ǡ  ସ ǡ  ହ  .
଴ ଵ

B0 B1
n=0, 2n=1 n=1, 2n=2
B2 B3 B4

Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ f(x1, x2, ..., xn) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ αf=(α1, α2,
..., αn), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚ αi ɟɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ i-ɦɭ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f(x1, x2, ..., xn).
x 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
y 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
z 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
38
 f 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

ˆሺšǡ›ǡœሻൌˆሺšത ଷ ሻ ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳͳͲͳͳሻ,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
f(0,0,0)=0, f(0,0,1)=0, f(0,1,0)=0, f(0,1,1)=1,
f(1,0,0)=1, f(1,0,1)=0, f(1,1,0)=1, f(1,1,1)=1.

Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ.

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɝɪɚɮɚ.

x3
ϬϬϭ ϭϬϭ
x1 x2 x3 y
0 0 0 1
Ϭϭϭ ϭϭϭ
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
ϬϬϬ ϭϬϬ
0 1 1 0
x1
1 0 0 1 ϭϭϬ
ϬϭϬ
1 0 1 0 x2
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

;Ϭ͕Ϭ͕ϬͿ ͲͲͲ
ͲͲͳ
;Ϭ͕Ϭ͕ϭͿ ଵ ൌ ൮ ൲
ͳͲͲ
;Ϭ͕ϭ͕ϬͿ Ϭ
ͳͳͳ
;Ϭ͕ϭ͕ϭͿ
;ϭ͕Ϭ͕ϬͿ ͲͳͲ
ൌ ൮Ͳͳͳ൲
;ϭ͕Ϭ͕ϭͿ
ϭ ଴
ͳͲͳ
;ϭ͕ϭ͕ϬͿ
ͳͳͲ
;ϭ͕ϭ͕ϭͿ

Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɚɪɬɵ

Ʉɚɪɧɨ

f(x1,x2,x3) mx1x2x3=0(1)
39

 Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɱɢɫɟɥ
x y z F
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
2 0 1 0 0
3 0 1 1 0
4 1 0 0 1
5 1 0 1 1
6 1 1 0 0
7 1 1 1 1
σଵ ൌ ሾͳǡͶǡͷǡ͹ሿǡς଴ ൌ[0,2,3,6]

Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ ‫ר‬, ‫ש‬,→, ∼ǡº.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, f(x1,x2,x3)=(11001001)=šതଵ šതଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ .

§2.3. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɯ A ɢ B ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɹɫɧɵɦ,

ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɫɥɢ x1, x2, ..., xn – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ (ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ), ɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
n ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ f(x1, x2, ..., xn) ɟɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
x1 x2 ... xn f(x1, x2, ..., xn)
1 1 ... 1 v1

40
 1 1 ... 0 v2
...

...

...

...

...
0 0 ... 0 vn

Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ 2n ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ

ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ n ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ (ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ). ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ vi ɟɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(x1, x2, ..., xn) (ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ), ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ i-ɣ
ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ (ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ) x1, x2, ..., xn. Ɉɛɨɛɳɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɚɯ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɹɬ 2n
ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɟ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ-ɫɬɨɥɛɰɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
n
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ-ɫɬɨɥɛɰɨɜ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 2n, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨ 2 2 .
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ U. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ Ɇ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ U ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ. ɉɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ Ɇ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 2n.
i-ɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɦ i.
2n −1
ɉɨɤɚɠɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ d(M) = ¦ c i 2i ( ci = {0 , 1} ) ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
i =1

ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ U

ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ M ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ d(M)=217,ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
217=1⋅27+1⋅26+0⋅25+1⋅24+1⋅23+0⋅22+0⋅21+1⋅20.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ M ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɭ (11011001).
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɟɫɥɢ n=0 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɜɚ (2 2 = 2) : f0=0, f1=1.
0

1
Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ (n=1 ɢ 22 = 4 ) d(M)=0, d(M)=1, d(M)=2,
d(M)=3, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ 4 (f0,f1,f2,f3):
0=0⋅ʹଵ ൅ Ͳ˜ʹ଴ ǡ ͳ ൌ Ͳ˜ʹଵ ൅ ͳ˜ʹ଴ ǡ ʹ ൌ ͳ˜ʹଵ ൅ Ͳ˜ʹ଴ ǡ ͵ ൌ ͳ˜ʹଵ ൅ ͳ˜ʹ଴ .
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ f0 ɢ f3 ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ 0 ɢ 1. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ f1(x) «ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬ» x, ɬɨ f1(x)=x ɢ f2(x)=šത. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ:

X f0 f1 f2 f3
0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ (n=2 ɢ 2 2 = 16 ) d(M)=0, d(M)=1, d(M)=2,
2

41

d(M)=3, ... , d(M)=15, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ 16:

0 = 0 ⋅ 23 + 0 ⋅ 22 + 0 ⋅ 21 + 0 ⋅ 20 ; 1 = 0 ⋅ 23 + 0 ⋅ 22 + 0 ⋅ 21 + 1 ⋅ 20 ;
2 = 0 ⋅ 23 + 0 ⋅ 22 + 1⋅ 21 + 0 ⋅ 20 ; 3 = 0 ⋅ 23 + 0 ⋅ 22 + 1⋅ 21 + 1⋅ 20 ;
4 = 0 ⋅ 2 + 1⋅ 2 + 0 ⋅ 2 + 0 ⋅ 2 ;
3 2 1 0
5 = 0 ⋅ 23 + 1⋅ 22 + 0 ⋅ 21 + 1⋅ 20 ;
6 = 0 ⋅ 23 + 1⋅ 22 + 1⋅ 21 + 0 ⋅ 20 ; 7 = 0 ⋅ 23 + 1⋅ 22 + 1⋅ 21 + 1 ⋅ 20 ;
8 = 1⋅ 2 + 0 ⋅ 2 + 0 ⋅ 2 + 0 ⋅ 2 ;
3 2 1 0
9 = 1⋅ 23 + 0 ⋅ 22 + 0 ⋅ 21 + 1⋅ 20 ;
10 = 1⋅ 23 + 0 ⋅ 22 + 1⋅ 21 + 0 ⋅ 20 ; 11 = 1⋅ 23 + 0 ⋅ 22 + 0 ⋅ 21 + 1⋅ 20 ;
12 = 1⋅ 23 + 1⋅ 22 + 0 ⋅ 21 + 0 ⋅ 20 ; 13 = 1⋅ 23 + 1⋅ 22 + 0 ⋅ 21 + 1⋅ 20 ;
14 = 0 ⋅ 23 + 1⋅ 22 + 1⋅ 21 + 0 ⋅ 20 ; 15 = 1⋅ 23 + 1⋅ 22 + 1⋅ 21 + 1⋅ 20.

Ȼɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
x1 x2 f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12 f13 f14 f15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Ɂɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ

ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:

ˆ଴ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ=0 – ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚɹ

ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ 0;
ˆଵ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫š ר‬ଶ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ;
ˆଶ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ തതതതതതതതതത
šଵ ՜ šଶ ; ˆଷ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ;
ˆସ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šതതതതതതതതതത
ଶ ՜ šଵ Ǣ ˆହ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଶ ;
ˆ଺ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ †šଶ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ ɞɜɚ;
ˆ଻ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ;
ˆ଼ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ pšଶ ൌ šതതതതതതതത
ଵ ›šଶ – ɩɟɫɬɢɤ ɉɢɪɫɚ;
ˆଽ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ašଶ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɰɢɹ;
ˆଵ଴ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šതଶ ;
ˆଵଵ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଶ ošଵ ;
ˆଵଶ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šതଵ ;
ˆଵଷ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ošଶ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ;
ˆଵସ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ȁšଶ ൌ šതതതതതതതതത
ଵ ‫š ר‬ଶ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɲɬɪɢɯ ɒɟɮɮɟɪɚ;

42
ˆଵହ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ=1 – ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ 1.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. ɉɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ

ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
1) ɉɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ A ɢ B;
2) ɋɨɨɛɲɟɧɢɟ Ⱥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ B ɢ C;
3) Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ A ɢ C.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ A, B, C ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ x, y, z. x=1
(ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ y=1 ɢ z=1) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɨɛɲɟɧɢɟ Ⱥ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
തതതǢ ʹሻš̱›œ; 3) x‫ޕ‬y.
ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɦ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ: 1) š›
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ

ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ ሺš› തതതሻሺš̱›œሻšሺš››ሻ ൌ  ሺšത᦭›ത)‫š(ר‬ത›œ തതത‫ޕ‬xyz)‫(ר‬x‫ޕ‬z)=

തതത᦭šതxyz ‫›ש‬തšത›œ
=(šതšത›œ തതത‫›ש‬തxyz) (x‫ש‬z)=ሺšത›œ തതത‫šש‬ത›തሺ›ത  ‫œ  ש‬ത))‫(ר‬x‫ש‬z)=šതሺሺ›ത ‫œ  ש‬ത)(1‫›ש‬ത))(x‫ש‬z)=
ൌ  šതሺሺ›ത ‫œ ש‬ത)x‫šש‬തሺሺ›ത ‫œ  ש‬തሻœ ൌ šതሺሺ›ത ‫œ  ש‬തሻœ ൌ šത›തz‫šש‬ത›തœതœ ൌ šത›തz.

Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ f(x,y,z)=šത›തz, f(x,y,z)=1, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ x=0, y=0, z=1 , ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
A=0, B=0, C=1.
ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ B ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ, ɚ C ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ
(›തœሻǡ ˕ˑˈ˔˕˟ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ՜ ›തœൌͳ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
šത›തœ ՜ ›തœ ൌ  ሺ൓ሺšത›തz))‫›ש‬ത z=x‫(ש‬൓ሺ›തœሻ)‫›ש‬ത z=x‫ש‬1=1.

§2.4. Ɏɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ

f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୧ିଵ ǡ š୧ ǡ š୧ାଵǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ )=

=f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୧ିଵ ǡ šഥన ǡ š୧ାଵ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ )=
=f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୧ିଵ ǡ Ͳǡ š୧ାଵ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ )=
=f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୧ିଵ ǡ ͳǡ š୧ାଵ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ )

ɬɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ š୧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f(x1, x2,..., xn). Ɍɚɤ

ɤɚɤ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɢɯ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୧ିଵ ǡ š୧ ǡ š୧ାଵ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ )=

43

 =g(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୧ିଵ ǡ š୧ାଵ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ).
ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ š୧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ (ɜɚɠɧɨɣ) ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ,
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
F(šതതതͶ )=(1100001111000011).

F(0,0,0,1)=F(0,0,0,1)=F(0,1,1,0)=F(0,1,1,1)=
=F(1,0,0,0)=F(1,0,0,1)=F(1,1,1,0=F(1,1,1,1)=1,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ x4 ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ.
F(0,0,0,0)=F(1,0,0,0)=F(0,1,1,0)=F(1,1,1,0)=
=F(0,0,0,1)=F(1,0,0,1)=F(0,0 ,1,0)=F(1,0,10)=1,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ xɣ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ.
F0,0,0)≠F(0,1,0,0), F(0,0,0,1)≠F(0,1,0,1),
F(1,0,0,0)≠F(1,1,0,0), F(1,1,1,1)≠F(1,0,1,1),
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ x2 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ.
F(0,0,0,0)≠F(0,0,1,0), F(0, 0,0,1)≠F(0,0,1,1),
F(0,1,0,0)≠F(0,1,1,0), F(0,1,0,1)≠F(0,1,1,1),
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ x3 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ.
F(šതതതͶ ሻ ൌ ሺšʹ ǡš͵ ሻ ൌ  šʹ ̱š͵

šଵ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
šଶ 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
šଷ 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
šସ 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
F 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

F(x3)=(10101010).

F(0,0,0)=F(0,1,0)=F(1,0,0)=F(1,1,0)=1,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ x2 ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ.
F(0,0,1)=F(0,1,1)=F(1,0,1)=F(1,1,1)=0,

44
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ x1 ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ, ɚ šଷ − ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ.
F(šଷ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲͳͲͳͲሻ ൌ šതଷ .
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
F(šଷ )=(01100110).
F(0,0,0)=F(0,1,1)=F(1,0,0)=F(1,1,1)=0,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ x1 ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ.
F(0,0,1)=F(0,1,0)=F(1,0,1)=F(1,1,0)=1,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ šଶ ˋšଷ − ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
F(šଷ )=(11110011).
F(1,0,0)=f(1,0,1)=0,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ x3 ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ.
F(0,0,0)=F(0,0,1)=F(0,1,0)=F(1,1,1)=F(0,1,1)=F(1,1,0)=1,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ šଵ ˋšଶ − ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ˆሺš෤ ʹ ሻൌሺšͳ †ሺšʹ ՜ሺšͳ ̱šʹ ሻሻሻ‫šש‬തതതതതതതതതതǤ
ͳ ՜šʹ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ˆሺš෤ ଶ ሻ ൌ ሺšଵ †ሺšଶ oሺšଵ ̱šଶ ሻሻሻ ‫ ש‬തതതതതതതതതത
šଵ ošଶ ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲሻ ൌ šതଶ ,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ x1 ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ.

§2.5. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɢ

Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɮɨɪɦɭɥ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ Σ={f1, f2, …, fm, …},
Σ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ:
1) (ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɛɚɡɢɫ) ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ 0 ɢ 1 ɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɫɬɶ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ;
2) (ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ) ɟɫɥɢ F1, F2, …, Fn – ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, fi(x1, x2, …, xn) -
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ n-ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ Σ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ F=fi (F1, F2, …, Fn) ɟɫɬɶ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ Σ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ šଵššଶ ǡ šଵ ›šଶ ǡ šଵ ašଶ ǡ
šଵ †šଶ ǡ šଵ ošଶ ɬɨɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ f(x,y,z)=(x՜ ›ሻ†ሺ› ՜ œሻ†ሺœ ՜ š) ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f1(x1, x2, …, xn), f2(x1,x2, …, xn), ..., fn(x1,
x2, …, xn), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
F(f1(x1, x2, …, xn), f2(x1, x2, …, xn), ..., fn(x1, x2, …, xn))
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ f1, f2, …, fn ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ F(x1, x2, …, xn).
45

 ɇɚɩɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ሺˆଵ ሺšଵǡ šଶ ሻǡ ˆଷ ሺšଶ ǡ ˆଶ ሺšଵ ǡ šଷ ሻሻሻ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɮɨɪɦɭɥ
ˆͳሺšͳǡ šʹሻǡ ˆʹሺšͳǡ š͵ሻǡ ˆ͵ሺšʹǡ ˆʹሺšͳǡ šʹሻሻǡ šͳ ǡ šʹ ǡ š͵ Ǥ ʔ˔ˎˋˆͳ ൌ šͳ ‫ ʹš ש‬ǡ ˆʹ ൌ
šͳ †š͵ ǡ ˆ͵ ൌ šʹ ሺšͳ †š͵ ሻǡ ˕ˑˆˇ˃ ൌ ሺšͳ ‫ ʹš ש‬ሻ†ሺšʹ ሺšͳ †š͵ ሻሻ.
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚɹ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɟɫɬɢɤ ɉɢɪɫɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ :

šଵ ՝ šଶ ൌ തതതതതതതതത
šଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ൌ šതଵ ‫š ר‬തଶ ǡšଵ ȁšଶ ൌ തതതതതതതതത
šଵ ‫š ר‬ଶ ൌ šതଵ ‫š ש‬തଶ ,
šത ൌ š ՝ š ൌ šȁšǡšଵ ššଶ ൌ šതଵ pšതଶ ൌ ሺšଵ pšଵ ሻpሺšଶ pšଶ ),
šଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ  ൌ  തതതതതതതതത
šଵ ՝ šଶ ൌ ሺšଵ ՝ šଶ ሻ ՝ ሺšଵ ՝ šଶ ).
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ),
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ:
1. Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ:
š ‫ › ל‬ൌ › ‫š ל‬ǡ ‫ אל‬ሼ‫ר‬ǡ ‫ש‬ǡ †ǡ ‫׽‬ǡ ՝ǡ ȁሽ;
2. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ:
š ‫ ל‬ሺ› ‫œ ל‬ሻ ൌ ሺš ‫› ל‬ሻ ‫œ ל‬ǡ ‫ אל‬ሼ‫ר‬ǡ ‫ש‬ǡ †ǡ ‫׽‬ሽ,
3. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ:
š∧(y∨z)=(x∧y)∨(x∧z);
4. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ:
x∨(y∧z)=(x∨y)∧(x∨z);
5. Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ:
š∧(y⊕z)=(x∧y)⊕(x∧z);
6. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɞɟ Ɇɨɪɝɚɧɚ: š᦭› തതതതതൌšത᦬›തǡš᦬›
തതതതതതൌšത᦭›ത;
8. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ: šത ൌ šǢ
9. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɢɞɟɦɩɨɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ:x∨x=x, x‫ޔ‬x=x;
10. x∨šത ൌ ͳǡ šššത ൌ Ͳǡ š›ͳ ൌ ͳǡ ššͳ ൌ šǡ š›Ͳ ൌ šǡ š∧0=0;
11. šŸ› ൌ šത››Ǣ š†š ൌ ͲǢ š†šത ൌ ͳǢ š†ͳ ൌ šതǤ
12. šœ› ൌ ሺšš›ሻ›ሺšതš›തሻǡšœ› ൌ ሺšതš›ሻ›ሺšš›ത),
x⇔› ൌ ሺš ՜ ›ሻ᦬ሺ› ՜ š);
13. š᦭› ൌ ሺതതതതതതതതത
൓š᦬൓›ሻǡš᦬› ൌ ሺ൓š᦭൓›
തതതതതതതതത);
14. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ: š᦬ሺš᦭›ሻ ൌ šǡš᦭ሺš᦬›ሻ ൌ š;
15. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ:š ൌ ሺš᦬›ሻ᦭ሺš᦬›ത)͕š ൌ ሺš᦭›ሻ᦬ሺš᦭›ത).

§2.6. Ⱦɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ɉɭɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ f(x1, x2, …, xn)∈.

46
 Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ˆ ‫ כ‬ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
ˆሺšതଵ ǡ šതଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ šത୬ ሻ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ.
Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɭ ˆ ‫( כ‬x)=f(x), ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɛɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
തതതതത
ˆሺšሻ ൌ šǡˆ ‫ כ‬ሺšሻ ൌ ˆሺšതሻ ൌ šത ൌ š ൌ ˆሺšሻ;
തതതതത
ˆሺšሻ ൌ šതǡˆ ‫ כ‬ሺšሻ ൌ ˆሺšത ሻ ൌ šത ൌ ˆሺšሻ
ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɟɛɟ.
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ǡˆ ‫כ‬ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫š ר‬ଶ ;
fሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ  ൌ  šଵ ‫š ר‬ଶ ǡˆ ‫ כ‬ሺšଵǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ .

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ 0 ɟɫɬɶ 1, ɞɥɹ 1 ɟɫɬɶ 0, ɞɥɹ x ɟɫɬɶ x, ɞɥɹ
šଵ ‫š ר‬ଶ ˈ˔˕˟šଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ǡ ˇˎˢšଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ˈ˔˕˟šଵ ‫š ר‬ଶ .
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ
തതതതതሻ.
ˆൌሺš‫ש‬ሺͳ՜›ሻሻ‫œ›ש‬ത‫ש‬ሺšത‫›פ‬՝œ
ሺš‫›ש‬ሻȗ ൌšή›ǡͳȗ ൌͲǡሺšo›ሻȗ ൌšതതതതതത തതതതതത
തo›തൌš‫›ש‬ ഥ ൌšതή›ǡ
ሺšή›ሻȗ ൌš‫›ש‬ǡሺšതሻȗ ൌšതǡሺš‫›פ‬ሻȗ ൌšp›ǡሺšp›ሻȗ ൌš‫›פ‬ǡ
ˆ ȗ ൌሺšሺͲത ›ሻሻሺ›‫œש‬തሻሺšതp›‫œפ‬തതതതሻǤ
തͲൌͳǡͳޚൌšǡšήšൌšǡšത ൌšǡšĻ›ൌšതή›ത ,
š‫›פ‬ൌšത‫›ש‬തൌšή›ήሺ›‫œש‬തሻƬšሺ›ത‫œש‬തሻൌšή›ήሺ›‫œש‬തሻήሺ›ത‫œש‬ሻǤ
šήšൌšǡšήšതൌͲǡšήͲൌͲǡš‫Ͳש‬ൌšǡ ˆ ȗ ൌšή›ήሺ›ή›ത‫›ש‬ޜ‫œש‬തή›ത‫œש‬തޜሻൌš›œǤ
ȿɫɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ) ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɬɨɝɞɚ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɧɚ ɧɭɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɧɚ 1800.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ )=(00101101), ˆ ‫ כ‬ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ = (01001011).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɣɬɢ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšǡ›ǡœሻൌሺšത‫›ש‬തœሻሺš››šœതሻ.
Ɂɚɦɟɧɢɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ‫ר‬ː˃‫ ש‬ɢ ‫ש‬ː˃‫ר‬:
ˆ ȗ ሺšǡ›ǡœሻൌሺšത‫ר‬ሺ›ത‫œש‬ሻሻ ‫ ש‬ሺሺš ‫› ש‬ሻሺš ‫œ ש‬തሻሻ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɣɬɢ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f(x,y,z)=(01110011.
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɲɟɦ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ:
ˆሺҧ šǡ›ǡœሻൌሺͳͲͲͲͳͳͲͲሻǡˆ ‫ כ‬ሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ ሺͲͲͳͳͲͲͲͳሻǤ

§2.7. Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ Ȼɭɥɹ ɢ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ

47

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɥɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ (ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ) ɩɨ k ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɭ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ.
α1 α2
x ∧x ∧ ... ∧ x α n
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ i 1 i2 in
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɟɣ, ɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ n, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɥɢɬɟɪ, ɟɟ ɪɚɧɝɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ: r=n.
α1 α2
x ∨x ∨ ... ∨ x α n
Ⱦɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ i 1 i2 in
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɟɣ.
Ⱦɚɞɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ “ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ” ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ:
x α = ( x ∧ α) ∨ (x ∧ α) , α α = (α ∧ α) ∨ ( α ∧ α) = 1,
Į‫{א‬0,1ሽ, x ‫{א‬0,1ሽ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ x − ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚ.
α

­x i , ɟɫɥɢ αi=1,
x iαi = ®
¯x i , ɟɫɥɢ αi=0.

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ (Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ), ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ
ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ (Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.).

Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɭɸ ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ f(‫ܠ‬૚ ǡ ‫ܠ‬૛ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ‫ ) ܖܠ‬ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ

ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
f(‫ܠ‬૚ ǡ ‫ܠ‬૛ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ‫ڀ=) ܖܠ‬હ૚ ǡહ૛ǡǥǡહ‫ܖ‬ሺ‫ܠ‬૚હ૚ ‫ܠ ר‬૛હ૛ ‫ ר‬ǥ Ǥ‫ܓܠ ר‬હ‫ ܓ‬ሻ ܎ሺહ૚ ǡ હ૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ હ‫)*( ) ܖ‬,

ɡɞɟɫɶ αi=0;1.
Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (*) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɒɟɧɧɨɧɚ.
ɉɪɢ k=1
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ šଵ଴ ˆሺͲǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ )‫šש‬ଵଵ ˆሺͳǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ )=
ൌ šതଵ ˆሺͲǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ) ‫šש‬ଵ ˆሺͳǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ),
ɉɪɢ n=4, k=2 ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ (*) ɡɚɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻ ൌ šതଵ šതଶ ˆሺͲǡ Ͳǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ ˆሺͲǡ ͳǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻ› ‫šש‬ଵ šതଶ ˆሺͳǡ Ͳǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻ ‫ש‬
šଵ šଶ ˆሺͳǡ ͳǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻǤ

ɉɪɢ k=n ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (*) ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬  ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ

ɜɢɞɟ:
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ )=
48
 ஑ ஑ ஑
ൌ ‫ڀ‬஑భǡ஑మǡǥǡ஑౤ሺšଵ భ ‫š ר‬ଶ మ ‫ ר‬ǥ Ǥ‫š ר‬୬ ౤ ሻ ˆሺȽଵ ǡ Ƚଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚ୬ ).

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šതଵ .
f(0, šଶ ሻ ൌ Ͳത ൌ ͳǡ ˆሺͳǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ͳത=0, f(0,0)=1,
f(0,1)=1, f(1,0)=0, f(1,1)=0,
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ଴ šଶ଴ ˆሺͲǡͲሻ›šଵ଴ šଵଶ ˆሺͲǡͳሻ›šଵଵ šଶ଴ ˆሺͳǡͲሻ›šଵଵ šଵଶ ˆሺͳǡͳሻ ൌ šതͳ šതଶ ‫š ש‬തͳ šଶ (D.N.F).

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ˆሺš෤ ଷ ሻ=(00111011).
f ( 0, 0, 0 ) = 0, f ( 0,0,1) = 0, f ( 0,1, 0 ) = 1, f ( 0,1,1) = 1,
f (1,0, 0 ) = 1, f (1,0,1) = 0, f (1,1, 0 ) = 1, f (1,1,1) = 1,
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x10 x2 0 x30 f ( 0, 0, 0, ) ∨ x10 x2 0 x13 f ( 0, 0,1) ∨
∨ x10 x21 x30 f ( 0,1, 0 ) ∨ x10 x21 x31 f ( 0,1,1) ∨ x11 x2 0 x30 f (1, 0, 0 ) ∨
x11 x 0 x31 f (1, 0,1) ∨ x11 x21 x30 f (1,1, 0 ) ∨ x11 x21 x31 f (1,1,1)
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x1 x2 x3 ∨ x1 x2 x3 ∨ x1 x2 x3 ∨ x1 x2 x3 ∨ x1 x2 x3
ȼ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɒɟɧɧɨɧɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š ሻ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.-ɦɭ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ ‫ڀ‬୤ሺ஑భǡ஑మǡǥǡ஑౤ሻసభሺšଵ஑భ ‫š ר‬ଶ஑మ ‫ ר‬ǥ Ǥ‫š ר‬୬஑౤ ሻ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɚɦ (Ƚଵǡ Ƚଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚ୬ ),
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ
f(Ƚଵ ǡ Ƚଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚ୬ )=1.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɒɟɧɧɨɧɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻǡ ˖ˇˑ˅ˎˈ˕˅ˑ˓ˢˡ˜˃ˢ˖˔ˎˑ˅ˋˡˆሺȽଵ ǡ Ƚଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚ୬ )=1, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ (ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ .
f(0,0)=0, f(0,1)=1, f(1,0)=1, f(1,1)=1,

ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ  šଵ଴ šଵଶ ‫š ש‬ଵଵ šଶ଴ ‫š ש‬ଵଵ šଵଶ  ൌ šതଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ .

Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɭɸ ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ܎ሺ‫ܠ‬૚ ǡ ‫ܠ‬૛ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ‫ ܖܠ‬ሻ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ

ɜɢɞɟ (ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ) ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɒɟɧɧɨɧɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.

49

 ˆሺ‫ܠ‬૚ ǡ ‫ܠ‬૛ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ‫ ܖܠ‬ሻ  ൌ
തതതത
હ തതതത
હ തതതത
હ
‫ٿ‬હ૚ǡહ૛ǡǥǡહ‫ܖ‬ሺ‫ܠ‬૚ ૚  ‫ܠ  ש‬૛ ૛ ǥ‫ ܖ ܖܠ‬ሻ › ܎ሺહ૚ ǡ હ૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ હ‫ ܖ‬ሻ
ɢ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ‫ ר‬ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ
ɧɚɛɨɪɚɦ ሺહ૚ ǡ હ૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ હ‫ ܓ‬ሻ ɢ
હഥ ‫ܠ‬തܑ ǡˈ˔ˎˋȽ‹ ൌͳǡ
‫ ܑܠ‬଍ ൌ ‫ܠ‬ഥ଍ હܑ ‫ ܑܠ ש‬હഥ଍  ൌ ൜
‫ ܑܠ‬ǡˈ˔ˎˋȽ‹ ൌͲǤ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šതͳ .
f(0,šଶ ሻ ൌ Ͳത ൌ ͳǡ ˆሺͳǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ͳത=0, f(0,0)=1,
f(0,1)=1, f(1,0)=0, f(1,1)=0,
തതത ഥ ഥ ഥ
଴
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺšଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ଴ ‫ˆ ש‬ሺͲǡͲሻሻ ‫ ר‬ሺšଵ଴ ‫š ש‬ଵଶഥ ˆሺͲǡͳሻሻ ‫ ר‬ሺšଵଵഥ ‫š ש‬ଶ଴ ‫ˆ ש‬ሺͳǡͲሻሻ ‫ ר‬ሺšଵଵഥ ‫š ש‬ଵଶഥ ‫ˆ ש‬ሺͳǡͳሻሻ ൌ
=ሺšଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ‫ͳ ש‬ሻሺšଵ ‫š ש‬തଶ ‫ͳ ש‬ሻሺšതଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ‫Ͳ ש‬ሻሺšതଶ ‫š ש‬തଶ ‫š( = )Ͳ ש‬തଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ሻሺšതଶ‫š ש‬തଶ ሻ (Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.)
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɚɦ
(Ƚଵǡ Ƚଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚ୬ ሻǡ ˑ˄ˈ˔˒ˈ˚ˋ˅˃ˡ˜ˋ˘˓˃˅ˈː˔˕˅ˑˆሺȽଵ ǡ Ƚଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚ୬ )=0, ɬɨ
തതതത
஑ തതതത
஑ തതതത
஑
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ ‫ٿ‬୤ሺ஑భǡ஑మǡǥǡ஑౤ሻୀ଴൫šଵ భ  ‫š  ש‬ଶ మ  ‫ ש‬ǥ ‫š ש‬୬ ౤ ൯ .
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɒɟɧɧɨɧɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻǡ ˖ˇˑ˅ˎˈ˕˅ˑ˓ˢˡ˜˃ˢ˖˔ˎˑ˅ˋˡˆሺȽଵ ǡ Ƚଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚ୬ )=0, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ (ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ošଶ .
f(0,0)=1, f(0,1)=1, f(1,0)=0, f(1,1)=1,
f(x1, x2)= šଵଵഥ ‫š ש‬ଶ଴ഥ ൌ šതଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ (ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɣɬɟ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ )=(01001011), ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

šଵ 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
šଶ 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
šଷ 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ) 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ

f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ šതଵ šതଶ šଷ ‫šש‬ଵ šതଵ šതଶ ‫šש‬ଵ šଶ šതଷ ‫šש‬ଵ šଶ šଷ ;
f(x1,x2,x3)=ሺšͳ ›šଶ ›šଷ ሻሺšଵ›šതଶ›šଷ ሻሺšଵ›šതଶ›šതଷ ሻሺšതଵ ›šଶ›šതଷሻǤ
ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɬ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ 0.
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɲɢɟ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɤɨɛɨɤ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɢ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ
50
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɸ, ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ .
ȿɫɥɢ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ Ͳǡ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ xi ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ š୧ ‫š ר‬ത୨ .ȿɫɥɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ ͳǡ
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ xi ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ˆሺšͳ ǡ šʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š ሻ ൌ š‹ ‫ ש‬തšŒ . ȿɫɥɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɩɨɫ-
ɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɟɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ..

§2.8. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ

ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. ȼ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɟ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢ Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɤ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɒɚɝ 1. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
A՜  ൌ ഥ ‫ש‬B, A̱ ൌ ሺ ഥ ‫ש‬B)‫(ר‬A‫ש‬ഥ),
A|B=(തതതതതതത
 ‫ ר‬ሻǡ ՝  ൌ ሺതതതതതതതത തതതതതതത)
 ‫ ש‬ሻǡሺ†ሻ ൌ  ሺ̱
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɪɟɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ.
ɒɚɝ 2. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ (തതതതതതത ഥ‫ר‬
 ‫ ש‬ሻ ൌ   ഥ ǡ ሺതതതതതതത
 ‫ ר‬ሻ ൌ  ഥ‫ש‬ ഥ =A
ഥǡ
ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ.
ɒɚɝ 3. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ (A‫(ר‬B‫ש‬C))=((A‫ר‬B)‫(ש‬A‫ר‬C)) ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɟ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ
ˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺሺšͳ ošʹ šത͵ ሻήሺšʹ †š͵ šͶ ሻošതͳ šʹ šͶ ሻ‫šש‬തതതതതത
ത ͳ šʹ Ǥ
šଵ ՜ šଶ šതଷ ൌ šതଵ ᦭šଶ šതଷ ,

šʹ †š͵ šͶ ൌšʹ തതതതതത‫šש‬

š͵ šͶ ത ʹ š͵ šͶ ൌšʹ ሺšത͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻ‫šש‬തʹ š͵ šͶ ሺšͳ ošʹ šത͵ ሻሺšʹ †š͵ šͶ ሻošതͳ šʹ šͶ ൌ
ൌሺšതͳ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻሺšʹ ሺšത͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻ‫šש‬തʹ š͵ šͶ ሻošതͳ šʹ šͶ ൌሺš തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
ത ͳ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻሺšʹ ሺšത͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻ‫šש‬തʹ š͵ šͶ ሻ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šͶ ൌ
ത ͳ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
ൌšതതതതതതതതതതത ሺš
ʹ ͵ത ‫šש‬
ത Ͷ ሻ‫šש‬
ത š š
ʹ ͵ Ͷ ‫šש‬ ത š š
ͳ ʹ Ͷ ൌš ഥͳš ത ͵ ‫šש‬തതതതതതതതതതതതതത
തതതതതത
ʹš ത ͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻƬšതതതതതതതതത
ʹ ሺš ത ʹ š͵ šͶ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šͶ ൌ
ൌšͳ ሺšതʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻ‫ש‬ሺšതʹ ‫šש‬തതതതതതതത
ത ͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻሺšതʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šͶ ൌ
ൌšͳ šതʹ ‫ש ͵š ͳšש‬ሺšതʹ ‫š ͵šש‬Ͷ ሻሺšʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šͶ ൌšͳ šതʹ ‫šש ͵š ͳšש‬തʹ šത͵ ‫šש‬തʹ šതͶ ‫š ͵š ʹšש‬Ͷ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šͶ ǡ
ˆ(š෤Ͷ ሻൌšͳ šതʹ ‫šש ͵š ͳšש‬തʹ šത͵ ‫šש‬തʹ šതͶ ‫š ͵š ʹšש‬Ͷ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šͶ ‫šש‬തതതതതത
ത ͳ š ʹ ൌ
ൌšͳ šതʹ ‫šש ͵š ͳšש‬തʹ šത͵ ‫šש‬തʹ šതͶ ‫š ͵š ʹšש‬Ͷ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šͶ ‫šש ͳšש‬തʹ (Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.).

ȼ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɲɚɝ 1 ɢ ɲɚɝ 2 ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ, ɚ ɲɚɝ 3 ɢɦɟɟɬ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ:

51

 ɒɚɝ 3. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ (A‫(ש‬B‫ר‬C))=((A‫ש‬B)‫(ר‬A‫ש‬C)) ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɟ
ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ

ˆ(š෤ ଷ ሻ ൌ šതଵ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଶ ‫š ש‬ଶ šതଷ ɤ Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.
šതͳ ൌšതͳ šʹ ‫šש‬തͳ šതʹ ൌšതͳ šʹ š͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šത͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šതʹ š͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šതʹ šത͵ ǡ
šͳ šതʹ ൌšͳ šതʹ š͵ ‫š ͳšש‬തʹ šത͵ ǡšʹ šത͵ ൌšͳ šʹ šത͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šത͵ Ǥ

ˆ(š෤ ͵ ሻൌšതͳ šʹ š͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šത͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šതʹ š͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šതʹ šത͵ ‫š ͳšש‬തʹ š͵ ‫š ͳšש‬തʹ šത͵ ‫š ʹš ͳšש‬ത͵ šͳ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ ‫šש‬തʹ šത͵ ,

š‫œ›ש‬ൌሺš‫›ש‬ሻൈሺš‫œש‬ሻ, š‫šש‬തൌͳǡš‫ͳש‬ൌͳǡ

šͳ ‫šש‬തͳ ޚʹ ൌሺšͳ ‫šש‬തͳ ሻήሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻൌͳ‫ר‬ሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻൌ

ൌšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ή ሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻ‫šש‬തʹ šത͵ ൌሺšͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬തʹ ሻሺšͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻൌ
ൌሺšͳ ‫ͳש‬ሻήሺšͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻൌͳήሺšͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻൌšͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬ത͵ .

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ xi ɢ

ɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ šത୧ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ, ɬɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ  ൌ šଵ šଶ šതଷ ˒˓˃˅ˋˎ˟ː˃ˢǡ ˍˑː˝ˡːˍ˙ˋˢ ൌ šଵ šଶ šതଵ šଷ
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ . ɢ ɢɯ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɜɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ,ɬɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥ¬ɧɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ .
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻ ൌ  šതଵ šଶ šതଷ šସ – ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ, ˆሺšͳ ǡ šʹ ǡ š͵ ǡ šͶ ሻ ൌ  šͳ šʹ šͶ – ɧɟɩɨɥɧɚɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଷ
ɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ
š‹ ‫šש‬ത‹ ൌͳǡš ‹ ‫ ‹šש‬ൌš‹ :
ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡš͵ ሻൌšͳ ›šതͳ šʹ ›šതʹ š͵ ൌšͳ ሺšʹ ›šതʹ ሻሺš͵ ›šത͵ ሻ›šതͳ šʹ ሺš͵ ›šത͵ ሻ›šതʹ š͵ ሺšͳ ›šതͳ ሻൌ
ൌšͳ šʹ š͵ ›šͳ šʹ šത͵ ›šͳ šതʹ š͵ ›šͳ šതʹ šത͵ ›šതͳ šʹ š͵ ›šതͳ šʹ šത͵ ›
›šതʹ š͵ šଵ ›šതʹ š͵ šതͳ ൌšͳ šʹ š͵ ›šͳ šʹ šത͵ ›šͳ šതʹ š͵ ›šͳ šതʹ šത͵ ›šതͳ šʹ š͵ ›šതͳ šʹ šത͵ ›šതͳ šതʹ š͵ Ǥ

52
 §2.9. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ

1. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɤ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:

a) (A‫ר‬B)‫(ש‬B‫ר‬C); b) A‫(ש‬B‫ר‬C);
c) (A‫ר‬B)‫(ש‬C‫ר‬D); d) (¬A‫ש‬C)‫(ר‬B‫ש‬C);
e) ((A‫¬ר‬B)‫ש‬C)‫¬(ר‬A‫ש‬C); f) A‫ש‬B‫ש‬C;
g) ((A‫ש‬B)‫(ר‬A‫ש‬C))‫¬ש‬B; h) (A⊕B)‫(ש‬A⊕C)‫(ש‬B⊕C).

2. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɤ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.:

a) (A‫ש‬B)‫ר‬C; b) (¬A‫ש‬B)‫(ר‬A‫ש‬C);
c) (¬A‫ר‬B)‫(ש‬B‫ר‬C); d) (A‫ר‬B)‫ש‬C;
e) A‫ר‬B‫ר‬C; f) A‫ש‬B‫¬(ש‬C‫ר‬D); g) (¬A‫ר‬B)‫(ש‬C‫ר‬D).

3. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.:

a) A ֜ B; b) (A | B)֜(AĻ  c) (A‫ר‬B)‫ש‬C;
d) (A֞C)֜A‫¬ר‬B; e) A‫(ר‬B֜(C⊕(A‫ר‬B))).

4. a) ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ x, y – ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɚ z –

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ:
f(11010100), f(10101010), f(11000011),
f(10010011), f(11100001)?

b) ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ x – ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ, y, z –

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ:
f(10011001), f(11100100), f(10001011),
f(11001101), f(10000111)?

c) ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ x, y – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ, z – ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ:
f(11100010), f(00111100), f(11001100),
f(10010011), f(01010101), f(11110011),
f(10011000), f(10100100), f(11001100),
f(10001110), f(11110011), f(10011000),
f(10100100), f(11001100), f(10001110)?
e) ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ x, y, z – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ:
f(10101010), f(10110010), f(11100100),
f(00011001), f(10010011), f(00110011),
f(10101011), f(11100001), f(01101011)?

53

 g) Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ šଵ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ:
f=(1100), f=(1001), f=(1010),
f=(1000), f=(1110)?

j) ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ x – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ z, y - ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ:

f=(00001111); f=(10110011); f=(00011111);
f=(00110011); f=(01010101)?

l) ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ y - ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ, x, z ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ:

f=(01011010), f=(00110011), f=(00001111),
f=(01010101), f=(01011111)?

k) ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ z – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ, x, y - ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ:

f=(00001111), f=(00110011), f=(01010101),
f=(11001100), f= (00111100)?

5. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɞɥɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ:

1) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (10000101) , 2) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (00101010) ,
3) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (00101000) , 4) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (00101010) ,
5) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (01001010) , 6) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (00100100) ,
7) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (00010001) , 8) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (10001000) ,
9) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (11010110) , 10) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (01101100) ,
11) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (11001100) , 12) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (10001110) ,
13) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (10010011) , 14) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (10001010) .

6. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɞɥɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ:

1) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (11111000) , 2) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (11111010) ,
3) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (00111111) , 4) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (10011111) ,
5) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (10101111) , 6) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (10011111) ,
7) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (01111110) , 8) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (01110110) ,
9) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (11011000) , 10) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (10010001) ,
11) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (11001100) , 12) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (10011011) ,
13) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (11010111) , 14) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (01101100) .

54
 7. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɢ:
ˆଵ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳሻǡ ˆଶ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͲͲͳͲሻǡ ˆଷ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͲͲͳͳሻǡ ˆସ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͲͳͲͲሻǡ
ˆହ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͲͳͲͳሻǡ ˆ଺ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲሻǡ
ˆ଻ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳሻǡ ˆ଼ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͲͲͲሻǡ
ˆଽ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳሻǡ ˆଵ଴ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲሻ,
ˆଵଵ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͲͳͳሻǡ ˆଵଶ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͳͲͲሻ,
ˆଵଷ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳሻǡ ˆଵସ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲሻ.

8. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ.

1) f ( x, y, z) = ( x ∨ yz)(xy ∨ xz ) ; 2) f ( x , y , z ) = ( 01110011 ) ;
3) f ( x , y, z ) = (11110001) ; 4) f (x, y, z) = (10101000) ;
5) ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଵ ሻ ൌ šଵ ՜ šଶ ; 6)ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ š ՜ › ՜ œǢ
͹ሻˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ š†›†œ; 8) ˆሺšǡ ›ሻ ൌ š ‫› ש‬Ǣ ͻሻˆሺšǡ ›ሻ ൌx⊕y;
10)ˆሺšǡ ›ሻ ൌ š ՜ ›Ǣ ͳͳǤ ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ š̱›̱œ.

9. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɧɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ:

1) ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ ššሺ›aœሻǢ ʹሻˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ šoሺ›aœሻ;
3) ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ ሺšo›ሻoœ; 4) f (x, y) = (x ∧ y) →(x ∨ y) ;
5) f (x1 , x 2 ) = ( x1 ∧ (x 1 ⊕ x 2 )) ; 6) f (x1 , x 2 ) = (((x1 ∧ x 2 ) ⊕ x1 ) ⊕ x 2 ) ;
7) f (x1 , x 2 ) = ((x1 ∧ x 2 ) ∨ (x1 ∧ x 2 )) .

10. ɇɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:

1) ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬෤ ଷ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲͳͲͳͲሻǢ 2) ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬෤ ଷሻ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͲሻǢ
3) ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬෤ ଷ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͳͳͳͲͲͳͳሻǢ Ͷሻ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬෤ ସ ሻሺͳͲͳͳͲͳͲͳͳͲͳͳͲͳͲͳሻǢ
5) ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬෤ ସ ሻ ൌ ሺͲͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͲͳͲͳͳͳͳͳሻǢ ͸ሻ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬෤ ସ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͳͲͲͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͳͲͲͳͳሻǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) x1, x2; 3) x3; 5) šͳ ǡš͵ .
11. ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ x1 ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ
(ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ x1 ɢɡ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ):
ͳሻˆሺš෤ʹ ሻൌሺšʹ ošͳ ሻήሺšʹ ՝šʹ ሻǢ ʹሻˆሺš෤ʹ ሻൌሺšͳ ̱šʹ ሻ‫ש‬ሺšͳ ‫ ʹšפ‬ሻǢ
͵
͵ሻˆሺš෤ ሻൌሺሺšͳ †šʹ ሻ՜š͵ ሻޚ͵ ՜šʹ ሻǢ Ͷሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻ՜šͳ ̱š͵ ሻሻޚͳ ՜ሺšʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻǢ
ͷሻˆሺš෤ ሻൌሺሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ޚത͵ ሻ̱ሺšതͳ ՜šതʹ ޚ͵ ሻሻήሺšʹ ՝š͵ ሻǢ
͵

͸ሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺሺšͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻ̱ሺšͳ ޚതʹ ‫ ͵šפ‬ሻሻ†ሺšʹ ՜šͳ ሻޚ͵ Ǣ

͹ሻˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ՜ሺሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻ՜šͶ ሻሻ̱šതͳ ήሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻޚതͶ Ǣ
ͺሻˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ޚതʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻήሺšʹ ‫ ͳšש‬ޚͶ ሻ՜ሺšͳ ՜ሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻሻǢ
ͻሻˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ šʹ ‫š ͵šש‬Ͷ ሻήሺšͳ †šʹ †š͵ ሻ՜šͶ †ሺšͳ šʹ ሺš͵ ՜šͶ ሻ‫š ͵šש‬Ͷ ሻǢ
ͳͲሻˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺሺšͳ ‫ ʹšפ‬ሻ՝ሺሺšͳ ՝šͶ ሻ‫פ‬ሺš͵ ՝šͶ ሻሻሻ‫פ‬ሺሺšͳ ‫ ͵šפ‬ሻ‫ ʹšפ‬ሻǤ

55

 12. ɇɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:
ͳሻ ˆሺš෤ʹ ሻൌሺሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻ՜šͳ ޚʹ ሻ†ሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻήሺšʹ ՜šͳ ሻǢ
ʹሻ ˆሺš෤ʹ ሻൌሺšͳ ՜ሺሺšʹ ՜šͳ ሻ՜šʹ ሻሻ̱ሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻǢ
͵ሻ ˆሺš෤ʹ ሻൌሺšͳ †ሺšʹ ՜ሺšͳ ̱šʹ ሻሻሻ‫šש‬തതതതതതതതതതǢ
ͳ ՜šʹ
Ͷሻ ˆሺš෤ʹ ሻൌሺšͳ ޚʹ †ሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻሻ՜ሺšͳ ̱šͳ ޚʹ ሻǢ
ͷሻ ˆሺš෤ʹ ሻൌሺšതͳ ޚʹ ՜ሺšതͳ ՜šതʹ ሻሻ՜šͳ ޚതʹ Ǣ
͸ሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ՜šʹ ޚ͵ ሻήሺšʹ ՜šͳ ޚ͵ ሻ‫ש‬ሺšͳ ̱šʹ ሻǢ
͹ሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺሺšͳ ՜šതʹ ሻ†ሺšʹ ՜šത͵ ሻሻ†ሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻǢ
ͺሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ޚത͵ ሻ՜ሺšʹ ՜šͳ ޚ͵ ሻሻ՜ሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻǢ
ͻሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺሺšͳ ՝ሺšʹ ‫ ͵šפ‬ሻሻ՝ሺšʹ ‫פ‬ሺšͳ ՝š͵ ሻሻሻ՝ሺšͳ ‫ ʹšפ‬ሻǢ
ͳͲሻ ˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ήšʹ †š͵ ޚͶ ሻ‫ש‬ሺሺšͳ ޚ͵ ̱šʹ ሻ՜šͶ ሻ‫šש‬തͳ ޚ͵ Ǥ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) ɧɟɬ; 3) x2; 9) x1, x2; 10) x2, x3, x4.

13. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɤ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:

ͳሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšͳ šʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻǢ
ʹሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšതͳ šʹ †šത͵ ሻήሺšͳ š͵ ՜šʹ ሻǢ
͵ሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ̱šʹ ሻ‫ש‬ሺšͳ š͵ †ሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻሻǢ
Ͷሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ՝šʹ š͵ ሻ՝ሺሺšതͳ ‫ ʹšפ‬ሻ՝š͵ ሻǢ
തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
ͷሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺš ͳ ՜ሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻ†ሺšͳ ‫פ‬ሺšʹ †š͵ ሻሻǢ
͵ തതതതതതതതതതത
͸ሻ ˆሺš෤ ሻൌšͳ šതʹ ‫̱ ͵šש‬ሺšͳ ՜šʹ šത͵ ሻǢ
͹ሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšͳ šതʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšതതതതതത‫šש‬
ͳ šʹ ͵ ሻǢ
ͺሻ ˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ šതͶ ሻήሺሺšതͳ ‫šש‬Ͷ ሻ†šʹ š͵ ሻ‫šש‬തʹ ήሺš͵ ‫šש‬തതതതതത
ͳšത Ͷ ሻǢ
ͻሻ ˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻήሺšʹ ՜šത͵ ሻήሺš͵ ՜šͳ šതͶ ሻǢ
ͳͲሻ ˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ՝šʹ ሻήሺሺšʹ ‫ ͵šפ‬ሻ‫š ͳšש‬തͶ ሻήሺšͳ ՝ሺš͵ ‫šפ‬Ͷ ሻሻǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 4)ˆ൫šത͵ ൯ൌሺš തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
തതതതതതതതതതതതത
തതതതതതതതതതሻሺሺš
᦭š š തതതതതത
ത š ሻ᦭š ሻൌ
ͳ ʹ ͵ ͳ ʹ ͵
ൌሺšͳ ᦭šʹ š͵ ሻ᦭ሺšതതതതതത
ത ͳ šʹ ᦭š͵ ሻൌšͳ ᦭šʹ š͵ ᦭šͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭š͵ ൌšͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭š͵ ;
ሺ Ͷሻ ሺ
10) ˆ š෤ ൌ തതതതതതതത ሻሺšʹ š͵ ͳ šതͶ ሻሺതതതതതതതതതത
šͳ ᦭šʹ തതതതതത᦭š ͵ šͶ ሻൌš
šͳ ᦭šതതതതതത ത ͳ šതʹ ሺšതʹ ᦭šത͵ ᦭šͳ šതͶ ሻšതͳ š͵ šͶ ൌšതͳ šതʹ š͵ šͶ .

14. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɤ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.:

ͳሻ ˆሺš෤ʹ ሻൌሺሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻ†ሺšതͳ ‫ ʹšפ‬ሻሻήሺšͳ ̱šʹ ήሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻሻǢ
ʹሻ ˆሺš෤ʹ ሻൌšതതതതതത‫ש‬ሺš
ͳ šʹ ͳ ՝ሺšʹ ‫ש‬ሺš
ത ͳ ՜šʹ ሻሻሻǢ ͵ሻ ˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌšͳ šതʹ ‫šש‬തʹ š͵ ‫ש‬ሺšͳ ՜šʹ š͵ ሻǢ
͵
Ͷሻ ˆሺš෤ ሻൌሺšതͳ ՜ሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻሻ†šͳ šതʹ š͵ Ǣ ͷሻ ˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ̱ሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻሻ‫ש‬ሺšʹ ՜šͳ š͵ ሻǢ
Ͷ
͸ሻ ˆሺš෤ ሻൌšതͳ šʹ ‫šש‬തʹ š͵ ‫šש‬ത͵ šͶ ‫š ͳšש‬തͶ Ǣ ͹ሻ ˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ̱šʹ ሻ‫ש‬ሺšͳ š͵ ̱šͶ ሻ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ Ǥ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) ˆ൫šത ൯ൌ൫ሺšതͳ ᦭šʹ ሻ†തതതതതത
ʹ šതͳ šʹ ൯൫šͳ ̱šʹ ሺšതͳ ᦭šʹ ሻ൯ൌ
തതതതതത തതതതതത
ൌሺšͳ šതʹ †šതͳ šʹ ሻሺšͳ ašʹ ሻൌሺšͳ šʹ ሻሺšͳ ašʹ ሻൌሺšതͳ ᦭šതʹ ሻሺšതͳ ᦭šʹ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šതʹ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šʹ ሻ,
3) ˆ൫š෤ ͵൯ൌšͳ šതʹ ᦭šതʹ š͵ ᦭šതͳ ᦭šʹ š͵ ൌšതͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭š͵ , 6) ˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšതͳ᦭šതʹ ᦭šത͵ ᦭šതͶ ሻሺšͳ᦭šʹ ᦭š͵ ᦭šͶ ሻ.
15. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ൌޚത›ޚ ɢ ʏ›ൌ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤ

56
ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:
ͳሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšͳ šʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ Ǣ ʹሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌšതͳ šതʹ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ‫š ͳšש‬ത͵ Ǣ
͵ሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšͳ ‫šש ͵š ʹšש‬തʹ šത͵ Ǣ Ͷሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌšͳ šതʹ ‫šש ͵š ʹšש‬ത͵ Ǣ
ͷሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬തͳ š͵ Ǣ ͸ሻˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌšͳ šʹ šത͵ ‫š ͵š ͳšש‬തͶ Ǣ
͹ሻˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌšͳ šʹ ‫šש‬തʹ šͶ ‫š ͵šש‬തͶ Ǣͺሻˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌšͳ ‫šש ͵š ʹšש‬തͳ šͶ Ǥ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 2)ˆሺš෤ଷ ሻൌšതͳ šതʹ š͵ ᦭šതͳ šതʹ š͵ ᦭šതͳ šʹ šത͵ ᦭šͳ šʹ šത͵ ᦭šͳ šതʹ šത͵ ᦭šͳ šʹ šത͵ ;
5)݂ ሺš෤ ଷ ሻൌšͳ šതʹ ᦭šͳ šʹ ᦭šതͳ šതʹ ᦭šͳ šതʹ᦭šതͳ šതʹ š͵ ᦭šതͳ šʹ š͵ ൌ
ൌšͳ šതʹ šത͵ ᦭šͳ šതʹ š͵ ›šͳ šʹ šത͵ ᦭šͳ šʹ š͵ ᦭šതͳ šതʹ šത͵ ᦭šതͳ šതʹ š͵ ᦭šതͳ šʹ š͵ .

16. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ൌሺ›šሻήሺ›šതሻ, ήൌ , ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤ

ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.:
ͳሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻޚ͵;
ʹሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻήሺšതʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻޚത͵ Ǣ
͵ሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺšതͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻήሺšͳ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻǢ
Ͷሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌšͳ ήšതʹ ήሺšതͳ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻήሺšͳ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻǢ
ͷሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻޚʹ ήሺšͳ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšതʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻǢ
͸ሻˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש ʹšש‬ሻήሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻǢ
͹ሻˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻήሺšതʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻήሺšത͵ ‫šש‬Ͷ ሻǢ
ͺሻˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌšͳ ήšതʹ ήš͵ ήሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש ͵šש‬തͶ ሻǤ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ:1) ˆ൫š෤ ͵ ൯ൌሺšͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭š͵ ሻሺšͳ᦭šതʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻሺšͳ ᦭š͵ ሻሺšതͳ᦭š͵ ሻൌ
ൌሺšͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭š͵ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šʹ ᦭š͵ ሻሺšതͳ ᦭šʹ ᦭š͵ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻǤ
5)ˆ൫š෤͵ ൯ൌሺšതͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭š͵ ሻሺšതͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šʹ ᦭šͳ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻ᦬
᦬ሺšതͳ ᦭šʹ ᦭š͵ ሻሺšതͳ ᦭šʹ šത͵ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭š͵ ሻǤ

17. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ ɢ
ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:
šሺ›᦭œሻ ൌ š›᦭šœǡššതൌͲǡšͲൌͲǡš᦭ͲൌͲǡšሺš᦭›ሻൌšǤ

ͳሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻήሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻήሺšതʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻǢ

ʹሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšͳ ήሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻǢ
͵ሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻήሺšͳ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻǢ
Ͷሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšതͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻήሺšതͳ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšതͳ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻήሺšʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻǢ
ͷሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻήሺšതͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש ʹšש‬ሻǢ
͸ሻˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻήሺšʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšʹ ‫šש‬Ͷ ሻήሺš͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻǢ
͹ሻˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšതͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬Ͷ ሻήሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻήሺšͳ ‫šש‬Ͷ ሻǤ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: ͵ሻˆ൫š෤ ͵ ൯ൌሺš ത ʹ šത͵ ሻሺšതͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭š͵ ሻൌ
ͳ ᦭š

57

 ൌšͳ šതʹ ᦭šͳ š͵ ᦭šതͳ šതʹ šത͵ ᦭šതʹ šത͵ ൌ šͳ šതʹ ᦭šͳ š͵ ᦭šതʹ šത͵ ൌšͳ š͵ ᦭šതʹ šത͵ ,
͸ሻˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ šʹ ᦭šͳ šത͵ ᦭šതʹ šത͵ ሻሺšʹ š͵ ᦭šʹ šതͶ ᦭š͵ šͶ ሻൌ
ൌ šͳ šʹ š͵ ᦭šͳ šʹ šതͶ ᦭šͳ šʹ š͵ šͶ ᦭šͳ šʹ šത͵ šതͶ ൌšͳ šʹ š͵ ᦭šͳ šʹ šതͶ Ǥ

18. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢ

ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.:
ሺš᦭›ሻœൌšœ᦭›œǡš‫šש‬ൌšǡ š‫šש‬തൌͳǡ
‫ͳש‬ൌͳǡήͳൌǡ ήሺ‫ש‬ሻൌǡ
ͳሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšതͳ šതʹ ‫ ͵šש‬Ǣ ʹሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšͳ šതʹ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬തʹ š͵ Ǣ
͵ሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšതͳ ‫šש ͵š ʹšש‬തʹ šത͵ Ǣ Ͷሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšതͳ ‫š ͳšש ʹšש‬തʹ š͵ Ǣ
ͷሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšതͳ šതʹ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ Ǣ
͸ሻ ˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌšͳ šʹ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬തʹ šͶ ‫š ͵šש‬Ͷ Ǣ
͹ሻ ˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌšͳ šʹ šത͵ šതͶ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šത͵ ‫šש‬തʹ šͶ Ǣ
ͺሻ ˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌšͳ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬തͳ š͵ šͶ ‫šש‬തʹ š͵ šതͶ Ǥ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 2) ˆ൫š෤ ͵ ൯ൌሺšͳ᦭šʹ ሻሺšʹ ᦭šതʹ ሻሺšͳ᦭šത͵ ሻሺšതʹ᦭šത͵ ሻ᦭

᦭šതʹ š͵ ሺšͳ ᦭šʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻሺšʹ ᦭šത͵ ᦭šതʹ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šʹ ᦭š͵ ሻ᦭
᦭ሺšͳ ᦭šത͵ ᦭š͵ ሻሺšതʹ ᦭šതʹ ᦭š͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ᦭šതʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻሺšതʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šʹ ᦭š͵ ሻൌ
ൌሺšതʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻሺšͳ ᦭šʹ ᦭š͵ ሻǢ ͷሻˆ൫š෤ ͵ ൯ൌሺšതͳ ᦭šതʹ ሻሺšതʹ ᦭šതʹ ሻ᦭šʹ šത͵ ൌ
ൌሺšതͳ ᦭šതʹ ሻšതʹ ᦭šʹ šത͵ ൌšതʹ ᦭šʹ šത͵ ൌሺšതʹ ᦭šʹ ሻሺšതʹ ᦭šത͵ ሻൌšതʹ ᦭šത͵ Ǥ

19. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ šሺ›‫œש‬ሻൌš›‫œšש‬, šήšതൌš, šήšതൌͲ, ήͲൌͲǡ‫Ͳש‬ൌǡ‫ש‬ήൌ,

ɩɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ gሺš෤ ሻ ɢɡ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɤ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:
ͳሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻήሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻήሺšതʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻǢ
ʹሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšͳ ήሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻǢ
͵ሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻήሺšͳ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻǢ
Ͷሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšതͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻήሺšതͳ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšതͳ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻήሺšʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻǢ
ͷሻ ˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻήሺšതͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש ʹšש‬ሻǢ
͸ሻ ˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻήሺšʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻήሺšʹ ‫šש‬Ͷ ሻήሺš͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻǢ
͹ሻ ˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšതͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬Ͷ ሻήሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻήሺšͳ ‫šש‬Ͷ ሻǤ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 3) ˆሺš෤ ͵ሻൌሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ šത͵ ሻήሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻൌ

ൌሺšͳ šതʹ ‫šש ͵š ͳšש‬തͳ šതʹ šത͵ ‫šש‬തʹ šത͵ ሻൌšͳ šതʹ ‫šש ͵š ͳšש‬തʹ šത͵ ൌšͳ š͵ ‫šש‬തʹ šത͵ Ǣ
6) ˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳšʹ ‫š ͳšש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬തʹ šത͵ ሻሺšʹ š͵ ‫š ʹšש‬തͶ ‫š ͵šש‬Ͷ ሻൌ
ൌ šͳ šʹ š͵ ‫š ʹš ͳšש‬തͶ ‫š ͵š ʹš ͳšש‬Ͷ ‫š ʹš ͳšש‬ത͵ šതͶ ൌšͳ šʹ š͵ ‫š ʹš ͳšש‬ത͵ Ǥ

58
 20. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ š‫›ש‬ޜൌሺš‫›ש‬ሻšሺš‫œש‬ሻ, š‫šש‬ൌš, š‫šש‬ҧൌͳǡ ‫ͳש‬ൌͳǡήͳൌǡ
ήሺ‫ש‬ሻൌ, ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ gሺš෤  ሻ ɢɡ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɤ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.:
ͳሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšതͳ šതʹ ‫ ͵šש‬Ǣ ʹሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌšͳ šതʹ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬തʹ š͵ Ǣ
͵ሻˆ൫š෤ ͵ ൯ൌšതͳ ‫šש ͵š ʹšש‬തʹ šത͵ Ǣ Ͷሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌšതͳ ‫š ͳšש ʹšש‬തʹ š͵ Ǣ ͷሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌšതͳ šതʹ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ .

Ɉɬɜɟɬ:1)ˆ൫š෤͵ ൯ ൌ ሺšͳ ›šʹ ሻሺšതʹ ›šʹ ሻሺšͳ ›šത͵ ሻሺšതʹ ›šത͵ ሻ›šതʹ š͵ ൌ
ൌ ሺšଵ ›šଶ ›šതଶ ሻሺšଵ ›šതଶ ›šതଷ ሻሺšଶ ›šതଷ ›šതଷ ›šതଶ ሻšሺšଵ ›šଶ ›šଷ ሻ;
2) ሺšଵ ›šതଷ ›šଷ ሻሺšതଶ ›šതଷ ›šଷ ሻ ൌ ሺšଵ›šതଶ›šതଷ ሻሺšതଶ ›šതଷ ሻ;
3) ሺšଵ ›šଶ ›šଷ ሻ ൌ ሺšതଶ ›šതଷ ሻሺšଵ›šଶ›šଷሻǢ
Ͷሻˆሺš෤ ଷ ሻ ൌ ሺšതଵ ›šതଶ ሻሺšതଶ ›šതଶ ሻ›šଶ šതଷ ൌ ሺšതଵ ›šതଶ ሻ›šതଶ ›šଶ šതଷ ൌ šതଶ ›šଶ šതଷ ൌ ሺšതଶ ›šଶ ሻሺšതଶ ›šതଷ ሻ.

21. Ɋɟɲɢɬɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

X(A,B,C).
1)  ൅ ത ൅  ൌ  ൅ ǡ
ഥ ൅ 
2)  ൅  ഥ
ത ൌ൅ ഥ
തǡ
3)  ൅ ഥത ൅ 
ഥഥ ൌ  ത൅ഥഥǡ
ഥ
4)  ൅ C=AB+C,
5)  ൅  ൅  ഥ ത ൅ 
ഥഥൌ ഥ ൅ ǡ
ഥ  ൌ  ൅ ,
6)  ൅ 
7) X+Bത ൌ  ഥ  ൅ ത,
8)  ൅  ൅  ഥത ൌ  ൅ ഥ  ൅ 
ഥത,
9)  ൅  ൅  ഥ
ഥത ൌ  ൅ ഥത ൅ ,
10)  ൅  ൅  ഥ ത ൌ  ൅ 
ഥ ൅ ത.

59

 §2.10. Ⱥɥɝɟɛɪɚ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ.
Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ

Ⱥɥɝɟɛɪɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ‫ר‬,

‫ש‬, º , 0, 1, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɨɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ B=(‫ר‬,‫ש‬,º,0,1). Ⱥɥɝɟɛɪɚ,
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ‫ר‬, ⊕, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɚɥɝɟɛɪɨɣ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ. ȼ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɟ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ:
1) A ‫ר‬A=A, A⊕A=0;
2) A‫(ר‬B‫ר‬C)=(A‫ר‬B)‫ר‬C, A⊕(B⊕C)=(A⊕B)⊕C;
3) A‫(ר‬B⊕C)=(A‫ר‬B)⊕(A‫ר‬C);
4) A⊕0=A, A⊕1=ºA, A‫ר‬0=0,
A‫ר‬1=A, A⊕A=0, A‫ר‬A=A.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ 0, 1 ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
šଵ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ‫ר‬, ⊕ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ

ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ ƒ଴ †ƒଵ šଵ †ƒଶ šଶ † ǥ †ƒ୬ š୬ †ƒ୬ାଵ š୬ାଵ †

†Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ †ƒଶ୬ š୬ିଵ š୬ †Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ †ƒଶ౤ ିଵ šଵ šଶ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ š୬ (1)
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɨɝɱɥɟɧɨɦ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ (1) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ
F(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ ƒ଴ †ƒଵ šଵ†ƒଶ šଶ †Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ †ƒ୬ š୬ , (2)
ɬɨ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ F(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ. ȼ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ (1),(2) ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ,
 ƒ‹ ൌ ሺͲǡͳሻǡ 
‹ ൌ Ͳǡͳǡʹǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ʹ -1.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɭɸ ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ
ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ œšଶ.
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ƒ଴ †ƒଵ šଵ †ƒଶ šଶ †ƒଷ šଵ šଶ ,
ɇɚɣɞɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ƒ଴ ǡ ƒଵǡ ƒଶ ǡ ƒଷ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-
ɟɧɬɨɜ:
1=f(0,0)=ƒ଴ †ƒଵ Ͳ†ƒଶ Ͳ†ƒଷͲͲ ൌ ͳǡ ƒ଴ =1;
0=f(0,1)=ƒ଴ †ƒଵ Ͳ†ƒଶ ͳ†ƒଷ Ͳͳ ൌ ͳ†ƒଶ ൌ ºƒଶ ǡ ƒଶ =1;
0=f(1,0)= a0⊕ a11 ⊕ a20 ⊕ a310=1⊕a1=ƒଵ, a1 =1;
1=f(1,1)=a0⊕ƒଵ ͳ†ƒଶ ͳ†ƒଷ11=
=ƒ଴ †ƒଵ †ƒଶ †ƒଷ ൌ ͳ†ͳ†ͳ†ƒଷ ൌ ºƒଷ ൌ ͳǡ ƒଷ=0,
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ œšଶ ൌ ͳ†šଵ †šଶ .

60
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɂɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɟ ɜ
ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ:

1) ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ̱šଶ ൌ ሺšଵ ᦬šଶ ሻ᦭ሺšതଵ ᦬šതଶ ሻ;

f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ  ൓ሺሺšതതതതതതതതത
ଵ ‫š ר‬ଶ ሻሺ൓ሺšഥଵ š
ത ଶ ሻሻ)=
=(1⊕(1⊕(šଵ šଶ ))(1⊕((1⊕šଵ )(1⊕šଶ ))))= 1⊕šଵ †šଶ .

šଵ  ‫š  ר‬തതതଶ ሻ ൌ ͳ†šതଵ šതଶ ൌ

2) ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ›šଶ ൌ ൓ሺതതതത
=1⊕(1⊕‫ݔ‬ଵ )(1⊕‫ݔ‬ଶ )=1⊕(1⊕šଶ †šଵ †šଵ šଶ ሻ ൌ  šଵ †šଶ †šଶ šଵ ;

3) ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ՜ šଶ ൌ šതଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ  ൌ ൓ሺšଵ ‫š ר‬തଶ ሻ =1⊕šതଶ šଵ =

ൌ šଵ (1⊕šଶ )⊕1= 1⊕šଵ †šଵ šଶ .

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ՝šʹ ሻ‫פ‬ሺšʹ՝š͵ ሻ=šതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത

തതതതതതതത തതതതതതതത
ͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ޚ ʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ൌ
ൌ šതതതതതതതതതതതത
ത ͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ൌሺšͳ †ͳሻሺšʹ †ͳሻሺš͵ †ͳሻൌšͳ šʹ š͵ †šͳ šʹ †šͳ š͵ †šʹ š͵ †šͳ †šʹ †š͵ .
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ȁšଶ ൌ ൓ሺšଵ ‫š ר‬ଶ ሻ=1⊕šଵ šଶ Ǥ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ՝ šଶ ൌ ൓ሺšଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ሻ ൌ šതଵ šതଶ ൌ
=(1⊕šଵ )(1⊕šଶ )= 1⊕šଵ †šଶ †šଵ šଶ ;
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ՜ ሺšଶ ՜ šതšଶ ൌ šതଵ ‫ ש‬ሺšതതതଶ  ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ ሻ ൌൌ ൓ሺ൓ሺšതଵ ሻ൫൓ሺšതതതଶ  ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ ሻ൯)=
=1⊕((1⊕ (1⊕šଵ )))(1⊕ (1⊕šଶ ሻሺͳ†ሺሺͳ†šଵ ሻšଶ ሻሻሻ
ൌ(1⊕šଵ )(1⊕šଵ šଶ )=1⊕šଵ †šଵ šଶ .

ȿɫɥɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɢɦ ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ F(Ƚଵ ǡ Ƚଶ ǡ Ƚଷ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚ୩ ) ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɨɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɵ:
Ƚଵ ൌ ሺȽଵ ǡ Ƚଶ ሻǡഥ
ഥ Ƚଶ ൌ ሺȽଷ ǡ Ƚସ ሻǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥǡ ഥ
Ƚ୩ିଶ ൌ ሺȽ୩ିଵ ǡ Ƚ୩ ).
T(ഥȽଵ ሻ ൌ ሺȽଵ ǡ Ƚଵ †Ƚଶ ሻǡሺഥ Ƚଶ ሻ ൌ ሺȽଷ ǡ Ƚଷ †Ƚସ ),
T(ഥȽଷ ሻ ൌ ሺȽହ ǡ Ƚହ †Ƚ଺ ሻǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ሺഥ Ƚ୩ିଶ ሻ ൌ ሺȽ୩ିଵ ǡ Ƚ୩ିଵ †Ƚ୩ )
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:
T(ഥ
Ƚଵ ǡ ഥȽଶ ሻ ൌ ൫ሺȽ ഥଵ ሻǡ ሺഥ
Ƚଵ ሻ†ሺഥ Ƚଶ ሻ൯ǡ
T(ഥ ǡ Ƚସ ሻ ൌ ሺሺഥ
Ƚଷ തതത ഥଷ ሻ†ሺȽ
Ƚଷ ሻǡ ሺȽ ഥସ ሻ), ... ,
T(ഥ ǡ Ƚ୩ିଶ ሻ ൌ ሺሺഥ
Ƚ୩ିଷ തതത Ƚ୩ିଷ ሻǡ ሺഥ Ƚ୩ିଷ ሻ†ሺȽ ഥ୩ିଶ )),
T(ഥ Ƚଵ ǡ ഥ Ƚ୩ ሻ ൌ ሺሺഥ
Ƚଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ ഥ Ƚଶ ሻǡ ሺഥ
Ƚଵ ǡ ഥ Ƚଶ ሻ†ሺȽ
Ƚଵ ǡ ഥ ഥଷ ഥ
Ƚସ ሻ, ...,
T(ഥ Ƚ୩ିଶ ሻǡ ሺഥ
Ƚ୩ିଷ ǡ ഥ Ƚ୩ିଷ ǡ ഥȽ୩ିଶ ሻ†ሺഥ Ƚ୩ ሻሻ ൌൌ ሺȽଵ Ƚଶ ǥ Ƚ‫כ‬୩ିଵ Ƚ‫כ‬୩ ).
Ƚ୩ିଵ ǡ ഥ ‫כ כ‬

ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:
ൌ Ƚଵ‫  כ‬଴ †Ƚ‫כ‬ଶ ଵ †Ƚ‫כ‬ଷ  ଶ † ǥ †Ƚ‫כ‬୩  ଶ౤ିଵ .
61

 Ɂɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɟ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ
Ƚ ൌ ሺȽଵ ǡ Ƚଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚ୬ ሻǡ Ⱦത ൌ ሺȾଵ ǡ Ⱦଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ⱦ୬ ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:
ഥ
Ƚ†Ⱦത ൌ ሺȽଵ †Ⱦଵ ǡ Ƚଶ †Ⱦଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚ୬ †Ⱦ୬ ).
ഥ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ =(0111):

Ƚଵ ൌ ሺͲͳሻǡ ഥ
ഥ Ƚଶ ൌ ሺͳͳሻǡ ሺഥ
Ƚଵ ሻ ൌ ሺͲǡͲ†ͳ)=(01) ,
ഥଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͳǡͳ†ͳሻ ൌ ሺͳͲሻǡሺഥ
ሺȽ Ƚଶ ሻ ൌ ሺሺͲͳሻǡ ሺͲͳሻ†ሺͳͲሻ)=(0111),
Ƚଵ ഥ
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ Ͳ ଴†ͳଵ †ͳ ଶ †ͳ ଷ,
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ †šଶ †šଵ šଶ .

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ̱šଶ =(1001):
Ƚଵ ൌ ሺͳͲሻǡ ഥ
ഥ Ƚଶ ൌ ሺͲͳሻǡ ሺഥ Ƚଵ )=(1,1⊕0)=(11),
Ƚଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͲǡͲ†ͳሻ ൌ ሺͲͳሻǡሺȽ
T(ഥ ഥଵ ǡ ഥ
Ƚଶ ሻ)=(11,11⊕01)=1110,

f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ͳ ଴†ͳଵ †ͳ ଶ †Ͳ ଷ ൌ ͳ†šଵ †šଶ .

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

f(x,y,z)=(00011011):

Ƚଵ ൌ ሺͲͲሻǡഥ
ഥ Ƚଶ ൌ ሺͲͳሻǡഥ
Ƚଷ ሺͳͲሻǡ ഥ
Ƚସ ൌ ሺͳͳሻ.

Ƚଵ ሻ ൌ ሺͲǡͲ†Ͳሻ ൌ ሺͲͲሻǡ ሺഥ

T(ഥ Ƚଶ )=(0,0⊕1)=(01),
Ƚଷ ሻ ൌ ሺͳǡͳ†Ͳሻ ൌ ሺͳͳሻǡሺഥ
T(ഥ Ƚସ )=(1,1⊕1)=(10)

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:

T(ഥ Ƚଶ ሻ ൌ ൫ሺȽ
Ƚଵ ǡ ഥ ഥଵ ሻǡ ሺȽ
ഥଵ ሻ†ሺȽ
ഥଶ ሻ൯=(00,00⊕01)=0001,
T(ഥ ǡ Ƚସ ሻ ൌ ሺሺഥ
Ƚଷ തതത Ƚଷ ሻǡ ሺȽ ഥଷ ሻ ْ ሺȽ ഥସ ሻ)=(11,11⊕10)=1101,
T(Ƚଵ ǡ Ƚଶ ǡ Ƚଷ ǡ Ƚଷ ሻ ൌ ሺሺഥ Ƚଶ ሻǡ ሺഥ
Ƚଵ ǡ ഥ Ƚଶ ሻ†ሺȽଷ ǡ Ƚସ ሻ)=
Ƚଵ ഥ
=0001,0001ْ ͳͳͲͳ=00011100,

f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ Ͳ ଴ †Ͳଵ †Ͳ ଶ †ͳ ଷ †ͳ ସ †ͳ ହ †Ͳ ଺ †Ͳ ଻=

=z†š›†›œ.

62
 ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(x,y,z)=(01101011).
ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:

f(x,y,z)=šത›തœ ‫›š ש‬തœ ‫›š ש‬തœത ‫œ›š ש‬ത ‫ œ›š ש‬,

ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ šതൌš†ͳǡ š ൌ š†Ͳ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ

f(x,y,z)=(x⊕1)(y⊕1)z∨x(y⊕1)z∨x(y⊕1)(z⊕1)∨xy(z⊕1)∨xyz=
=š†›†š›†›œ†š›œ .
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ š᦭›᦭œ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ š᦭› ൌ š›†š†› , ɬɨ

ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ š᦭›᦭œ ൌ ሺš›†š†›ሻ ‫ œ ש‬ൌൌ ሺš›†š†›ሻœ†ሺš›†š†›ሻ†œ ൌ

š›œ†šœ†›œ†š›†š†›†œ.

§2.11. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ

1. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ:

a) f (x1 , x 2 ) = x1 ~ x 2 ; b) f (x1 , x 2 ) = x1 ∨ x 2 ;
c) f (x1 , x 2 ) = x1 → x 2 ; d) f (x1 , x 2 ) = x1 | x 2 ;
e) f (x1 , x 2 ) = x1 ↓ x 2 ; f) f (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = (01101011) ;
g) f (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = (10001110);
h) f(x,y,z)=(11110011); i)ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲͳͲͳͳሻ;
j) f(x,y,z)=(01100000); k) ˆሺšǡ ›ሻ ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳሻ.

2. Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ

ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ:
ͳሻˆሺš෤ ʹ ሻൌšͳ ‫ ʹšפ‬Ǣ ʹሻgሺš෤ʹ ሻൌሺͲͳͲͲሻǢ
͵ሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌšͳ ሺšʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻͶሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌšͳ ՜ሺšʹ š͵ ሻ;
ͷሻˆሺš෤ʹ ሻൌሺͲͳͳͲͳͲͲͳሻ͸ሻˆሺš෤͵ ሻൌሺͳͲͲͲͳͳͳͲሻǢ
͹ሻˆሺš෤ ʹ ሻൌሺͲͲͲͲͲͳͳͳሻͺሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͲሻ;
ͻሻˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺͳͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͳሻ; ͳͲሻˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺͲͲͲͲͳͲͲͲͳͲͲͳͲͲͲͲሻ.

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) šͳ šʹ †ͳǢ ͵ሻšͳ šʹ š͵ †šͳ š͵ †šͳ Ǣ 6) šͳ šʹ †šͳ š͵ †šʹ š͵ †šʹ †š͵ †ͳǢ
10) šͳ šʹ š͵ šͶ †šʹ š͵ šͶ †šͳ š͵ †šͳ šͶ †šʹ š͵ †šʹ šͶ †šͳ †šʹ Ǥ

63

 3. Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɟ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɟ:
ͳሻ ˆሺš෤ ʹ ሻൌሺͳͲͲͲሻ ʹሻ ˆሺš෤ ʹ ሻൌሺͲͲͳͲሻ;
͵ሻ ˆሺš෤ ሻൌሺͲͳͳͲͳͳͳͲሻͶሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺͲͳͳͳͲͲͳͳሻ;
͵

ͷሻ ˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺͳͲͳͲͳͳͳͲሻ͸ሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺͳͲͲͲͲͳͲͲሻ;

͹ሻ ˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺͲͲͲͲͲͳͲͲͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͳሻ; ͺሻˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺͳͲͳͲͳͲͳͲͳͲͳͳͲͳͳͲሻ;
ͻሻ ˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺͲͳͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͳͲͲͲͳሻ; ͳͲሻˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͳͲͲͲͳͲͲͲͳሻ.

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1)x1x2⊕x1⊕x2⊕1; 4) x1x2x3⊕x1x3⊕x2x3⊕x2⊕x3;

7) šͳ šʹ šͶ †šʹ š͵ šͶ †šͳ š͵ †šͳ šͶ †šʹ šͶ Ǥ

4. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ

ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ:
ήሺ†ሻൌή†ήǡήൌǡ
ήͳൌǡ† ൌ Ͳǡ†Ͳ ൌ .

ͳሻ ˆሺš෤ ʹ ሻൌšͳ ՜ሺšʹ ՜šതͳ šʹ ሻʹሻˆሺš෤ʹ ሻൌšͳ ήሺšʹ ̱šͳ šതʹ ሻǢ

͵ሻ ˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ՝šʹ ሻ‫פ‬ሺšʹ ՝š͵ ሻ4ሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻήሺšʹ ‫ ͵šפ‬ሻ;
ͷሻ ˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌšͳ ՝ሺሺšͳ ՜šതʹ ሻ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻ; ͸ሻˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺšͳ ՜ሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻሻήሺሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻ՜š͵ ሻ;
͹ሻ ˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺšͳ †šʹ ሻ‫ש‬ሺšʹ ՝š͵ ሻ; ͺሻˆሺš෤Ͷ ሻൌሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻ՜ሺš͵ ՜šͳ šͶ ሻ;
ͻሻ ˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌš ͳ ‫ש‬ሺšʹ ՜ሺሺš͵ ՜šʹ ሻ՜šͶ ሻሻ.

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) ˆሺš෤ ʹ ሻൌšതͳ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ ൌšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ൌšതതതതതതൌš

ͳ šʹ ͳ šʹ †ͳǢ
3)ˆ൫š෤ ͵ ൯ൌšതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
തതതതതതതത തതതതതതതത
ͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ޚ തതതതതതതതതതതത
ത ͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ൌሺšͳ †ͳሻሺšʹ †ͳሻሺš͵ †ͳሻൌ
ʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ൌš
ൌšͳ šʹ š͵ †šͳ šʹ †šͳ š͵ †šʹ š͵ †šͳ †šʹ †š͵ ;
9)ˆሺš෤ Ͷሻൌšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ‫šש‬തതതതതതതത
ത ͵ ‫šש‬Ͷ ൌšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬Ͷ ൌšതതതതതതതതത
ʹ ‫šש‬ ത ͳ šʹ šതͶ ൌ
ൌሺšͳ †ͳሻšʹ ሺšͶ †ͳሻ†ͳൌšͳ šʹ šͶ †šͳ šʹ †šʹ šͶ †šͳ †ͳ.

§2.12. Ɇɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ

Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ n

n
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɜɧɨ 2 3 .
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ
ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɭɸ
Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ).
ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɟɣ K ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ
K → ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ )=1 ɢɥɢ K‫ש‬f=f,
64
ɬɨ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ K ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ̱šଶ .
ଵ ൌ šଵ ǡ  ଶ ൌ šଶ ǡ ଷ ൌ šതͳ ǡ ସ ൌ šതଶ ǡ ହ ൌ šଵ šଶ ,
 ଺ ൌ šതͳ šതʹ ǡ ଻ ൌ šଵ šതଶ Ǥ

ଵ ଶ ଷ ସ ହ ଺ ଻ F
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1


ଵ ൌ šଵ oˆ ൌ ͳͳͲͳǡ ଶ ൌ šoˆ ൌ ͳͲͳͳǡ ଷ ൌ šതͳ →f=1011,

 ସ ൌ šതʹ ՜ ˆ ൌ ͳͳͲͳǡ  ହ ൌ šଵ šଶ ՜ ˆ ൌ1111,
 ଺ ൌ šതͳ šതʹ ՜ ˆ ൌ ͳͳͳͳǡ  ଻ ൌ šଵ šതଶ → ˆ ൌ ͳͳͲͳǡ
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ  ହ ൌ šଵ šଶ ǡ  ଺ ൌ šതͳ šതʹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ošଶ .
 ͳ ൌšͳ ǡ ʹ ൌšʹ ǡ ͵ ൌšതͳ ǡ Ͷ ൌšതʹ ,
 ͷ ൌšͳ šʹ ǡ ͸ ൌšതͳ šʹ ǡ ͹ ൌšͳ šതʹ ǡ ͺ ൌšതͳ šതʹ .

ɂɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ

 ‹ ՜ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ሻൌ ‹ ՜ ሺͳͳͲͳሻ ൌ ͳ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ.

K1=x1 K2=x2 F K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɤɨɧɸɴɧɤɰɢɢ

K2=x2,  ଷ ൌ šതͳ ǡ  ଼ ൌ šതଵ šതଶ ǡ ͸ ൌ šതଵ šଶ ǡ ͷ ൌ šଵ šଶ
ɟɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f(x1,x2)=x1→x2, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ K→(šଵ ošଶ)=1.

65

 ஑ ఈ ఈ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ š୧భభ ‫ݔ ר‬௜మమ ‫ ר‬ǥ ‫ݔ ר‬௜೙೙
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ
ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšͳ ǡ šʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š ), ɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ  ଶ ൌ šଶ ǡ  ଷ ൌ šതଵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ሻǡ ͺ ൌ  šതͳ šതʹ ǡ ͸ ൌ šതͳ šʹ ǡ ͷ ൌ šͳ šʹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ
ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɧɬɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ̱šଶ  ൌ ሺšଵ šଶ ሻ ‫ ש‬ሺšതଵšതଶ ሻ,
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ → šଶ ൌ šതଵ ‫šש‬ଶ Ǥ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻɨɬɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ
ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɹɳɢɟ ɟɟ ɡɧɚ¬ɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɳɚɹɫɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɫɧɨɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ˆሺšͳ ǡ šʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š ), ɬɨɝɞɚ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.

ɍ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ..

Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɧɚɣɬɢ ɬɚɤɭɸ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɭɦ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ:
1. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ
ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ.
2. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ, ɭɱɚɜɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɪɟɚɥɭɡɸɳɟɣ
ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ.
3.ɑɢɫɥɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ
ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ.
ɂɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ
ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ
§ n
·
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɧɝ ¨ ranq = ¦ ri ¸
© i =1 ¹
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɫɚɦɵɦɢ
ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɦɢ, ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɵɦɢ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
66
ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ
ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɨɣ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ:

ʠˑ˅ˈ˓˛ˈːː˃ˢʓǤ ʜǤ ʣ ฺ ʠˑˍ˓˃˜ˈːː˃ˢʓǤ ʜǤ ʣǤ ฺ

ฺ ʝˍˑː˚˃˕ˈˎ˟ː˃ˢʓǤ ʜǤ ʣǤ ฺ ʛˋːˋˏ˃ˎ˟ː˃ˢʓǤ ʜǤ ʣǤ

Ⱦɚɞɢɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ:

1. ȿɫɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ) ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɬɨɝɞɚ
ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɜ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.
3. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ )
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɞɚɞɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ:
1) Ɇɟɬɨɞ Ȼɥɟɣɤɚ: ȿɫɥɢ ɤ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ )
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
a) ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ
 ‫ ש‬ ഥ ൌ ˋˎˋ ‫ ש‬ ഥ ൌ  ‫ ש‬ ഥ ‫; ש‬
b) ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ  ‫  ש‬ൌ , ɬɨɝɞɚ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ՜ šଶ ൌ šതଵ šതʹ ᦭šതͳ šʹ ᦭šͳ šʹ .
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šͳ ՜šʹ ൌšതͳ ሺͳ᦭šതʹ ሻ᦭ሺšതͳ ᦭šͳ ሻšʹ ൌšതͳ ᦭šʹ .
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f=šଵ šଶ ‫š  ש‬തଵ šଷ ‫š ש‬തଶ šଷ .
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ š ‫š ש‬ത ൌ  ‫š ש š ש‬ത:
šଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଷ ൌ šଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଷ ,
šଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଶ šଷ ൌ šଵ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š  ש‬തଶ šଷ ,
f=šଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š  ש‬തଵ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଷ ‫š  ש‬തଶ šଷ .
šതଵ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଷ ൌ šଷ ‫š  ש‬തଵ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଷ Ǥ
f=šଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š  ש‬തଵ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଷ ‫š  ש‬തଶ šଷ .
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ f=šଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଷ (ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.)

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 ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ˆ ൌ ሺšଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ሻሺšതଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ‫š ש‬ଷ ሻ ൌ
ൌ šଵ šതଵ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଷ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଶ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଶ šଷ .
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ
ššതൌͲ, xxK=xK, ଵ ‫ ש‬ଵ  ଶ ൌ ଵ :

šതଵ šଵ ൌ Ͳǡšଶ ‫š  ש‬ଶ šଷ ൌ šଶ ǡ

šଶ šଶ ൌ šଶ ǡšଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ ൌ šଶ
Ÿˆ ൌ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଷ .

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

f(x3)ൌ šଵ šଶ šଷ ›šതଵšଶ šଷ ›šଵšଶ šതଷ ›šതଵ šଶ šതଷ ›šതଵ šതଶ šതଷ
ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ xK‫š ש‬ത ൌ  ‫š ש š ש‬തK, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
šଵ šଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ šଷ ൌ šଶ šଷ ǡšଵ šଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ šതଷ ൌ šଵ šଶ ,
šതଵ šଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ šതଷ ൌ šതଵ šଶ ǡšഥଵ šଶ šതଷ ‫š ש‬തଵ šതଶ šതଷ ൌ šതଵ šതଷ , šଵ šଶ šതଷ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ šതଷ ൌ šଶ šതଷ .
ˆሺš ଷ ሻ ൌ šଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଵ šതଷ ‫š ש‬ଶ šതଷ .
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
šଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଶ šതଷ ൌ šଶ ǡšଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ ൌ šଶ ǡšଶ ‫š ש‬ଶ ൌ šଶ .
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ˆሺš ଷ ሻ ൌ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଵ šതଷ .

2) ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɉɢɲɟɦ

ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɭɸ Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɤɨɛɨɤ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ‫ ש‬ൌ ǡ  ‫ש‬
=A, ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ
ɇɟɥɶɫɨɧɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ
ሺͲͳͲͲͳͲͳͳሻ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ f(0,0,0)=f(0,1,0)=f(0,1,1)=f(1,0,1)=0

ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ ሺšଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ‫š ש‬ଷ ሻሺšଵ ‫š ש‬തଶ ‫š ש‬ଷ ሻ ή

ഥ ଷ ሻሺšതଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ‫š ש‬തଷ ሻ ൌ
ή ሺšଵ ‫š ש‬തଶ ‫š ש‬
ൌ ሺšଵ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଶ šଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଷ šଵ ‫š ש‬ଷ šതଶ ‫š ש‬ଷ ሻ ή
ή ሺšଵ šതଵ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଷ ‫š ש‬തଶ šതଵ ‫š ש‬തଶ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଶ šതଷ ‫š ש‬തଷ šതଵ ‫ש‬
‫š ש‬തଷ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଷ ሻ ൌ ሺšଵ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଷ ‫š שש‬ଷ šଵ ሻሺšଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଶ šതଵ ‫š ש‬തଷ ሻ ൌ
ൌ ሺšଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ šതଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬തଶ šതଵ šଷ ‫ש‬
‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ šଷ ሻ ൌ šଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଷ ‫š ש‬തଶ šതଵ šଷ ,

f(x1,x 2,šଷ ሻ ൌ šଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଷ ‫š ש‬തଶ šതଵ šଷ (ɫɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.).

68
 4. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻǤ ൌ ͳ ᦭ ʹ ᦭ǥ᦭  , ɡɞɟɫɶ Ki ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬ Ki ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ
n
Ki = ∨ K j ≠ 1͕
j=1

ɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚ Ki ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɹɞɪɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ .
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻൌšതʹ šതͶ ‫š ͳšש‬തͶ ‫š ͵š ʹšש ʹš ͳšש‬Ͷ ‫šש‬തͳ š͵ šͶ ‫šש‬തͳ šതʹ š͵

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ (0,0,0,0) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ šതʹ šതͶ
ɪɚɜɧɨ 1.
x 2 x 4 → ( x1 x 4 ∨ x1 x 2 ∨ x 2 x 3 x 4 ∨ x 1 x 3 x 4 ∨ x1 x 2 x 3 ) = 0 ,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚ šതʹ šതͶ ˒˓ˋː˃ˇˎˈˉˋ˕ˢˇ˓˖˗˖ːˍ˙ˋˋˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻ.
ɂɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚ šͳ šʹ ɬɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɹɞɪɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ (1,1,0,1)
x1 x 2 → ( x 2 x 4 ∨ x1 x 4 ∨ x 2 x 3 x 4 ∨ x 1 x 3 x 4 ∨ x1 x 2 x 3 ) = 0 .
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɹɞɪɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ.

Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚ Ki ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚ ɟɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ
܎ሺ ‫ ܠ‬૚ ǡ ‫ ܠ‬૛ ǡ ‫ ܠ‬૜ ǡ ‫ ܠ‬૝ ሻ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚ Ki ɛɵɥɚ ɹɞɪɨɦ.

ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɹɞɪɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšͳǡšʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɫɨɫɬɨ¬ɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ

ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬ ‹ͳ ǡ ‹ʹ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ‹ ǡ ˕ˑˆˇ˃ˋˏ˒ˎˋˍ˃ː˕˃‹ , ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɚɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ
k
Ki → ∨ Kij = 1 ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
j=1

ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ.
Ⱦɚɞɢɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢɡ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ
Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:
a) ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɹɞɪɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ
ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ, ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɹɞɪɨɦ.
b) ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɟ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɸ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɹɞɪɨɦ.
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 c) ȼ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɹɞɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ
ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɳɚɹɫɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɱɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ.
d) ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšͳǡšʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɷɬɢɯ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɬɟ, Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢɡ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ Ʉɜɚɣɧɚ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ Ʉɜɚɣɧɚ ɩɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
1) ɋɬɨɥɛɰɵ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɋ. Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.;
2) ɂɡ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɋɬɪɨɤɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.;
3) ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ i-ɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢ j-ɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ * (ɟɫɥɢ
ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ i, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ,
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɭ j);
4) ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɯ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɚɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ *, ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ Ʉɜɚɣɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ(10011010).
1) ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:

f(0,0,0)=f(0,1,1)=f(1,0,0)=f(1,1,0)=1,
f(šଵ ǡ šଶǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ šതଵ šതଶ šതଷ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଶ šതଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ šതଷ .

2) ɉɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢɡ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.:

f(0,0,1)=f(0,1,0)=f(1,0,1)=f(1,1,1)=0.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶǡ šଷ ሻ ሺšଵ ›šଶ ›šതଷ ሻሺšଵ ›šതଶ ›šଷ ሻሺšതଵ ›šଶ ›šതଷ ሻሺšതଵ ›šതଶ ›šതଷ ሻ
ൌ ሺšଵ ›šଵšതଶ ›šଵšଷ ›šଶ šଵ ›šଶ šതଶ ›šଶ šଷ ›šതଷ šଵ ›šതଷšതଶ ›šതଷ šଷ ሻ ή
ή ሺšതଵ šതଵ ›šതଵ šതଶ ›šതଵ šതଷ ›šଶ šതଵ ›šଶ šതଶ ›šଶ šതଷ ›šതଷ šതଵ ›šതଷ šതଶ ›šതଷ šതଷ ሻ ൌ
=ሺšଵ ›šതଷšതଶ ›šଶšଷ ሻሺšതଵ ›šതଷ ሻ ൌ šଵ šതଵ ›šଵ šതଷ ›šതଵ šതଶ šതଷ ›šതଵšଶ šଷ ൌൌ šതଵ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଷ .
3) ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɡɧɚɤ * ɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ Ʉɜɚɣɧɚ:

70
 šതଵ šതଶ šതଷ šതଵ šଶ šଷ šଵ šതଶ šതଷ šଵ šଶ šതଷ
šതଵ * *
šଵ šതଷ * *

4) ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ * ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ

f(šଵ ǡ šଶǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ šതଵ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଷ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f(šଵ ǡ šଶǡ šଷ )=(00110110) ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ Ʉɜɚɣɧɚ.

f(šଵ ǡ šଶǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ šതଵ šଶ šതଷ ›šതଵšଶ šଷ ›šଵšതଶ šଷ ›šଵ šଶ šതଷ (ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.)

ɉɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɢɡ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:
f(0,0,1)=f(0,1,0)=f(1,0,1)=f(1,1,1)=0.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
fൌ ሺšଵ ›šଶ ›šଷ ሻሺšଵ›šଶ ›šതଷ ሻሺšതଵ›šଶ ›šଷ ሻሺšതଵ›šതଶ›šതଷ ሻ=
=ሺšଵ›šଵšଶ ›šଵ šതଷ ›šଶ šଵ›šଶšଶ ‫š ש‬ଶ šതଷ ›šଷšଵ ›šଷ šଶ ›šതଷ šଷ ሻ ή
ή ሺšതଵ šതଵ ›šതଵ šതଶ ›šതଵ šതଷ ›šଶ šതଵ ›šଶ šതଶ ›šଶ šതଷ ›šଷ šതଵ ›šଷ šതଶ ›šଷ šതଷ ሻ=
=ሺšଵ›šଶ ሻሺšതଵ ›šଶšതଷ ›šതଶ šଷ ሻ ൌ šଵ šଶ šതଷ ›šଵšതଶ šଷ ›šଶšതଵ ›šଶ šതଷ ൌ šଵ šതଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଶ šതଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ šതଷ .

šതଵ šଶ šതଷ šതଵ šଶ šଷ šଵ šതଶ šଷ šଵ šଶ šതଷ

šଵ šതଶ šଷ *
šଶ šതଵ * *
šଶ šതଷ * *

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:

f(šଵ ǡ šଶǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ šଶ šതଷ ‫š ש‬ଶ šതଵ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଶ šଷ .
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ:
1) ɉɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɋ.Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
2) ஑ ൌ ଵ › ଶ› ǥ › ୱ ǡ ˊˇˈ˔˟ ୧ (i=1,...,s) ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɤɨɛɨɤ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ K (f ) = ∧ D α ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɇɟɥɶɫɨɧɚ,
α

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ A∧A=A, › ൌ , ɢɡ K(f) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ⱦɥɹ f(šଷ )=(01111110) ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
f(0,0,0)=f(1,1,1)=0, ɬɨ
ˆሺš ଷ ሻ ൌ ሺšଵ ›šଶ ›šଷ ሻሺšതଵ ›šതଶ ›šതଷ ሻ ൌ
ൌ šଵ šതଵ ›šଵ šതଶ ›šଵ šതଷ ›šଶ šതଵ ›šଶ šതଶ ›šଶ šതଷ ›šଷ šതଵ ›šଷ šതଶ ›šଷ šതଷ ൌ
= šଵ šതଶ ›šଵšതଷ ›šଶ šതଵ ›šଶ šതଷ ›šଷ šതଵ›šଷšതଶ .

71

 ୧ ‫ڰ‬ 001 010 011 100 101 110
šଵ šതଶ 0 0 0 1 1 0
šଵ šതଷ 0 0 0 1 0 1
šଶ šതଵ 0 1 1 0 0 0
šଶ šതଷ 0 1 0 0 0 1
šതଵ šଷ 1 0 1 0 0 0
šതଶ šଷ 1 0 0 0 1 0

K(f)=( ହ › ଺ ሻሺ ଷ › ସ ሻሺ ଷ› ହሻሺଵ› ଶሻሺଵ› ଺ሻሺ ଶ › ସ)=

=( ହ  ଷ› ହ ସ ›ଷ  ଺ › ଺ ସ ሻሺଵ ଷ › ଷ  ଶ›ଵ  ହ› ହ ଶ)⋅
⋅(ଵ  ସ›ଵ  ଶ› ଶ ଺ ›ସ  ଺ ሻ ൌ ሺ ହ ଷ ଵ  ଷ› ହ ଷ  ଷ  ଶ›
› ହ  ଷ  ଵ  ହ ›  ହ  ଷ  ହ  ଶ ›  ହ  ସ  ଵ  ଷ ›  ହ  ସ  ଷ  ଶ ›
› ହ  ସ  ଵ  ହ ›  ହ  ସ  ହ  ଶ ›  ଺  ଷ  ଵ  ଷ ›  ଺  ଷ  ଷ  ଶ ›
› ଺  ଷ  ଵ  ହ ›  ଺  ଷ  ହ  ଶ ›  ଺  ସ  ଵ  ଷ ›  ଺  ସ  ଷ  ଶ ›
›  ଺  ସ  ଵ  ହ › ଺  ସ  ହ  ଶ ሻ ൌ  ହ  ଵ  ଷ › ହ  ଷ  ଶ › ଷ  ଵ  ହ ›
› ଷ  ହ  ଶ ›  ହ  ସ  ଵ  ଷ ›  ହ  ସ  ଷ  ଶ ›  ସ  ଵ  ହ ›  ସ  ହ  ଶ ›
›  ଺  ଵ  ଷ › ଺  ଷ  ଶ › ଺  ଷ  ଵ  ହ › ଺  ଷ  ହ  ଶ ›  ଺  ସ  ଵ  ଷ ›
›  ଺  ସ  ଷ  ଶ ›  ଺  ସ  ଵ  ହ › ଺  ସ  ହ ൌ  ଵ  ସ  ହ › ଶ  ଷ  ଺ ›
›  ଵ  ଶ  ଷ  ହ › ଵ  ଷ  ସ  ହ ›  ଶ  ସ  ହ  ଺ .

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ 2 ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ, 3 ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ

ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ. ɋɚɦɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ଵ  ସ ହ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
f(š ଷ ሻ ൌ šଵ šതଶ ‫š ש‬ଶ šതଷ ‫š ש‬ଷ šതଵ .
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺš෤ ଷ ሻ ൌ(00110110).
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ M, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɋɬɪɨɤɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ  ଶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ
M ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ:
ƒଵଵ ൌ ͳͳ †ͳʹ ൌͲ†ͳൌͳ,
a12=m11⊕m13=0⊕0=0ǡ
a13=m12⊕m13=1⊕0=1
(ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ).

72
 Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ
Ͳ ͳ ͳ ଶ ͳ ͳ Ͳ
ൌ ൮ ൲ ǡ  ൌ ൮ ൲.
ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ
Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ M2:
f=(1‫ޕ‬2‫ޕ‬3)(2‫ޕ‬4)(1‫ޕ‬3‫ޕ‬4),
ɡɞɟɫɶ 1, 2, 3, 4 – ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɬɪɨɤ. ȼ Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɤɨɛɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɤɨɧɚ A‫ޕ‬AB=A ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.

f=(1‫ޔ‬2)‫(ޕ‬1‫ޔ‬4)‫(ޕ‬2‫ޔ‬4)‫(ޕ‬3‫ޔ‬4)‫(ޕ‬2‫ޔ‬3),

1‫ޔ‬2=šതͳ šʹ šത͵ ššതͳ šʹ š͵ ൌšതͳšʹ ǡͳ᦬Ͷ ൌ šതͳ šʹ šത͵ ᦬šͳ šʹ šത͵ ൌšʹ šത͵,
2‫ޔ‬4=šതͳ šʹ š͵ ᦬šͳ šʹ šത͵ ൌšʹ ǡ͵᦬Ͷ ൌ šͳ šʹ šത͵ ššͳšതʹ š͵ ൌšͳ ,
2‫ޔ‬3=šതͳ šʹ š͵ ᦬šͳ šതʹ š͵ ൌš͵ ,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:
f=šതͳ šʹ ᦭šʹ šത͵ ᦭šͳ ᦭šʹ ᦭š͵ .

§2.13. Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ǡ‹ ǥ‹
ͳ 
ɐͳ ǥɐ
ൌሼሺȽͳ ǥȽ ሻ‫  א‬ǣȽ‹ͳ ൌɐͳ ǡǥǡȽ‹ ൌɐ ሽ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɹɦɢ n-ɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɛɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɐ‹ ‫א‬ሼͲǡͳሽ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ
{‹ͳ ǡǥǡ‹ ሽ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɛɚ, k – ɪɚɧɝ, n–k ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ.
Ʉɨɞɨɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɐǡ‹ͳǥɐ ͳ ǥ‹

 ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ n, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:
ǡ‹ ǥ‹
ͳ 
ɀ෤ሺɐͳǥɐ 
ሻǤ Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɀ‹ͳ ൌɐͳǡǥǡɀ‹ ൌɐ ǡ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɟɫɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ
ɡɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ “–”. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɀ෤ ሺǡͳǡ͵ Ͳͳ )=(0−1−).
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ሺȽ ෨
෥Ⱦሻ ൌ ሼɀ෤ ‫  א‬ǢȽ୬
෤ ǡ Ⱦ෨  ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ
෥ ൑ ɀ෤ ൑ Ⱦ෨ሽሽ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ Ǥ Ƚ
ɤɭɛɚ  ሺȽ෤ ൑ Ⱦ෨ ሻǡ ɏሺȽ෤ ǡ Ⱦ෨ ሻ ɦɟɪɚ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ.


ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ Ɇ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ

{0,1}. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ෥ Ƚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɨɜ Ⱦ෨ǽǡ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɯ
ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟ¬ɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ 1. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ A ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ M ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ A ɟɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ,ɬɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ A ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ M.
ɋɬɪɨɤɚ,ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɨɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ Ɇ,ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ,ɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ Ɇ. ɋɬɪɨɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɲɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɫ ɜɟɫɨɦ
73

ˋˑ˄ˑˊː˃˚˃ˡ˕˔ˢ ‰ሺȽ෤ ሻǤ ‰ሺሻ ൌ σ ‰ሺȽ෤ ሻ ሺȽ෤ ‫ א‬ሻ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɨɦ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ Ɇ ɜ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ A. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɵ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ Ɇ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ
ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ Ⱥ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ, ɬɨ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɵɦ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɛɨɪɵ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ˆሺš෤ ସ ሻ = (0001001001001000)
଴ଵଵ଴
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ଵ଴଴ଵቇǤ
M= ቆ଴଴ଵଵ
ଵଵ଴଴
ɋɬɪɨɤɢ,ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ,
ሺƒͳʹ ǡ ƒͳ͵ ǡ ƒʹ͵ ǡ ƒʹͶ ǡ ƒ͵ͳ ǡ ƒ͵Ͷ ǡ ƒͶͳ ǡ ƒͶʹ ) ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɵ (1-ɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ 2-ɣ
ɢɧɞɟɤɫ). ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ 2-ɹ ɢ 4-ɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ 2. ɋɬɪɨɤɢ 2-ɹ
ɢ 4-ɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɜɟɫɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ g(A)=2. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɵɯ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɬɨɠɟ 2. (ȿɫɥɢ ɨɬɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ 2-ɭɸ ɢɥɢ 4-ɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ 3).
ͳͳͳͲͲͲ
ͳͲͲͳͲͲ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ȼ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ ൮
ͲͳͲͲͳͲ
൲ 1-ɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ 1-ɣ, 2-ɣ, 3-ɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɵ,
ͲͲͳͲͲͳ
2-ɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ 4-ɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ, 3-ɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ 5-ɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ, 4-ɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ
ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ 6-ɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ 2-ɹ, 3-ɹ, 4-ɹ,
ɬɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ 3, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ 1. ȼɫɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɫ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
g(A)=4. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ 1.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, Nf – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɢɧ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ˆሺȽͳ ǡ Ƚʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚ ሻ ൌ ͳǤ ɉɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ Nf ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻǤ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ˆሺšͳ ǡ šʹ ǡ š͵ ሻ ൌ(10010111) ɢ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ୤ ={(0,0,0), (0,1,1), (1,0,1), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)}:
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶǡ šଷ ሻ=(10010011)=šതଵ šതଶ šതଷ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ šതଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ šଷ .
ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɦ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ šതଵ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଷ ᦭šଵ šଶ,
ଵ ൌ šതଵ  Ÿ୏భ ={(0,0,0),(0,1,1)},
 ଶ ൌ šଵ šଷ Ÿ୏మ ={(1,0,1),(1,1,1)},
 ଷ ൌ šଵ šଶ Ÿ୏య ={(1,1,0), (1,1,1)}.

ȼ n-ɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɤɭɛɟ ɝɪɚɧɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɴɸ (n−r) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɹ ɩɨɞɤɭɛɨɦ

ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ (n−r). ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ n=3. ȼ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ଵ ൌ šതଵ ɪɚɧɝ r=1 ɢ
74
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɟɦɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ୏భ  ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɶɸ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ (3–1), ɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɪɟɛɪɨ ሼሺͲǡͲǡͲሻǡ ሺͲǡͳǡͳሻሽǤ Ƚɪɚɧɶ ୏మ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ (3–2) ɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɛɪɨ
ሼሺͳǡͲǡͳሻǡ ሺͳǡͳǡͳሻሽǤ Ƚɪɚɧɶ ୏య ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ (3-2) ɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɛɪɨ {(1,1,0), (1,1,1)}.
ȿɫɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɬɨɝɞɚ  ൌ ͳ ›ʹ ›
› ǥ › ˋˆ ൌ ͳ ‫ڂ ͳڂ‬ǤǤ...‫୏ڂ‬భ ǡ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ୤ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ
ͳ ǡ ʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ  (ɝɢɩɟɪɝɪɚɧɢ). Ʉɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ˆ  ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ¬ɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻǡ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ,ɤɚɠɞɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶǡ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ˆ .
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ୏ ‫  א‬୤ ɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ୤ ɧɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ, ɱɬɨ 1)
୏ ‫ ב כ୏ ב‬୤ ǡ 2) Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɝɪɚɧɢ ୏‫ כ‬ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɝɪɚɧɢ ୏ , ɬɨɝɞɚ ɝɪɚɧɶ ୏
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɶɸ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ˆ .
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ K, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɜ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ Nf ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ Nk, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɨɣ
ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɢ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻǡ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɝɪɚɧɢ,ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɧɨ¬ɠɟɫɬɜɟ Nf ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ˆሺšͳ ǡ šʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š ሻ .

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ

Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f=(00011111).

୤ ={(0,1,1), (1,0,0), (1,0,1), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)}.
f(šଵ ǡ šଶǡ šଷ ሻ=(00011111)=
=šതଵ šଶ šଷ ›šଵšതଶ šതଷ ›šଵ šതଶ šଷ ›šଵšଶ šതଷ ›
›šଵ šଶ šଷ ൌ šଵ šଶ ›šଵ šതଶ ›šଶ šଷ ,
 ଵ ൌ šଵ šଶ Ÿ୏భ ={(1,1,1), (1,1,0)};
ଵ ൌ šଵ šതଶ Ÿ୏మ ൌ ሼሺͳǡͲǡͳሻǡ ሺͳǡͲǡͲሻሽ;
ȱ
 ଷ ൌ šଶ šଷ Ÿ୏య ={(1,1,1), (0,1,1)}.

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Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ šଵ šଶ ‫šש‬ଵ šതଶ ൌ šଵ , ɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɹɦɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ {(1,1,1), (1,0,0)},
{(1,1,1), (0,1,1)} ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
f(šଵ ǡ šଶǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ šଷ .
Ʉɨɞɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ୤
{(1,1,1), (1,0,0)} Ÿ(1,െǡ െ) Ÿ(šଵ ǡ െǡ െ),
{(1,1,1), (0,1,1)} Ÿ(െǡͳǡͳ) Ÿ(െǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ).

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ǡ šସ )=(1110010101001101) .
୤ ={(0,0,0,0), (0,0,0,1), (0,0,1,0), (0,1,0,1), (0,1,1.1), (1,0,0,1), (1,1,0,0), (1,1,0,1),
(1,1,1,1)}.
ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɤɨɞɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ:
{(0,0,0,0),(0,0,0,1)} Ÿ(0ǡ ͲǡͲǡ െ) Ÿ(šതଵ šതଶ šതଷ െ),
{(0,0,0,0),(0,0,10,)} Ÿ(0,0,െǡͲ) Ÿሺšതଵǡ šതଶ ǡ െǡ šതସ ),
{(0,1,0,1),(1,0,0,1)} Ÿሺെǡ െǡͲǡͳ) Ÿሺെǡ െǡ šതଷ šସ ሻ,
{(1,1,0,0),(1,1,1,1)} Ÿ(1,1,െǡ െ) Ÿሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ െǡ െ),
{(0,1,1,1),(1,1,0,1,)} Ÿ(െǡͳǡ െǡͳ) Ÿሺെǡ šଶ ǡ െǡ šସ ).

Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:

f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻ ൌ šതଵ šതଶ šതଷ  ‫š  ש‬തଵ šതଶ šതସ ‫š ש‬തଷ šସ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଶ šସ .

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɬɚ Ʉɚɪɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ȼɟɣɱɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ
ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ
ˆሺš෤ ସ ሻ=(1110010101001101).
Ⱦɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɞɢɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ

ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ

76
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɞɨɜ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ {(0000), (0001), (0010), (0101), (0111), (1100), (1101),
(1111), (1001)}, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ {(000−), (00−0),
(−−01), (−1−1), (11−0)}. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɞɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
ˆሺš෤ ସ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͲͳͲͳͲͳͲͲͳͳͲͳሻ ൌ šതͳ šതʹ šത͵ ᦭šതͳ šതʹ šതͶ ᦭šത͵ šͶ ᦭šʹ šͶ ᦭šͳ šʹ šതͶ
ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
(000), (010) ֜ ሺͲͲሻ ֜ šതͳ šത͵ ǡ
(011), (111) ֜ ሺͳͳሻ ֜ šʹ š͵ ǡ
(011), (010)֜ ሺͲͳሻ ֜ šതͳ šʹ ,
(101), (111)֜ ሺͳͳሻ ֜ šͳ š͵
ˆሺšത ଷ ሻ  ൌ šതͳ šത͵ ᦭šʹ š͵ ᦭šതͳ šʹ ᦭šͳ š͵ .

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ୤  ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ୤‫  כ‬ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻǡ
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ୤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɝɪɚɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɨɦɭ ୤  ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ.
ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ
ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɢɩɟɪɝɪɚɧɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ ୤ ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:
୩భ ൌ ሼሺͲǡͲǡͲǡͲሻǡ ሺͲǡͲǡͲǡͳሻሽǡ୩మ ൌ{(0,0,0,0), (0,0,10,)},
୩య ൌ ሼሺͲǡͳǡͲǡͳሻǡ ሺͳǡͲǡͲǡͳሻሽǡ୩ర ൌ ሼሺͳǡͳǡͲǡͲሻǡ ሺͳǡͳǡͳǡͳሻሽǡ ୩ఱ ={(0,1,1,1), (1,1,0,1,)}
ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ
୤ ൌ ሼͳ ǡ ʹ ǡ ͵ ǡ Ͷ ǡ ͷ ǡ ͸ ǡ ͹ ǡ ͺ ǡ ͻ ሽ=
={(0,0,0,0), (0,0,0,1), (0,0,1,0), (0,1,0,1), (0,1,1.1), (1,0,0,1), (1,1,0,0), (1,1,0,1),
(1,1,1,1)}.
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. ɇɚɣɞɟɦ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ:
୩భ ൌ  šതଵ šതଶ šതଷ ǡ ୩మ ൌ  šതଵ šതଶ šതସ ǡ
୩య ൌ  šതଷ šସ ǡ ୩ర ൌ šଵ šଶ ǡ ୩ఱ ൌ  šଶ šସ .

77

 Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ଵ ଶ ଷ ସ ହ ଺ ଻ ଼ ଽ
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ
1 ୩భ 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 ୩మ 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 ୩య 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
4 ୩ర 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
5 ୩ఱ 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ

ɨɞɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɫɬɪɨɤ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɚɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ:
(1᦭ʹሻሺͳ᦭͵ሻʹሺ͵᦭ͷሻͷ͵Ͷሺ͵᦭Ͷ᦭ͷሻሺͶ᦭ͷ)=
=2534(1᦭ͳ͵᦭ʹͳ᦭ʹ͵ሻሺ͵Ͷ᦭͵ͷ᦭ͷͶ᦭ͷሻሺ͵᦭Ͷ᦭ͷ)=
=2534(134᦭ͳ͵ͷ᦭ͳͷͶ᦭ͳͷ᦭ͳ͵Ͷ᦭ͳ͵ͷ᦭ͳ͵Ͷͷ᦭ͳ͵ͷ᦭ʹͳ͵Ͷ᦭
᦭ʹͳ͵ͷ᦭ʹͳͷͶ᦭ʹͳͷ᦭ʹ͵Ͷ᦭ʹ͵ͷ᦭ʹ͵ͷͶ᦭ʹ͵ͷሻሺ͵᦭Ͷ᦭ͷ)=
=2534(134᦭ͳ͵ͷ᦭ͳͷ᦭ʹͳ͵Ͷ᦭ʹͳͷ᦭ʹ͵Ͷ᦭ʹ͵ͷሻሺ͵᦭Ͷ᦭ͷ)=2345,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
N=୩మ ᦭୩య ᦭୩ర ᦭୩ఱ ൌ šതଵ šതଶ šതସ ᦭šതଷ šସ ᦭šଵ šଶ ᦭šଶ šସ .

§2.14. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

1. ȼɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɧɬɵ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ

ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ A:
ͳሻ ൌሼšͳ ǡšത͵ ǡšͳ šʹ ǡšʹ šത͵ ሽǡˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺͲͲͳͲͳͳͳͳሻǢ
ʹሻ ൌሼšͳ šതʹ ǡšʹ š͵ ǡšͳ šʹ š͵ ሽǡˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͲሻǢ
ഥ ʹ šത͵ ǡšതͳ šതʹ šതͶ ሽǡ
͵ሻ ൌሼšͳ ǡšതͶ ǡš ˆሺš෤ Ͷ ሻൌሺͳͲͳͲͳͳͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͳͳͲሻǢ
ʹ
Ͷሻ ൌሼšͳ ǡšʹ ǡšͳ šതʹ ሽǡˆሺš෤ ሻൌሺͳͲͳͳሻǢ
ͷሻ ൌሼšͳ š͵ ǡšͳ šത͵ ǡšʹ ሽǡˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺͲͲͳͳͳͲͳͳሻǢ
͸ሻ ൌሼšͳ šതʹ ǡšʹ šത͵ ǡšതʹ ሽǡˆሺš෤ ͵ ሻൌሺͲͲͳͲͳͳͳͳሻǤ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) šଵ ǡ šଶ šതଷ ǡ ʹሻšଵšതଶ ǡ ͵ሻšଶ šതଷ ǡ šതଵ šതଶ šതସ ǡ Ͷሻšଵ.

2. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɣɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ Ȼɥɟɣɤɚ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ

Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:
ͳሻ ൌšതͳ šതʹ ‫š ͳšש‬തʹ šͶ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ šͶ Ǣ
ʹሻ ൌšͳ šതʹ š͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šതͶ ‫šש‬തʹ šത͵ šͶ Ǣ
͵ሻ ൌšͳ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ ‫šש‬തͳ šതʹ š͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ š͵ šͶ Ǣ

78
 Ͷሻൌšͳ šതʹ šͶ ‫šש‬തͳ šതʹ š͵ ‫šש‬ത͵ šതͶ Ǣ
ͷሻൌšത͵ šͶ ‫šש‬തʹ šͶ ‫š ͳšש‬Ͷ ‫š ͵š ʹšש‬തͶ Ǣ
͸ሻൌšͳ šʹ šത͵ ‫š ͵šש‬തͶ ‫šש‬തͳ šͶ ‫šש‬തʹ šͶ Ǣ
͹ሻൌšത͵ šͶ ‫š ͵šש ʹš ͳšש‬തͶ ‫šש‬തͳ š͵ Ǣ
ͺሻൌšͳ šʹ šത͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šͶ ‫š ͵š ʹšש‬തͶ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ šതͶ ‫ ͳš ͵š ʹšש‬Ǥ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) ɉɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ
D=šതଵ šതଶ ᦭šଵ šതଶ šସ ᦭šଶ šതଷ šସ ᦭šതଶ šସ ᦭šଵ šതଷ šସ ᦭šതଵ šതଷ šସ ᦭šതଷ šସ Ǥ
ɉɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɧɢɹ 1) D=šതଵ šതଶ ᦭šതଶ šସ ᦭šതଷ šସ Ǣ
2) D=šଵ šതଶ šଷ ᦭šଵ šതଶ šതସ ᦭šതଵ šଶ šതସ ᦭šതଵ šതଷ šതସ ᦭šതଶ šതଷ šതସ Ǣ
3)  ൌ šଵ ᦭šଶ ᦭šଷ ᦭šସ ;
4)ൌšതଷ šതସ ᦭šଵ šതଶ šସ ᦭šതଶ šଷ šସ ᦭šതଵ šതଶ šଷ ᦭šଵ šതଶ šതଷ ᦭šതଵ šതଶ šതସ Ǥ

3. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɣɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ.

ͳሻሺšͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻሺšതͳ ‫ ͵šש ʹšש‬ሻሺšതʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻǢ
ʹሻሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻሺšͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻǢ
͵ሻሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻሺšതͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש ʹšש‬ሻǢ
Ͷሻሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש ʹšש‬ሻሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻǢ
ͷሻሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻሺšതʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻሺšത͵ ‫ ͳšש‬ሻǢ
͸ሻሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻሺšʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻሺš͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻሺšͶ ‫ ͳšש‬ሻǢ
͹ሻሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש ʹšש‬ሻሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬Ͷ ሻሺšതͳ ‫šש ʹšש‬തͶ ሻǢ
ͺሻሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻሺšͳ ‫šש ͵šש‬Ͷ ሻሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻሺšത͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻǤ
Ɉɬɦɟɬ: 1) šതͳ šത͵ ›šͳ šതʹ š͵ Ǣ ʹሻšͳ ᦭šതʹ šത͵ Ǣ ͵ሻšͳ šʹ ᦭šതͳ šതʹ š͵ ;
4) šͳ šതʹ ᦭šതͳ šʹ ᦭šʹ šത͵ ᦭šതʹ š͵ ᦭šതͳ š͵ ᦭šͳ šത͵Ǣ ͷሻšͳ šʹ š͵ ᦭šതͳ šതʹ šത͵ ;
6) šͳ šʹ š͵ ᦭šͳ šʹ šതͶ ᦭šͳ šത͵šതͶ .

4. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ Ʉɜɚɣɧɚ.

෥ g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳͲͳͳͲሻǢ ʹሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͳͳͳͳͲͳሻ;
ͳሻܽ
͵ሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͳͲͳͳͳͳሻǢ Ͷሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͲͳͲͲሻ;
ͷሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͲͳͳሻǢ
͸ሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͲͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͲሻǢ
͹ሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͲሻǢ
ͺሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͲͲͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͳሻǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) šതͳ š͵ ᦭šതͳ šʹ ᦭šതʹ š͵ ᦭šʹ šത͵ Ǣ ʹሻšʹš͵ ᦭šതʹ šത͵ ᦭šͳ šതʹ ᦭
›šͳ šത͵ ᦭šതͳ šʹ ᦭šͳ š͵ Ǣ ͵ሻšͳ ᦭šʹ šത͵ Ǣ Ͷሻšതͳ šതʹ ᦭šതͳ šത͵ ᦭šതʹ š͵ ;
5) šതʹ šʹ ᦭šʹ š͵ ᦭š͵ šͶ ᦭šͳ šത͵ šതͶ ᦭šͳ šതʹ šത͵ ᦭šͳ šതʹ šͶ ;
6) šͳ šതʹ ᦭šതͳ šʹ ᦭šͳ šത͵ šͶ ᦭šʹ šത͵ šͶ ᦭šʹ š͵ šതͶ ᦭šͳ š͵ šതͶ .

79

 5. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢɡ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ୤ :
ͳሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͳͲͳͲͲሻǢ ʹሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͲͳͲͲͳͳሻǢ
͵ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳͲͲͳͳሻǢ Ͷሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͲͳͳͳሻ;
ͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͲͲͳͳͲͲሻǢ
͸ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͳሻ
͹ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͲͳͳͲͲͲͲͲͲͳͳͳሻǢ
ͺሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͲͲͲሻǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: ͳሻšതͳ ᦭šതʹ š͵ Ǣ ʹሻšതͳš͵ ᦭šʹ š͵ ᦭šͳ šʹ Ǣ ͵ሻšതͳšതʹ ᦭šതͳ š͵ ᦭
›šʹ š͵ ᦭šͳ šʹ Ǣ Ͷሻšതͳ šതʹ ᦭šതͳ š͵ ᦭šʹ š͵ ᦭šͳ š͵ ᦭šതͳ šത͵ ᦭šതʹ šത͵ Ǣ
5) šതͳ šതʹ ᦭šതͳ šത͵ šതͶ ᦭šʹ šത͵ šതͶ ᦭šͳ šʹ šത͵ ᦭šͳ šത͵ šͶ ᦭šതʹ šത͵ šͶ .

6. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. (ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ):

ͳሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͲͳͲͳͳͳሻǢ ʹሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳͳͲͳͳሻ;
͵ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͳͳͲͲͲͲሻǢ Ͷሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͳሻ;
ͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͳሻǢ ͸ሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͲͳሻǢ
͹ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͲሻǢ ͺሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͳͲͳͲͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͳሻǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) š͵ ᦭šͳ šʹ Ǣ ʹሻšതͳšതʹ ›š͵ ᦭šതʹ šത͵ ᦭šͳ šത͵᦭šͳ šʹ ᦭šʹ š͵ ;
3) šതͳ šത͵ ᦭šതͳ šʹ Ǣ Ͷሻšͳ᦭šതʹ ᦭šത͵ Ǣ ͷሻšʹšതͶ ᦭šͳ šത͵ ᦭š͵ šͶ ᦭
›šʹ š͵ ᦭šͳ šͶ ᦭šͳ šʹ Ǣ ͸ሻšതʹ š͵ ᦭šʹ šത͵ ᦭š͵ šͶ ᦭šͳ šതʹ ᦭šͳ šത͵ ᦭šͳ šͶ Ǥ

7. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ:

ͳሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳȂ Ȃ ͲͳȂ ͳሻǢ ʹሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳȂ ͲͳȂ Ȃ ͳͲሻ;
͵ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳȂ Ȃ Ȃ ͲȂ ͳͲሻǢ Ͷሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲȂ Ȃ ͳͲȂ ͳȂ ሻ;
ͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲȂ ͳȂ ͲͳͳȂ ͲȂ Ȃ ͳȂ ͲͳሻǢ
͸ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲȂ Ȃ ͳȂ Ȃ Ȃ ͲȂ Ȃ ͳȂ ͳȂ ͲͳሻǢ
͹ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺȂ Ȃ ͲͳȂ ͳȂ ͲͲȂ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ ͳȂ ͲሻǢ
ͺሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺȂ ͳͲȂ ͳȂ Ȃ ͳͳȂ ͲͳȂ ͲȂ Ȃ Ȃ ሻǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) šʹ ᦭š͵ Ǣ ʹሻšതʹ᦭šതͳ š͵ ᦭šͳ ššത͵ Ǣ ͵ሻšതͳ᦭šʹ šത͵ ;
4) šതʹ ᦭šതͳ š͵ ǡ ͷሻš͵šͶ ᦭šതͳ šതͶ ᦭šതͳ š͵ ᦭šͳ š͵ ᦭šͳ š͵ ᦭šതʹ šത͵ ᦭š͵ šതͶ Ǥ

8. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɣɬɟ ɤɚɤɚɹ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. a) ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ, b) ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ,

c) ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ:
ͳሻ ൌš›‫šש‬തœത‫œ›ש‬തǢ
ʹሻ ൌœത™
ഥ ‫›ש‬തœ™‫›šש‬ത™‫šש‬ത›തœ‫›šש‬തœത‫šש‬ത›ത™ ഥǢ
͵ሻ ൌš›തœ‫›šש‬ത™ഥ ‫šש‬ത›™ ഥ ‫šש‬തœത™
ഥ ‫›ש‬തœത™
ഥǢ
Ͷሻ ൌœത™
ഥ ‫šש‬ത›ത™
ഥ ‫šש‬ത›തœത‫™›šשœ›šש‬ ഥǢ
80
 ͷሻൌœത™‫›ש‬ത™‫™œ›ש™šש‬ ഥ ‫œ›šש‬Ǣ
͸ሻൌš›œത‫›šש‬തœ‫šש‬ത›œ‫œש‬ത™‫›ש‬ത™‫šש‬ത™Ǣ
͹ሻൌšതœ‫›šש›šשœ›ש‬തതത™‫›ש‬തœ™‫™œšש‬Ǣ
ͺሻൌšതœ‫›ש‬ത™‫™œש™šשœ›ש›šש‬Ǥ

9. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ:
ͳሻൌš›‫šש‬തœത‫; œ›ש‬
ʹሻൌš›തœത‫šש‬ത›œത‫šש‬ത›ത™
ഥ ‫šש‬തœത™
ഥ‫œ›ש‬
തതത™;
͵ሻൌšത™‫›ש‬ത™‫œ›שœšש™œש‬Ǣ
Ͷሻൌšതœ‫›šשœ›ש‬ തതത™‫›ש›šש‬തœ™‫™œšש‬Ǣ
ͷሻൌ›œ‫œšש‬ ഥ ™‫šש‬ത›œ‫šש™œšש‬ത›œതǢ
͸ሻൌšത›ത™
ഥ ‫šש‬തœത™ഥ ‫™œ›ש‬ ഥ ‫šש‬ത›തœതǢ
തതതത‫›ש‬തœ™
͹ሻൌšതœ‫œšש‬ത‫™œšשœ›šש‬Ǣ
ͺሻൌ›œ–‫›šש–™›ש‬ തതതœ–‫œ›šש‬ത™Ǥ

10. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɟ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢɡ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:

ͳሻൌš›‫šש‬തœത‫œ›ש‬തǢ
ʹሻൌœത™
ഥ ‫›ש‬തœ™‫›šש‬ത™‫šש‬ത›തœ‫›šש‬തœത‫šש‬ത›ത™ ഥ Ǣ
͵ሻൌš›തœ‫›šש‬ത™ഥ ‫šש‬ത›™ ഥ ‫šש‬തœത™ ഥ Ǣ
ഥ ‫›ש‬തœത™
Ͷሻൌœത™
ഥ ‫šש‬ത›ത™
ഥ ‫šש‬ത›തœത‫™›šשœ›šש‬ ഥ Ǣ
ͷሻൌœത™‫›ש‬ത™‫™œ›ש™šש‬ ഥ ‫œ›šש‬Ǣ
͸ሻൌš›œത‫›šש‬തœ‫šש‬ത›œ‫œש‬ത™‫›ש‬ത™‫šש‬ത™Ǣ
͹ሻൌšതœ‫›šש›šשœ›ש‬ തതത™‫›ש‬തœ™‫™œšש‬Ǣ
ͺሻൌšതœ‫›ש‬ത™‫™œש™šשœ›ש›šש‬Ǥ

11. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢɡ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:

ͳሻൌš›‫šש‬തœത‫œ›ש‬തǢ
ʹሻൌœത™
ഥ ‫›ש‬തœ™‫›šש‬ത™‫šש‬ത›തœ‫›šש‬തœത‫šש‬ത›ത™ ഥ Ǣ
͵ሻൌš›തœ‫›šש‬ത™ഥ ‫šש‬ത›™ ഥ ‫šש‬തœത™ ഥ Ǣ
ഥ ‫›ש‬തœത™
Ͷሻൌœത™
ഥ ‫šש‬ത›ത™
ഥ ‫šש‬ത›തœത‫™›šשœ›šש‬ ഥ Ǣ
ͷሻൌœത™‫›ש‬ത™‫™œ›ש™šש‬ ഥ ‫œ›šש‬Ǣ
͸ሻൌš›œത‫›šש‬തœ‫šש‬ത›œ‫œש‬ത™‫›ש‬ത™‫šש‬ത™Ǣ
͹ሻൌšതœ‫›šש›šשœ›ש‬ തതത™‫›ש‬തœ™‫™œšש‬Ǣ
ͺሻൌšതœ‫›ש‬ത™‫™œש™šשœ›ש›šש‬Ǥ

12. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɟ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɢɡ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:
ͳሻൌš›‫šש‬തœത‫œ›ש‬Ǣ
ʹሻൌš›തœത‫šש‬ത›œത‫šש‬ത›ത™
ഥ ‫šש‬തœത™ തതത™Ǣ
ഥ‫œ›ש‬
͵ሻൌšത™‫›ש‬ത™‫œ›שœšש™œש‬Ǣ
Ͷሻൌšതœ‫›šשœ›ש‬ തതത™‫›ש›šש‬തœ™‫™œšש‬Ǣ
81

 ͷሻ ൌ›œ‫œšש‬ ഥ ™‫šש‬ത›œ‫šש™œšש‬ത›œതǢ
͸ሻ ൌšത›ത™
ഥ ‫šש‬തœത™
ഥ ‫™œ›ש‬
തതതത‫›ש‬തœ™
ഥ ‫šש‬ത›തœതǢ
͹ሻ ൌšതœ‫œšש‬ത‫™œšשœ›šש‬Ǣ
ͺሻ ൌ›œ–‫›šש–™›ש‬ തതതœ–‫œ›šש‬ത™Ǥ

13. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ Ʉɜɚɣɧɚ:

ͳሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳͳͳͲͲሻǢ
ʹሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͲሻǢ
͵ሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳͳͳͳͳሻ
Ͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͲͲͳͳͲͲሻǢ
ͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͳͲͲͲͲͳͳͲͳͲͲͲሻǢ
͸ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͲͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͲͳͲͳሻǢ
͹ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳͲͳͳͳͳͲͳͲͳͳͳͲሻǢ
ͺሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͲͲͳͳͳሻǤ

14. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:

ͳሻ ˆሺš෤ ሻൌšͳ ْšʹ ْǥْš ْͳǢ
ʹሻ ˆሺš෤ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש ʹšש‬ሻሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻْšͶ ْǥْš Ǣ
͵ሻ ˆሺš෤ ሻൌሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש ʹšש‬ሻሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ሻሺšͶ ْǥْš ሻǢ
Ͷሻ ˆሺš෤ ሻൌሺͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͲሻ.

§2.15. Ɂɚɦɤɧɭɬɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ  ൌ ሼˆଵ ǡ ˆଶǡ ǥ ǡ ˆ୬ ሽǤ

Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆ‹ (i=1,...,n) ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ K, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ K ɢ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ [K].
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ K ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ K ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ K ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ [K] ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ  ൌ ሼˆଵ ǡ ˆଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ ˆ୬ ሽ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɫɥɢ [K]=K, ɬɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ K ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ M‫א‬P ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ሾሿ ് , ɬɨ P
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ K.
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆଵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆʹǡ ɬɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆଵˋˆଶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɝɪɭɷɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

82
š›തˋšœҧ ɤɨɧɝɪɭɷɬɧɵɟ, ɚ xy ɢ zz ɧɟ ɤɨɧɝɪɭɷɧɬɧɵɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɩɚɪɧɨ ɤɨɧɝɪɭɷɧɬɧɵ, ɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ.
ȼ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɹɬɶ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɗɬɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ.
1. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɨɥɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɟɫɬɶ f(0,0,...,0)=0, ɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɨɥɶ ɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ Ͳ Ǥ
ͳ 
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚȁͲ ȁ ൌ ʹʹ .
ʹ
ሾ଴ ሿ ൌ  ଴ ˋ଴ ൌ ሼͲǡ šǡ šଵ ْ šଶ ሽ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɣɬɟ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ଴ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ ൫ሺš››ሻ ՜ ሺšȁ›œሻ൯ ՝ ൫ሺ›̱œሻ ՜ š൯Ǥ

ˆሺͲǡͲǡͲሻ ൌ ൫ሺͲ›ͲሻoሺͲȁͲሻ൯p൫ሺͲaͲሻoͲ൯ ൌ ͳ ՝ Ͳ ൌ Ͳǡ

ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ‫ א‬଴ .
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. ɋɭɩɟɪɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɨɥɶ,
܏ሺ‫ܠ‬૚ ǡ ‫ܠ‬૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ‫ ܖܠ‬ሻ ൌ ܎ሺ܎૚ ǡ ܎૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܎‫ ) ܕ‬ɬɨɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɨɥɶ.
Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. ɉɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ
തതതതത
f(0,0,...,0)=0 ɢ ˆ୧ሺͲǡͲǡ ǥ ǡͲሻሺ‹ ൌ ͳǡ ሻ.

‰ሺͲǡͲǡ ǥ ǡͲሻ ൌ ˆሺˆଵ ሺͲǡͲǡ ǥ ǡͲሻǡ ˆଶ ሺͲǡͲǡ ǥ ǡͲሻǡ ǥ ǡ ˆ୫ ሺͲǡͲǡ ǥ ǡͲሻሻ ൌൌ ˆሺͲǡ Ͳǡ ǥ ǡ Ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ.

2. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ

ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɟɫɬɶ f(1,1,...,1)=1, ɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ͳ Ǥ ȁͳ ȁ ൌ
ͳ 
ʹʹ .
ʹ
ሾଵ ሿ ൌ  ଵ ˋሼͳǡ šǡ šଵ ‫š ר‬ଶ ሽ ൌ  ଵ .
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. ɋɭɩɟɪɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ܏ሺ‫ܠ‬૚ ǡ ‫ܠ‬૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ‫ ܖܠ‬ሻ ൌ ܎ሺ܎૚ ǡ ܎૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܎‫ ) ܕ‬ɬɨɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ.
Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. ɉɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ
f(1,1,...,1)=1 ɢ ˆ୧ሺͳǡͳǡ ǥ ǡͳሻሺ‹ ൌ ͳǡ തതതതത
ሻ.
‰ሺͳǡͳǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǡͳሻ ൌ ˆሺˆଵ ሺͳǡͳǡ ǥ ǡͳሻǡ ˆଶ ሺͳǡͳǡ ǥ ǡͳሻǡ ǥ ǡ ˆ୫ ሺͳǡͳǡ ǥ ǡͳሻ)=1.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɣɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ଵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ˆሺͳǡͳǡͳሻ ൌ ሺͲšͳሻ›ሺͳšͳሻ›ሺͳšͲሻ ൌ ͳǡˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ‫ א‬ଵ .
[{š››ǡ šْ›ሽሿ ൌ ଴ ǡ ሾሼš››ǡ š̱›ሽሿ ൌ ଵ ǡሾሼš›ǡ š̱›ሽሿ ൌ ଵ.

83

 3. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɛɟ. ȼ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ ˆ ‫ כ‬ሺšͳǡšʹ ǡǥǡš ሻ ൌ ˆሺš തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
ത ͳ ǡšതʹ ǡǥǡšത ሻ ࡄ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɞɜɨɣɫɬ¬ɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšͳ ǡ šʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š ሻ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ
തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
ˆ ‫ כ‬ሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡǥǡš ሻ ൌ ˆሺš
ത ͳ ǡšതʹ ǡǥǡšത ሻ ൌ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ,
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ S.
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ |S|=ඥʹଶ౤ .
ሾሿ ൌ ǡ ሼšതǡ šǡ šଶ }= S.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ܎ǡ ܎૚ ǡ ܎૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܎‫ ܁ א ܕ‬ɢ
g=܎ሺ܎ǡ ܎૚ ǡ ܎૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܎‫ ܕ‬ሻ,
‫כ כ‬
ɬɨɝɞɚ ܏ ൌ ܎ ሺ܎૚ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܎‫א) ܕ‬S .
‫כ‬ ‫כ‬

Ʌɟɦɦɚ. ɂɡ ɧɟɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɛɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ˔˒ˑˏˑ˜˟ˡ˃˓ˆ˖ˏˈː˕ˑ˅šˋšത ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɧɟɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɭɧɧɭɸ
ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ.

ɂɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫š ש‬ଶ ˒ˑˎ˖˚˃ˈˏ ‰ሺšሻ ൌ š ‫š ש‬ത ൌ ͳǡ

ɂɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫š ר‬ଶ ˒ˑˎ˖˚˃ˈˏ ‰ሺšሻ ൌ š ‫š ר‬ത ൌ Ͳǡ
ɂɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ՜ šଶ ˒ˑˎ˖˚˃ˈˏ ‰ሺšሻ ൌ šത ՜ šത ൌ ͳ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ šത ɢ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɛɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ˆሺš ଷ ሻ ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲͲͳͳͳሻǡˆ ‫ כ‬ൌ(00011010) Ÿˆ ‫ˆ ് כ‬.
ȿɫɥɢ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ˆሺšǡ šǡ šതሻ ൌ ˆሺšതǡ šതǡ šሻǡ ˆሺšǡ šതǡ šሻ ൌ ˆሺšതǡ šǡ šതሻ,
f(šതǡ šതǡ šതሻ ൌ ˆሺšǡ šǡ šሻǡ ˆሺšǡ šതǡ šതሻ ൌ ˆሺšതǡ šǡ š).
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨ, ɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɛɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺȽ଴ǡ Ƚଵ ǡ Ƚଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ƚଶ౤ିଵ ሻ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɛɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ଶ ିଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ തതത
Ƚ଴ ሻ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ,ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚ¬ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ
‫כ‬ሺ ౤
ˆ Ƚതതതതതതത
ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟ¬ɛɟ, ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ˆሺͲǡͲǡͲሻ ് ˆሺͳǡͳǡͳሻǡ
ˆሺͲǡͲǡͳሻ ് ˆሺͳǡͳǡͲሻǡ ˆሺͲǡͳǡͲሻ ് ˆሺͳǡͲǡͳሻǡ ˆሺͲǡͳǡͳሻ ് ˆሺͳǡͲǡͲሻ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ⱦɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɥɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
f=šଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଶ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଷ šଵ ?
0=f(0,0,0)≠f(1,1,1)=1, 0=f(0,0,0)≠f(1,1,0)=1,
0=f(0,1,0)≠f(1,0,1)=1, 1=f(0,1,1)≠f(1,0,0)=0
f=(00010111), ˆ ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳͲͳͳͳሻǡ ˆ ൌ ˆ ‫(כ‬ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɛɟ).
‫כ‬

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f(x,y)=x‫ ש‬y

84
 f(0,0)=0്f(1,1)=1, f(0,1)=1=f(1,0)=1,
ɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɛɟ:
ˆ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳሻǡˆ ‫ כ‬ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳሻŸˆ ് ˆ ‫ כ‬.

4. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɛɨɪɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ (α1,α2,...,αn), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ šଵ ǡ šʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ǡɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɨ¬ɪɨɜ D ൌ
ሺDͳͳ ǡ Dͳʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ Dͳ ሻˋE ൌ ሺDʹͳ ǡ Dʹʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ Dʹ ሻ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ Dଵ୧dDʹ‹ ሺ‹ ൌ
ͳǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ሻ, ɬɨ ɧɚɛɨɪ D ɢɞɟɬ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚɛɨɪ E. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɛɨɪ D ɢɞɟɬ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ
ɧɚɛɨɪ E ɢ ˆሺDሻdˆሺEሻ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆሺšଵ ǡšʹ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɣ
ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ M.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ܎ǡ ܎૚ ǡ ܎૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܎‫א ܕ‬M ɢ
܏ሺ‫ܠ‬૚ ǡ ‫ܠ‬૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ‫ ܖܠ‬ሻ ൌ ܎ሺ܎૚ ǡ ܎૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܎‫ ܕ‬ሻǡ ˕ˑ܏ሺ‫ܠ‬૚ ࢞૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ‫ ܖܠ‬ሻ‫א‬M.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ

f(x,y,z)=x⊕yz
ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɣ. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:
X y yz x⊕yz
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ f(1,1,0)=1, f(1,1,1)=0. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ

ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɚɹ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(x,y)=xy(x⊕y) ɢɦɟɟɦ
f(x,y)=xy(x⊕y)=xy⊕xy=0,
ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɜ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɬɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ:
1) Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɨɥɚɦ:
ˆ ൌ ሺȽ଴ Ƚଵ Ƚଶ Ƚଷ Ƚସ Ƚହ Ƚ଺ Ƚ଻ ሻŸˆଵ ൌ ሺȽ଴ Ƚଵ Ƚଶ Ƚଷ ሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ሺȽସ Ƚହ Ƚ଺ Ƚ଻ )

85

ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ˆଵ ൑ ˆଶ , ɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɲɚɝɚ ɧɟɬ.
2) Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɨɥɚɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆଶ ൌ ሺȽ଴ Ƚଵ Ƚଶ Ƚଷ ሻ˅˅ˋˇˈˆଷ ൌ ሺȽ଴Ƚଵ ሻǡ ˆସ ൌ ሺȽଶȽଷ ),
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆଶ ൌ ሺȽସ ȽହȽ଺ Ƚ଻ሻ˅˅ˋˇˈˆହ ൌ ሺȽସ Ƚହሻǡ ˆ଺ ൌ ሺȽ଺Ƚ଻).
ȿɫɥɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ˆଷ ൑ ˆସ ˋˆହ ൑ ˆ଺, ɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɚɹ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɮɭɤɰɢɢ f=(00011110)
ˆଵ ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲሻǡ ˆଷ ൌ ሺͲͲሻǡ ˆସ ൌ ሺͲͳሻǡ ˆହ ൌ ሺͳͳሻǡ ˆ଺ =(10).
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ˆଷ ൑ ˆସ ǡ ˆହ ൒ ˆ଺ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɚɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f(00110111) ˆଵ ൌ ሺͲͲͳͳሻǡ ˆଶ =(0111) Ÿ ˆଵ ൑ ˆଶ ǡ ˆଷ ൌ ሺͲͲሻǡ ˆସ ൌ
ሺͳͳሻǡ ˆହ ൌ ሺͲͳሻǡ ˆ଺ ൌ ሺͳͳሻˋˆଷ ൑ ˆସ ǡ ˆହ ൑ ˆ଺ , ɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɚɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɦɭɥɵ, ɬɨ ɟɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ (‫ר‬, ‫)ש‬.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆ ൌ š ‫š ש‬ത› ‫š ש‬ത›തz.
ˆ ൌ š ‫š ש‬തሺ› ‫› ש‬തœሻ ൌ š ‫š ש‬തሺሺ› ‫› ש‬തሻሺ› ‫œ ש‬ሻሻ=
=š ‫š ש‬തሺ› ‫œ ש‬ሻ ൌ ሺš ‫š ש‬തሻሺš ‫œ ש › ש‬ሻ ൌ š ‫œ ש › ש‬.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɚɹ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ˆ ൌ šoሺ›ošሻ ൌ šത∨(›ത›šሻ ൌ ሺšത››തሻሺš›šതሻ ൌ šത››ത ൌ šതതതതത š›=(1110),
ɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɚɹ.
Ʌɟɦɦɚ. ɂɡ ɧɟɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵǡšʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ 0,1,x ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɦɨɬɨɧɧɭɸ ɛɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ šത.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
f(šଵ ǡšଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ †šଶ Ÿ‰ሺšሻ ൌ š†ͳ ൌ šത,
f(šଵ ǡšଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ̱šଶ Ÿ‰ሺšሻ ൌ š̱Ͳ ൌ šത,
ˆሺšଵ ǡšଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ ՜ šଶ Ÿ‰ሺšሻ ൌ š ՜ Ͳ ൌ šത.
5. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ
ˆሺšଵ ǡšʹ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ  ൌ ƒ଴ †ƒଵ šଵ †ƒଶ šଶ †Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ †ƒ୬ š୬ ,
ɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆሺšଵǡšʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ L.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ š̱› ൌ šതതതതതതത ْ › ൌ ͳ ْ š ْ ›ˋˎˋšത ൌ ͳ ْ š ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ,
തതതതത
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ š ՝ › ൌ š‫ ›ٿ‬ൌ ͳ ْ š› ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ܎ǡ ܎૚ ǡ ܎૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܎‫ۺ א ܕ‬
܏ሺ‫ܠ‬૚ ǡšš૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ‫ ܖܠ‬ሻ ൌ ܎ሺ܎૚ ǡ ܎૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܎‫) ܕ‬
ɬɨɠɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ.
Ʌɟɦɦɚ. ɂɡ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡšʹ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ˔˒ˑˏˑ˜˟ˡͲǡ ͳǡ šതǡ š ɢ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɴ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
f(šଵ ǡšଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ  ൌ  šଵ šଶ šଷ ْšଵ šଷ ْ šଶ šଷ ْ1,
86
šଷ ൌ ͳǡ ˅ˏˈ˔˕ˑ˃˓ˆ˖ˏˈː˕ˑ˅šଵ ˋšଶ ˒ˑ˔˕˃˅ˋ˕˟šതଵ ˋšതଶ , ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
f(šଵ ǡšଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ  ൌ  šതଵ šതଶ ْšതଵ ǡْ šതଶ ْ1=
=(ሺͳ ْ šଵ ሻሺͳ ْ šଶ ሻ ْ ሺͳ ْ šଵ ሻ ْ ሺͳ ْ šଶ ሻሻ  ْ ͳ=
=1ْ šଵ ْ šଶ ْ šଵ šଶ ْ ͳ ْ šଵ ْ ͳ ْ šଶ ْ ͳ ൌ šଵ šଶ .
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɂɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ Šሺšǡ ›ሻ ൌ š› ْ Ƚš ْ Ⱦ› ْ ɀ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɸ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɴ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ
Ƚ Ⱦ ɀ Šሺšǡ ›ሻ Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ š᦬›
ɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
0 0 0 š› š᦬› š᦬› ൌ Šሺšǡ ›ሻ
0 0 1 š›†ͳ ൓(xy) š᦬› ൌ ൓Šሺšǡ ›ሻ
0 1 0 š›†› ൓š᦬› š᦬› ൌ Šሺ൓šǡ ›ሻ
0 1 1 š›†›†ͳ ൓ሺ൓š᦬›ሻ š᦬› ൌ ൓Šሺšǡ ൓›ሻ
1 0 0 š›†š š᦬൓› š᦬› ൌ Šሺšǡ ൓›ሻ
1 0 1 š›†š†ͳ ൓ሺš᦬൓›) š᦬› ൌ ൓Šሺšǡ ൓›ሻ
1 1 0 š›†š†› š᦭› š᦬› ൌ ൓Šሺ൓šǡ ൓›ሻ
1 1 1 š›†š†›†ͳ ൓ሺš᦭›ሻ š᦬› ൌ Šሺ൓šǡ ൓›ሻ

§2.16. ɉɨɥɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ K={ ˆଵǡ ˆଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ ˆ୬ ሽǤ

ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ [K] ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ K ɪɚɜɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ,ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
[K]= ୬ , ɬɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ K ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. K={š᦭›ǡ š›ǡ šത} ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ (ɉɨɫɬ.E.) Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ
{܎૚ ǡ ܎૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܎‫ } ܕ‬ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ T0, T1,
S, M, L.

ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ, ɱɬɨ

ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɉɨɫɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɵ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ T0, T1, S, M, L, ɫɬɪɨɤɢ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ. ȼ ɹɱɟɣɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ
ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤ "+", ɟɫɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɢ ɡɧɚɤ "−", ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ. ɉɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɟ ɉɨɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɟ ɛɵɥ
ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɢɧ ɡɧɚɤ "−".
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
87
 {ˆଵ ൌ š›†œǡ ˆଶ ൌ š†›†ͳ}?

଴ ଵ S M L
ˆଵ + − − + −
ˆଶ − + − − +

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɉɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɤ "−".

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
A={ˆଵ ൌ ሺ̳ሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ̳ሺ଴ ‰ଵሻ}?
଴ ଵ S M L
ˆଵ − − + − −
ˆଶ − − + − +

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
A={ˆଵ ൌ š›᦭›œ᦭œšǡ ˆଶ ൌ Ͳǡ ˆଷ ൌ ͳǡ ˆସ ൌ š†›†œ}?
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ
ˆଵ ሺšǡ ›ǡ Ͳሻ ൌ š›ǡˆସ ሺšǤ ›ǡ Ͳሻ ൌ š†›,
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
A={ˆଵ ൌ š›ǡ ˆଶ ൌ Ͳǡ ˆଷ ൌ ͳǡ ˆସ ൌ š†›}.
ɗɬɚ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
A={ˆଵ ൌ š›ǡ ˆଶ ൌ š᦭›ǡ ˆଷ ൌ š†›ǡ ˆସ ൌ ›᦭›œ᦭šœሽ?

଴ ଵ S M L
ˆଵ + + − + −
ˆଶ + + − + −
ˆଷ + − − − +
ˆସ + + + + −

A={ˆଵ ൌ š›ǡ ˆଶ ൌ š᦭›ǡ ˆଷ ൌ š†›ǡ ˆ ൌସ š›᦭›œ᦭šœ}.

ɗɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ A ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ଴ .

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

A={ˆଵ ൌ š›ǡ ˆଶ ൌ š᦭›ǡ ˆଷ ൌ š†›†œ†ͳሽ ?
଴ ଵ S M L
88
 ˆଵ + + − + −
ˆଶ + + − + −
ˆଷ − − + − +

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ
A={ˆଵ ൌ Ͳǡ ˆଶ ൌ ͳǡ ˆଷ ൌ šͳ šʹ ǡ ˆସ ൌ šͳ †šʹ †š͵ ሽ.
T0 T1 L S M
ˆଵ + − + − +
ˆଶ − + + − +
ˆଷ + + − − +
ˆସ + + + + −

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ A ɩɨɥɧɚɹ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ i=6 ɫɬɪɨɤ ɢ j=6 ɫɬɨɥɛɰɨɜ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɢ ɜ

ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɟ ɡɚɞɚɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. (ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ i=j ɩɭɫɬɵɟ).
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ i ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɬɪɨɤɟ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɟ j ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ,
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɟ.
T0 T1 L S M
T0 0 šଵ šଶ šଵ ᦭šଶ šͳ †šʹ
T1 1 šͳ šʹ šͳ ՜šʹ šͳ †šʹ †š͵
L 1 0 šͳ ̱šʹ šͳ †šʹ
S šത šത šത
M 1 šͳ šʹ šͳ ᦭šʹ 1

§2.17. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɟ

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ K ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ

ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ K, ଵˑ˕ˎˋ˚˃ˈ˕˔ˢˑ˕ˊ˃ˏ˞ˍ˃ːˋˢˏːˑˉˈ˔˕˅˃ǡ ˕ˑˈ˔˕˟ሾଵ ሿ ്
ሾሿǡ ˕ˑˆˇ˃˗˖ːˍ˙ˋˑː˃ˎ˟ː˃ˢ˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˃ଵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɨɣ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ K ɧɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ K.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ {š᦬›ǡ šതሽǡ ሼš†›ǡ š᦬›ǡ ͳ } ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɚɦɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ
89

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɬɛɪɨɫɢɬɴ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ.
Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɨɦ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ A={š ՜ ›ǡ š†›ǡ š᦭›ሽ ɛɚɡɢɫ ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ
ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ? ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɬɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ š᦭›ǡ ɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ͳ ൌ ሼš ՜ ›ǡ š†›ሽ ɢ A1 ɩɨɥɧɚɹ, ɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ A ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɛɚɡɢɫ. ɉɨ
ɬɟɨɪɟɦɟ ɉɨɫɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɨɥɶ,
ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɛɟ, ɧɟ
ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɚɹ, ɧɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɟɪɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ.

Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ .

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ȼɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɚɡɢɫ,

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɒɟɮɮɟɪɚ ɢ
౤ ౤షభ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɒɟɮɮɟɪɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ ʹଶ ିଵ െ ʹଶ ିଵ.

Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:

ഥ ଶ ˋˆଶ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šതଵ ᦬š
ˆଵ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šതଵ ᦭š ഥ ଶ.
Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
Ͳǡ ͳǡ š†›†œǡ š᦬›ሽǡሼͲǡ ͳǡ š†›†œǡ š᦭›ሽ,
ሼͲǡ ͳǡ š†›†œǡ š›†›œ†šœሽ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɢɫɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ:
଴ ଵ S M L
ɔଵ ൌ ͳ − + − + +
ɔଶ ൌ Ͳ + − − + +
ɔଷ ൌ šଵ † ǥ †šଶା୩ ǡ + + + − +
൒ͳ
ɔଵ + + + −

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɵ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ {f1=x⊕y, f2=xy⊕z,

f3=x⊕y⊕z⊕1, f4=xy⊕yz⊕zx}.
଴ ଵ S M L
90
 ˆଵ + − − − +
ˆଶ + − − − −
ˆଷ − − + − +
ˆସ + + + + −

ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ Ʉ.ɇ.Ɏ., ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɡɧɚɤ "−" ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ

ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ:
K=ˆଷ ሺˆଵ ᦭ˆଶ ᦭ˆଷ ሻሺˆଵ᦭ˆଶ ሻሺˆଵ ᦭ˆଶ᦭ˆଷ ሻሺˆଶ᦭ˆସ ሻ  ൌൌ ˆଷ ሺˆଵ ᦭ˆଶ ᦭ˆଷሻሺˆଵ ᦭ˆଶ ሻሺˆଶ ᦭ˆସ ሻ ൌ
ˆଷ ሺˆଵ ᦭ˆଶ ሻሺˆଶ ᦭ˆସ ሻ ൌ ˆଷ ˆଶ ᦭ˆଵ ˆଷ ˆସ =D
ȼ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɨɦɵɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɵ:
ଵ ൌ ሼˆଶ ǡ ˆଷ ሽǡଵ ൌ ሼˆଵ ǡ ˆଷ ǡ ˆସ },
ɨɬɫɸɞɚ ଵ ൌ ሼˆଶ ൌ š›†œǡ ˆଷ ൌ š†›†œ†1}. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ
ଵ ൌ ሼˆଵ ൌ š†›ǡ ˆଷ ൌ š†›†œ†ͳǡˆସ ൌ š›†›œ†œš}.

§2.18. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

1. ȼɵɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ f ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ {A}:

ͳሻˆൌšതǡൌሼͲǡš՜›ሽǢʹሻˆൌšْ›ǡൌሼš՝›ሽǢ
͵ሻˆൌšǡൌሼšْ›ሽǢͶሻˆൌšْ›ْœǡൌሼš̱›ሽǢ
ͷሻˆൌͲǡൌሼš›ْœሽǢ ͸ሻˆൌšǡൌሼš›ሽǢ
͹ሻˆൌš‫›ש‬ǡൌሼšത‫›ש‬തሽǢͺሻˆൌšǡൌሼš›‫šœשœ›ש‬ሽǢ
ͻሻˆൌš›ǡൌሼš›ْœሽǢ
ͳͲሻˆൌš›œ‫–ש‬ሺš‫œש›ש‬ሻǡൌሼš›‫šœשœ›ש‬ሽǢ
ͳͳሻˆൌšْ›ْœǡൌሼšതǡš›‫šœשœ›ש‬ሽǢ
ͳʹȗ ሻˆൌšْ›ْœǡൌሼš›‫œ›ש‬ത‫œש‬തšሽǢ
ͳ͵ሻˆൌšْ›ǡൌሼš›തǡš‫›ש‬തሽǢ
ͳͶሻˆൌš‫›ש‬ǡൌሼš՜›ሽǢͳͷሻˆൌš›ǡൌሼš‫›ש‬ǡšْ›ሽǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) ˆ ൌ šoͲǢ ʹሻˆ ൌ ሺšpšሻpሺ›p›ሻ ՝ ሺšp›ሻ;
3) ˆ ൌ ሺš†šሻ†šǢ Ͷሻˆ ൌ ሺš̱›ሻ̱œǢ ͷሻˆ ൌ šš†š;
തതതതሻǡ ͹ሻˆ ൌ ሺšതതതതത
6) ˆ ൌ šሺ›š തതതതത
ത᦭šതሻ᦭ሺ›
ത ᦭›തሻ.

2. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺš෤ ଷ ሻ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ {A} ɢ ɧɟ

ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɩɚɪɧɨ ɤɨɧɝɪɭɷɧɬɧɵɦɢ:
ͳሻൌሼͳǡšതሽǢ ʹሻൌሼš›ሽ; ͵ሻൌሼš̱›ሽǢͶሻൌሼš›‫šœשœ›ש‬ሽ;
ͷሻൌ š†›†œ†ͳ Ǣ ͸ሻൌ š‫ ; œש›ש‬͹ሻൌሼš՜›ሽǢ ͺሻൌሼš›‫œש‬ሽ;
ሼ ሽ ሼ ሽ
ͻሻൌሼš›തሽǢ ͳͲሻൌሼšሺš‫›ש‬തሻሺ›ത‫œש‬തሻሺœത‫šש‬ሻሽ.

91

 Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) {0,1,šǡ šതሽǢ ʹሻሼšǡ ›ǡ š›œሽǢ ͵ሻሼͳǡ šǡ š̱›ǡ š†›†œ};
4) {šǡ š›᦭›œ᦭šœሽǢ ͷሻሼšǡ šതǡ š†›†œǡ š†›†œ†ͳ}.

3. ɂɡ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ:

ͳሻ ൌሼͲǡͳǡšതሽǢ ʹሻൌሼšْ›ǡš̱›ǡͳሽ;
͵ሻ ൌሼšǡš†›ǡš†›†œሽǢͶሻൌሼš›ǡš‫›ש‬ǡš›‫œש‬ሽǢ
ͷሻ ൌሼš‫›ש‬ǡš՜›ሽǢ ͸ሻൌሼš›തǡš›ሽ;
͹ሻ ൌሼšْ›ْœǡš›ത‫›ש‬തœത‫œש‬തšǡšതሽǢ
ͺሻ ൌሼͳǡš̱›ǡš†›†œ†ͳሽ;
ͻሻ ൌሼš›ǡš›‫šש‬തœሽ;
ͳͲሻ ൌሼšǡš‫›ש‬ǡš‫œש›ש‬ǡš›‫œש‬ሽ.

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) {0, šതሽǢ ʹሻሼš†›ǡ ͳሽǢ ͵ሻሼš†›}; 4) {xy, x‫` ޕ‬

5){š ՜ ›}.

4. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɣɬɟ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ:

ͳሻ ˆൌšͳ šʹ ‫ ͳš ͵šש ͵š ʹšש‬Ǣ ʹሻ ˆൌšͳ ‫; ʹšש‬
͵ሻ ˆൌšͳ †šʹ †š͵ †ͳ Ͷሻ ˆൌሺš‫›ש‬ത‫œש‬ሻ–‫›šש‬തœǢ
ͷሻ ˆൌሺš‫›ש‬ത‫œש‬ሻ–‫œ›šש‬Ǣ ͸ሻ ˆൌሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻǢ
͹ሻ ˆሺšͳ ْšʹ ሻ ͺሻ ˆൌšͳ šʹ ‫ ͵šש‬Ǣ
ͻሻ ˆൌšͳ šʹ ْšʹ š͵ ْš͵ šͳ ْšʹ ْš͵ Ǣ ͳͲሻ ˆൌšͳ ْšʹ ْሺšͳ šʹ ‫ ͳš ͵šש ͵š ʹšש‬ሻǢ
ͳͳሻ ˆൌšͳ šʹ ْš͵ ሺšͳ ‫ ʹšש‬ሻǢ ͳʹሻ ˆൌšͳ šʹ š͵ ْšͳ šʹ ْšʹ š͵ ْš͵ šͳ Ǣ
ͳ͵ሻ ˆൌšͳ šʹ š͵ ْšͳ šʹ šത͵ ْšʹ š͵ ْšͳ š͵ Ǣ ͳͶሻˆൌሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻْሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻْሺš͵ ՜šͳ ሻْš͵ Ǣ
ͳͷሻ ˆൌሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻْሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻْሺšʹ ՜šͳ ሻǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1), 3), 4), 9), 10)‫ א‬ǡ ʹሻǡ ͷሻǡ ͸ሻǡ ͹ሻǡ ͺሻ ‫ ב‬.

5. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɜɟɤɬɪɨɦɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɣɬɟ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ

ɫɟɛɟ.
ͳሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲሻǢ ʹሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳሻǢ
͵ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲሻǢ Ͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͲሻǢ
ͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳͲͲͲͳሻǢ ͸ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͲͲͳͳͲͳሻǢ
͹ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͲͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲͳͳͲͲሻǢ ͺሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͲͳͳͳͲͲͲͳͳͲͲͲሻǢ
ͻሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͲͲͲͳͳͳͲͲͲͳͳͲͲሻǢ ͳͲሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͳͲͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͲͲͳሻǢ
ͳͳሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͳͳͲͳͲͲͳͲͳሻǢ ͳʹሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͳͳͲͲሻǢ
ͳ͵ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲሻǢ ͳͶሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳͲͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲͲͳͲሻǢ
ͳͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲͲͳͲͳͲͳͲͳͳͲͳͲሻǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1), 3), 5), 6), 7), 8) ‫ א‬Ǣ ʹሻǡ Ͷሻǡ ͻሻǡ ͳͲሻ ‫ב‬S.

92
 6. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ "−" ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ 0 ɢɥɢ 1, ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɛɵɥ
ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɛɟ:
Ƚ ൌ ሺͳ െ Ͳ െሻǢ ʹሻȽ
1)෥ ෥ ൌ ሺെͲͳ െሻǢ
෥ ൌ ሺͲͳ െ െሻǢ Ͷሻ෥
͵ሻȽ Ƚ ൌ ሺͲͳ െ Ͳ െ െ െ െሻǢ
෥ ൌ ሺെ െ Ͳͳ െ െͳͳሻǤ
ͷሻȽ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) (1100), 2) (0011), 3) (0101), 4) (01101001),
5) (00010111).

7. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ "−" ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ 0 ɢɥɢ 1 ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ.
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧɚ:
ͳሻܽ෤ ൌ ൫ͳͲȂ ͳ൯Ǣ ʹሻܽ෤ ൌ ሺͲȂ ͳͳሻǢ
͵ሻܽ෤ ൌ  ൫ͳͲͲȂ ͲȂ Ȃ ൯Ǣ Ͷሻܽ෤ ൌ ሺെͲͲͳȂ Ȃ ͳȂ ሻǢ
ͷሻܽ෤ ൌ ൫ͳȂ ͳͲͳȂ Ȃ Ȃ ൯Ǣ ͸ሻܽ෤ ൌ ሺȂ ͲȂ ͳȂ Ȃ ͲͲሻǢ
͹ሻܽ෤ ൌ ൫ͳͳȂ ͲȂ Ȃ Ȃ ͳ൯Ǣ ͺሻܽ෤ ൌ ሺͳȂ Ȃ ͳͳȂ ͲȂ ሻǢ
ͻሻܽ෤ ൌ ൫Ȃ Ȃ ͳͲȂ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ ͲȂ Ȃ ͳȂ ͳͲͲ൯Ǣ ͳͲሻܽ෤ ൌ ሺͳȂ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ ͲȂ ͳͳͲሻǢ
ͳͳሻܽ෤ ൌ ሺȂ ͳͳȂ ͳȂ Ȃ Ȃ ͳȂ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ ͲሻǢ ͳʹሻܽ෤ ൌ ሺȂ Ȃ Ȃ ͲȂ ͲͲȂ ͳȂ ͲȂ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ ሻǢ
ͳ͵ሻܽ෤ ൌ ሺȂ ͳͲͲȂ Ȃ Ȃ ͳȂ ͳȂ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ ሻǢ ͳͶሻܽ෤ ൌ ሺȂ Ȃ Ȃ ͳȂ ͳͳȂ Ȃ ͳͳȂ ͳȂ ͲȂ ሻǢ
ͳͷሻܽ෤ ൌ ሺȂ ͳȂ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ ͲͲȂ ͳȂ ͳȂ Ȃ ሻǤ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) ෥
Ƚ ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳሻǡ ˆ ൌ šଵ †šଶ †ͳǢ ʹሻ෥
ȽሺͲͲͳͳሻǡ ˆ ൌ šଵ ;
Ƚ  ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲሻǡ ˆ ൌ šଵ †šଶ †šଷ †ͳ;
3) ɢ 4) ෥
Ƚ ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲͳͲͳͲሻǡ ˆ ൌ šଷ †ͳǢ ͸ሻ෥
5) ෥ Ƚ ൌ ሺͲͲͳͳͳͳͲͲሻǡ ˆ ൌ šଵ †šଶ Ǣ
Ƚ ൌ ሺͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͳሻǡ ˆ ൌ šଵ †šଶ †ͳǢ ͺሻ෥
7) ෥ Ƚ=(10011001),
ˆ ൌ šଶ †šଷ †ͳǢ ͻሻ෥
Ƚ ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲͲͳͲͳͲͳͲͳͳͳͳͲሻǡ ˆ ൌ šଵ †šଶ †šସ †ͳ;
10) ෥Ƚ ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͲሻǡ ˆ ൌ šଵ †šଷ †šସ †ͳ.

8. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɣɬɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f:

ͳሻˆൌš՜›Ǣ ʹሻˆൌš՜›തതതതതത†šത›Ǣ
͵ሻˆൌš›തሺš̱›ሻǢͶሻˆൌš›‫šש‬ത›ത‫œש‬Ǣ
ͷሻˆൌሺš›‫šש‬ത›തሻœ‫œש‬തሺš›ത‫šש‬ത›ሻǢ͸ሻˆൌš›œത‫›šש‬തǢ
͹ሻˆൌሺሺš՜›ሻሺ›՜šሻሻ̱œǢͺሻˆൌš›œ†š›œത†šത›Ǣ
ͻሻˆൌሺšǡ›ǡœሻ†šത›തœത†š›œǢͳͲሻˆൌሺš‫œ›ש‬ሻ†š›œǢͳͳሻˆൌሺš‫œ›ש‬ሻْšത›œǢ
ͳʹሻˆൌሺš›œ‫›šש‬തœതሻْšሺ›ْœሻǢ ͳ͵ሻˆൌš›œْšሺ›ത† തതതതœሻْšሺ›‫œש‬ሻǢ
ͳͶሻˆൌሺš›œْœšത›തሻ‫ש‬ሺš›തœْšത›œሻǢ ͳͷሻˆൌሺšത›തœത̱š›œതሻ̱ሺš›തœ̱šത›œሻǤ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1), 4), 6), 10)‫ ב‬Ǣ ʹሻǡ ͵ሻǡ ͷሻǡ ͹ሻǡ ͺሻǡ ͻሻ ‫א‬L.

93

 9. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɣɬɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
ͳሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳሻǢ ʹሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳሻǢ
͵ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲሻǢ Ͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͳሻǢ
ͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲͲͳͲͳሻǢ ͸ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲͲͳͳͲሻǢ
͹ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͲͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲͳͲͲͳሻǢ ͺሻ ܽ෤ g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲͳͲͲͳሻǢ
ͻሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͲͳͲͲͳሻǢ ͳͲሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲͳͲͲͳሻǢ
ͳͳሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͳͲͲሻǢ ͳʹሻ ෥ܽg ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲͲͳͲͳͲͳͲͳͳͲͳͲሻǢ
ͳ͵ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͳͲͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͲͲͳͲͳሻǢ ͳͶሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͳͳͳͳͲͲͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͳሻǢ
ͳͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͲሻǤ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1), 3), 5), 7), 8), 9), 10)‫ א‬Ǣ  ʹሻǡ Ͷሻǡ ͸ሻ  ‫ב‬L.

10.ȼ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ

ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ {0,1,x,y} ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ š›ǡ š›ǡ
ഥ šത›ǡš›
തതത:

ͳሻgሺš෤͵ ሻൌšͳ šʹ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬ത͵ šͳ Ǣ ʹሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͳሻǢ

͵ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳͲͳͲͳሻǢ Ͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͲͳͳͳͲሻǢ
ͷሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͲͲͳͳͳͳሻǢ ͸ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͲሻǢ
͹ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͳͲͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͲͳͳሻǢ ͺሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͲሻǢ
ͻሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͲͳͲሻǢ ͳͲሻ ܽ෤ g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͳሻǢ
ͳͳሻ ˆൌሺšͳ ‫ ͵šש ʹšש‬ሻሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻǢ ͳʹሻˆൌሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש‬ത͵ ‫šש‬തͶ ሻሺšതͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫šש ͵šש‬Ͷ ሻሺšതʹ ‫ ͵šש‬ሻǢ
ͳ͵ሻ ˆൌšͳ šതʹ šത͵ šതͶ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ šത͵ šതͶ ‫šש‬തͳ šതʹ š͵ šതͶ ‫šש‬തͳ šതʹ šത͵ šͶ ‫š ʹš ͳšש‬Ͷ ‫š ͵š ʹšש‬Ͷ ‫ ͵š ʹš ͳšש‬Ǥ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ͳሻ ൌ šଵǡ šଶ;

ʹሻ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ šଶ Ǣ
3) ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ͳሻ ൌ šതଵ šതଶ ;
4) ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ Ͳሻ ൌ šଵ šതଶ ;
5) ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻ ൌ ˆሺšଶǡ Ͳǡͳǡ šଵ ሻ ൌ šଵ šതଶ Ǣ
6) ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻ ൌ ˆሺšଶǡ šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ šതଶ ;
11) ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻ ൌ ˆሺšଵǡ šଵ ǡ šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ šଶ Ǣ
12) ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ǡ šସ ሻ ൌ ˆሺšଵǡ ͳǡ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ͳሻ ൌ šଵ šʹ Ǥ

11. ȼ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ

ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ {Ͳǡͳǡ šǡ ›ǡ šതǡഥ›ሽ˕˃ˍǡ ˚˕ˑ˄˞˒ˑˎ˖˚ˋˎ˃˔˟˗˖ːˍ˙ˋˢš›:
ͳሻ ˆൌšͳ ՜šʹ Ǣ ʹሻܽg ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͳͲͲͲሻǢ
͵ሻ ܽg ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲሻǢ Ͷሻܽg ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳͳͲͳͳሻǢ
ͷሻ ܽg ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͳሻǢ ͸ሻܽg ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳͲͳͳͲሻǢ

94
 ͹ሻˆൌšͳ ՜ሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻǢ
ͺሻˆൌሺšͳ šതʹ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ š͵ ሻْšഥͳ šʹ šത͵ Ǣ
ͻሻˆൌሺšͳ šതʹ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ‫š ͵šש‬തͳ ሻǢͳͲሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͳͲͳͲሻǢ
ͳͳሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͲͳͲͲͳሻǢ
ͳʹሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͳͲͲͳͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͳሻǢ
ͳ͵ሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͲͲͳͳͲͳͲͳͳሻǢ
ͳͶሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͳͳͲͲሻǢ
ͳͷሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͳͲͲሻǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ 1), 4), 7), 9) ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɭɥɟɣ ɪɚɜɧɨ 2 ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 2, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɢɞɭ xy;
ഥ ›തǡ ͳሻ ൌ š›Ǣ ͵ሻǡ ͺሻǡ ͳͳሻ  ‫ א‬.
2) ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ ˆሺšǡ

12. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ L ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɣɬɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ A ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɣ:

ͳሻൌሼͳǡšͳ †šʹ ሽǢʹሻൌሼͲǡšͳ ̱šʹ ሽǢ
͵ሻൌሼͲǡͳǡšͳ †šʹ ْš͵ ሽǢͶሻൌሼš†ͳǡšͳ †šʹ ሽǢ
ͷሻൌሼšͳ †šʹ ǡšͳ ̱šʹ ሽǢ
͸ሻൌሼšͳ †šʹ †š͵ ǡš†ͳǡͲሽǢ
͹ሻൌሼšͳ †šʹ †š͵ †ͳǡšͳ ̱šʹ ሽǢ
ͺሻൌሼšͳ †šʹ †š͵ †šͶ ǡš†ͳሽǢ
ͻሻൌሼšͳ †šʹ †š͵ †ͳǡͲሽǢͳͲሻൌ‫ ʹת‬ሺ ʹ ሻǢ
ͳͳሻൌሺ‫ת‬ሻ‫ת‬ሼͲሽǢͳʹሻൌ̳Ǣ
ͳ͵ሻൌሼšͳ †šʹ ǡšͳ †šʹ †š͵ †ͳǡͳሽǢ
ͳͶሻൌሼšͳ šʹ ‫šש‬തͳ šതʹ ǡš†ͳሽǢͳͷሻൌሺ̳ሻ‫ת‬ሺ ʹ ሻǤ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ x1⊕x2 ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɢɞɚ
š୧భ †š‹ʹ †ǥ†š‹ †ͳ, ɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɢ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɚɹ; 2)-5) ɢ 7)-9) ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
6) ɢ 10) ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ.
13. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺš෤ ୬ ሻ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ {A}:
ͳሻൌͲ ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ ʹሻൌͲ ‫ ͳ׫‬Ǣ ͵ሻൌͲ ‫ת‬ǢͶሻൌͳ ‫ת‬Ǣ
ͷሻൌͲ ‫׫‬Ǣ͸ሻൌ̳ͳ Ǣ
͹ሻൌሺ‫ ͳ׫‬ሻ‫ת‬Ǣͺሻൌ‫ת ͳת‬Ǣ
ͻሻൌ‫ Ͳ׫׫‬ǢͳͲሻൌሺ‫׫‬ሻ̳ͳ Ǣ
ͳͳሻൌሺ̳Ͳ ሻ‫ת‬Ǣͳʹሻൌ‫ Ͳת‬Ǣ
ͳ͵ሻൌሺ‫ Ͳת‬ሻ‫ ͳ׫‬ǢͳͶሻൌሺ‫ת‬ሻ̳ͳ Ǣ
ͳͷሻൌሺͲ ̳ͳ ሻ‫ת‬Ǣͳ͸ሻൌሺͲ ̳ͳ ሻ‫ת‬Ǣ
ͳ͹ሻൌሺ‫׫‬ሻ‫ ͳת‬Ǣͳͺሻൌሺͳ ‫ Ͳ׫‬ሻ‫ת‬Ǣ
ͳͻሻൌͲ ‫ת ͳת‬ǢʹͲሻൌሺͲ ‫ת ͳת‬ሻ̳Ǣ
ʹͳሻൌሺ‫ת‬ሻ̳Ͳ Ǣʹʹሻൌሺ‫ת‬ሻ̳ሺͲ ‫ ͳת‬ሻǢ
ʹ͵ሻൌሺ‫ת‬ሻ̳ሺͲ ‫ ͳ׫‬ሻǢʹͶሻൌሺ̳Ͳ ሻ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ
95

 ʹͷሻ ൌሺͲ ‫ ͳ׫‬ሻǢʹ͸ሻൌሺ‫ Ͳת‬ሻ̳ͳ Ǣ
ʹ͹ሻ ൌሺͲ ‫׫‬ሻǢʹͺሻൌ‫ת Ͳת‬Ǣ
ʹͻሻ ൌ̳ሺͲ ‫ ͳ׫‬ሻǢ͵ͲሻൌሺሺͲ ‫ ͳ׫‬ሻሻ‫ת‬Ǣ
͵ͳሻ ൌ̳Ǣ͵ʹሻൌ̳Ǣ
͵͵ሻ ൌሺ̳ሻ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ͵Ͷሻൌሺሺ̳ሻ̳Ͳ ሻ̳ͳ Ǣ
͵ͷሻ ൌሺሺ‫ת‬ሻ̳Ͳ ሻ̳ͳ Ǣ͵͸ሻൌ‫ת‬ሺͳ ̳ሻǢ
͵͹ሻ ൌሺ‫ת‬ሻ̳ሺͲ ‫ ͳת‬ሻǢ͵ͺሻൌሺ‫ Ͳת‬ሻሺ‫ ͳת‬ሻǢ
͵ͻሻ ൌሺ‫ Ͳת‬ሻ̳ͳ ǢͶͲሻൌሺ‫ ͳת Ͳת‬ሻ̳Ǣ
Ͷͳሻ ൌሺͲ ‫ת ͳת‬ሻ̳ǢͶʹሻൌͲ ‫׫ ͳ׫‬Ǣ
Ͷ͵ሻ ൌͲ ‫׫׫ ͳ׫‬ǢͶͶሻൌͲ ‫׫ ͳ׫‬Ǥ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ
k
3 k −1 k k
k−2
2 k
−1
k
−1 22 +
ʹ୬ ൌ ǣͳሻ 2 Ǣ ʹሻ 4 Ǣ ͵ሻǢ Ͷሻ 2 2 Ǣ  ͷሻ 2 2
+ k Ǣ ͸ሻǢ ͹ሻ 2 Ǣ ͺሻ 2 Ǣ 9)
(2 + k)
k
−1 k 1 k / 2−1
2 k −1 + 2 2
+
2; 10) 2 .

14. ɉɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆˏːˑˉˈ˔˕˅˖ଵ ̳଴?

ͳሻ ˆൌሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻሺšʹ ՜š͵ ሻሺš͵ ՜šͳ ሻǢ
ʹሻ ˆൌሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡš͵ ሻǢ͵ሻˆൌšͳ ՜ሺšʹ ՜ሺš͵ ՜šͳ ሻሻǢ
Ͷሻ ˆൌšͳ šʹ š͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ ‫šש‬തʹ Ǣͷሻˆൌሺšͳ ‫šש‬തʹ ሻšത͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ ‫šש‬തʹ Ǣ
͸ሻ ˆൌšതതതതതത
ത ͳ šʹ šത͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ ‫šש‬തʹ ‫ ͵š ʹš ͳšש‬Ǣ
͹ሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲሻǢ ͺሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͳͲͳͳͲͲͳሻǢ
ͻሻ ܽ෤g ൌ ሺͳͲͲͲͲͳͳͳሻǢ ͳͲሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳͳͲͳͳሻǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1), 3), 4), 6), 8), 9)‫ א‬ଵ ̳଴ Ǣ ʹሻǡ ͷሻǡ ͹ሻǡ ͳͲሻ ‫ ב‬ଵ ̳଴ .

15. Ⱦɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ:
ͳሻ ሾሼš‫›ש‬ǡšْ›ሽሿൌͲ Ǣ ʹሻሾሼš‫›ש‬ǡš̱›ሽሿൌͳ Ǣ
͵ሻ ሾሼš›ǡš̱›ሽሿൌͳ Ǣ Ͷሻሾሼš›ْœሽሿൌͲ Ǣ
ͷሻ ሾሼš›ǡšْ›ْœሽሿൌͲ ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ ͸ሻሾሼš›ْœْ–ሽሿൌͲ ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ
͹ሻ ሾሼšْ›ሽሿൌ‫ Ͳת‬Ǣ ͺሻሾሼš̱›ሽሿൌ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ
ͻሻ ሾሼšْ›ْœሽሿൌ‫ Ͳתת‬Ǣ
ͳͲȗ ሻሾሼሺšǡ›ǡœሻǡšْ›ْœሽሿൌͲ ‫ת‬Ǣ
ͳͳȗ ሻሾሼሺšതǡ›ǡœሻሽሿൌͳ ‫ת‬Ǣͳʹሻሾሼš†›†œ†ͳሽሿൌ‫ת‬Ǣ
ͳ͵ሻ ሾሼš›ǡሺšǡ›ǡœതሻሽሿൌͲ ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ
ͳͶሻ ሾሼš‫›ש‬ǡሺšǡ›തǡœሻሽሿൌͲ ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ
ͳͷሻ ሾሼሺšǡ›ǡœሻǡšْ›ሽሿൌͲ Ǥ

16. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ {A} ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ K:

ͳሻ ൌሼš›̱œሽǡൌͳ Ǣʹሻൌሼš›‫œש‬ሽǡൌͲ Ǣ
96
 ͵ሻൌሼš›ǡš̱›ǡš‫›ש‬ሽǡൌͳ Ǣ
Ͷሻൌሼšْ›ْœǡሺšǡ›ǡœሻሽǡൌͲ ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ
ͷሻൌሼš›ǡšْ›ْœǡሺšǡ›ǡœሻሽǡൌͲ ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ
͸ȗ ሻൌሼš›ǡሺšǡ›ǡœതሻሽǡൌͲ ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ
͹ሻൌሼšْ›ǡሺšǡ›ǡœሻሽǡൌͲ ‫ ͳת‬Ǣ
ͺሻൌሼš‫›ש‬ǡš›തሽǡൌͲ ǢͳͲሻൌሼšْ›ْœǡͲሽǡൌͲ ‫ת‬Ǥ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: ͳ ൌ ššašǡša› ൌ šša›ǡš†›†œ ൌ ሺša›ሻaœǡ
xy=xy∼1, ɛɚɡɢɫ; 2) ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɨɦ, A‫ ב‬ଵ ‫ ת‬଴ ;
3) ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɨɦ, A − ɧɟɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ;
4) ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɨɦ; 5) ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɨɦ; 6) ɛɚɡɢɫ.

17. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ෥

Ƚ୤ , ɡɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ,
ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɣ:
ͳሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲሻǢ ʹሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͳͳͲͳͳͳሻǢ
͵ሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͲͳͲͳͳͳሻǢ Ͷሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲͲͳͳͲሻǢ
ͷሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳͲͳͳͳሻǢ ͸ሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͳͲͳͲͲͳͳሻǢ
͹ሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͳͲͲͲͳͳͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͳሻǢ ͺሻܽ෤g ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳͲͳͲͳͲͳͳͳͲͳͳͳሻǤ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1), 4), 6), 7) ∉M; 20, 3), 5), 8) ∈M.

18. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɣ:

ͳሻˆൌሺšͳ †šʹ ሻƬሺšͳ ̱šʹ ሻǢ
ʹሻˆൌšͳ ՜ሺšʹ ՜šͳ ሻǢ͵ሻˆൌšͳ ՜ሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻǢ
Ͷሻˆൌšͳ šതʹ šത͵ ‫š ͳšש‬തʹ š͵ ‫š ʹš ͳšש‬ത͵ ‫šש ͵š ʹš ͳšש‬തͳ šʹ š͵ Ǣ
ͷሻˆൌšͳ šതʹ šത͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ š͵ ‫š ʹš ͳšש‬ത͵ ‫šש ͵š ʹš ͳšש‬തͳ šതʹ š͵ Ǣ
͸ሻˆൌሺšͳ †šʹ ሻšͳ šʹ Ǣ
͹ሻˆൌšͳ šʹ †šͳ š͵ †š͵ šͳ Ǣ
ͺሻˆൌšͳ šʹ †šʹ š͵ †š͵ šͳ †šͳ Ǥ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) ɞɚ, f=0; 2) ɞɚ, f=1; 3) ɧɟɬ,
f(x,0)=šതǢ Ͷሻˇ˃ǡ ˆ ൌ šͳ›šʹš͵Ǣ ͷሻːˈ˕ǡ ˆሺͳǡͲǡ œሻ ൌ ‫ݖ‬ҧ; 6) ɞɚ; 7) ɞɚ; 8) ɧɟɬ.

19. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ
ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ Ƚ ෥ ൏ Ⱦ ෩ ǡ ˕ˑˆሺȽ
෥ሻ ൐ ˆሺȾ෨ሻ:
ͳሻˆൌšͳ šʹ š͵ ‫šש‬തͳ šʹ ሻǢʹሻˆൌšͳ †šʹ †š͵ Ǣ
͵ሻˆൌšͳ šʹ †š͵ Ͷሻˆൌšͳ ‫š ʹšש‬ത͵ ሻǢ
ͷሻˆൌšͳ š͵ †šʹ šͶ Ǣ͸ሻˆൌሺšͳ šʹ šͶ ՜šʹ š͵ ሻ†šͶ Ǥ
20. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ "−" 0 ɢɥɢ 1, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɬɚɥ

97

ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ:
ͳሻ ɀ෤ʹ ൌሺͲȂሻǢ ʹሻ ɀ෤ʹ ൌሺȂȂሻǢ
͵ሻ ɀ෤Ͷ ൌሺȂͲͲȂሻǢ Ͷሻ ɀ෤Ͷ ൌሺȂͳͲȂሻǢ
ͺ
ͷሻ ɀ෤ ൌሺȂȂȂȂȂͲͲȂሻǢ ͸ሻ ɀ෤ͺ ൌሺȂȂȂͳȂȂͲȂሻǢ
ͺ
͹ሻ ɀ෤ ൌሺȂͳȂȂͲȂȂȂሻǢ ͺሻ ɀ෤ͺ ൌሺͲȂȂȂȂȂȂͳሻǤ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) ɞɜɚ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ, (001), (011); 2) ɬɪɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ, (00), (01), (11), 3) ɞɜɚ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ,
(0001), (0000), 5) ɞɜɚ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ, (00000000), (00000001).

21. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ "_" 0 ɢɥɢ 1 ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ M∩S (ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɛɟ) ɢ ɧɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ:
ͳሻ ɀ෤ଶ ൌ ൫Ȃ Ȃ ൯Ǣ ʹሻ ɀ෤ସ ൌ ሺȂ ͲȂ Ȃ ሻǢ
͵ሻ ɀ෤ସ ൌ ൫Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ ͳ൯Ǣ Ͷሻ ɀ෤଼ ൌ ሺȂ ͲͲȂ ͲȂ Ȃ Ȃ ሻǢ
ͳ͸
ͷሻ ɀ෤଼ ൌ ൫Ȃ ͲͳȂ Ȃ ͲȂ Ȃ Ȃ ൯Ǣ ͸ሻ ɀ෤ ൌ ሺȂ Ȃ Ȃ ͲȂ ͲȂ Ȃ Ȃ ͲȂ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ ሻǢ
͹ሻ ɀ෤ ൌ ሺȂ Ȃ Ȃ ͳȂ Ȃ ͳȂ Ȃ ͳȂ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ ሻǢ ͺሻ ɀ෤ ൌ ሺȂ Ȃ Ȃ ͳȂ Ȃ ͲȂ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ ሻǤ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) ɨɞɢɧ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ, (01); 2) ɨɞɢɧ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ, (0011);
3) ɞɜɚ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ, (0011), (0101); 4) ɨɞɢɧ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ, (00001111); 5) ɨɞɢɧ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ,
(01110001); 6) ɨɞɢɧ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ, (01010101).

22. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ:

ͳሻ  ൌ ሼš›ǡ š››ǡ š†›ǡ š›››œ›œšሽǢ ʹሻ  ൌ ሼš›ǡ š››ǡ š†›†œ†ͳሽǢ
͵ሻ  ൌ ሼͳǡ šതǡ šሺ›̱œሻ†šതሺ›†œሻǡ š̱›ሽǢ Ͷሻ  ൌ ሼͲǡ šതǡ šሺ›†œሻ†›œሽǢ
ͷሻ  ൌ ሼšതǡ šሺ›̱œሻ̱ሺ››œሻǡ š†›†œሽǢ ͸ሻ  ൌ ሼšതǡ šሺ›̱œሻ̱›œǡ š†›†œሽǢ
͹ሻ  ൌ ሼš›ሺš†›ሻǡ š›†š†›ǡ ͳǡ š›†›œ†œšሽǢ ͺሻ  ൌ ሼš›ሺš†œሻǡ ͳሽǢ
ͻሻ  ൌ ሼšo›ǡ šതo›തšǡ š†›†œǡ ͳሽǢ ͳͲሻ  ൌ ሼšo›ǡ š†›ሽǤ
23. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɩɨɥɧɭɸ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ:

ͳሻ  ൌ ሼˆଵ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ሺͳͳͲͲͲͲͳͳሻǡ ˆଷ ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲሻሽǢ

ʹሻ  ൌ ሼˆଵ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ሺͲͳͲͳͳͲͳͲሻǡ ˆଷ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳͳͳͳͲሻሽǢ
͵ሻ  ൌ ሼˆଵ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳͲͳͳͲሻሽǢ
Ͷሻ  ൌ ሼˆଵ ൌ ሺͲͳͲͳሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͳͲͲͲሻǡ ˆଷ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲͳͲͲͳሻሽǢ
ͷሻ  ൌ ሼˆଵ ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ሺͳͳͳͲͳͲͲͲሻሽǢ
͸ሻ  ൌ ሼˆଵ ൌ ሺͳͳሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͳሻǡ ˆଷ ൌ ሺͲͲͳͳͲͳͳͳሻሽǢ
͹ሻ  ൌ ሼˆଵ ൌ ሺͳͲሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ሺͲͲͳͳͲͳͳͳሻሽǢ
ͺሻ  ൌ ሼˆଵ ൌ ሺͳͳሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ሺͲͲሻǡ ˆଷ ൌ ሺͲͲͳͳͲͳͲͳሻሽǢ
ͻሻ  ൌ ሼˆଵ ൌ ሺͳͲͲͲͲͲͲͳሻǡ ˆଶ ൌ ሺͲͳͳͲሻǡ ˆଷ ൌ ሺͳͲͲͳሻሽǤ
98
24. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ {A}, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ:
ͳሻ ൌ ሼšo›ǡ š†›ǡ š››ሽ; ʹሻ ൌ ሼš†›†œǡ š››ǡ Ͳǡ ͳሽǢ
͵ሻ ൌ ሼš†›†›œǡ š†›†ͳሽ; Ͷሻ ൌ ሼš››œǡ š›†œǡ š›̱œሽǢ
ͷሻ ൌ ሼš†›†œǡ š†›†œ†ͳǡ š›†›œ†œšǡ šതሽǢ ͸ሻ ൌ ሼš†›†œǡ š›†œš†œ›ǡ Ͳǡ ͳሽǢ

§2.19. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ

ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɭ xi ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
μˆ
ൌ ˆሺš୧ ൌ ͳሻ†ˆሺš୧ ൌ ͲሻǤ
μš‹
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ Ǥ š୬ ሻ˒ˑː˃˄ˑ˓˖˒ˈ˓ˈˏˈːː˞˘ሺš୧భ ǡ š୧మ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୧౤ ሻ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
∂f (x1 , x 2 , ..., x n )
=
∂(x i , xi , ..., xi )
1 2 n

= f (x1 , ..., x i 1 , x i2 ,..., xin , ..., x n ) ⊕ f (x1 , ..., x i 1 , xi2 ,..., xin , ..., x n ) =
= f (x1 , ..., 1,1,... , 1, ..., x n ) ⊕ f (x1 , ..., 0, 0,... , 0, ..., x n ).

ɉɪɢ n=1
∂f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn )
=
∂xi
= f (x1 , x2 , ..., xi−1 , xi , xi+1 ,... , xn ) ⊕ f (x1 , x 2 , ..., xi−1 , xi , xi+1 ,... , xn ) =
= f (x1 , x2 , ..., xi−1 ,1, xi+1 ,... , xn ) ⊕ f (x1 , x2 , ..., xi−1 ,0, xi+1 ,... , xn ).

Ɂɞɟɫɶ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡͳǡ ǥ ǡš୬ ሻ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɫ¬ɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ,

ˆሺšͳ ǡ šʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ Ͳǡ ǥ ǡš ) – ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ.
ப୤
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ப୶౟
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ š‹ˋˊȽ୧ ˅Ƚ
ഥ୧ .
ப୤ ப୤
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ f(x,y,z)=x∨(y∼z) ɧɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ப୶ ˋ ப୷.
∂f
= (0 ∨ (y ⇔ z)) ⊕ (1∨ (y ⇔ z)) = (y ⇔ z) ⊕1 = y ⇔ z = y ⊕ z
∂x

99

 ∂f
= (x ∨ (1 ⇔ z)) ⊕ (x ∨ (0 ⇔ z)) = (x ∨ z) ⊕ (x ∨ z) =
∂y
= x ⊕ (z ∨ z) = x ⊕1 = x.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ šതଶ šതଷ ›šଵšଶ ɧɚɣ¬ɞɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ šͳ :
μˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡš͵ ሻ
ൌ ሺšതଶ šതଷ ›ͳ ή šଶ ሻ۩ሺšതଶ šതଷ ›Ͳ ‫š ڄ‬ଶ ሻ ൌ ሺšതଶ šതଷ ›šଶ ሻ۩šതଶ šതଷ ൌ šଶ .
μšͳ

ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ:

† †ˆ † †ˆ † †ˆ †ˆҧ †ˆ
൬ ൰ ൌͲǢ ቆ ቇൌ ൬ ൰ Ǣ ൌ Ǣ
†š †š †š‹ †šŒ †šŒ †š‹ †š †š

† †ˆ †‰ † †‰ †ˆ †ˆ †‰
ሺˆْ‰ሻൌ ْ Ǣ ሺˆή‰ሻൌˆ ْ‰ ْ Ǣ
†š †š †š †š †š †š †š †š

† †‰ †ˆ †ˆ †‰
ሺˆ‫‰ש‬ሻൌˆҧ ْ‰ത ْ Ǥ
†š †š †š †š †š

ப୤
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ šଶ ː˃ˌˇˋ˕ˈ˒˓ˑˋˊ˅ˑˇː˖ˡ ப୶ .
భ

ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଵ šଶ ൌ ሺͲͲͲͳሻ,
μˆ
ൌ ሺͲ ή šଶ ሻ ْ ሺͳ ή šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͲ ْ šଶ ሻ ൌ šଶ Ǥ
μšଵ
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚɹ k-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:

μ୩ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ μ μ୩ିଵ ˆ
ൌ ቆ ቇǡ
μš୧భ μš୧మ ǥ μš୧ౡ μš୧ౡ μš୧భ μš୧మ ǥ μš୧ౡషభ

ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ˒ˑ˒ˈ˓ˈˏˈːː˞ˏš୧భ ǡ š୧మ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୧ౡ

ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ k ɪɚɡ. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ:
μ୩ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ μˆ μଶ ˆ
ൌ෍ ۩෍ ۩
μሺš୧భ ǡ š୧మ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୧ౡ ሻ μš‹ μš‹ 욌
‹ ‹ǡŒ
‹്Œ
μଷ ˆ μ୩ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ
۩ ෍ ۩ǥْ Ǥ
μš‹ 욌 욍 μš୧భ μš୧మ ǥ μš୧ౡ
‹ǡŒǡ
‹്Œ്
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ ൌ šതଵ šଶ ‫šש‬ଵ šതଷ :

100
 μˆ
ൌ ሺͳ ή šଶ ‫ Ͳ ש‬ή šതଷ ሻ ْ ሺͲ ή šଶ ‫ ͳ ש‬ή šതଷ ሻ ൌ šଶ ْ šതଷ ǡ
μšଵ
μˆ
ൌ ሺšതଵ ή Ͳ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଷ ሻ ْ ሺšതଵ ‫š ש ͳ ڄ‬ଵ šതଷ ሻ ൌ šതଵ ǡ
μšଶ
μˆ
ൌ ሺšതଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ ή ͳሻ ْ ሺšതଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ ‫Ͳ ڄ‬ሻ ൌ šଵ ǡ
μšଷ
ଶ
μ ˆ μଶ ˆ μଶ ˆ μଷ ˆ
ൌ ͳǡ ൌ ͳǡ  ൌ Ͳǡ  ൌ Ͳǡ
μšଵ μšଶ μšଵ μšଷ μšଶ μšଷ μšଵ μšଶ μšଷ

μଷ ˆ μˆ μˆ μˆ μଶ ˆ μଶ ˆ
ൌ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ
μሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ šଷ ሻ μšଵ μšଶ μšଷ μšଵ μšଶ μšଵ μšଷ
μଶ ˆ μଷ ˆ
† † ൌ ሺšଵ ‫š ש‬തଷ ሻ†šതଵ †šଵ †ͳ†ͳ†Ͳ†Ͳ ൌ
μšଶ μšଷ μšଵ μšଶ μšଷ

ൌ šതതതതതത
തଵ šଷ †šଵ †ͳ†šଵ †Ͳ ൌ šଷ ْ šଵ šଷ Ǥ

ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ 1. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ

ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ ˆሺšതଵ ǡ šതଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ šത୬ ሻǡ
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɣ

μˆ μˆ
šଵ šଶ ˆଵ ˆଶ ˆଷ ˆସ ൌšതʹ ˆଵ ˆଶ ˆହ ˆ଺ ൌšതͳ
μšͳ μšʹ
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
μˆ μˆ
šଵ šଶ ˆଵ ˆଶ ˆଷ ˆସ ൌšʹ ˆଵ ˆଶ ˆହ ˆ଺ ൌšͳ
μšͳ μšͳ
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
μˆ μˆ
šଵ šଶ ˆଵ ˆଶ ˆଷ ˆସ ൌͳ ˆଵ ˆଶ ˆହ ˆ଺ ൌͳ
μšͳ μšʹ
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
μˆ μˆ
šଵ šଶ ˆଵ ˆଶ ˆଷ ˆସ ൌͲ ˆଵ ˆଶ ˆହ ˆ଺ ൌͲ
μšͳ μšʹ

101

 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ 2. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ n ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ˆሺšଵǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ
ሺšଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୧ିଵ ǡ š୧ ǡ š୧ାଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୩ ሻ
பౡ ୤
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ (k൑ ሻǡ ˕ˑˆˇ˃ ப୶ ്0.
భ ǥப୶ౡ

ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ 3. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ

μˆ μˆҧ
ൌ Ǥ
μš୧ μš୧
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ 4. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ:
μ μˆ μ μˆ ഥ
μˆ
൬ ‫ šש‬൰ ൌ ൬ ‫šש‬ത ൰ ൌ Ǥ
μš‹ μš‹ ‹ μš‹ μš‹ ‹ μš‹

˜f ˜f ˜ ˜f
šଵ šଶ f ‫ש‬x ‫ש‬x ቆ ‫ש‬x ቇ
˜x1 2 ˜x1 1 ˜x1 ˜x1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0

Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺ‫ܠ‬૚ ǡ ‫ܠ‬૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ‫ ܖܠ‬ሻ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ

(ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.)
തതത
૒܎ തതത
૒܎
܎ሺ ‫ ܠ‬૚ ǡ ‫ ܠ‬૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ‫ ܖ ܠ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ש‬ǥ‫ש‬ Ǥ
૒‫ܠ‬૚ ૒‫ܑܠ‬
šଵ šଶ šଷ f šଵ šଶ šଷ f
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ:

ˆሺšͳ ǡǥǡš ሻ ൌ šതͳ šതʹ šത͵ ‫š ש‬തͳ šതʹ š͵ ‫š ש‬തͳ šʹ šത͵ ‫š ͳš ש‬തʹ šത͵ ‫ ͵š ʹš ͳš ש‬,

ഥ
μˆ ഥ
μˆ ഥ
μˆ
ൌšതʹ šത͵ ‫ ͵š ʹšש‬Ǣ ൌšതͳ š͵ ‫š ͳšש‬ത͵ Ǣ ൌšത šത ‫ š šש‬ǡ
μšͳ μšʹ μš͵ ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ
102
 
ഥ
μˆ ഥ
μˆ ഥ
μˆ
‫ש‬ ‫ש‬ ൌ šതଵ šതଶ ‫š ש‬ଵ šଶ ‫š ש‬തଵ šଷ ‫š ש‬ଵ šതଷ ‫š ש‬തଶ šതଷ ‫š ש‬ଶ šଷ ǡ
μšଵ μšଶ μšଷ
ˆሺšͳ ǡǥǡš ሻ ൌ šതͳ š͵ ‫š ש ʹš ͳš ש‬തʹ š͵ .

§2.20. Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɹɞ

ȿɫɥɢ ˆሺȽሻ᦬ˆሺȾሻ ൌ Ͳǡ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺȽሻǡ ˆሺȾሻ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ

ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ
ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ሺˆሺDͳ ǡ Dʹ ǡ ǥ ǡ D ሻ ൌ ͳሻ ɩɨɩɚɪɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɴɧɵ, ɬɨɝɞɚ
ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡǥǡš ሻ ɜ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɐ ɐ ɐ
ˆሺšͳ ǡšଶ ǡǥǡš ሻ ൌ ሧ šͳ ͳ ǡšʹ ʹ ǡǥǡš 
୤ሺDభ ǡDమ ǡǥǡD౤ ሻୀଵ

ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ⊕, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ

ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɫ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɍɱɢɬɵɚɹ ɜ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ,ɱɬɨ ത̆ ൌ ˘†ͳ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ

ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡǥǡš ሻ ൌ ˆሺͲǡͲǡǥǡͲሻ† ෍ ˆ୧ š୧ † ෍ ˆ୧୨ š୧ š୨ † ෍ ˆ୧୨୩ š୧ š୨ š୩ †

୧ୀଵ ୧ஷ୨ ୧ஷ୨ஷ୩

ْ ෍ ˆ୧భǡ୧మǡǥǡ୧ౡ š୧భ š୧మ ǥ š୧ౡ ْ ˆଵǡଶǡǥǡ୬ šଵ šଶ šଷ ǥ š୬ ǡ

ɡɞɟɫɶ ˆ୧ ‫ א‬ሼͲǡͳሽ.
ɉɪɨɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɭɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ɢ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜ ɧɚɛɨɪɟ (0,0,...,0). Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
μ୩ ˆሺͲǡͲǡ ǥ ǡͲሻ
ൌ ˆଵଶଷǥ୩ Ǥ
μšଵ ǥ μš୩
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡǥǡšሻ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ
(0,0,...,0) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ:

ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡǥǡš ሻ ൌ ˆሺͲǡͲǡǥǡͲሻ ْ ෍ ˆ୧ š୧  ْ

୧ୀଵ
୬ ୬
μˆሺͲǡ ǥ ǡͲሻ μଶ ˆሺͲǡ ǥ ǡͲሻ
ْ෍ š୧  ْ ෍ š୧ š ୨  ْ ǥ
μš୧ μš୧ μš୨
୧ୀଵ ୧ஷ୨
μ୩ ˆሺͲǡ ǥ ǡͲሻ
ْ෍ š š ǥ š୧ౡ  ْ
μš୧భ μš୧మ ǥ μš୧ౡ ୧భ ୧మ
μ୬ ˆሺͲǡ ǥ ǡͲሻ
ْ ǥْ š š š ǥ š୬ Ǥ
μšଵ μšଶ ǥ μš୬ ଵ ଶ ଷ
ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ Ɇɚɤɥɨɪɟɧɚ.
103

 Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ˆሺšͳ ǡšʹ ǡǥǡšሻ˅˕ˑ˚ˍˈሺો૚ ǡ ો૛ ǡ ǥ ǡ ો‫ ) ܖ‬ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ:
୬
μˆሺɐଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ ɐ୬ ሻ
ˆሺšͳ ǡǥǡš ሻ ൌ ˆሺɐଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ ɐ୬ ሻ ْ ෍ ሺš୧ ْ ɐ୧ ሻ ْ
μš୧
୧ୀଵ
୬
μଶ ˆሺɐଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ ɐ୬ ሻ
ْ෍ ሺš୧ ْ ɐ୧ ሻ൫š୨ ْ ɐ୨ ൯ ْ ǥ ۩
μš୧ μš୨
୧ஷ୨
୬
μ୩ ˆሺɐଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ ɐ୬ ሻ
ْ ෍ ሺ š୧భ ْ ɐ୧భ ሻ ǥ ሺš୧ౡ ْ ɐ୧ౡ ሻ ْ ǥ
μš୧భ ǥ μš୧ౡ
୧భ ǡ୧మ ǡǥǡ୧ౡ ୀଵ
୬ ሺ
μ ˆ Ͳǡ ǥ ǡͲሻ
ǥْ ሺš ْ ɐଵ ሻሺšଶ ْ ɐଶ ሻ ǥ ሺš୬ ْ ɐ୬ ሻǤ
μšଵ ǥ μš୬ ଵ

ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ Ɍɟɣɥɨɪɚ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ˆሺš෤ ଷ ሻ ൌ ሺšଵ ՜ šଶ ሻ᦭šଷ ˅˕ˑ˚ˍˈሺɐଵǡ ɐଶ ǡ ߪଷ) ɜ ɪɹɞ
Ɍɟɣɥɨɪɚ:
μˆ
ൌሺሺͲ՜šʹ ሻ‫ ͵šש‬ሻْሺሺͳ՜šʹ ሻ᦭š͵ ሻൌͳ‫ ͵šש ʹšْ ͵šש‬ൌš͵ ْšʹ ‫ ͵šש‬,
μšͳ
ப୤
ൌ ൫ሺšଵ ՜ Ͳሻ ‫š ש‬ଷ ൯ ْ ൫ሺšଵ ՜ ͳሻ᦭šଷ ൯= ሺšതͳ ᦭š͵ ሻْሺͳ᦭š͵ ሻൌሺšതͳ ᦭š͵ ሻ ْ ͳ,
ப୶మ
μˆ
ൌ൫ሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻ‫Ͳש‬൯ْ൫ሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻ᦭ͳ൯ൌሺšͳ ՜šʹ ሻ ْ ͳǡ
μš͵
μʹ ˆ
ൌሺš͵ ْͲ‫ ͵šש‬ሻْሺš͵ ْͳ‫ ͵šש‬ሻൌšത͵ ǡ
μšͳ μšʹ
μʹ ˆ
ൌሺሺšതͳ ‫Ͳש‬ሻْͳሻْ൫ሺšതͳ ‫ͳש‬ሻْͳ൯ൌšͳ ǡ
μšʹ μš͵
μଶ ˆ
ൌ ሺͲ ْ šଶ ‫Ͳ ש‬ሻ ْ ሺͳ ْ šଶ ‫ͳ ש‬ሻ ൌ šଶ ْ ͳ ൌ šതଶ ǡ
μšଵ μšଷ
μଷ ˆ
ൌ Ͳത ْ ͳത ൌ ͳǤ
μšଵ μšଶ μšଷ

ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ሺߪଵǡ ߪଶ ǡ ɐଷ ሻ ɜ ɪɹɞ Ɍɟɣɥɨɪɚ:

ˆሺš෤ ଷ ሻ ൌ ሺšଵ ošଶ ሻ ‫š ש‬ଷ ൌ
μˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ μˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ
ൌˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ† ሺšͳ †ɐͳ ሻ† ሺšʹ †ɐʹ ሻ†
μšͳ μšʹ
μˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ μʹ ˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ
† ሺš͵ †ɐ͵ ሻ† ሺšͳ †ɐͳ ሻሺšʹ †ɐʹ ሻ†
μš͵ μšͳ μšʹ
μʹ ˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ μʹ ˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹǡɐ͵ ሻ
ሺšͳ †ɐͳ ሻሺš͵ †ɐ͵ ሻ† ሺšʹ †ɐʹ ሻή
μšͳ μš͵ μšʹ μš͵
μ͵ ˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ
‫ڄ‬ሺš͵ †ɐ͵ ሻ† ሺšͳ †ɐͳ ሻሺšʹ †ɐʹ ሻሺš͵ †ɐ͵ ).
μšͳ μšʹ μš͵
ȿɫɥɢ
μˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ሻ μʹ ˆሺɐͳǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ
ൌɐ͵ ْɐʹ ‫ש‬ɐ͵ ǡ ൌɐ
ഥ͵ ,
μ šͳ μšͳ μšʹ
104
 μˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ሻ μʹ ˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ
ൌሺɐ
ഥͳ ᦭ɐ͵ ሻْͳ, ൌɐ
ഥʹ ,
μ šʹ μšͳ μš͵
μˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ሻ μʹ ˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ
ൌሺɐͳ ՜ɐʹ ሻْͳ, ൌɐͳ ,
μ š͵ μšʹ μš͵
μ͵ ˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ
ൌͳ,
μšͳ μšʹ μš͵
ɬɨɝɞɚ

ˆ൫š෤͵ ൯ൌሺšͳ ošʹ ሻ›š͵ ൌˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡɐ͵ ሻ†ሺɐ͵ †ɐʹ ›ɐ͵ ሻሺšͳ †ɐͳ ሻ†
ഥଵ ᦭ɐଷ ሻ†ͳ൯ሺšଶ †ɐʹ ሻ†൫ሺɐͳ ՜ɐʹ ሻ†ͳ൯ሺš͵ †ɐଷ ሻ†
†൫ሺɐ
†ɐഥଷ ሺšଵ †ɐଵ ሻሺšʹ †ɐଶ ሻ†ഥ
ɐଶ ሺšͳ †ɐଵ ሻሺš͵ †ɐଷ ሻ†
†ɐଵ ሺšʹ †ɐଶ ሻሺš͵ †ɐଷ ሻ†ͳሺšͳ †ɐଵ ሻሺšʹ †ɐଶ ሻሺš͵ †ɐଷ ).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɹɞ Ɍɟɣɥɨɪɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ˆሺš෤ ଷ ሻ ൌ ሺšଵ ošଶ ሻ›šଷ ˅˓˃ˊˎˋ˚ː˞˘˕ˑ˚ˍ˃˘ː˃˄ˑ˓˃ሺߪଵ ǡ ߪଶ ǡ ɐଷ ሻ.

f(0,0,0) =1ْ šͳ šʹ ْšͳ š͵ ْšͳ šʹ š͵ ,

f(0,0,1)=1ْ šͳ ْšͳ šത͵ ْšͳ šʹ šത͵ ,
f(0,1,0)=1ْšͳْšͳ šതʹ ْšͳ šതʹ š͵ ǡ
f(0,1,1)=1ْšͳْšͳ šതʹ šത͵ ,
f(1,0,0)=šʹ ْš͵ْšതͳ šʹ ْšതͳš͵ ْšതʹ šത͵ ْšതͳ šʹ š͵ ,
f(1,0,1)=1ْšതͳْšത͵ ْšതͳ šത͵ ْšʹ šത͵ ْšതͳ šʹ šത͵ ,
f(1,1,0)=1ْ šതͳ ْšതʹ ْšതͳšതʹ ْšതʹ š͵ ْšതͳ šതʹ š͵ ,
f(1,1,1)=1ْ šതͳ ْšതͳ šത͵ ْšതͳ šതʹ šത͵ .

§2.21. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɛɭɥɟɜɨɣ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

1.ɇɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ x, y, z:

a) f ( x, y) = x ⊕ xy , b) f (x, y ) = xy ~ xy ,
c) f (x , y ) = x ↓ (y ⊕ xy ) , d) f (x, y ) = x → (x → y ) ,
e) f (x, y ) = x → (y → x ) , f) f (x, y, z ) = z(y ~ x ) ,
g) f (x , y, z ) = x → (y → z ) , j) f (x , y, z ) = x ~ y ~ z .

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: a) = y, = x ; b) = 0, = 0 ; c) = 0, = 0 ; d) = y, = x ; e)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
= y, = x ; f) = z, = z ͕ = x ~ y ; g) = yz, = xz, = xy; j) =1, =1, =1.
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
105

 2. ɇɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ x, y, z:

1) ˆሺšǡ ›ሻ ൌ š ‫› ש‬തǢ ʹሻˆሺšǡ ›ሻ ൌ šš›ത;

3) ˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ šoሺš∨›ሻǢ Ͷሻˆሺšǡ ›ǡ œሻ ൌ šoሺ›šœሻ;

§2.22. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ

ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ

x y x‫ޔ‬y 0 š֙› x y֙ š y x⊕y

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
଴ + + + + + + +
ଵ + - - + - + -
S - - - + - + -
M + + - + - + -
L - + - + + +

x y x‫ޕ‬y x↓› x̱› ›ത y→š šത x→› x᦬ത› 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
଴ + - - - - - - - -
ଵ + - + - - - + - +
S - - - + - + - - -
M + - - - - - - - +
L - - + + - + - - +






106


Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɋɭɩɟɪɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɀɟɝɚɥɤɢɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
x‫ޔ‬y xy xy=f(x,y)
തതതതത
š᦬› 1†š› തതതതത=N(f(x,y))
š᦬›
šതy y†š› šതҺy=f(N(x),y)
x‫ݕޕ‬ത 1†›†š› x‫›ޕ‬ത=f(x,N(y))
x‫ݕޔ‬ത x†š› x›ത=f(x,N(y))
šത‫ޕ‬y 1†š†š› šത᦭›=f(N(x),y)
x‫ޕ‬y x†›†š› x‫ޕ‬y=f(x,y)
തതതതത
š᦭› 1†š†›†š› തതതതത=N(f(x,y))
š᦭›
xšത 0 xšത=f(x,N(x))
x‫šޕ‬ത 1 x‫šޕ‬ത=f(x,N(x))
x š š =f(x)
y › › =f(y)
šത 1†x šത=f(N(x))
›ത 1†› ›ത=f(N(y))
x̱y ͳ†š†y x̱y=f(x,y)
തതതതത
š̱› š†› തതതതത=N(f(x,y))
š̱›
y՜ š 1†›†š› › ՜ š=f(x,y)
തതതതതതത
›՜š ›†š› › ՜ š=f(x,y)
തതതതതതത
x՜ › ͳ†š†š› x՜ ›=f(xy)
xȁ y 1†š› x|›=f(x,y)
x՝y ͳ†š†›†š› x՝y=f(x,y)
തതതതതതത
š՜› š†š› തതതതതതത
š ՜ ›=N(f(x,y))
šത̱› x†› šത̱›=f(N(x),y)
‫ݔ‬ҧ ՜ › x†›†š› šത ՜ ›=f(N(x),y)
(x‫ޕ‬y)(šo›) › (x‫ޕ‬y)(š ՜ ›)=f(y)
(x‫ޕ‬y)(š̱›) šy (x‫ޕ‬y)(š̱›)=f(x,y)
(x̱y)(x→y) 1†š†› (x̱›ሻሺšo›)=f(x,y)

107

 Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɹ
ɋ.D.ɇ.Ɏ. ɋ.K.ɇ.Ɏ. ɋɨɤ.D.ɇ.Ɏ.
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
š᦭› šത›᦭š›ത᦭š› š᦭› š᦭›
š՜› šത›ത᦭šത›᦭š› šത᦭› šത᦭›
š̱› šത›ത᦭š› (š᦭›തሻሺšത᦭›ሻ šത›ത᦭š›
xy xy (š᦭›ሻሺš᦭‫ݕ‬ത ሻሺšത᦭›) xy
തതതതതതത
š՜› š›ത (š᦭›ሻሺš᦭›തሻሺšത᦭›ത) š›ത
šْ› šത›᦭š›ത (š᦭›ሻሺšത᦭›ത) šത›᦭š›ത
തതതതത
š᦭› šത›ത (š᦭‫ݕ‬തሻሺšത᦭›ሻሺšത᦭›ത) šത›ത
š›
തതത šത›ത᦭šത›᦭š›ത šത᦭›ത šത᦭›ത
›՜š šത›ത᦭š›ത᦭š› š᦭›ത š᦭›ത

§2.23. Ɉ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ

Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɪɟɥɟ-ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɯ ɢ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɦɩ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ (ɧɚɡɨɜɟɦ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ) ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚɹ, ɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɧɚɫ ɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ: ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ (ɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ) ɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ (ɬɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ). ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ
ɚɥɝɟɛɪɨɣ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ: ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɸ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1). Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ (1), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɥɨɠɧɵɦ (0).
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ (ɪɢɫ. 2), ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ (ɪɢɫ. 3). ȿɫɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ, ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ A ɢ  ഥ.

Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ɋɢɫ. 3.

108
 Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ, ɜ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɥɨɠɧɨɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ, ɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɚ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɯɟɦɩɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɚɥɨ
ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɧɚɹ.
ɗɬɚ ɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɡɚɞɚɱ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 4. Ɋɢɫ. 5.

1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ɂɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɪɢɫ. 4) ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ. ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ:
൫᦭ሺ൓᦬ሻ൯᦭ሺ᦬ሻ ‫᦭ ؠ‬ሺ൓᦬᦬ሻ᦭ሺ᦬ሻ ‫ؠ‬
‫᦭ ؠ‬ሺ᦬ሻ᦭ሺ൓᦬ሻ᦭ሺ൓᦬ሻ ‫ ؠ‬ሺ᦭൓ሻ᦬ሺሻ ‫ؠ‬
‫᦬ͳ ؠ‬ሺ᦭ሻ ‫᦭ ؠ‬
ɋɯɟɦɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.
2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ. ɗɬɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ.
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɢɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɍɪɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɣɧɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ “ɞɚ” - ɤɧɨɩɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ
ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ, "ɧɟɬ" – ɤɧɨɩɤɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ (ɞɥɹ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ) ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɡɚɝɨɪɟɬɴɫɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɴɧɚɹ ɥɚɦɩɚ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ A, B, C ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ " 1-ɣ
ɞɚ","2-ɣ ɞɚ", "3-ɣ ɞɚ" ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ Ƚሺǡ ǡ ሻ (ɞɚ -

109

1, ɧɟɬ - 0):

A B C Ƚሺǡ ǡ ሻ
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:

Ƚሺǡǡሻൌሺ൓᦬᦬᦭ሺ᦬ሺ൓ሻ᦬ሻ᦭ሺ᦬᦬ሺ൓ሻሻ᦭ሺሻ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ (ɪɢɫ. 6) ɢ

ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɦ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ.:

Ƚ ൌ ሺ൓᦬᦬ሻ᦭ሺ᦬ሺ൓ሻ᦬ሻ᦭ሺ᦬᦬ሺ൓ሻሻ᦭ሺሻሻ ൌ
ൌሺሺ›ሺ൓ሻሻ›ሺሺ›൓൓ሻ᦬ሺ᦭ሻ᦬ሺ›ሻšሺ൓᦭൓ሻš
᦬ሺ൓᦭ሻ᦬ሺ൓᦭ሻ᦬ሺ᦭൓ሻ᦬ሺ᦭ሻ᦬ሺ᦭ሻ ൌ
ൌሺሻ᦭ሺ᦬ሺ᦭ሻ᦬ሺ᦭ሻ᦬ሺ᦭൓ሻ᦬ሺ᦭൓ሻ᦬ሺ᦭ሻš
᦬ሺ൓᦭൓ሻሻ ൌ ሺሺሻ›ሺšሺ᦭ሻ᦬ሺ൓᦭൓ሻ)=
ൌሺሺሻ᦭ሻ᦬൫ሺ᦬ሻ᦭᦭൯᦬൫ሺ᦬ሻ᦭൓ሺ᦬ሻ൯ൌሺሺ᦬ሻ᦭ሻ᦬ሺ᦭ሻ.

ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ

Ƚ ൌ ሺሺ᦬ሻ᦭ሻ᦬ሺ᦭ሻ.

Ɋɢɫ. 6. Ɋɢɫ. 7.

110
 ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ.
8) ɢ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɟɟ.
F= ((A1∨A3)∧A2)∨(A1∧തതതଶതš͵ሻ›ሺതതത
ଵ šതതതଶത∧A3)=
=((A1∨A3)∧A2)∨തതതଶതš͵ሺͳ›തതത
ଵ ሻ ൌ ሺͳšʹሻ›ሺ͵šʹሻ›ሺതതതଶത∧A3)=
=(A1∧A2)∨(A3∧(A2∨തതതଶത)=(A1∧A2)∨A3 Ÿ
F=(A1∧A2)∨A3.
A1
A2
A1 A2
A3 M N
M N
A1 A2 A3 A3

A1 A2 A3
Ɋɢɫ. 8. Ɋɢɫ. 9.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɢ
ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɟɟ.

Ɋɢɫ. 10. Ɋɢɫ. 11.

ൌ ቀሺ᦬ሻ᦭൫ሺ൓᦬൓ሻ᦭൯ቁ ᦬ ൌ
ൌ ሺሺ᦭ሺሺ൓᦭ሻሺ൓᦭ሻሻሻሺ᦭ሺ൓᦭ሻሻ᦬ ൌ ሺ᦭൓ሻ᦬ ൌ ᦬
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɢɫ. 11.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. (Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ). ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɯɟɦɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɟɟ.

111

ˆͳ ൌˆʹͳ ‫ ʹʹˆר‬,
ˆʹͳ ൌˆ͵ͳ ‫ ʹ͵ˆש‬,
ˆʹʹ ൌˆതതതത
͵͵ ǡ
ˆ͵ͳ ൌˆതതതത തതതത തതതത
Ͷͳ ‫ˆר‬Ͷʹ ‫ˆר‬Ͷ͵ ǡ
ˆ͵ʹ ൌšš›šœ,
ˆଷଷ ൌ ˆതതതത തതതത തതതത
ସସ šˆସହ šˆସ଺ ,
ˆସଵ ൌ šതǡ ˆସଶ ൌ ›തǡˆସଷ ൌ œത,
ˆସସ ൌ šതǡ ˆସହ ൌ ›തǡˆସ଺ ൌ œത.
ˆଶଵ ൌ ሺšത ‫› ר‬ത ‫œ ר‬തሻ ‫ ש‬ሺš ‫œ ר › ר‬ሻǡ ˆଶଶ ൌ šതതതതതതതതതതത
ത ‫› ר‬ത ‫œ ר‬തǤ
ˆ ൌ ˆଵ ൌ ˆଶଵ ᦬ˆଶଶ ൌ ሺšത‫›ר‬ത‫œר‬തሻ‫ש‬ሺš‫œר›ר‬ሻššതതതതതതതത
ത‫›ר‬ത‫œר‬തǤ

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ

1) ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ šଵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǥ š ›šതͳ šതʹ ǥšത ,

2) ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ šଵ šʹ ǥšǦͳ šത .

͵ሻ ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ šଵ ْ šଶ ْ ǥ š୬ .

112
 Ƚɥɚɜɚ III

k-ɁɇȺɑɇȺə ɅɈȽɂɄȺ

§3.1. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ k-ɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ n ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ f(šଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻǡ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ‫ ܧ‬ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡ ǥ ǡ  െ ͳሽǡ Ȃ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹ-
݇

ɸɳɟɟ ɭɫɥɨ¬ɜɢɸ  ൐ ʹǤ š‹ ‫ א‬ሼͲǡͳǡ ǥ ǡ  െ ͳሽǤ Ɂɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ k-ɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ.

šଵ ǥš୬ିଵ š୬ ˆሺšଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ିଵ ǡ š୬ ሻ

0 ... 0 0 ˆሺͲǡ ǥ ǡͲǡͲሻ
0 ... 0 1 ˆሺͲǡ ǥ ǡͲǡͳሻ
0 ... 0 k−1 ˆሺͲǡ ǥ ǡͲǡ ͳሻ
ˆሺͲǡ ǥ ǡͳǡͲሻ
0 ... 1 0
ˆሺͳǡ ǥ ǡ ͳǡ ͳሻ
k−1 ... k−1 k−1

೙
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. ɑɢɫɥɨ k-ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɬ n-ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɜɧɨ ݇ ௞ .
k-ɡɧɚɱɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ n ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ୩ ሺሻǤ ʦˋ˔ˎˑ͵ െ
మ
˘ˊː˃˚ː˞˘˗˖ːˍ˙ˋˌˑ˕ˇ˅˖˘˒ˈ˓ˈˏˈːː˞˘˄˖ˇˈ˕ܲଷ ሺʹሻ ൌ ͵ ൌ ͵ଽ .
ଷ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ˆሺšଵǡ ǥ ǡ š୧ିଵ ǡ š୧ ǡ š୧ାଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ െ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ Ԣ ് ԢԢ ‫  א‬ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ݂ሺšଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୧ିଵ ǡ  ᇱ ǡ š୧ାଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ
ൌ ˆሺšଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୧ିଵ ǡ ᇱᇱ ǡ š୧ାଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻǡ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ š୧  ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ˆሺšଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻǤ ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ š‹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ (ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ
k-ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɬ n-ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ.
1. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ˆሺšଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ ‹ǡ ‹ ൌ Ͳǡ തതതതതതത
ͳ.
2. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɉɨɫɬɚ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ šതˋˑ˒˓ˈˇˈˎˢˈ˕˔ˢ˅˅ˋˇˈ
š ൅ ͳሺ‘†ሻǣšത ൌ š ൅ ͳ.
3. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ Ʌɭɤɚɱɟɜɢɱɚ: ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ Nx ɢɥɢ
̱š ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ̱š ൌ ሺͳሻš.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ k=4 ɷɬɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ.

113

 š šത ̱š
0 1 3
1 2 2
2 3 1
3 0 0

4. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ i (ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ):

ͳǡˈ˔ˎˋš ൌ ‹ǡ
୧ ሺšሻ ൌ൜ ሺ‹ ൌ തതതതതതതത
Ͳǡ ͳ)
Ͳǡˈ˔ˎˋš്‹

5. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ i (ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ):

ͳǡ ˈ˔ˎˋš ൌ ‹ǡ
୧ ሺšሻ ൌቄ ሺ‹ ൌ തതതതതതതത
Ͳǡ ͳ)
Ͳǡ ˈ˔ˎˋš്‹

X ଴ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺšሻ ଴ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺšሻ

0 2 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 2 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 2 0 0 1

6. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ:

min(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻˏˋːˋˏ˖ˏšଵˋšଶ .
7. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ:
max(šଵ ǡ šଶ ሻˏ˃ˍ˔ˋˏ˖ˏšଵˋšଶ.

8. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ k:

šଵ ൅ šଶ ሺ‘†ሻˋˎˋšͳ ْ šʹ ሺ˒ˑˏˑˇ˖ˎˡšଵ ˒ˎˡ˔šଶ ) −
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɵ šଵ ൅ šଶ ɧɚ k.
9. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ k (ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ):
šଵ šଶ ሺ‘†ሻˋˎˋšଵ ٔ୩ šଶ ሺ˒˓ˑˋˊ˅ˈˇˈːˋˈ‫ݔ‬ଵ ː˃šଶ ˒ˑˏˑˇ˖ˎˡሻˑ˔˕˃˕ˑˍˑ˕ˇˈˎˈːˋˢ˒˓
ɧɚ k.

10. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ:

ͳǡ˒˓ˋͲdšଵ šଶ dͳǡ
šͳ ošʹ ൌ ൜
ሺͳሻšଵ šଶ ǡ ˒˓ˋͲdšଶ dšଵ dͳǤ

11. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ:

Ͳǡ˒˓ˋͲdšଵ šଶ dͳǡ
šͳ ‫ ʹš ׹‬ൌ ൜
šଵ šଶ ǡ ˒˓ˋͲdšଶ dšଵ dͳǤ

114
 12. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ k:
šଵ šଶ ǡ˒˓ˋͲdšଶ dšଵ dͳǡ
šͳ šʹ ሺ‘†ሻ ൌ ൜
ሺšଶ šଵ ሻǡ ˒˓ˋͲdšଵ šଶ dͳǤ
13. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ȼɟɛɛɚ:
୩ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ƒšሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ْ1(mod k)
ɉɪɢ k=2
ଶ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ƒšሺšଵ ǡ šଶ )+1(mod k)=
=(šଵ ᦭šଶ ሻ ْ ͳሺ‘†ሻ ൌ തതതതതതതത
šଵ ᦭šଶ  ൌ šതଵ ᦬šതଶ .

14. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɒɟɮɮɟɪɚ:

୩ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ‹ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ْ ͳ(mod k)
ɉɪɢ k=2
ଶ ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ሻ ൌ ሺšଵ ᦬šଶ ሻ ْ ͳ ൌ തതതതതതതത
šଵ ᦬šଶ ൌ šതଵ ᦭šതଶ .
15. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɚɹ x:
Ͳǡˈ˔ˎˋš ൌ Ͳǡ
െš ൌ ቄ
 െ šǡˈ˔ˎˋš ് ͲǤ

ɉɪɢ n=2 , k=3 ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:

šଵ šଶ šതଵ ̱šଵ ‹ሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ) max(šଵ ǡ šଶ ) šͳ ْšʹ šͳ ٔšʹ

0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0
0 2 1 2 0 2 2 0
1 0 2 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 0 2
2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0
2 1 0 0 1 2 0 2
2 2 0 0 2 2 1 1

šଵ šଶ ୩ ୩ šଵ െšଶ šଵ ‫š׹‬ଶ šଵ ՜ šଶ šଵ

0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0
0 1 2 1 2 0 2 0
0 2 0 1 1 0 2 0
1 0 2 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 2 2 0 0 2 2

115

 1 2 0 2 0 0 2 2
2 0 0 1 2 2 0 1
2 1 0 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 0 0 0 10 2 1

k-ɡɧɚɱɧɵɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ

ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɦ:
1. Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ:
šଵ ‫ ʹš כ‬ൌšʹ ȗšͳ ǡ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ‫ אכ‬ሼٔǡْǡ ‹ǡ ƒšሽ.

2. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ:
ሺšଵ ‫š כ‬ଶ ሻ ‫š כ‬ଷ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሺšଶ ‫š כ‬ଷ ሻ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ‫ אכ‬ሼٔǡْǡ ‹ǡ ƒšሽ.

3. Ⱦɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ:
ሺšͳ ْšʹ ሻٔš͵ ൌšͳ š͵ ْšʹ š͵ ,

ƒšሺ‹ሺšͳ ǡšʹ ሻǡš͵ ሻൌ‹ሺ ƒšሺšͳ ǡš͵ ሻ ǡ ƒšሺšʹ ǡš͵ ሻሻ,

‹ሺƒšሺšͳ ǡšʹ ሻǡš͵ ሻൌƒšሺ ‹ሺšͳ ǡš͵ ሻ ǡ ‹ሺšʹ ǡš͵ ሻሻ.

4. ɂɞɟɦɩɨɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ:
max(šଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ିଵ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ ƒšሺƒšሺšଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ିଵሻǡ š୬ ሻǡ  ൒ ͵ǡ
min(šଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ିଵ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ ‹ሺ‹ሺšଵǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ିଵሻǡ š୬ ሻǡ  ൒ ͵.

5.Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɡɢɰɢɢ:

šǡ ˈ˔ˎˋš ‫ א‬ሼ‹ǡ Œሽǡ

– ୧୨ ሺšሻ ൌ ൝ Œǡ ˈ˔ˎˋš ൌ ‹ǡ ሺ‹ǡ Œ ‫ א‬ሼͲǡͳǡ ǥ ǡ ͳሽǡ ‹ ്j).
‹ǡ ˈ˔ˎˋš ൌ Œǡ

തതതതതതതത
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ⱦɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ: ̱ሺš
ത ή ›തሻ ൌ ሺ̱šሻ ή ›ത.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതൌ̱ሺሺš൅ͳሻሺ›൅ͳሻሻ൅ͳൌ
̱ሺšതή›തሻൌ̱ሺሺš൅ͳሻήሺ›൅ͳሻሻ
ൌͳሺš൅ͳሻሺ›൅ͳሻ൅ͳൌሺš൅ͳሻሺ›൅ͳሻǢ
ሺ̱šሻή›തൌሺ̱šሻήሺ›൅ͳሻൌሺሺͳሻšሻሺ›൅ͳሻൌሺš൅ͳሻሺ›൅ͳሻ.

116
 Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. ɜ ɛɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɜ k-ɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ k-ɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ:
ˆሺšଵ ǡ šଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ š୬ ሻ ൌ
ൌ ƒšɐഥ ൛‹ሺˆሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡǥǡɐ ሻǡ ɐͳ ሺšͳ ሻǡ ɐʹ ሺšʹ ሻǡǥǡ ɐ ሺš ሻሻൟ,

ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ ɐ

ഥ ൌ ሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡǥǡɐ ሻ.
Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ˆሺš෤ ୬ሻ ൌ ෍ ˆሺɐ
෥ሻ ஢భ ሺšଵ ሻ ǥ ஢౤ ሺš୬ ሻ
ഥ
஢
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ
ഥ ൌ ሺɐଵ ǡ ɐଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ ɐ୬ ).
ɐ

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ˆሺšǡ›ሻൌƒšሺ Ͳ ሺšሻ Ͳ ሺ›ሻǡሺ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹ ʹ ሺ›ሻሻ
ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
x
Y
0 1 2
0 1 0 0
1 0 1 2
2 0 2 1

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ

ˆሺšǡ›ሻൌƒšሼ ‹൫ͳǡ Ͳ ሺšሻǡ Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൯ ǡ ‹൫Ͳǡ Ͳ ሺšሻǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൯ ǡ

‹൫Ͳǡ Ͳ ሺšሻǡ ʹ ሺ›ሻ൯ ǡ ‹൫Ͳǡ ͳ ሺšሻǡ Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൯ ǡ ‹൫ͳǡ ͳ ሺšሻǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൯ǡ
‹൫ʹǡ ͳ ሺšሻǡ ʹ ሺ›ሻ൯ ǡ ‹൫Ͳǡ ʹ ሺšሻǡ Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൯ǡ
‹൫ʹǡ ʹ ሺšሻǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൯ ǡ‹ሺͳǡ ʹ ሺšሻǡ ʹ ሺ›ሻሻሽ,

ˆሺšǡ›ሻൌƒšሼ‹൫ͳǡ Ͳ ሺšሻǡ Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൯ǡ‹൫ͳǡ Ͳ ሺšሻǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൯ǡ

‹൫ ͳ ሺšሻǡ ʹ ሺ›ሻ൯ǡ ‹൫ ʹ ሺšሻǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൯ǡ ‹ሺͳǡ ʹ ሺšሻǡ ʹ ሺ›ሻሻሽ (ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ),

ˆሺšǡ›ሻൌͳή Ͳ ሺšሻή Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅Ͳή Ͳ ሺšሻή ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅Ͳή Ͳ ሺšሻή ʹ ሺ›ሻ൅

൅Ͳή ͳ ሺšሻή Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ͳή ͳ ሺšሻή ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹή ͳ ሺšሻή ʹ ሺ›ሻ൅
൅ Ͳή ʹ ሺšሻή Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹή ʹ ሺšሻή ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ͳή ʹ ሺšሻή ʹ ሺ›ሻൌ ͳ ሺšሻǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹή ͳ ሺšሻή ʹ ሺ›ሻ൅ Ͳ ሺšሻή Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅
൅ʹή ʹ ሺšሻή ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ ʹ ሺšሻή ʹ ሺšሻ
(ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ)

117
 1) ˆሺšሻൌšതǡ  ൌ ͵ǡ୩ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡʹሽ,
˗ˑ˓ˏ˃ ൌ šതൌͳή Ͳ ሺšሻ൅ʹή ͳ ሺšሻ,
ˆሺšǡ›ሻൌሺšതതതതതሻ൅›
‫ ›ـ‬ത .

x y ‫›ـݔ‬ ഥ›
š‫ـ‬ ‫ݕ‬ത f(x,y)
0 0 2 0 1 1
0 1 2 0 2 2
0 2 2 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 1 0
1 1 2 0 2 2
1 2 2 0 0 0
2 0 0 1 1 2
2 1 1 2 2 1
2 2 2 0 0 0

˗ˑ˓ˏ˃ ൌ ˆሺšǡ›ሻൌሺതതതതതሻ൅›
š‫ ›ـ‬ത ൌ
ൌͳή Ͳ ሺšሻ Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹή Ͳ ሺšሻ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹή ͳ ሺšሻ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹή ʹ ሺšሻ Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹή ʹ ሺšሻ ͳ ሺ›ሻ

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. (ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ)
(mod3)
ˆሺš෤ ʹ ሻ ൌ ƒšሼ‹ሺ ͳ ሺšሻǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻǡͳ),
min( ͳ ሺšሻǡ ʹሺ›ሻǡ ͳሻǡ ‹ሺ ʹ ሺšሻǡ ͳሺ›ሻǡ ͳ),
min(šͳ ǡšʹ )
min( ʹ ሺšሻǡ ʹሺ›ሻǡ ʹ)}
ˆሺš෤ ሻ ൌ ଵ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ଵ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ଶ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ʹ ή ଶ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺ›ሻ,
ଶ

ˆሺš෤ ଶ ሻ ൌ ƒšሼ‹ሺ Ͳ ሺšሻǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻǡͳ),min( Ͳ ሺšሻǡ ʹ ሺ›ሻǡʹ),

minሺ ͳ ሺšሻǡ Ͳሺ›ሻǡͳ),min( ͳ ሺšሻǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹ),
min( ଵሺšሻǡ ଶ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹሻǡ ‹ሺ ଶ ሺšሻǡ ଴ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹ),
max(šͳ ǡšʹ ) min( ଶ ሺšሻǡ ଵ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹሻǡ ‹ሺ ଶሺšሻǡ ଶ ሺ›ሻ,2)}
ˆሺš෤ଶ ሻ ൌ ଴ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ʹή Ͳ ሺšሻ ʹ ሺ›ሻ൅ ͳ ሺšሻ Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅
൅ʹή ͳ ሺšሻ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹή ͳ ሺšሻ ʹ ሺ›ሻ൅
൅ʹή ʹ ሺšሻ Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹή ʹ ሺšሻ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹ ʹ ሺšሻ ʹ ሺ›ሻ
ˆሺš෤ ଶ ሻ ൌ ƒšሼ‹ሺ ଴ ሺšሻǡ ଵ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳሻǡ ‹ሺ ଴ ሺšሻǡ ଶ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹ,
minሺ ଵ ሺšሻǡ ଴ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳሻǡ ‹ሺ ଵሺšሻǡ ଵ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹ),
šଵ ْ šଶ min( ଶ ሺšሻǡ ଴ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹሻǡ ‹ሺ ଶ ሺšሻǡ ଶ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳ)}
ˆ൫š෤ʹ ൯ൌ Ͳ ሺšሻ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹή Ͳ ሺšሻ ʹ ሺ›ሻ൅ ͳ ሺšሻ Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅
൅ʹή ͳ ሺšሻ ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ʹή ʹ ሺšሻ Ͳ ሺ›ሻ൅ ʹ ሺšሻ ʹ ሺ›ሻ
118
 Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢ ɋ.Ⱦ.ɇ.Ɏ. (ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ)
(mod3)
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬෤ ଶ ሻ ൌ ƒšሼ‹ሺ ଵ ሺšሻǡ ଵ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳሻǡ ‹ሺ ଵ ሺšሻǡ ଶ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹ),
šଵ ٔ šଶ minሺ ଶ ሺšሻǡ ଵ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹሻǡ ‹ሺ ଶ ሺšሻǡ ଶ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳ)}
ˆሺš෤ ଶ ሻ ൌ ଵ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ʹ ή ଵ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺ›ሻ+ʹ ή ଶ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ʹ ή ଶ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺ›ሻ
ˆሺš෤ ʹ ሻ ൌ ƒšሼ‹ሺ Ͳሺšሻǡ Ͳ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳሻǡ ‹ሺ Ͳሺšሻǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳ),
minሺ Ͳ ሺšሻǡ ʹሺ›ሻǡ ͳሻǡ ‹ሺ ͳ ሺšሻǡ Ͳሺ›ሻǡ ͳ),
min( ͳ ሺšሻǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹሻǡ ‹ሺ ͳሺšሻǡ ʹ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹ),
୩ min( ʹ ሺšሻǡ Ͳሺ›ሻǡ ͳሻǡ ‹ሺ ʹሺšሻǡ ͳሺ›ሻ,2)},
ˆሺš෤ ଶ ሻ ൌ ଴ ሺšሻ ଴ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ଴ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ଴ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺ›ሻ
൅ ଵ ሺšሻ ଴ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ʹ ή ଵ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ ൅
൅ʹ ή ଵ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ଶ ሺšሻ ଴ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ʹ ή  ଶ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ
ˆሺš෤ ଶ ሻ ൌ ƒšሼ‹ሺ ଴ ሺšሻǡ ଵ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹሻǡ ‹ሺ ଴ ሺšሻǡ ଶ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳ),
minሺ ଵ ሺšሻ ଴ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳሻǡ ‹ሺ ଶ ሺšሻ ଴ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹሻǡ
šଵ െ šଶ ‹ሺ ଶ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳ)},
ˆሺš෤ ଶ ሻ ൌ ʹ ή ଴ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ଴ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ଵ ሺšሻ ଴ ሺ›ሻ ൅
൅ʹ ή ଶ ሺšሻ ଴ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ଶ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ
ˆሺš෤ ሻ ൌ ƒšሼ‹ሺ ଴ ሺšሻǡ ଴ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹሻǡ ‹ሺ ଴ ሺšሻǡ ଵ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹ),
ଶ

minሺ ଴ ሺšሻǡ ଶ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹሻǡ ‹ሺ ଵሺšሻǡ ଴ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳ),

min( ଵ ሺšሻǡ ଵ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹሻǡ ‹ሺ ଵ ሺšሻǡ ଶ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹ),
šଵ ՜ šଶ
min( ଶ ሺšሻǡ ଵ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳሻǡ ‹ሺ ଶሺšሻǡ ଶ ሺ›ሻ,2)}
ˆሺš෤ ଶ ሻ ൌ ʹ ή ଴ ሺšሻ ଴ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ʹ ή ଴ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ ൅
൅ʹ ή ଴ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ʹ ή ଵ ሺšሻ ଴ ሺ›ሻ ൅
൅ʹ ή ଵ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ʹ ή ଵ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺ›ሻ ൅ ଶ ሺšሻ ଵ ሺ›ሻ ൅
൅ʹ ଶ ሺšሻ ଶ ሺ›ሻ
šଵ ‫š ׹‬ଶ ˆሺš෤ ଶ ሻ ൌ ƒšሼ‹ሺ ଵ ሺšሻǡ ଴ ሺ›ሻǡ ͳሻǡ ‹ሺ ଶ ሺšሻǡ ଴ ሺ›ሻǡ ʹ),
minሺ ଶ ሺšሻǡ ଵሺ›ሻǡ ͳ)}

§3.2.Ɂɚɦɤɧɭɬɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ k-ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ϑ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ


୩ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡ ǥ ǡ ͳሽǤ ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɐ෤ ൌ ሺɐͳ ǡɐʹ ǡǥǡɐ ሻሺɐ‹ ‫ א‬Ԃǡ  ൒ ͳǡ ‹ ൌ
തതതത
ͳǡ ሻ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆሺš෤ ሻ ‫   א‬ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
୬ ˆሺߪ෤  ሻǡ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆሺš෤୬ ሻ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ Ԃ ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ୩ . Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ k-

119

ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ¬ɳɢɯ ɦɧɨ¬ɠɟɫɬɜɨ - ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚ¬ɱɚɟɬ¬ɫɹ ሺ-ሻ (ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɫɨɞɟɪɚɳɢɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ -). ȿɫɥɢ ɦɧɨ¬ɠɟɫɬ¬¬ɜɨ ࢡ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ୩ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡ ǥ ǡ ͳሽǡ ɬɨɝɞɚ ሺԂሻ ്  .
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ D={ࢡ_1,ࢡ_2,…,ࢡ_s } – ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɱɚɫ¬ɬɟɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ
୩ ሺ୩ ൌ ‫ڂ‬ୱ୧ୀଵ Ԃ‹  ɢ ɩɪɢ ‹ ് ŒԂ୧ ‫ ת‬Ԃ୨ ് ‫׎‬ǡ ‹ǡ Œ ൌ ͳǡʹǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ •ሻǤ ȿɫɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ a ɢ b,
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ Ek, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ
-Œ ɢɡ D, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ a ɢ b ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɢ D ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ̱ܽ„ሺ‘†ሻ. ȿɫɥɢ
Ƚ୧ ̱Ⱦ୧ ሺ‘†ሻሺ‹ൌͳǡ തതതതሻ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ Ƚ
෥ ɢ Ⱦ෨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɢ D ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ෥ Ƚ୬ ̱Ⱦ෨୬ ሺ‘†ሻ. ȿɫɥɢ
 ෨ ෨
ɩɪɢ ෥ Ƚ ̱Ⱦ (mod D) ɛɭɞɟɬ ˆሺȽ ෥ ሻ̱ˆሺȾ ሻ (mod D),ɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆሺš෤ ୬ ሻሺ ൒ ͳሻ
 

ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ Pk, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɟ D.

Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ k-ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɟ
D=ሼԂଵ ǡ Ԃଶǡ ǥ ǡ Ԃୱ ሽ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ ɤɥɚɫ¬ɫɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ U(D). ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ n ɩɟɪɟ¬ɦɟɧ¬ɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɢɜɭ k-ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɟ ƒ଴ ْ ܽଵ šଵ ْ ǥ ْ ܽ୬ š୬ ,ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧɨɦ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ k. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ܽ௜ ‫ א‬୩ ሺ‹ ൌ ͳǡ തതതതത
), ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ k.
ȿɫɥɢ ˆሺš෤ ୬ሻ ൌ a଴ ْ ܽଵ šଵ ْ ǥ ْ ܽ୬ š୬ , ɬɨɝɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ˆሺš෤ ୬ ሻ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ୩ . ȼɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ k,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ୩ , ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ‫ ܓ۾‬,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ k, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ k ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ k ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ k:

šǢ  šതൌš൅ͳ̱šൌሺͳሻšൌሺͳሻš൅ሺͳሻǢ
š൅› š ή ›Ǣ šൌšൌሺͳሻšǢ
š Ǣ š›ൌš൅ሺͳሻ› .

Ⱥ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ k,

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ k ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ: ‹ ሺšሻǡi‫ א‬Ǣ ‹ ሺšሻǡi‫א‬Ǣ ‹ሺšǡ›ሻ;
šȂ›š‫šƒ›ـ‬ሺšǡ›ሻ.
ȿɫɥɢ k ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ, ɬɨ max(x,y)‫˒ב‬ˑˎˋːˑˏ .

120
 ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɸ ˆሺšሻൌš ʹ‫ š׹‬ɩɪɢ k=5 ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ.
ɉɨɥɢɧɨɦ ˆሺšሻൌܽͲ ْܽͳšْܽʹ šʹ ْܽ͵š ͵ ْܽͶ šͶ ሺ‘†ͷሻ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ܽͲ ǡ ܽͳ ǡ ܽʹ ǡ ܽ͵ ǡ ܽͶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
Ͷ൅݈ ݈
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ሺš ൌ š (mod5)):
ܽ଴ ൌ ˆሺͲሻ ൌ Ͳǡ
ܽ଴ ൅ ܽଵ ൅ ܽଶ ൅ ܽଷ ൅ ܽସ ൌ ˆሺͳሻ ൌ Ͳǡ
ܽ଴ ൅ ʹܽଵ ൅ Ͷܽଶ ൅ ͵ܽଷ ൅ ܽସ ൌ ˆሺʹሻ ൌ ʹǡ
ܽ଴ ൅ ͵ܽଵ ൅ Ͷܽଶ ൅ ʹܽଷ ൅ ܽସ ൌ ˆሺ͵ሻ ൌ ͳǡ
ܽ଴ ൅ Ͷܽଵ ൅ ܽଶ ൅ Ͷܽଷ ൅ ܽସ ൌ ˆሺͶሻ ൌ ͲǤ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ
ܽ଴ ൌ Ͳǡ ܽଵ ൌ ʹǡ ܽଶ ൌ ͵ǡ ܽଷ ൌ ͵ǡܽସ ൌ ʹ Ÿˆሺšሻ ൌ ʹš ْ ͵š ଶ ْ ͵šଷ ْ ʹš ସ Ǥ

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɸ ˆሺšሻ ൌ ̱š ɩɪɢ k=5 ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ (ɦɟɬɨɞ

ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ):

Œ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ܽସ š ସ ൅ ܽଷ š ଷ ൅ ܽଶ š ଶ ൅ ܽଵ š ൅ ܽ଴ ǡ
‫ ۓ‬ଶ ସ
ۖ ܽସ ή Ͳ ൅ ܽଷ ή Ͳଷ ൅ ܽଶ ή Ͳଶ ൅ ܽଵ ή Ͳ ൅ ܽ଴ ൌ Ͷǡ
ۖ
ܽସ ή ͳସ ൅ ܽଷ ή ͳଷ ൅ ܽଶ ή ͳଶ ൅ ܽଵ ή ͳ ൅ ܽ଴ ൌ ͵ǡ
ସ ଷ ଶ
‫ܽ۔‬ସ ή ʹ ൅ ܽଷ ή ʹ ൅ ܽଶ ή ʹ ൅ ܽଵ ή ʹ ൅ ܽ଴ ൌ ʹǡ
ۖ ܽ
ۖ ସ ή ͵ସ
൅ ܽ ଷ ή ͵ଷ
൅ ܽ ଶ ή ͵ଶ
൅ ܽଵ ή ͵ ൅ ܽ଴ ൌ ͳǡ
‫ܽە‬ସ ή Ͷସ ൅ ܽଷ ή Ͷଷ ൅ ܽଶ ή Ͷଶ ൅ ܽଵ ή Ͷ ൅ ܽ଴ ൌ ͲǢ
ܽ଴ ൌ Ͷǡ
‫ ܽ ۓ‬൅ ܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܽ ൌ Ͷǡ
ۖ ଵ ଶ ଷ ସ
ʹܽଵ ൅ Ͷܽଶ ൅ ͵ܽଷ ൅ ܽସ ൌ ͵ǡ
‫ܽ͵۔‬ଵ ൅ Ͷܽଶ ൅ ʹܽଷ ൅ ܽସ ൌ ʹǡ
ۖ
‫ ە‬Ͷܽଵ ൅ ܽଶ ൅ Ͷܽଷ ൅ ܽସ ൌ ͳǤ
Ɋɟɲɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ Ƚɚɭɫɫɚ:
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͷ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͷ
ʹ Ͷ ͵ ͳ ͵ Ͳ ʹ ͳ െͳ െͷ
൮ ൲̱൮ ൲̱
͵ Ͷ ʹ ͳ ʹ Ͳ ͳ െͳ െʹ െͳͲ
Ͷ ͳ Ͷ ͳ ͳ Ͳ െ͵ Ͳ െ͵ െͳͷ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͷ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͷ
Ͳ ʹ ͳ െͳ െͷ Ͳ ʹ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ
̱ ൮ ൲ ̱ ൮ ൲ Ÿ
Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ െ͵ െͳ͸ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ ʹ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͵ͻ ͻͲ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
ܽଵ ൅ ܽଶ ൅ ܽଷ ൅  ܽସ ൌ Ͷǡ ܽଵ ൌ Ͷǡ
ʹܽଶ ൅ ܽଷ  ൅ Ͷܽସ ൌ Ͳǡ ܽ ൌ Ͳǡ
൞ Ÿ ൞ ଶ ŸˆሺšሻൌašൌͶ൅Ͷš.
 ʹܽଷ ൅ ܽସ ൌ Ͳǡ ܽଷ ൌ Ͳǡ
ܽସ ൌ Ͳ ܽସ ൌ Ͳǡ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɴ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (k=p − ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ):

121
 ஢ ሺšሻ ൌ ଴ ሺš െ ɐሻǡ ଴ ሺšሻ ൌ ͳȂ š୮ିଵ ǡ
୮ିଵ
஢ ሺšሻ ൌ ଴ ሺš െ ͳሻ ൌ ͳ െ š ,

̱‫ ݔ‬ൌ ఙ ሺšሻ ή Ͷ ൅ ଵ ሺšሻ ή ͵ ൅ ଶ ሺšሻ ή ʹ ൅ ଷ ሺšሻ ή ͳ ൌ

ൌሺͳš Ͷ ሻήͶ൅ሺͳȂሺšȂͳሻͶ ሻή͵൅ሺͳȂሺšȂʹሻͶ ሻήʹ൅ሺͳȂሺš͵ሻͶ ሻήͳൌ
ൌͶͶšͶ ൅͵͵šͶ ൅ͳʹš ͵ ͳͺš͵ ൅ͳʹš͵൅ʹሺš Ͷ ൅ͺš ͵ ʹͶšʹ ൅
൅͵ʹšͳ͸ሻ൅ͳšͶ ൅ͳʹš ͵ ȂͷͶš ʹ ൅ͳͲͺšͺͳͶͳͲš Ͷ ൅ͶͲš͵ ȂͻͲšʹ ൅ͳͺͶšൌͶ൅Ͷš.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ȼɟɛɛɚ ɩɪɢ k=3 ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ.

Ek={0,1,2}, ˆሺšǡ›ሻൌaͲ ൅aͳ š൅aʹ ›൅a͵ š›൅aͶ š ʹ ›൅
൅aͷ š›ʹ ൅a͸ šʹ ൅a͹ ›ʹ ൅aͺ šʹ ›ʹ ,

X 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2
Y 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
V3=max(x,y)+1 1 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0

ܽ଴ ൌ ͳ
‫ۓ‬ ܽଶ ൅ ܽସ ൅  ܽ଴ ൌ ʹ
ۖ
ۖ ʹܽଶ ൅ ܽସ ൅ ܽ଴ ൌ Ͳ
ۖ ܽଵ ൅ ܽଷ ൅ ܽ଴ ൌ ʹ
ܽଵ ൅ܽଶ ൅ ܽଷ ൅ ܽସ ൅  ܽହ ൅  ܽ଺ ൅ ܽ଻ ൅  ଼ܽ ൅ ܽ଴ ൌ ʹ
‫ ܽ۔‬൅ܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ʹܽ ൅ ʹܽ ൅  ܽ ൅ ʹܽ ൅ ܽ ൌ Ͳ
ଵ ଶ ଷ ସ ହ ଺ ଻ ଼ ଴
ۖʹܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܽ ൌ Ͳ
ۖ ଵ ଷ ଴
ۖʹܽଵ ൅ܽଶ ൅ ܽଷ ൅ ܽସ ൅ ʹܽହ ൅ ܽ଺ ൅  ܽ଻ ൅ ʹ଼ܽ ൅ ܽ଴ ൌ Ͳ
‫ܽʹە‬ଵ ൅ʹܽଶ ൅ ܽଷ ൅ ܽସ ൅ ܽହ ൅ ʹܽ଺ ൅ ʹܽ଻ ൅  ଼ܽ ൅ ܽ଴ ൌ Ͳ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ܽ଴ ൌ ͳǡ ܽଶ ൌ ͳǡܽଷ ൌ ʹǡ ܽସ ൌ Ͳǡ
ܽହ ൌ Ͳǡ ܽ଺ ൌ ͳǡ ܽ଻ ൌ ͳǡ଼ܽ ൌ ͳǤ
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
ˆሺšǡ›ሻൌͳ൅š൅›൅ʹš›൅š ʹ ›൅š›ʹ ൅š ʹ ›ʹ .

ɇɚɩɢɫɚɜ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ

ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ (k=p − ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ):

ͷ ൌ Ͳ ሺšሻ Ͳ ሺ›ሻήͳ൅ ͳ ሺšሻ ͳ ሺ›ሻήʹ൅ Ͳ ሺšሻ ͳ ሺ›ሻήʹ൅ ͳ ሺšሻ Ͳ ሺ›ሻήʹ,

ɡɞɟɫɶ
Ͳ ሺšሻൌͳš ǡ ͳ ሺšሻൌ Ͳሺšͳሻൌͳሺšͳሻʹൌʹšš ʹ ,
ʹ

Ͳ ሺ›ሻൌͳ› ǡ ͳ ሺ›ሻൌ Ͳ ሺ›ͳሻൌͳሺ›ͳሻ ൌʹ›› ,

ʹ ʹ ʹ

122
 ൌሺͳšʹ ሻሺͳ›ʹ ሻ൅ሺʹššʹ ሻሺʹ›› ʹ ሻήʹ൅ሺͳšʹ ሻሺʹ›› ʹ ሻήʹ൅
൅ሺʹšš ʹ ሻሺͳ› ʹ ሻήʹൌͳ› ʹ š ʹ ൅š ʹ ›ʹ ൅ͺš›Ͷš› ʹ 
Ͷš ʹ ›൅ʹš ʹ ›ʹ ൅Ͷ›ʹ›ʹ Ͷšʹ ›൅ʹš ʹ › ʹ ൅ͶšͶš› ʹ 
ʹš ʹ ൅ʹšʹ ›ʹ ൌͳ൅ʹš›൅š ʹ ›൅š›ʹ ൅šʹ ›ʹ ൅š൅›Ǥ

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ

‰ሺšሻൌʹሺ ͳ ሺšሻ൅ ʹ ሺšሻሻͶ
ɩɪɢ k=4 ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ..
Ek={0,1,2,3}
ɉɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ݃ሺšሻൌ†ْ šْ„š ʹ ْaš ͵ሺ‘†Ͷሻ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ d, c,
b, a ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
g(0) = d = 0;
g(1) = a + b + c + d = 2;
g(2) = 2c + d = 2;
g(3) = 3a + b + 3c + d = 0,
ɨɬɫɸɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ܽ ൌ Ͳǡ „ ൌ ͳǡ ൌ ͳǡ † ൌ Ͳ.

g(x)=2( ͳ ሺšሻ൅ ʹሺšሻሻൌš ʹ ൅š‫א‬ʞˑˎˋːˑˏͶ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ˆሺšሻൌƒšሺšǡʹšሻ‫ ͵א‬ɩɪɢ k=3 ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ.

Ek={0,1,2}, ˆሺͲሻ ൌ Ͳǡˆሺͳሻ ൌ ʹǡˆሺʹሻ ൌ ʹ,
ˆሺšሻൌ ʹ šʹ ൅ ͳ š൅ Ͳ ,
Ͳ ൌˆሺͲሻൌͲ,

ͳ ൌሺˆሺͳሻͳ ൅ˆሺʹሻʹ ሻൌሺʹ൅ʹήʹሻൌͲǡ

ͳ ͳ

ʹ ൌሺˆሺͲሻ൅ˆሺͳሻ൅ˆሺʹሻሻൌሺͲ൅ʹ൅ʹሻൌʹǡ
ˆሺšሻൌʹš ʹ ‫˒א‬ˑˎˋːˑˏ͵ .

ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɡɚɧɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ:

ɚ) ݂ሺšǡ›ሻൌሺš ʹ›൅šሻήሺ̱›ሻǡൌ͵;
b) ˆሺšǡ ›ሻ ൌ ̱ሺš› ‫›š ـ‬തതതሻǡ ൌ ͷ;
c) ˆሺšǡ ›ሻ ൌ ሺš െ ›ሻ ή ሺš ൅ ›ሻǡ ൌ ͹.

123
 Ɉ ɬɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ
ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ‫ ܓ۾‬ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ:

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɢɡ ୩ ɦɨ¬ɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟ¬ɦɵ ሼˆͳ ǡˆʹ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ˆ• ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሽ , ɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥ¬ɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ܲ݇ .
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ.
1) ଵ ൌ ୩ Ǣ
2) ଶ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ͳǡ Ͳሺšሻǡǥǡ Ǧͳሺšሻǡ ‹ሺšǡ›ሻǡ ƒš(x,y)} − ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Ɋɨɫɫɟɪ-
Ɍɭɪɤɟɬ;
͵ሻ ൌ ሼšത,max(x,y)}− ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɉɨɫɬ;
ଷ

4) ସ ൌ ሼ ሺšǡ›ሻ} − ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ȼɟɛɛ ;

5) ହ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ  െ ͳǡ  ଴ ሺšሻǡ ǥ ǡ Ǧͳ ሺšሻǡ ‹ሺšǡ›ሻ ǡšْ›};
6) ଺ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ  െ ͳǡ  Ͳ ሺšሻǡǥǡ Ǧͳሺšሻǡš›ǡšْ›}.
7) Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ (ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ k). ȿɫɥɢ k
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ k ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ୩ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ.
8) Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ୩ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɞɜɭɯ, ɧɚɡɵ¬ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ሺš୧ ‫ א‬ሼͲǡͳǡ ǥ ǡ  െ ͳሽǡ ‹ ൌ
തതതതത
ͳǡ ሻ. ȿɫɥɢ ୩ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ,ɩɪɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ୩ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸ¬ɳɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ୩ଵ – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɧɨ¬ɦɟɫɬ¬ɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ
୩ ˋ ൌͳ ̳ , ɬɨɝɞɚ
a) Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ (ɋɥɭɩɟɣɫɤ). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ୩ଵ ‫ ׫‬ሼˆሺš෤୬ ሻሽ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ୩
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ˆሺš෤ ሻ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ;
b) Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ (əɛɥɨɧɫɤɢɣ). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ C ‫׫‬ሼˆሺš෤ ሻሽ ɹɜ¬ɥɹɟɬ¬ɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɜ  ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ˆሺš෤୬ ሻ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ;
c) Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ (ɋɚɥɨɦɚɚ). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ  ‫׫‬ሼˆሺš෤  ሻሽ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɜ 
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ,ɤɨɝɞɚ ˆሺš෤ ୬ ሻ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ.

124
 ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɇȺə ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ

1. Hüseynov Ԥ.Ԥ. Diskret riyaziyyat. Bakı, 2010.

2. Mԥnsimov K.B., Hԥmidov S.ø. Riyazi mԥntiq vԥ diskret riyaziyyatın ԥsasları.
Bakı, 2010.
3. Mԥnsimov K.B., Ԥhmԥdova J.B., Ԥliyeva S.T. Diskret riyaziyyatdan mԥsԥlԥlԥr.
Bakı, 2010.
4. Acɥaɧɨɜa H.X., Maɧcɢɦoɜ K.Ȼ. Ʌɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤe. Ȼɚɤɭ,
2011.
5. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ Ɇ.ɋ., Ɍɤɚɱɟɜ ɋ.Ȼ. Ȼɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɇ., 2007.
6. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜ Ƚ.ɉ., ɋɚɩɨɠɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ. M., 2013.
7. Ʉɭɥɚɛɭɯɨɜ ɋ.ɘ. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ. ɒɚɯɬɵ, 2006.
8. Ʌɢɩɤɢɧɚ Ɂ.ɋ., Ɇɢɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ. Ɇ., 2004.
9. ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ ȼ.Ɏ. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ. Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, 2005.
10. Cɟɥɟɡɧɟɜɚ C.H. Ʌɟɤɰɢɢ: ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ-ɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ. M., .
11. ɋɨɜɨɥɟɜɚ Ɍ.ɋ. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ. Ɇ., 2006.
12. Ɏɨɦɢɧɵɯ ȿ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤe: ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
13. Ɏɪɨɥɨɜ ɂ.ɋ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ. Cɚɦɚɪa, 2000.
14. əɛɥɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɋ.ȼ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ. Ɇ., 1986.

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