Distance Protection

ESL361

Rabindra Mohanty, IIT Delhi

 Distance relay
Example:
Relay RMN is to be set to protect the line MN and back up
the two lines NS and NP.

Zone 1 setting for RMN is 0.8 ×(5+j32) = (4 + j25.6 ) Ω

Zone 2 setting for RMN is 1.2×(5+j32) = (6 + j38.4) Ω
Since RMN must back up relays RNP and RNS, it must reach beyond the longer of the two
lines.
Zone 3 is set at 1.2[(5+j32) + (6+j50)] = (13.2 + j98.4)Ω
Time coordination:
Zone 2 is 0.3 s (say) and Zone 3 is 1 s (say)

Source:
Power System Relaying- Stanley H. Horowitz, A G Phadke, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons INC. 2008
 Distance relay
If zone 2 reaches beyond
far end of NS?

In case of one of the remote lines is too short

This happens if NS smaller than (6 + j38.4)-(5+j32)=1 + j6.4 Ω

Solution:
Zone 2 must be shorter, to make sure that it does not overreach zone 1 of RNS,

50% of shortest adjacent line

Source:
Power System Relaying- Stanley H. Horowitz, A G Phadke, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons INC. 2008
 Evoluation of Relay Technology in Protection

Source:
Distance relay

Front side Back side

SEL, Selinc.com
 Distance relay

Zone-1: instantaneous, 1 to 2 cycle (80-90%)

Zone-2: time delayed, 0.25-0.4 s

Zone-3: with coordination with zone-2 and

overcurrent relays 0.6 s-1.0 s
Three-phase fault
Example:

• Solution:

abc fault voltage and current data at relay RM

Line impedance data: Positive sequence

impedance per km z1=0.02+j0.28678 Ω/km
(a) Calculate the apparent impedance seen by
the relay.
(b) Find the fault location?
Phase-to-ground fault
Example:

• Solution:

An ag fault voltage and current data at relay RM

Line impedance data: Positive sequence

impedance per km z1=0.02+j0.28678 Ω/km
z0= 0.10645+j0.836989 Ω/km
(a) Calculate the apparent impedance seen by the
relay.
(b) Find the fault location?