Tutorial Questions-

Q1. An earth fault develops at point F on the feeder shown in the given Fig. 1, and the fault
current is 16000 A. The IDMT relays at points A
and B are fed via 800/5 A CTs: The relay at B has
a plug setting of 125% and time multiplier setting
(TMS) of 0.2. The circuit breakers take 0.20 s to
clear the fault, and the relay error in each case is
0.15 s.
For a plug setting of 200% on the relay A,
determine the minimum TMS on that relay for it not
to operate before the circuit breaker at B has cleared
the fault. A relay operating time curve is same as
shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Q2. Two relays R1 and R2 are connected in

two sections of a feeder as shown in Fig. 3.
CTs are of ratio 1000/5 A. The plug setting of
relay R1 is 100% and R2 is 125%. The
operating time characteristics of the relays is
same as given in Table 1. Fig. 3
The time multiplier setting of the relay R1 is 0.3. The time grading scheme has a discriminative
time margin of 0.5 s between the relays. A three-phase short circuit at F results in a fault current
of 5000 A. Find the actual operating times of R 1 and R2. What is the time multiplier setting
(TMS) of R2.

Table. 1
Q3. Figure 4 shows percentage differential relay applied to the protection of a generator
winding. The relay has a 0.1 amp minimum pick-up and 10% slope of its operating
characteristic on (I1s + I2s)/2 versus (I1s – I2s) diagram. A high resistance ground fault occured
near the grounded neutral end of the generator winding while generator is carrying load. As a
consequence, the currents flowing at each end of the winding is shown in the figure. Assuming
CT ratios of 400/5 amperes, will the relay operate to trip the breaker.
 Fig. 4

Q4. A generator winding is protected by using a percentage differential relay whose

characteristic is having a slope of 10%. A ground fault occured near the terminal end of the
generator winding while generator is carrying load. As a consequence, the currents flowing at
each end of the winding are shown in the Fig. 5. Assuming CT ratios of 500/5 amperes, the
relay operate to trip the circuit breakers.

Fig. 5

Q5. Obtain 3 zone settings for (i) a reactance relay, and (ii) a mho relay of 60° MTA from the
following data:
CT 400/1 A
PT 132 kV/110 V
Impedance for the first section is 2.5 + j5.0 ohms (primary) and that for the second section is
3.5 + j7.0 ohms (primary). The first zone covers 80% of the first section, the second zone covers
the first section plus 30% of the second section and the third zone covers the first section plus
120% of the second section.
Q6. A 220 kV long transmission line has an impedance of 2 + j8 ohms. Suggest suitable
distance relays for its protection and determine the settings of the relays for all the three zones
given that:
(i) Zone 1 covers 80% of the line length
(ii) Zone 2 covers 150% of the line length
(iii) Zone 3 covers 225% of the line length
Assume
(a) a fault resistance of 2 ohms while deciding settings, and
(b) a suitable characteristic angle of the distance relay suggested by you.
Relevant data:
CT ratio = 1000/1 A
PT ratio = 220 kV/110 V

Q7. A three-section radial feeder, shown in Fig. 6, is to be protected by distance relays. The
relevant data is as follows:
Radial Feeder
(i) Impedance of Section I 4 + j16 ohms (primary)
(ii) Impedance of Section II 3 + j12 ohms (primary)
(iii) Impedance of Section III 2 + j8 ohms (primary)
(iv) Rated load current of feeder 1000 A at 0.8 power factor lag
(v) Probable overloading 200% of the rated current
(vi) Probable voltage dip 10%
CT ratio 1000/1 A
PT ratio 132 kV/110 V
Relay R
(i) Transient over-reach 10%
(ii) Characteristic angle 60° of mho relay
Determine the settings of zones 1, 2 and 3 of the distance relay R. Also determine the reach of
all the three zones, for the line to be protected in terms of percentage of impedance of the first
section.
 Fig. 6 (a)

Fig. 6 (b)

Q8. An induction motor is to be protected against overload. Nameplate details are 3-phase, 6.6
kV, 1250 kW, 0.8 p.f. The motor can withstand 10% overload continuously. The time constant
of heat withstand characteristic is 10 minutes. A thermal relay is connected across a C.T. of
200/1 ratio. The time constant of the relay is also 10 minutes. The range of settings is 70 –
130% of 1 A in steps of 5%. Suggest the relay setting.
Q9. A 150 MVA, 132/66 kV, DY-11, 3-phase transformer is to be protected against short
circuit. An instantaneous overcurrent relay is used to protect it. The magnetising inrush current
of the transformer is 10 times the rated current. The setting range is 400 –2000% of 1 A in steps
of 50%. The CT ratio is 1000/1 A. Suggest the setting of a relay.
Q10. Figure 7 shows a portion of a power system in a single-line diagram. Find out the
operating time of the relay if the relay used is IDMT relay (normal inverse) with 50 –200%
setting in seven equal steps. A high set instantaneous relay is inbuilt with a setting range of 400
–2000%. The time of operation of IDMT relay can be approximated by the formula
3
× 𝑇𝑀𝑆. Find out the time of operation of relay for fault currents of 500 A and 1200 A.
log
10 𝑃𝑆𝑀
The plug setting of the relay is 75% of 1 A and the time multiplier setting is 0.2. An
instantaneous high set unit is set at 1000%.

Fig. 7
Q11. An 11 kV, three-phase, 30 MVA, star-connected alternator is protected by an earth-fault
relay having 10% setting. If the neutral resistance limits the maximum earth-fault current to
40% of full-load value, determine the value of the resistor and percentage of the winding
protected. Find also the value of the earth resistor needed to allow only 9.5% of the winding to
be left unprotected. CT ratio is 2000/1 A.
Q12.
In the WSCC 9 bus system, ag-type fault created at two locations, F1 and F2, shown in Fig. 8.
There are two relays located at bus 8 and 9. The Current and voltage phasor measured data by
relay R1 and R2 are given below.

Case 1: Fault at location F1
For Relay R1:
Currents
I a: 0.53-149.830 kA
I b: 0.11-73.540 kA
I c: 0.10169.040 kA
Fig. 8
Voltages
Va: 26.78-87.910 kV
Vb: 111.99141.160 kV
Vc: 116.3427.020 kV

For Relay R2:

Currents Voltages
I a: 0.55-151.530 kA Va: 24.81-92.850 kV
I b: 0.09129.010 kA Vb: 118.05142.970 kV
I c: 0.0815.510 kA Vc: 118.5330.530 kV

Case 2: Fault at location F2

For Relay R1:
Currents
I a: 0.4125.640 kA
I b: 0.11-84.410 kA
I c: 0.12173.440 kA
Voltages
Va: 12.70-87.550 kV
Vb: 112.83140.700 kV
Vc: 116.8327.570 kV

For Relay R2:


Currents
I a: 0.40-153.500 kA
I b: 0.08114.460 kA
I c: 0.1014.680 kA
Voltages
Va: 43.16-83.790 kV
Vb: 113.55147.310 kV
Vc: 112.7026.590 kV

Determine the direction of fault with respect to Relay R1 and Relay R2 for Case 1 and Case 2.

Q13. In the WSCC 9 bus system, ag-type fault created at two locations, F1 and F2, shown in
Fig. 8. There are two relays located at bus 8 and 9. The Current and voltage phasor measured
data by relay R1 and R2 are given below.
Case 1: Fault at location F1
For Relay R1:
Currents Voltages
I a= 0.53-149.830 kA Va= 26.78-87.910 kV
I b= 0.11-73.540 kA Vb= 111.99141.160 kV
I c= 0.10169.040 kA Vc= 116.3427.020 kV

For Relay R2:

Currents Voltages
I a= 0.55-151.530 kA Va= 24.81-92.850 kV
I b= 0.09129.010 kA Vb= 118.05142.970 kV
I c= 0.0815.510 kA Vc= 118.5330.530 kV

Case 2: Fault at location F2

For Relay R1:
Currents
I a: 0.4125.640 kA
I b: 0.11-84.410 kA
I c: 0.12173.440 kA
Voltages
Va: 12.70-87.550 kV
Vb: 112.83140.700 kV
Vc: 116.8327.570 kV

For Relay R2:

Currents Voltages
I a: 0.40-153.500 kA Va: 43.16-83.790 kV
I b: 0.08114.460 kA Vb: 113.55147.310 kV
I c: 0.1014.680 kA Vc: 112.7026.590 kV

Determine the direction of fault with respect to Relay R1 and Relay R2 for Case 1 and Case 2
by using positive sequence component of voltage and current.