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NTA UGC NET

(Paper -1)

Research Aptitude- Part 08

Important MCQs
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Reliability: Reliability in the context of research is consistency. It refers to the

extent to which an investigation produces consistent results. It can also be termed
as verifiability.
TYPES OF RELIABILITY:

1. Test-retest reliability

Test-retest reliability measures the consistency of results when you repeat the
same test on the same sample at a different point in time.
A test of colour blindness for trainee pilot applicants should have high test-retest
reliability, because colour blindness is a trait that does not change over time.
Many factors can influence your results at different points in time: for example,
respondents might experience different moods, or external conditions might affect
their ability to respond accurately.

2. Inter-rater reliability

Inter-rater reliability (also called inter-observer reliability) measures the degree of

agreement between different people observing or assessing the same thing.

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People are subjective, so different observers’ perceptions of situations and

phenomena naturally differ. Reliable research aims to minimize subjectivity as
much as possible so that a different researcher could replicate the same results.

This is especially important when there are multiple researchers involved in data
collection or analysis.

3. Internal consistency
Internal consistency assesses the correlation between multiple items in a
test that are intended to measure the same construct.

Different questions that test the same construct should give consistent results.
Internal consistency reliability evaluates individual questions in comparison with
one another for their ability to give consistently appropriate results.

Validity: Validity is the extent to which the scores from a measure represent the
variable they are intended to.

TYPES OF VALIDITY:

1. Face Validity
Face validity is the extent to which a measurement method appears “on its face” to
measure the construct of interest. Most people would expect a self-esteem
questionnaire to include items about whether they see themselves as a person of
worth and whether they think they have good qualities. So a questionnaire that
included these kinds of items would have good face validity.

A test item such as 'I have recently thought of killing myself' has obvious face
validity as item measuring suicidal cognitions, and may be useful when measuring
symptoms of depression.
2. Content Validity

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Content validity is the extent to which a measure “covers” the construct of

interest.

3. Criterion Validity

Criterion validity is the extent to which people’s scores on a measure are

correlated with other variables (known as criteria) that one would expect them
to be correlated with. For example, people’s scores on a new measure of test
anxiety should be negatively correlated with their performance on an important
school exam

4. Construct validity

Construct validity is a great way of ensuring that the measurement method

aligns well with the construct that you aim to measure. Suppose you plan to
build a questionnaire for the diagnosis of depression, it’s essential for you to know:
is your questionnaire really able to measure the construct for depression? Or does
it measure the respondent’s behavior, level of happiness, or some different
construct?

5. Internal Validity:

Internal validity refers to whether the effects observed in a study are due to the
manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor.

In-other-words there is a causal relationship between the independent and

dependent variable.

Internal validity can be improved by controlling extraneous variables, using

standardized instructions, counter balancing, and eliminating demand
characteristics and investigator effects.

6. External validity

External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be
generalized to other settings (ecological validity), other people (population
validity) and over time (historical validity).

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External validity can be improved by setting experiments in a more natural setting

and using random sampling to select participants.
Thesis and article:

A researcher is always under pressure to publish, where one good way to do this is
to convert doctoral thesis into a journal article, during or after Ph.D.

THESIS ARTICLE
Purpose The purpose is The purpose is
education as it shows advancement to
how much a person enhance credibility
knows. and contribution in
the field.
Audience Educational Here, person may
committee and look up to become a
professors to decide scientist or further
whether a person is researcher.
worthy of degree
Abstract Longer up to 500 Shorter up to 150–
word 250 words.
Introduction More detailed More concise, only
absolutely required
information.
Length Longer as the page It is shorter between
count can be up to 50 3 to 6000 words.
pages and around Better to avoid
20000 words. copying, rewriting or
paraphrasing.
Material and Extensive Controlled
method presentation presentation
Discussion Detailed Clear and concise
interpretation of presentation of
results results.
References Exhaustive list Selective list
Appendices Inclusion mandatory Inclusion optional

Meeting: A meeting is an assembly or coming together of people be it a

symposium, workshop, conference or so. In a very remote sort of a

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way, all of them convey the same meaning, i.e., people coming
together for a purpose.
Symposium: It is usually a formal meeting at which specialists deliver short
addresses on a topic or on related topics and then answer the
questions relating to these topics. It is especially one in which the
participants form an audience and make presentations

Conference: A conference is a meeting of people who confer about a topic. It is a

meeting where people come for discussion. It features keynotes and
presentations delivered to all attendees, as well as multiple break-out
sessions. Attendees expect to receive information about industry
trends and development

Seminar: The word seminar is derived from the Latin word seminarian, meaning
seed plot. It is a formal presentation by one or more experts to a
small group of audience. It can be conducted on recurring or regular
basis, monthly or even weekly, there is an invited speaker, and
audience is much more technically versed or specific in nature.

Workshop: Workshops tend to be smaller and more intense than seminars. This
format involves students practising their new skills during the event
under the watchful eye of an instructor.

QUESTIONS:
Q1. What is a Research Design?

(A) Away of conducting research that is not grounded in theory.

(B) The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods.

(C) The style in which you present your research findings e.g.a graph.

(D) A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data.

Answer: D

Q2. “Sampling Cases” means

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(A) Sampling using a sampling frames

(B) Identifying people who are suitable for research

(C) Literally the researcher’s briefcase

(D) Sampling of people, newspapers, television programmes etc.

Answer: D

Q3. When planning to do a social research, it is better to

(A) Approach the topic with an open mind

(B) Do a pilot study before getting stuck into it

(C) Be familiar with literature on the topic

(D) Forget about theory because this is a very practical

Answer: A

Q4. When academicians are called to deliver lecture or presentations to an

audience on certain topics or a set of topics of educational
nature, it is called

(A) Training Program

(B) Seminar

(C) Workshop
(D) Symposium

Answer: B

Q5. Good thesis writing should involve:

(a) Reduction of punctuation and grammatical errors to a minimum.

(b) Careful checking of references.

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(c) Consistency in the way the thesis is written.

(d) a clear and well written abstract.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(A) (b), (c) and (d)

(B) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

(C) (a), (b) and (c)

(D) (a), (b) and (d)

Answer: B

Q6. Which of the following statements regarding the meaning of research

are correct?
(a) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find
out the solution of a problem.
(b) It is a systematic, logical and an unbiased process wherein verification of
hypothesis, data analysis, interpretation and formation of principles
can be done.
(c) It is an intellectual enquiry or quest towards truth.

(d) It leads to enhancement of knowledge.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(A) (a), (b), (c)and (d) (B) (a), (b)and (c)

(C) (b), (c)and (d) (D) (a), (c)and (d)

Answer: A

Q7. Jean Piaget gave a theory of cognitive development of humans on the

basis of his:
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(A) Evaluation Research (B) Fundamental Research

(C) Applied Research (D) Action Research

Answer: B

Q8. "Male and female students perform equally well in a numerical aptitude
test." This statement indicates a:
(A) Statistical hypothesis (B) research hypothesis

(C) Null hypothesis (D) directional hypothesis

Answer: (C) Null hypothesis

Q9. Which of the following statements is true in the context of the testing of
a hypothesis?

(A) It is only the alternative hypothesis that can be tested.

(B) It is only the null hypothesis that can be tested.

(C) Both, the alternative and the null hypotheses can be tested.

(D) Both, the alternative and the null hypotheses cannot be tested.
Answer: B

Q10. Which of the following are the basic rules of APA style of referencing
format?

(a) Italicize titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays

(b) Invert authors’ names (last name first)

(c) Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals

(d) Alphabetically index reference list

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Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(A) (a) and (b)

(B) (b), (c)and (d)

(C) (c) and (d)

(D) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Answer: B

Q10. Which of the following are the characteristics of a seminar?

(a) It is a form of academic instruction.

(b) It involves questioning, discussion and debates.

(c) It involves large groups of individuals.

(d) It needs involvement of skilled persons.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below

(A) (b) and (c)

(B) (b)and (d)

(C) (b), (c)and (d)

(D) (a), (b)and (d)

Answer: D

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Q11. A researcher is interested in studying the prospects of a particular

political party in an urban area. What tool should he prefer for
the study?

(A) Rating scale

(B) Interview

(C) Questionnaire

(D) Schedule

Answer: C

Q12. Ethical norms in research do not involve guidelines for:

(A) Thesis format

(B) Copyright
(C) Patenting policy

(D) Data sharing policies

Answer: A

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