CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH MANAGEMENT OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

(A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN, ILORIN SOUTH

L.G.A., KWARA STATE, NIGERIA)

ADEDEJI OLALEKAN

HND/20/ETM/FT/071

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ESTATE MANAGEMENT

AND VALUATION,

INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

KWARA STATE POLYTECHNIC, ILORIN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF PART OFTHE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT AND VALUATION

JULY, 2022

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 CERTIFICATION

This is hereby certify that this project work was carried out by ADEDEJI
OLAMILEKAN JOHN with the HND/20/ETM/FT/071 of the Department of
Estate Management and Valuation and has been prepared in accordance with
the regulation governing the preparation and presentation of project in Kwara
State Polytechnic, Ilorin.

ESV. RASHEED AJIBADE (ANIVS, RSV) DATE

(Project Supervisor)

ESV.AFOLAYAN O. ABEL (ANIVS, RSV) DATE

(Project Coordinator)

ESV. (ALH.) HASSAN O.A (FNIVS, RSV) DATE

(Head of Department)

ESV. ADEPOJU . A. SULAIMON (ANIVS,RSV) DATE

(External examiner)

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to ALMIGHTY GOD, the giver of knowledge and for
sustaining me throughout my studies in Kwara state Polytechnic, Ilorin and to my
entire family.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With profound gratitude, I give thanks to Almighty God the Alpha and Omega, the everlasting

father for leading me through the course of this programme, he has been my strength and my

caretaker, he is a covenant keeping God.

However, due appreciation goes to my amiable supervisor in person of ESV AJIBADE

RASHEED for his support and advice during the course of writing this project, I really

appreciate your effort sir.

Further more, my gratitude goes to the Head of Department ESV. (ALH) HASSAN O.A(FNI S,

RSV) for his word of advice and encouragement. I will also like to extend my heart of

appreciation to the project coordinator in person of ESV AFOLAYAN O. ABEL and other

lecturers in the department ESV N.I UWAEZUOKE, MR OLADOJA OLAWALE, ESV

IBRAHIM ABDULLAHI, ESV LAWAL B.S, ESV ALLI KEHINDE, ESV OLATUNJI O.

SAMSON, ALHJI AKEEM A.A, MRS ALHAJA RASHEEDAT ABDULKAREEM and MR

ABDULRASHEED ADISA, may Almighty God bless you all.

Special appreciation goes to my beloved parent most especially my lovely mother MRS

ADEDEJI VICTORIA for her parental guide and support both financially, morally and also in

prayer to become someone better in life, may Almighty God bless you ma.

My indebted thanks also goes to my supportive and loving family Mr Ogundele Peter Olusoji for

his support spiritually, financially, morally and materially may God continue to bless you.

Truly Jehovah is benevolent to those who have absolute trust in him.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page……………………………………………………………………………….i

Certification…………………………………………………………………………….ii

Dedication…………………………………………..………………………………….iii

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………..……………….iv

Table of contents………………………………………………………………………v-vii

List of tables……………………………………………………………………………..viii

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………….xi

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background to the Study…………………………………………..…………………1-4

1.2 Statement of the problem ……………………………………………….……....……4-5

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study…………………………………….……....……… .5-6

1.4 Significance of the Study…………………………………….……....………………....6

1.5 The Scope of the Study………..…………………………….……....…………………..6

1.6 Limitation of the Study…………………………………….……....……………………6-7

1.7 Historical Background of the Study Area…………………………………….………...7-8

1.8 Definition of Terms…………………………………….……....…………………..…..8-10

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………..……………….11

2.1 Management of Recreational Areas and Facilities……………………..…...……….11-12

2.2 Concept of Recreation……………………..…………………………………………..12-14

2.3 Concept of Facility Management……………………..……………………...……….14-15

2.4 The Concept and Theories Of Management……………………..………….……….15-18

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2.5 Factors Affecting Recreation Development…………………………………………18

2.5.1 Availability of funds and Access to Recreational Facilities…………………...……18-19

2.5.2 Level of Economic Development……………………..……………………………..19

2.5.3 Lack of Awareness of the Essence of Recreation…..………………………...…….19-20

2.5.4 Value Conflicts: Work Ethics versus Leisure………………………………………..20-21

2.5.5 Personality and Social Class…………………..……………………………………..21-22

2.5.6 Occupational Orientation…………………..…………………………………..…….22

2.5.7 Government Policies and Attitudes towards Recreation….………………..……….22-23

2.7 Conceptual Framework……………………....……………..………………………….23

2.7.1 Conceptual Framework…………………...…..……….…………………………….23-32

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Introduction…………………...…..……………………………………………………...33

3.1 Research Design…………………...…..…………………………………………………33

3.2 Population of the Study…………………………………………………………….……33

3.3 Sampling Technique ………………..…………………..................…..…....……………33-34

3.4 Instruments Used For Data Collection…………………...…..………………..…………34-35

3.4.1 Questionnaire Design…………………...…..………………………………………...…35

3.4.2 Questionnaire Distributions…………………...…..…………………….………………35

3.5 Sources of Data Collection………………………………………………………………..35

3.5.1 Primary Source of Data………………………………………………………………...35-37

3.6 Sample Frame…………………....…..…………………………………………………...37

3.7 Sample Size…………....…..……………………………………….…………………….37-38

3.8 Method of Data Analysis…………....…..……………………………………………..39

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………....…………40

4.1 Preliminary Survey Result………………………………………………....................40

4.2 Analysis of the Questionnaires Administered to the Respondents……………….…40-41

4.3 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………41

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Summary of Finding…………………………………………………………………49

5.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….….………..49-50

5.3 Recommendations……………………………………………………….....................50

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Questionnaires Administered to the Respondents…………………………..40-41

Table 4.2 Data obtain from research question one………………………………..……41-42

Table 4.3 Data obtain from research question two……………………………………43-44

Table 4.4 Data obtain from research question three…………………………………..46-47

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 ABSTRACT

Residential property is considered a basic necessity of life. Its importance can be seen in its vital
roles such as the role it plays in socio-economic and psychological development of individual,
states and nations. Therefore some basic facilities such as roads, sewage disposal, drainage,
electricity and water supply would enhance the living condition of residents within
neighborhood. Infrastructures refer to all basic input and retirements for the proper function of
a property and make it command good rental value.
The aim of this project was to examine the effect of public facilities on residential property value
within the study area. The objectives are to examine the various public facilities and to carry out
a general survey on trend in rental value of residential properties before and after the provision
of the facilities.
As the plan for the evaluation of this project, many valuable methods were used for collecting
useful information for the project work. Hence personal interview, self-observation and
questionnaire was administered. The sampling method used was systematic sampling. Data
analyzed way table, illustration of table percentage and bar chart.
During the research study, it was discovered that there are some facilities not available in some
residential properties and difference in rental value of residential properties with adequate
facilities. In conclusion in the study, it has been discovered that public facilities provision and its
adequacy has effect on rental value of properties. Therefore since public facilities retain the
fundamental needs of residential and other type of property, then should therefore be made
available, sustainably used, redeveloped or rehabilitate as frequently as necessary. Government
should encourage public private partnership to mobilize fund for public development.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

This chapter covers the introductory element of this research; subtopics presented are statement

of the problem, aim, objectives, limitation of the Research, scope of the Research, Justification

of the Research definition of terms and organization of the Research

Recreation is a word that is frequently used in the world, by different people all over the world;

various meaning is given to it by various people. The management of recreation facility requires

a close examination of the economic capability, the provision and maintenance of capital works

and the true and proper use of the resource and to preserve, conserve, exploit and restore them

into a good state or condition. Recreation is difficult to separate from the general concept of play,

which is usually the term for children's recreational activity. It has been proposed that play or

recreational activities are outlets of or expression of excess energy, channeling it into socially

acceptable activities that fulfill individual as well as societal needs, without need for compulsion,

and providing satisfaction and pleasure for the participant (Bruce, 1995).

Recreation as defined by Thomas (1970), is an act of experience selected by the individual

during his leisure to meet a personal want or desire, primarily for his own satisfaction.

Recreation referred to leisure-time activities. Recreation is the major reason why people engage

in touristic movement.

Recreation is an essential part of human life and finds many different forms which are shaped

naturally by individual interests but also by the surrounding social construction. Recreational

activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful,

and useful for society or detrimental. A list of typical activities could be almost endless including

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most human activities, a few examples being reading, playing or listening to music, watching

movies or TV, gardening, hunting, hobbies, sports, studies, and travel. Some recreational

activities - such as gambling, recreational drug use, or delinquent activities - may violate societal

norms and laws. Even also Public space such as parks and beaches are essential venues for many

recreational activities (Thomas, 1970).Outdoor recreation or outdoor activity is leisure pursuits

engaged in the outdoors, often in natural or semi-natural settings out of town. Examples

include adventureracing, backpacking, cycling, camping, canoeing, canyoning, caving,discgolf, f

ishing, hiking, horsebackriding, hunting, kayaking, mountaineering, photography, adventurepark,

climbing,running, sailing, skiing, surfing and sports. Outdoor recreation may also refer to a team

sport game or practice held in an outdoor setting. When the recreation involves excitement,

physical challenge, or risk, such as in rafting or climbing, it is sometimes referred to as adventure

recreation (Rencher, 2010), This basic understanding helps facility managers ensure the

continuity (Gustin, 2003).

Several schools of thought have defined Management in different ways but no single definition is

accepted as superior and final. According to (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012) In their

work the problem and prospect of open space management in Nigeria view Management as

concerned with efficiency in the conversion of opportunity and resources into wealth. It is a vital

aspect of realization of set of goals and objectives of any organization, institution or government

especially in the case of those in charge of development of open spaces and it is the motive of the

park planning process for the effectiveness of the recreational area.

Akpala (1992) in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012), Confirms that management refers to

people and also the process by which people do things. However, it is observed that inadequate

recreational opportunity could be made productive with good administration, but that the best

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result could not be achieved without it. Allsopp (1979) in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa,

2012), defined management as the selection of goals and the planning, procurement,

organization, coordination and control of the necessary resources for achievement. It is

concerned with the dynamite of circumstance and activity as it is generally motivated by the

need to economize in the use of resource and the time in activating predetermined objectives.

Ngene (1990), in his study stated that good management demands that the needs, aspiration and

the interest of people to be served should be taken into consideration.

Planning is for people and recreation must be built around the desires and interest of people for

effective participation on the park users.

Butler (1940), opined that management should extend to the relationship between employers and

the employees in, order; to accomplish their set purpose. They must be one in mind and purpose.

Poor relationship result in lack of enthusiasm on work, indifference in a half heated effort and

labor unrest. These result in failure to understand the motives that makes man work, such as their

hopes, ambitions and prejudices. Furthermore, design and management are related. Hussain,

(2009) defines facility management as the process by which an organization ensures that its

building system and services support core operation and processes as well as contribute to

achieving its strategic objectives in changing condition.

The widen view of facility management has become increasingly important with today’s changes

in organizational structures, corporate styles, technological development, environmental issues

and employment pattern.

Thus facility management is far beyond looking after building and its facilities.

(Olufem,i. D. durodola; Caleb, A. Ayedun; and Akinjare, O. Adedoyin, 2012) in their work the

beneficial application of facility management in hotel organizations in south-western Nigeria

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their major findings are from customers’ perspective, national stock of hotels worthy of

presentation ranked first, followed by improved patronage of hotels, the quality services while

neat environment ranked seventeenth. There is perfect correlation between the views of

organizations and facilities managers but no correlation between the views of either the

organizations or facilities managers and the customers using Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient

analysis. It is also noteworthy to state that this independence of opinion reflects the general

tendency of egoistic predilection in Nigeria. However, none of these benefits can be disregarded

as they are directly or indirectly supported by literature such as Aakers (1984), Bevan (1991),

Ahmad (1998), Barrett (2000), Brackertz & Kenly (2002) and Alexander (2003).

(Hussain, 2009) Defines facility management as the process by which an organization ensures

that its building system and services support core operation and processes as well as contribute to

achieving its strategic objectives in changing condition.

As (Awosika, 1982) observed, the availability, adequacy and maintenance of facilities and

equipment are necessary conditions for running a good and meaningful program in sports and

related fields.

Therefore it’s the intention of the researcher is to assess the challenges associated with the

management of recreational facilities of University of ilorin of Ilorin, as regards challenges

identified.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Facility which despite adequate maintenance, become obsolete as a result of changing needs

demands, standard of living or technology. It is obvious that a greater part of our building and

other physical facility are in danger of deteriorating below the point of economic repairs as a

result of lack of management. Proper management whether recreational or otherwise is center

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around some key objective. The proper management of these facilities will surely fulfill the

purpose of these facilities. Facilities management (FM) is based on the premises that the

efficiency of any organization is linked to the physical environment in which it operates and that

the environment can be improved to increase efficiency (Grimshaw and Keeffe, 1993).

Furthermore the lack of a clear maintenance policy as to what maintenance needs or priorities are

and also lack of funds as the root cause of maintenance works; Nicky M Nzioki (2002).

Difficulty of defining standard of maintenance to be reached in relation to dynamic changes in

the society, difficulty in implementing maintenance due to lack of pressure and inadequate

information for effective formal planning.

Although they may have been properly designed and well-built originally, the recreational

facilities worn out from use .in some cases, decay may have been hastened because of lack of

maintenance or neglect as such the primary aim and objectives have not been achieved because

of poor maintenance by the owner(s) right from the initial stage of these facilities and as a result

of these, the impact of recreational activities on the people have been drastically low(Ihenacho,

Ikpeme, & Saba, 2003).

World literature emphasize that there were number of research done by scholars on this scenario

in different point of views. But there is a huge research gap in university of Ilorin, no research

regarding management of recreational facilities has been carried out in university of ilorin

therefore, a research gaps worthy of research has emerged, providing some potential study areas.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this research work is to examine the challenges associated with the

management of recreational properties with a view to proffering solution to the challenges

identified

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 In other to achieve this aim, the following specific objectives will be adopted:

i. to assess the management strategies being adopted by their recreational facilities unit for

its operation in the case study.

ii. to access the physical condition of the various facilities provided.

iii. to identify the problems associated with the management and maintenance of recreational

properties.

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The significance of this project is that it will bring about way to curtail the problem associated in

the process of maintenance of recreational facilities of the study area which has seriously

affected the users of these facilities from achieving the purpose for which these recreational

facilities were developed.

Therefore, it is rational to embark upon this study in an economic sense. It’s hoped that this work

would contribute to the world of knowledge; it will be helpful to the management, the

government when they want to embark on capital project of such nature, the institution in

managing the recreational facilities in their domain and as well users of these facilities.

It will also serve as a reference to future researchers and also this research intend to bridge a gap

left by previous researchers.

1.5 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to only university of Ilorin. The main concern will

embrace the challenges associated with the management these recreational facilities.

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1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

All areas of human endeavour are characterized by some stumbling blocks and limiting factors

and research effort of this nature is therefore not an exemption. During this study, the following

are the constraint that the researchers encountered.

 Financial Constraint:- Financial barriers stand as a big challenges during this research

work

 Time Factor:- A lot of sacrifice has to be made so that the researcher could have enough

time for this research work due to the fast nature of assignment and other academic work.

 Official secrecy:- The major limitation encountered in this study is with respect to data

collection as some datas are regarded as “confidentially” i.e. untouchable which would

have aided in getting this research work betterly done.

1.7 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA

The unilorin zoo started as a unit of Biological Science Department in 1975 where experimental

animals such as laboratory rats and mice were raised and held in reserve for research. A few

other animals like patas Monkeys, Crocodiles and royal Pythons were also kept for teaching and

observation by students. The unit was then located at the Mini Campus of the university. It was

subsequently relocated to the left side of the university gate on the main campus of the university

in 1981 and named Biological Garden.

The then Vice Chancellor of the University Professor S. A. Toye who was a reputable Zoologist

picked interest and encouraged the establishment of the garden especially with the acquisition of

zoological specimens and provision of solid housing facilities. The garden grew in the terms of

animals in stock and opened to the public in 1985 featuring an encouraging array of animals such

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as two Crocodiles, Indian pythons, dwarf Crocodile, Africa grey Parrots and pea Fowls amongst

others.

The Unilorin Zoo has developed remarkably in all the facets of its mandate which includes;

providing adequate housing, dietry and health care needs for all animals in its custody and

improving their array, proferring educational services to students and the general public and

offering serene and secure entertaining environment for relaxation to students and the public.

Presently, Unilorin Zoo has 26 species of animals, mammals, 19 species of birds and 9 species of

reptiles which include Lions, spotted and stripped Hyenas, chimpazee, green and patas monkeys,

annubis Baboons, Giraffe eland, Sitatungas, African rock Pythons etc; all of which were well

accommodated and properly managed with some of them breeding in-situ. The unilorin zoo has

also lived up to expectation in terms of providing education opportunities to student from

primary to tertiary who visit the zoo on excursion and those on industrial training, practical and

research projects. With the provision of other facilities such as canopy walkway (first of its kind

in the country, children playground, relaxation grooves and vegetational maize.Unilorin zoo

stands out as good relaxation center that satisfy the need and yearning of the public as it attracts

quite a number of visitors from far and near.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Management:- According to Olukoya, (2003) refers management as prevention, protection and

preservation of land and landed property (subject and object) in it to derive adequate

conveniency, long duration and necessary income.

Facilities:- Fox, (2006) refers facilities to something that is bieng designed, built , installed etc.

to serve a specific function providing a convenience.

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Properties:- This is the right that is been claimed by an individual over anything which he

stamped as his own (Baldwu, 2006).

Recreational:- Are actions that are performed solely for the enjoyment, pleasure and amusement

of individuals.

Leisure:- This is the time available when the discipline of work, sleep and other basic needs

have been met. (Odudu, 2013).

ZoologicalGarden:- It’s defined as a recreational centre where there are varieties of animals,

birds, mammal etc for the view of the people. (Shrems, 2004).

Maintenance: According to oxford dictionary (2006) the process of preserving a condition or

situation or the state of being preserved.

Relaxation: is any method process, procedure or activities to help a person to relax to attain a

state of increased calmness (Daniel, 2006).

Motivation: is not limited to the learner who attend training, trainers must also be motivated to

deliver high quality training and learners, supervisor must be motivated to support the learner in

their training activities (Krin, 2011).

Tourism: define tourism in terms which go “beyond the common perception of tourism as being

limited to holiday activities only” (Wikipedia, 2008)

Challenges: (the situation of being face with) something that needs greaters mental or physical

effort in order to be done successful and therefore test a persons ability (Cambridge,2007).

Varieties: it number of range of things of the some general class that are distinct in character or

quality (Collins, 2010).

Adequate: sufficient for a specific need or requirement to supply there needs or acceptable

machine that does an adequate job (Mariam Webster,2005)

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Sessional: it seassional factor event or challenge occur during one particular time of the year

(Collins, 2010).

Population: is the number of living things that live together in the same place (Wikipedia, 2008).

Renovation: the act or process of repairing and improving somethings. Especially a building

(Cambridge,2009).

Related: connected by reason of an establishment or discoverable (Merriam Webster,2005).

Associate: A person with limited or subordinate membership of an organization (Merriam

Webster,2005).

MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING ILORIN, KWARA STATE

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MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING KWARA STATE

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Digitized University of Ilorin map

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Chapter two consists of six parts, and they are the introduction, management of recreational

facilities, concept of recreation, the concept and theories of management, factors affecting

recreation development, related literature on management of recreational facilities, conceptual

framework.

2.1 MANAGEMENT OF RECREATIONAL AREAS AND FACILITIES

Akintola-Arika, (1985), says, “In the third world (the developing countries) such as Nigeria there

is lack of awareness of the contribution that leisure-time activities can make to the quality of life

of urban residents and visitors, hence, the issue of providing recreational facilities is not taken

seriously by urban planners and public officials”. This situation is diametrically opposed to what

obtains in more developed countries such as the U.S.A., and Britain where the provision of

recreational facilities have long been made a routine component of plans for urban cities and the

society at large.

Raymond & Associates, (2002), Conducted a survey of recreation needs and attitudes in Corpus

Christi and reported that 84 percent of the city residents reported having visited a city park or

park facility, while 72 percent reported visiting a city playground.

Good management is a vital aspect in the realization of set goals and objectives of any

organization, institution or government especially in the case of those in charge of development

of open space. It demands the need, aspiration and interests of people to be served is taken into

consideration. Planning is for the people and recreation must be built around the desires and

interests of the people for effective participation on the park and its users

22
Management extends to the relationship between employers and the public in order to

accomplish their set purpose. They must be one in mind and purpose. Poor relationship result in

lack of enthusiasm to work, indifference in a half heated effort, and labor unrest. This will result

in failure to understand the motives that makes man work, such as hopes and ambition. Design

and management are highly related. They involve the initiating organization and control of all

those matters to enable effective results to be obtained; this involves a design staff, a design

organization and a design process(Butler, 1959). .

2.2 CONCEPT OF RECREATION

Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The "need to do something

for recreation" is an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities

are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be "fun"(Daniels,

1995)

The term recreation appears to have been used in English first in the late 14th century, first in

the sense of "refreshment or curing of a sick person", and derived turn from Latin (re:

"again", creare: "to create, bring forth, beget (Daniels, 1995).

Humans spend their time in activities of daily living, work, sleep, social duties, and leisure, the

latter time being free from prior commitments to physiologic or social needs, a prerequisite of

recreation. Leisure has increased with increased longevity and, for many, with decreased hours

spent for physical and economic survival, yet others argue that time pressure has increased for

modern people, as they are committed to too many tasks Other factors that account for an

increased role of recreation are affluence, population trends, and increased commercialization of

recreational offerings. While one perception is that leisure is just "spare time", time not

consumed by the necessities of living, another holds that leisure is a force that allows individuals

23
to consider and reflect on the values and realities that are missed in the activities of daily life,

thus being an essential element of personal development and civilization. This direction of

thought has even been extended to the view that leisure is the purpose of work, and a reward in

itself, and "leisure life" (Wallis, 2010).

Recreation is difficult to separate from the general concept of play, which is usually the term for

children's recreational activity. Children may playfully imitate activities that reflect the realities

of adult life. It has been proposed that play or recreational activities are outlets of or expression

of excess energy, channeling it into socially acceptable activities that fulfill individual as well as

societal needs, without need for compulsion, and providing satisfaction and pleasure for the

participant. A traditional view holds that work is supported by recreation, recreation being useful

to "recharge the battery" so that work performance is improved. Work, an activity generally

performed out of economic necessity and useful for society and organized within the economic

framework, however can also be pleasurable and may be self-imposed thus blurring the

distinction to recreation. Many activities may be work for one person and recreation for another,

or, at an individual level, over time recreational activity may become work, and vice versa. Thus,

for a musician, playing an instrument may be at one time a profession, and at another a

recreation. Similarly it may be difficult to separate education from recreation as in the case of

recreational (Daniels, 1995).

Public space such as parks and beaches are essential venues for many recreational

activities. Tourism has recognized that many visitors are specifically attracted by recreational

offerings In support of recreational activities government has taken an important role in their

creation, maintenance, and organization, and whole industries have developed merchandise or

services. Recreation-related business is an important factor in the economy; it has been estimated

24
that the outdoor recreation sector alone contributes $730 billion annually to the U.S. economy

and generates 6.5 million jobs (Mclea, Hurd, and Rogus, 2005).

Many recreational activities are organized, typically by public institutions, voluntary group-work

agencies, private groups supported by membership fees, and commercial enterprises. Examples

of each of these are the National Park Service, the YMCA, the Kiwanis, and Disney World(L &

Raab, 1986).

Recreation has many health benefits, and, accordingly, Therapeutic Recreation has been

developed to take advantage of this effect. The National Council for Therapeutic Recreation

Certification (NCTRC) is the nationally recognized credentialing organization for the profession

of Therapeutic Recreation. Professionals in the field of Therapeutic Recreation who are certified

by the NCTRC are called "Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialists". The job title

"Recreation Therapist" is identified in the U.S. Department of Labor's Occupation Outlook. Such

therapy is applied in rehabilitation, psychiatric facilities for youth and adults and in the care of

the elderly, the disabled, or people with chronic diseases. Recreational physical activity is

important to reduce obesity, and the risk of osteoporosis and of cancer, most significantly in men

that of colon and prostateand in women that of the breast however, not all malignancies are

reduced as outdoor recreation has been linked to a higher risk of melanoma. Extreme adventure

recreation naturally carries its own hazards. (L & Raab, 1986)

2.3 CONCEPT OF FACILITY MANAGEMENT

The term facility management has been defined by various authors in so many ways.(Teichoz,

2004) Views, Facilities management as a multidisciplinary or Trans disciplinary profession

drawing on theories and principles of engineering, architecture, design, accounting, finance,

management, and behavioral science. These disciplines each have a rich history of theory,

25
research, and practice. Facilities management, as a new discipline, builds on this foundation to

create a new set of theories and practice many facility managers may not be directly involved in

real estate transactions, as agents of building/ property owners, it is important for facility

managers to have a basic understanding of what companies and building owners look for in

terms of their investment.

2.4 THE CONCEPT AND THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT

Several schools of thought have defined Management in different ways but no single definition is

accepted as superior and final. According to (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012) In their

work the problem and prospect of open space management in Nigeria viewed Management as

concerned with efficiency in the conversion of opportunity and resources into wealth. It is a vital

aspect of realization of set goals and objectives of any organization, institution or government

especially in the case of those in charge of development of open spaces and it is the pre design

stage of the park planning process for the effectiveness of the recreational area. , Akpala (1992)

in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012), Confirmed that management refers to people and

also the process by which people do things. As people, management comprises those who guide

actions in organization towards the achievement of the ends or goals for which the organization

is established. However, it is observed that inadequate recreational opportunity could be made

productive with good administration, but that the best result could not be achieved without

it.Allsopp(1979) in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012), defined management as the

selection of goals and the planning, procurement, organization, coordination and control of the

necessary resources for achievement. It is concerned with the dynamite of circumstance and

activity as it is generally motivated by the need to economize in the use of resource and the time

in activating predetermined objectives.

26
(Ngene, 1990), in his study state that good management demands that the needs, aspiration and

the interest of people to be served should be taken into consideration.

Planning is for people and recreation must be built around the desires and interest of people for

effective participation on the park users.

Butler (1940) opined that management should extend to the relationship between employers and

the employees in, order; to accomplish their set purpose. They must be one in mind and purpose.

Poor relationship result in lack of enthusiasm o work, indifference in a half heated effort and

labor unrest. These result in failure to understand the motives that makes man work, such as their

hopes, ambitions and prejudices. Furthermore, design and management are related. Design

management involves the initializing organization and control of all these matters to enable

effective results to be obtained; this involves a design staff, an organization and a design process,

while the whole interaction taking place within design and drawing offices of various kinds in

(Dennis lock and Nigel Farrow, 1989)in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012), It is obvious

that management has become an important field in complex modern organization like open

space.

Since, (Fadiro & O, 2006)(Ahiamba, Dinmunna, & Okogun, 2008)) has identified that the major

problem of open space development in Nigeria is the poor quality and mismanagement of open

spaces in the built environment. There is need for the formulation of better policies and strategies

for managing both new and old ones; preventing further degradation of the environment through

proper planning, design an d development.

Management Objectives:

27
It is essential to understand the management objective of any program embarked on. The

management of open spaces is for social, economic, environmental and health benefits (Tang &

Wang, 2008). Generally, management objectives can be categorized under the following:

1) Financial motive: This is a major objective in Estate management where the management goal

would be to maximize resource and profits on the investment interest in the property. The policy

to be adopted in achieving such objectives may depend on the circumstance and attitude of the

owner. For instance, a private developer would most likely have contrasting aims and polices to

those of a public authority. Maximum returns here would also include the capital value of that

particular interest.

2) Political motives: Management decisions may be politically motivated. For example, the

independence square, Lagos.

Here, there is no question of income being generated or received. Management satisfies the need

of the status required of that property. However, economy in the maintenance will be considered.

3) Prestige: The objectives of managing certain estates may be prestige oriented. In

Britain for instance, the management goal of the Buckingham palace is among other things to

maintain its status or prestige. Also in Nigeria, management of the State House and palace of

certain paramount chiefs are to maintain their prestige and ensure that such historic buildings are

well preserved for the benefit of all and posterity.

CHALLENGES OF MANAGING RECREATION FACILITIES

1) Conversion and misuse of open spaces:

There is an increased demand of land from the public for the various human activities.

This has led to open spaces being misused by being converted illegally for other uses like refuse

dumps, corner shops, mechanic workshops, residential buildings, squatter homes and other uses

28
other than that which it was initially developed (Alabi, 2010)(Ayatamuno, 2010). It could

become a security problem to people around such open spaces as criminals and wild animals

perceive it to be a hideout.

2) Lack of coordination: The inadequate coordination of physical planning activities within cities

has resulted in the unpleasant and unattractive quality of open spaces.

There is lack of harmony in carrying out their individual and cooperate task in planning,

development and protection.

3) Urbanization: There is an increase in the demand for higher levels of development by

urbanization in developing countries like Nigeria. This has sponsored to a large extent the

ineffective use of open spaces (Daramola & Ibem, 2010)

4) Illegal development: Majority of the private developers are involved in illegal development of

their buildings. They build without relevant approval from authority and hardly measure up to

the stipulated statutory regulations while developing their lands. This has defeated the

management plan, design and landscaping (Arigbola, 2008).

5) Poor Organization: Most Nigerian cities are poorly organized in terms of physical planning

and, hence, characterized by inadequate open spaces. The available ones have been over-taken

by un-organized and haphazard planning resulting from weak development control (Olotuah &

Bobadoye)

2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING RECREATION DEVELOPMENT

2.5.1 Availability of funds and Access to Recreational Facilities

Lack or unavailability of funds has been identified as one of the major factors militating against

the development of recreational/tourism culture. Recreational attitude surveys reveal that over 60

percent of Nigerians interviewed indicated that they are hardly meeting up with the provision of

29
basic needs (food and shelter) for their families (Igbojekwe, 2009). Basic economic principles

tell us that most consumers have a limited income over any period of time, they must, therefore,

balance their needs and the costs of various products and services. Leisure is regarded as one

aspect of “good life”, hence, it is not on the priority list of most Nigerians. (Omorogbe-Osagie,

1995), Says “in Nigeria today, where the average family can hardly provide three meals in a day,

the question of saving towards visiting places of historical importance and tourist attractions is

not a priority”.

2.5.2 Level of Economic Development

The poor national economy denies most Nigerians accessibility to recreational facilities. In

Nigeria, the poor economic condition in which the citizen survives just at subsistence level does

not augur well for tourism development. Over 60 percent of Nigerians live below the poverty

level of US$1.00 per day (Okafor, 2005), In a paper presented at the National Seminar on “the

Need for Statutory Holiday Calendar towards Development of Tourism in Nigeria” stated thus;

“the major trammels to the development of domestic tourism in Nigeria include low purchasing

power of the Nigerian worker arising from the weakness of the national economy… and general

lack of vacation culture in Nigeria”. A general improvement in the wealth and earning capacity

of the people is relevant to tourism development. Individual income and basic expenditure must

leave a sizeable disposable income for meeting traveling costs. Income level should be above

subsistence level.

2.5.3 Lack of Awareness of the Essence of Recreation

Lack of knowledge of the essence of leisure has also been identified as a factor contributing to

low level of development of tourism culture. A greater percentage of Nigerians are not really

aware that recreation can help someone improve the quality of his/her mental and physical well-

30
being. As recreation provides payoffs for the individual, he is redeemed from routine and fatigue

through his participation in recreational activities particularly those activities that assist the

person exhibit creative ability and achieve self-fulfillment, thus, relieving the individual from

day-to-day stress. This lack of knowledge of the essence of recreation is reflected in the general

attitude of Nigerians with respect to the provision of recreational facilities. Urban planners

hardly remember to incorporate recreational facilities in the urban development plans.

(Akintola-Arika, 1985), Says, “In the third world (the developing countries) such as Nigeria

there is lack of awareness of the contribution that leisure-time activities can make to the quality

of life of urban residents and visitors, hence, the issue of providing recreational facilities is not

taken seriously by urban planners and public officials”. This situation is diametrically opposed to

what obtains in more developed countries such as the U.S.A., and Britain where the provision of

recreational facilities have long been made a routine component of plans for urban cities and the

society at large.

2.5.4 Value Conflicts: Work Ethics versus Leisure

Work ethics has also been identified as one of the factors influencing the development of

recreational/tourism culture. Work ethic according to Elmer (1973), has its central theme that the

individual’s moral duty is to be industrious continuously “to earn his salt”, and the harder one

works, the more moral he is supposed to be, in other words, hard work is the means of

demonstrating worthiness in terms of self-discipline, rejection of worldly pleasures and righteous

success. For some individuals who are strict adherent to work ethics, work is the only way to use

their time. Such people lack the psychological capacity to constructively utilize their leisure

time. These individuals experience difficulties in detaching themselves from work ethics and are

unable to distinguish work from leisure.

31
Individuals, who find it difficult to break away from work ethics, are described by (Elmer, 1973)

as homogenizing toilers. Homogenizing toilers (workaholics) are persons who take the office

home with them and continue to focus on their specialized work career without regard to

recreation and even family roles. For the homogenizing toiler, leisure time is practically

nonexistent. Saturday and Sunday find him engaged in the same activities as the rest of the week.

He spends his total energy, both emotionally and physically in the very act of survival for

himself and his family, as commitment to work ethic deprives him the contentment in activities

other than work. To the homogenizing toiler says (Elmer, 1973), the enjoyment of “unearned”

leisure for its own sake is inhibited by guilt feelings that the pleasure is “sinful” or wasteful

unless earned through work. Many Nigerians are caught in the web of value conflict; hence, they

claim that they do not have time for engaging in leisure time activities. (Igbojekwe, 2009),

reports that 70% of those interviewed responded that they do not have time for recreation. This

orientation tends to affect the cultural, economic and political stability. (Omorogbe-Osagie,

1995)Quotes Dr. B.U. Nzeribe as saying “A society where everyone is working hard to make a

living will never have stability”. “But society needs a leisure class that is tired of material things

that can devote its time to think, plan and organize the society.

2.5.5 Personality and Social Class

Engagement in and choice of leisure time activities is related to personality and social variables

such as age, sex, educational attainment and social class (Elmer, 1973). It is believed that the

personality qualities of an individual are particularly crucial in determining choice of leisure-

time activities which is one of the ways in which an individual expresses his personality needs.

These needs may range from social ability, cultivation of personality growth and business

relationships to maintaining prestige (both social and political) in a particular peer group. Today

32
in Nigeria it is observed that the most likely social class that are consistent and are regularly

engaging in recreational activities are the affluent (or the upper-class). The upper-social class

(about 20%) represents a very small percentage of the total population of Nigeria even if these

upper class individuals have developed recreational/tourism culture, the number is too small to

boost (domestic) tourism and encourage investment in this sector.

2.5.6 Occupational Orientation

Engagement in and choice of recreational activities is influenced by the tempo of ones

occupation. In a study of professors, advertising agents and dentist reported by (Elmer, 1973) it

was found that the work hours of the professor are extended by tasks he can perform at home,

whereas the dentist cannot perform his tasks at home. For the advertising agent he has little

spillover of office work.

2.5.7 Government Policies and Attitudes towards Recreation

Some government policies and attitudes are favorable towards recreation and tourism. The

provision and use of land for recreational purposes involves for the most part outdoor activities

on sites consciously developed and equipped with facilities that permit both active and passive

recreational involvements. Unavailability of recreational space (land) and facilities is confronting

both urban centers and rural communities particularly where every piece of land is owned by

someone. In such cases, government policies such as the Land Use Act of 1978, the 3rd and 4th

National Development Plans are favorable towards recreation.

The Land Use Act placed all unused and undeveloped land in the hands of various state

governments, while the 3rd and 4th development plans recognized that the rapid increase in the

urban population of Nigeria demands adequate provision for the development of various urban

and rural infrastructures and amenities including parks. The 4th National Development Plan

33
prescribed that each state of the federation should establish a modest tourist village and also a

medium holiday camp to provide rest and relaxation for citizens (Ifedi, 2009), unfortunately,

above government policies did not receive priority attention from the governments; hence, they

were not satisfactorily implemented. Most unfortunately, a good number of recreational spaces

provided during urban planning programmes have been converted to commercial, industrial and

residential plots by unpatriotic government officials. Recently, the most popular urban recreation

park in Imo State, Nigeria, has been converted to a commercial plot. The failure of the

government to provide recreational spaces for use by the citizens is hindering the development of

recreation culture. Well-equipped government parks would offer the citizenry opportunity to

have access to inexpensive recreation facilities.

2.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.7.1 Conceptual Framework

The aspect of the conceptual framework is the aspect which shows the management strategy

adopted in the management of recreational facilities.

34
 Table 2.1: SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

S/ NAME OF STUDY RESEARCH MAJOR FINDING REMARK

N THE AREA METHODOLO

AUTHOR GY

AND YEAR

1. (Hussain, Abubakar simple random There is a problem of non Government

2009) Tafawa sampling –challant attitude towards should give

Balewa technique maintenance culture, there more

Stadium, is also under utilization of attention to

Bauchi State the facilities in the the facilities

stadium. There is problem for proper

of adopting contingency maintenance

35
 system instead of routine and also

inspection of detecting recommend

and taking corrective that

maintenance. professional

(i.e. estate

manager)

should be

engaged for

this sole

purpose.

2. (Beyza, Federal Un descriptive The participants generally Leisure

Tebessum, & Ankara, statistic to obtain had high level of leisure satisfaction

Karaman, Turkey their data levels of the participants levels do not

2014) and besides this, they got vary due to

the highest level in the gender

aesthetic sub-dimension. and age of

It is seen that gender and the

age variable of individual.

independent variables do On the

not create any difference contrary, that

in psychological, education

education, social, sub-

36
 relaxation that are the sub- dimension of

dimensions of leisure leisure

satisfactory scale i.e. satisfactory

Leisure satisfaction levels scale was

do not vary due to the affected by

gender and age of the perceived

individual. income level

was

observed.

When the

perceived

income level

is getting

increased,

leisure

satisfaction

levels vary

positively.

3. (Jaffry, 2014) Tanjung quantitative , the researcher found a Recreational

malim, method using few recreational activities activities

Malaysia descriptive data, attraction in Tanjung attraction in

used data Based Malim. The recreational Tanjung

on the interview activities attraction in Malim, if

37
and observation Tanjung Malim area is as managed and

among local follows planned

community in Mountain biking, white properly it

Tanjung Malim water kayaking, trekking can to

area, and waterfall, four-wheel contribute to

drive (4*4) and camping. a substantial

income to the

government,

the private

operators and

local

community

also. It

accounted for

it in terms of

food,

accommodati

on such as

homestays,

chalets, and

so on, the

food, gifts,

logistics and

38
 others.

4. (Jayantha, University of Quantitative in They discover that there is That

Peiris, Kelaniya. nature. A field a distribution imbalance prevailing

Ramannayaka survey for two of prevailing two open open space

, & weeks was space types of the of the

RuwanRathna administrated to University while it is University

yaka, 2015 ) record the GPD having insufficient open should be

locations of the space for playing pitches linked with

University. as well as multi-use games the

area and equipped facility developed

for children and young land and

people. utilized,

considering

the required

open space

types. As it is

also proven

that the open

space of the

university is

negatively

affected by

the number

39
 of student

enrollment,

the

University

should

implement its

policies on

managing

open space at

the

university.

5. ( durodola, et South-western Combination of Facility management as Hotel

al 2012) Nigeria stratified and instrument of strategic organization

random sampling management by literature and

was not reckoning with government

thus affirming that at all level in

respective to facility as an the country

instrument of strategic should be

change. conscious of

this

development

and put in

place

40
 strategic

action to

market and

educate the

public.

6. (Mohammed, Malaysian Maintenance The findings showed that They

Norlena, & Management 22 respondents agreed suggested

and Hasnul, effectiveness (64.7%) that the level of that these

2013) questionnaires, maintenance management personnel

which were is satisfactory, 12 need to be

distributed to respondents (35.3%) trained or

seven (7) general agreed the level of gain

managers of the maintenance management additional

Stadium is excellent, and none of qualifications

Corporation in the respondents stated as in facility

Malaysia, Cover less effective. And also management

letters and actual total score of and related

questionnaires maintenance success building

were addressed factors and the results maintenance.

directly via showed that 85.3% of Approval of

postal to all respondents rated professional

general moderately satisfactory, competence

managers of 7 2.9% excellent and 11.8% is needed, so

41
Stadium said the level of that no

Corporation in effectiveness is at an untoward

Malaysia unsatisfactory level. Some incidences

revealing insight found occurred in

several Stadium sports

Corporation did not have facilities in

any engineers or specific Malaysia.

technical personnel and all

maintenance management

responsibilities is carried

out by the Manager or the

General Manager of the

Stadium Corporation.

Based on information

obtained 5 out of 7

agencies involved in the

study do not have any

civil engineers assigned to

maintenance work.

42
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTROUCTION

This chapter focused on research design, scope of the research, characteristic of the population

size, sampling technique and procedure, instrument used for data collection, source of data

collection, sampling frame, sample size, method of data analysis.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

43
The research used was a survey design, which involved collection of data to accurately and

objectively describe the existing phenomena, study large and small population by selecting

samples chosen from the population in relation with the variable.

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

A population is made up of all conceivable elements, subjects or an observation relating to a

particular phenomenon of interest to the researcher (Asika, 1991). In this work, the population

size is made up of two distinct groups of people. They are:

1. Users of the recreational facilities

2. Staff of the Zoo

3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

In any Research, each object or variable should be given equal and independent chance of being

selected. There should be no bias in sample collection. There are several types of sampling but

only four will be mentioned and treated in this Research and they are; simple random sampling,

stratified random sampling, cluster sampling and systematic random sampling.

1. Simple Random Sampling: This is a sub set of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set

(a population). Each sample is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each sample

has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process. And also, in

this case, the researcher knows the entire population of the Research area or has an idea of the

entire population of the Research area. Data can easily be analyzed by getting the respondents

using this method

2. Stratified Random Sampling: It has to do with dividing the population of the Research area

into smaller groups known as stratum. In other words, it is the process of dividing members of

44
population of the Research area into homogenous subgroups before sampling. Then simple

random sampling is adopted, that is after the sub division of the population into stratum.

3. Cluster Sampling: This is a sampling technique used when natural but relatively homogenous

groupings are evident in a statistical population. In this technique, the total population is divided

into these groups (or cluster) and a simple random sampling of the groups is selected. Then the

required information is collected from a simple random sample of the elements is within each

selected group.

4. Systematic Random Sampling: This is a statistical method involving the selection of elements

from an ordered sampling frame. The most common of systematic random sampling is an equal

probability method.

Therefore, the sample technique employed by this researcher is simple Random sampling

technique.

3.4 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR DATA COLLECTION

In this dissertation, the use of questionnaire was adopted to gather information in other to gather

answers to the Research questions. The use of likert scale was adopted;

Strongly Disagree- SD =1 point

Disagree D =2 point

Agree A =3 point

Strongly Agree SA =4 point

3.4.1 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN

The close ended questions and open ended were used to put the questionnaire together. The

questionnaire also consists of multi-choice questions and two-way questions all targeted at

providing information on the aim, objectives. The questionnaire, which has two parts, the first

45
one was designed for user of the recreational facilities (staff, student and the university

community) other one designed for management team saddle with the responsibility of managing

the recreational facilities

3.4.2 QUESTIONNAIRE DISTRIBUTIONS

Sixty-Three questionnaires were administered to respondents. Forty-Eight were administered to

the Users of the recreational facilities and fifteen to the management unit or works the

Department. The forty-Eight questionnaires administered to the users of the recreational

facilities, forty-Two were returned and six were damaged and fifteen were administer to

management unit and twelve were returned. Questionnaires were self-administered by the

researcher to the respondents which are the Users of the recreational facilities in the Research

area.

3.5 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

There are two sources of data namely; primary sources of data (first hand survey/raw data) and

secondary sources of data (documentary sources) example, published works of others in which a

researcher uses in a research. It cannot be changed; it is used the way it is.

3.5.1 PRIMARY SOURCE OF DATA

The researcher made use of the Primary source of data which mainly come from issuance of

questionnaires (Asika, 1991). Primary sources of data included; questionnaire, interview, field

survey, observation, inspection, focus group and so on.

46
1 Questionnaire: They are set of questions administered to respondents to answer, which helps

in achieving the objectives of the Research. There are two types of questionnaire namely; open

ended and closed ended questionnaire.

Open ended questionnaire: This type of questionnaire is the one that the respondent will be

allowed to answer the questions without the influence of the researcher. That is without given

options to choose as the answers. The advantage of this type of questionnaire is that, the

researcher will understand the ignorance of the respondents. Its disadvantage is that; it is

difficult to analyze the data gotten from the respondents.

Closed ended questionnaire: This type of questionnaire is the one that the respondents will not

be allowed fully to answer the questions given to them, as the researcher has influence over the

questions. That is to say every question will be given several options as answers for the

respondents to choose. The advantage of this form of questionnaire is that, it is easy to analyze

data gotten from the respondents but its disadvantage is that, the ignorance of the respondents

gets hidden as he was provided with options to choose an answer to a question.

1. Focus group: This is a form of data collection where people are gathered and ask

questions and to engage in discussion in order to gather data regarding the Research. This

is form of qualitative data collection.

2. Interview: This is a primary source of data collection in which the researcher goes to the

respondents and asks questions regarding the topic of the Research, which helps in

achieving the objectives of the Research. There are three types of interviews; namely,

structured, unstructured and semi structured interviews:

i. Structured interview: this is a situation whereby the questions are already framed by the

interviewer. The interviewer knows exactly what to ask and will not deviate from the

47
 questions he/she has framed. This can also be referred to a well designed/arranged

interview.

ii. Unstructured interview: This is a case whereby the interview questions are not organized;

it is in the process of the interview that more ideas come to the interviewer.

iii. Semi structured interview: This is a form of an interview is a mix of structured and

unstructured interviews whereby some questions are framed while others come up during

the process of the interview.

3.6 SAMPLE FRAME

The sample frame of the research is 75 (seventy-five) that comprises of the users of the

recreational facilities and management unit of university of Ilorin.

3.7 SAMPLE SIZE

Ndagi (2004) defined sample size as a limited number of elements selected from a population

which is a representative of the population =. Hence sample size determination involves showing

how the representative of that population was selected. According to Harper (1971) is a group of

items taken from the population for examination. It is simply a smaller part of the population.

Samples are useful because they allow the researcher to examine the characteristics of the

population.

The Yaro Yamani statistical formula was adopted to obtain the sample size.

This formula is thus:

Where, N= population of study

n= sample size

48
 e= level of significance or margin of error

1= unit (a constant)

Therefore

N= 75

e =0.05

n =?

The choice of 0.05, level of significance is purely an exclusive decision of researcher.

Replacing the values above with the above formula, we have

n =55 sample size

While sample size is 55, the researcher distributed 55 questionnaires to the respondents, out of it

40 were returned their completed questionnaires. The analysis of data was based on the response

of the 40 respondents.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

In analyzing data, the researcher made use of simple table, pie chart and percentages

49
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.0 INTRODUCTIOJN

50
This chapter presents an analysis of the data collected from questionnaire administered to the

management unit and users of the recreational facilities in University of Ilorin. This chapter has

several parts which are; analysis of the questionnaire administered to the respondents, analysis of

questions based on research question one, analysis of questions based on research question

number two, analysis of questions based on research question number three and then summary

and link.

The information below in a tabular form is on the percentage returned questionnaire against the

number administered.

The total number of fifty five (55) questionnaires were administered to both Staff of
Unilorin Zoological Garden and the visitors to the zoo in which fifty (50) were
retrieved back from both ends, ten (10) from the staff and forty (40) from the visitors.
4.2 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF THE STAFF OF UNILORIN
ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN.
Table 4.2.1: Frequency Distribution of Respondent By Gender

Gender Number of respondent Percentage (%)

Male 32 80%
Female 8 20%
Total 40 100%
Source: Research Survey, (2022)
From the above, the total number of respondents are fourty (40) who responded to the
question contained in the questionnaire distributed which makes the respondent to be
100% of population sample. The total male respondents were thirty two (32) which
mae 80% and the number of female respondents was eight (8) with a 20% of
population sampling.
Fig 1: Frequency Distribution of Respondent By Gender
51
 FEMALE

MALE

Table 4.2.2: Frequency Distribution Of Respondent Position Held In The Zoo

Position Number of respondent Percentage (%)

Manager 4 10%

Supervisor 8 20%
Other staff 28 70%
Total 40 100%

Source: Research survey, (2022)

From the above, the total number of respondent is 40 (40) which made 100% of the
population sample, four (4) of those respondents are the manager of the zoo and eight
(8) of the respondents are supervisor which made 20% and the other staff are twenty
eight (28) . This analysis shows that there is a manager heading the zoo with
supervisors and staffs, this will make it easier to get the needed information from the
respondent.
Fig 2: Frequency Distribution Of Respondent Position Held In The Zoo

52
 MANAGER

SUPERVISOR
OTHER STAFF

Table 4.2.3: Frequency Distribution Of Respondent Working Experience

Ranges Number of respondent Percentage (%)
Below 5 years 20 50%
6-10 years 12 30%
Above 10 years 8 20%
Total 40 100%
Source: Research survey, (2022)
From the table above, the total number of respondent is fourty (40) which made 100%
of the population sample, twenty (20) respondents working experience is in the range
of 0-5 years which carries 50% and each respondent with 6-10 years and above 10
years with 30% and 20% each respectively. This implies that the staff of the zoo has
average working experience.
Fig 3: Frequency Distribution Of Respondent Working Experience

53
 ABOVE 10 YRS
BELOW 5 YRS
6-10 YRS

Table 4.2.4: Analysis Of Respondent Educational Level

Level Number of respondent Percentage (%)

ND/HND 16 40%
B.SC 8 20%
MASTER 4 10%
OTHERS 12 30%
Total 40 100%
Source: Research Survey, (2022)
From the above presentation, the total number of respondent is fourty (40) which
made 100% of population sample, educational level of sixteen (16) respondent is
National Diploma/Higher National Diploma (ND/HND) which represented 40% of
the population sample, eight (8) and four (4) respondents has B.Sc/M.Sc respectively
and other qualification has twelve (12) respondent.

Fig. 4: Analysis of Respondent Educational Level

54
Table: 4.2.5: The Rate Of Effectiveness Of the Facilities In The Zoo

Facilities Very Good Good Fair Bad

Electricity √
Water supply √
Internet services √
Good drainage √
Refuse disposal √
Source: Research Survey, (2022)
From the table above, the entire respondent applied to the question asked on the
effectiveness of the facilities provided in Unilorin Zoological Garden in which those
respondents said that their electricity supply is good, water supply is very good,
internet service of the zoo is good and they have very good drainage and refuse
disposal. This analysis shows that most of the facilities provided are in fair
conditions.
55
Table:4.2.6: Does these adequate facilities make the zoo to have more
patronage?
Suggested Numbers of respondent Percentage %
Yes 32 80%
No - -
May be 8 20%
Total 40 100%
Source: Research Survey, (2022).
From the table above, the total number of respondents are fourty (40) which made
100% of the population sample, thirty two (32) of the respondents chose YES as their
reply to the question asked which makes 80% of the population and other eight (8)
respondent chose MAYBE as his reply which makes 20% of the population sample.
This analysis shows that adequate facilities makes the hotel have more patronage.
Table 4.2.7: Who are in charge of the maintenance of these facilities?
Suggested Numbers of respondent Percentage %
In house manager 40 100%
Private company - -
All of the above - -
Total 40 100%
Source: Research Survey, (2022).
From the above, the total number of respondents are fourty (40) which made 100% of
the population sample, fourty (40) of the respondents said in-house manager are those
in charge of facilities of the zoo which made 100% of the population sample. This
analysis implies that it is the in-house manager that has been carrying out the
maintenance of the zoo.
Table 4.2.8: What are the challenges facing the management of the zoo.

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Suggested Numbers of respondents Percentage %
Lack of fund 16 40%
Inadequate of staff 16 40%
Inadequate of facilities 8 20%
Total 40 100%
Source: Research Survey, (2022).
From the above, the total number of respondents are fourty (40) which made 100% of
the population sampling, sixteen (16) of those respondent said the challenges facing
the management of the zoo lack of fund, another four respondents said it is
inadequacy of staffs in the zoo which makes 40% of
the population sampling. The other eight (8) respondent said it is inadequate facilities
to provide for the customers. This analysis shows that the zoo faces diverse challenges
with the problem of lack of fund, inadequacy of staffs and some facilities needs to be
change.
Table 4.2.9: In what way do you think the zoological garden can improve the
service of their facilities?

Suggested Numbers of respondents Percentage %

Adequate funding 24 60%
Proper maintenance 16 40%
Any other - -
Total 40 100%
Source: Research Survey, (2022).
From the table above, the total number of respondents are fourty (40) which made
100% of the population sampling, twenty four (24) of those respondents said the best
way to improve the facilities of the zoo is by giving those facilities adequate

57
maintenance so as to prolong their life span and the other sixteen (16) respondent said
the zoo should be adequately funded making 60% of the population sampling.
4.2.10 How can recreational properties facilities be maintained?
Suggested Numbers of respondent Percentage %
Assign private company 15 37.5%
Adequate maintenance 25 62.5%
Total 40 100%
Source: Research Survey, (2022).
From the table above, the number of respondents are forty (40) with 100% population
sampling, fifteen (15) of those respondents said the zoo should adopt private
company services for their management with 62.5% and twenty five (25) of the
respondents said adequate maintenance by the staff of the zoo should be applied.
4.2.11: Can Adequate Facilities Improve The Value Of The Property.
Suggested Numbers of respondent Percentage %
Strongly agreed 28 70%
Agreed 12 30%
Disagreed - -
Strongly disagreed - -
Total 40 100%
Source: Research Survey, (2022).
The table above shows that all the number of respondents forty (40) which is 100% of
the population sampling. 28 strongly agreed and twelve (12) agreed that adequate
facilities can improve the value of property. This implies that if property is with
adequate facilities it will automatically improve the value of the property in the
market.

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Table 4.2.12 Does lack of facility reduce expected return
Suggested Numbers of respondent Percentage %
Yes 34 85%
No - -
May be 6 15%
Total 40 100%
Source: Research Survey, (2022).
From the table above, the total number of respondents is forty (40) which made 100% of

population sampling, thirty four (34) of these respondents said yes it will reduce the

expected return on property with 85% population sampling and the other six (6) respondents

answered maybe with 15%. This analysis shows that lack of facilities will reduce the

expected return of property.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1` Summary Of The Findings

i. Lack of fund or financial Issue

Through this research, the researcher has been able to find out that financial related issue is the

major challenge facing the zoo as there is inadequate fund by the owner of the management of

the institution to cater for the needs of such important establishment.

ii. Inadequate of staff

Through this research, the researcher has been able to find out that inadequate of professional

and competent staff are the part of challenges facing the zoological garden because such a

specialized property need a professional and competent staff in other to achieve it function

requirement.

iii. Improper Maintenance Of The Facilities in the Zoo

With the aid of this research work, the researcher was able to know that most of the facilities in

the zoo are suffering from proper maintenance as most of the people in the so called facility

management department are not up to the task of servicing and maintaining those facilities.

5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion, in carrying out the research Unilorin Zoological Garden, the researcher concluded

that the facilities in the zoo needs extensive and careful management as to be able to achieve the

purpose the building is built for. It is of high note that the zoo remains one of relaxation and as

well business place for people and such properties facilities cannot be handled with levity hand,

it will need people of capable hand in managing the facility of such establishment to prolong

the life span and keep its functions alive.

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Conclusively, to improve the standard of living of people in our society, the importance of

recreational property management and maintenance which is “to enhance the long life of

properties” cannot be ignored.

5.3 Recommendations

i. Provision of fund

There should be fund to manage such a recreational properties for the effectiveness and sufficient

of it function.

ii. Separate Account For The Facility Management Department

The best way to manage such recreational properties for the effective and sufficient fund

is by opening an account for facility management department so as to enhance the smooth

running of the zoological garden.

iii. Staff Recruitment And Proper Orientation

The researcher also recommends that staff should be carefully and properly recruited as

for them to be catering for what they are employed for and the management should be organizing

frequent orientations for their staffs so as to be improving their knowledge on how to manage the

zoo.

iv. Assign specialized Private Company

Such big recreational property should rather be employing the service of the specialized private

company which will be in charge servicing and maintenance of the facilities as most of the staffs

in the zoo do not know how to do proper maintenance of the facilities.

61
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 Appendix 1

Plate 1: cross sectional view of the zoo

65
 APPENDIX II
Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin,
P.M.B. 1375,
Ilorin, Kwara State.
Institute of Environmental Studies
Department of Estate Management

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
Challenges associated with the management of recreational facilities

(A case study of Unilorin zoological garden).

Dear Respondent,
This questionnaire is designed to facilitate data collection on the above quoted
topic in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of National Diploma (ND)
in Estate Management.
Thank you.

Yours faithfully,

66
 Questionnaire designed for Unilorin Zoo, Kwara State.
1. Sex of the respondent MALE ( ), FEMALE ( )
2. Position held in the hotel, MANAGER ( ), SUPERVISOR ( ), STAFFS ( ),
OTHER ( ).
3. Respondent working experience, 0-5years ( ), 6-10years ( ), 11- 15years( ),
16-20years ( ) 20 years- Above ( ).
4. Educational level of the respondent, ND/NCE ( ), HND/BSC ( ), Msc( ),
ANY OTHER ( )

SECTION B
Tick ( ) the answer of your choice for the alternative given to the question below.

SD=Strongly Disagree, D=Disagree, SA= Strongly Agree, and A= Agree

Research Question One:what is the management strategies being employ by the facility
management unit for its operation in the university?

S/N Variables SD D SA A
1 Do you agree that the work department is saddle with the
responsibility of managing the recreational facilities in Unilorin
zoological garden?
2 Does the works department also care for the environmental Garden?
3 Does the staff strength of the work Department range from 1-50?
4 Do you agree that the management unit adopt any management
strategy in caring for the recreational facilities?
5 Do you agree that Routine maintenance seem to be the only
maintenance strategy being employed?
6 Does the management unit carry out maintenance of the facilities at
regular interval?
7 Do the management unit, outsource some services, do you agree with
this?
8 Do you agree that federal government is the only source of fund for the
management unit?
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Please thick ( ) the answer of your choice for the alternative given to the question below.

SD=Strongly Disagree, D=Disagree, SA= Strongly Agree, and A= Agree

Research question Two: What are the constraints or hindrance to its operation, in realizing the core
objective?

Variables SD D SA A
Is lack of fund a drawback in carrying out routine maintenance
Does inadequate manpower a hindrance to proper management of the
recreational facilities
Can technology gadget help in effective management of the recreational
facilities,
Is non-challant attitude of management team a hindrance to proper
management of the recreational facilities
Is inappropriate allocation of resource a facto r
Would effective management harper the operation of facilities, do you agree
with that?
Is lack of internal generating fund one of the hindrance what your take on
that
Do you agree that the manner which the users handle the facilities has a
negative factor
Do you agree that lack of professional in your department is a hindrance

Is bureaucracy a hindrance drawback in the affairs of

work department what’s your take on that

Please thick ( ) the answer of your choice for the alternative given to the question below.
SD=Strongly Disagree, D=Disagree, SA= Strongly Agree, and A= Agree

 Research Question Three: What are the beneficial impacts of the recreational facilities on
students’ academic performance?

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Variables SD D SA A

Is a garden a recreational facility, what’s your take on that

Is The Babylon hostel a recreational facility do you agree with this

Is the basketball court a recreational facility do you disagree with this

Is aluta ground a recreational facility what’s your take on that

Variables SD D SA A
Do you think that government can actually provide all the recreational
facilities that is required in the school
Would you welcome encourage companies to invest in the school by
providing world class recreational facilities
Do you agree that recreational activities contribute to poor performance
When one participate in recreational activities does it sharpen ones IQ
Is the availability of recreational facility an obstacle to student academy
It’s said that recreation recreate the mind , what’s your take on that

69