CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Mankind first of all must eat, drink, and have shelter and clothing, before he can pursue politics,

art and religion etc. (Frederick Engels, 1883). Shelter is necessary to everyone and the provision

of housing, as a means of solving one of the urban problems, is one of the concerns of Town

Planning. Housing as defined by the United Nations (UN) encompasses the housing unit and the

entire ancillary services as well as community facilities that are necessary for human well-being.

It is difficult to satisfactorily define the -poverty group, however for the purpose of the National

housing policy, the -poverty group has been defined as wage earners and self employed people

whose annual poverty is =N= 5,000.00 or be as of 1988, or whose annual poverty is 20% or be

the maximum annual poverty of the highest salary grade level within the civil service

structure at any given time, whichever is higher.

According to UN-Habitat, Johannesburg, South Africa’s economic hub, currently has a

population of about 3.670 million and by 2015 the city’s population is expected to be about

3.867 million (UN-Habitat, 2010). With visible "scars" from the apartheid era, Johannesburg, as

Bollens (1998) noted, is a city of "enormous economic and social contrasts" where sky scrapers

co-exist with "townships and shanty towns of intentionally degraded living environments".

In recent years, the number of people living in what are termed "informal settlements and

backyard shacks" across South Africa has been increasing (Landman and Napier, 2010) and

it is estimated that "between 150,000 to 220,000 households in Johannesburg live in informal

dwellings" (Planact, 2007). According to the Center on Housing Rights and Evictions (2005)

some of these "informal dwellings" in which the urban poor in Johannesburg live often include

1
urban shack settlements (with close to 200 of them across the city). There are also 235 so-

called "bad buildings" in the inner city and "shelters" in "backyards, on pavements, or under

highway bridges‖.

According to Gandy (2006) there are as many as 200 different slums in Lagos, "ranging in size

from clusters of shacks underneath highways to entire districts such as Ajegunle and Mushin".

As Morka (2007) points out, over two-thirds of the population of Lagos lives in the "informal

settlements or slums scattered around the city". Most of these slums are densely populated with

some estimates indicating that "more than 75 per cent of urban slum dwellers live in one room

households with a density of 4.6 persons per room" (Adelekan, 2009).

Housing has a central importance to quality of life with considerable economic, social, cultural

and personal significance. The focus of this research is housing for poverty households or what

is commonly known as affordable housing. Affordable housing is a term used to describe

dwelling units whose total housing costs are deemed "affordable" to those that have a median

poverty. A median poverty refers to the average pay scale level of the majority people in a

population which is often . Although the term ―affordable housing‖ is often applied to rental

housing that is within the financial means of those in the er poverty ranges of a geographical

area, the concept is applicable to both renters and purchasers in all poverty ranges

(http://www.answers.com). -poverty housing is aimed at individuals without enough poverty to

provide adequate housing for themselves and/or their families.

These families are usually unable to purchase a home because they fail to qualify for a

mortgage. Most families choose to rent based on their poverty and family situation;

unfortunately, there may not be enough rental housing or enough good-quality rental housing for

-poverty families (http://www.ehow.com).

2
Housing on the other hand is the second most important essential needs of man after food.

Housing in its entire ramification is more than shelter as it embraces all social services and

utilities that lead to worthy living. Housing first and foremost function is the physical

protection it offers man and his domestic companion against cultural hazards in his physical

environment. poverty creates slum and change the pattern of houses which cause the

appearance of informal activities, which in turn change the land use pattern of the community.

These changes in land use have an impact on physical structures, infrastructural facilities and

services, socio- economic values and even the psyche of the residents of the area. The

examination of the impact of all these changes on housing situations is the essence of this

study.

1.2 Statement of research problem

The rapid population growth being experienced in Nigeria has not been matched by a

corresponding increase in housing stocks. Increased rural -urban drift accounts for the rapid

urban growth. Housing problems in the country, as in most LDCs, encompass the quantitative

inadequacy of housing, the structural deficiency in the quality of existing stocks and poor

aesthetic condition of the housing environment. While these are manifested fully in urban areas,

in the rural areas where the vast majority of Nigerians live, the problems of housing is in the

quality of their buildings (FGN, 1990). Rapid growth of cities due to rapid urbanization has led

to the emergence of poverty settlements of the inner-city and on the outskirts that can be

classified as shanty towns (Aina, 1990). Informal (squatter) settlements are unauthorized

developments at the fringes of most developing cities.

3
Their birth is usually due to rapid urbanization which gives rise to acute housing shortage.

Residents are mostly poverty families, from rural areas or victims of urban renewal schemes

(United Nations, 1973).

There are number of problems associated with impact of poverty on housing condition in

Mushin local government, lagos State which have become deplorable and constituted total

nuisance to the environment. These include environmental deterioration, housing deterioration,

facilities overload, slum creation, squatter housing, overcrowding and socio-spatial

disorderliness among others.

1.3 Research Questions

1. What are the socio-economic characteristic of residents (respondents) in the study area?

2. What are the existing housing conditions (physical structure of buildings) in the study

area?

3. What are the quality of facilities in these houses?

4. What are the relationship between social economic characteristic and housing

conditions in the study area?

1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of poverty on housing condition in Mushin local

government, lagos State.

The means of achieving the aim are to:

1. Examine the socio-economic characteristic of residents (respondents) in the study area;

2. Examine the existing housing conditions (physical structure of buildings) in the study

area;

3. Examine the quality of facilities in these houses;

4
 4. Examine the relationship between social economic characteristic and housing

conditions in the study area.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This research study will be of benefit to the foling key stakeholders in the housing industry:

Affordable housing is one key area for social enterprises. A social enterprise is any business

venture created for a social purpose. The research highlighted potential challenges to new social

entrepreneurs venturing into this market aling them early opportunities to overcome these

obstacles in order to succeed in the poverty housing market. This study findings will therefore

assists housing social enterprises in overcoming challenges associated with provision of housing.

An understanding of the problems faced by poverty earners in the -poverty market would al

donor agencies such as UN Habitat and The International Monetary Fund (IMF) to direct funding

into projects that would stimulate poverty housing supply either directly, through funding of

housing development or indirectly, through infrastructure investments. This research study also

informed the sustainability, scalability, and replicability of existent projects.

The study of the poverty housing market is a very vast one and this research gave rise to key

areas of weakness where there is significant opportunity for further research in an effort to

enhance investments in provision of poverty housing.

1.6 Scope of the study

This project seeks to examine the impact of poverty on housing condition in Mushin local

government, lagos State..

However, as a result of time constraints, the writer limited the scope of the study to ogele,

Mushin local government, lagos State.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

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i. The time limit given for the project by the school Authority has limited a wide research

on such topic.

ii. Fund to run some expenses for the project is not sufficient which has restricted a wider

study

iii. People did not want to divulge information needed for the study because they thought the

exercise is meant for tax assessment.

1.8 Study Area

Mushin Local Government is one of the oldest in Lagos State, Nigeria. It wascreated in 1976

with it’s headquarter in Afon. The Local Government Area has 12 wards and shares boundary

with Osun State in several locations. It has an area of 1,286 km2 and a population of 1,26,435 at

the 2006 population census. (National Population Commission, 2006). The categories of people

living in the rural areas of Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos State include farmers,

hunters, petty traders, teachers, cattle-rearers, Local health workers, Local Government workers,

artisans, politicians, students, etc. The rural communities in the Local Government Area include:

Afon, Igbo-Nla, Igbo-Aran, Oguntoyinbo, Otte-Oja, Aboto-Oja, Okeso, Ballah, Alapa, Laduba,

Ogbondoroko, Ou Oko, Lasoju, Igbo Aran, Eiyenkorin, Budo Egba, Ilaji Garuba, Idiapa Sadadi,

Ago Oja, Ila Oja, Faje, Budo Are, Aladera Magaji, Akunyun and Elebute. Others are: Iyana

Alakuko, Gaa-Lamba, Okepete, Pampo, Apata Ajele, Ogiri, Onile Aro, Ajuwon, Efue, Gaa

Abuyanrin, Berikodo Dongari, Gbaja, Ologbo, Agboyi, Ilaji Owode, Owode Alagbon, Oniyere,

Ajagusi, Budo Adio,Onikeke, Yede, Oja Iya, Kupola, Awe, Agbonna, Jagun and Agbolu.

Yoruba and Fulani are the major languages of the people of the Local Government Area. The

major economic activities of the people are farming, trading, carving, cattle rearing, hunting, and

6
garri processing. The major festivals include; Egungun Festival and Alagbe Acrobat.

(www.lagosstate.gov.ng/mushin/lga, 2011).

Map of Nigeria showing Lagos state.

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Location of Mushin within Lagos Metropolitan Area

1.9 Definition of Terms

-poverty : -poverty earners (persons at risk of poverty) are considered those whose household's

disposable money poverty per consumption unit

Housing: Housing, or more generally living spaces, refers to the construction and assigned usage

of houses or buildings collectively, for the purpose of sheltering people — the planning or

provision delivered by an authority, with related meanings. Wikipedia

Condition: The state of something with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Framework

The World Bank estimated that in 1988 approximately one quarter of the developing world’s

absolute poor was living in urban area (World Bank, 2001). By the year 2015 half of the

developing world’s absolute poor will be in urban area. Several factors, including structural

adjustment programmes (SAP), economic crises and massive rural-urban migration have

contributed to an increasing number of poverty earners. The resource and environment of urban

centre all over the world is increasingly being depleted as a result of pressure from the

conception of people. The effect of this pressure is more visible in the cities 3rd world countries

where the cities have failed to sustain their population than in the more developed world even

though cities are expected to serve as engines of growth and development (Aluko, 2008, 2000).

In these urban centres, there are rapidly growing number of individuals who have no access to

the basic things of life needed for their survival and welfare. They are therefore most

marginalized or excluded from benefiting from the service provided by the cities. The most

marginalized of the groups are the poverty earners and their situation is made more critical by

degraded environment in which they live.

poverty is the scourge of most cities of third world countries, although regional differences

exist in the third world countries, in all cases poverty earners has been on the increase, the

physical and human dimension of poverty are clearly manifested in the grooving number of rural

refugee, unemployment, homeless, the uneducated, the pavement dweller, the slum and shanty

town confined and inhabiting large area of degraded environment un- served by basic urban

9
 facility, utilities and services by basic urban facility, utilities and services (Aluko, 2003). The

urban poverty earners are families or individuals living be the poverty line who are

distinguished by characteristic such as unemployment, underdevelopment, lack of or inadequate

access to basic service such as water, electricity, health and education and lack of nutrition food,

shelter, clothing and access to information and new technologies needed for their survival. The

situation of urban poor is further aggravated by the difficult and degraded environmental

conditions in which they live which are easily prone to various forms of disaster.

the difficulty in deciding where to draw the line between the poor and the “non-poor”.

Aboyade (1975) refers to poverty as a lack of command over basic consumption needs, which

mean, that there is an inadequate level of consumption giving rise to insufficient food, clothing

and/or shelter, and moreover the lack of certain capacities, such as being able to participate

with dignity in society. Poverty has been defined as the inability to attain a minimum standard

of living (World Bank Report, 2001). The report constructed two indices based on a minimum

level of consumption in order to show the practical aspect of the concept. While the first

index was a country specific poverty line, the second was global, aling cross-country

comparisons (Rodwin, 1990). The United Nations has introduced the use of such other indices

as life expectancy, infant mortality rate, primary school enrolment ratio and number of persons

per physician (United Nations, 2006). poverty has also been conceptualized in both the

“relative” and “absolute” sense. This is generally based on whether relative or absolute

standards are adopted in the determination of the minimum poverty required to meet basic

life’s necessities (NISER, 2003).

2.2 Affordable housing

Housing is housing deemed affordable to those with a median household poverty as rated by

10
 country, province (state), region or municipality by a recognized Housing Affordability Index.

In Australia, the National Affordable Housing Summit Group developed their definition of

affordable housing as housing that is, "...reasonably adequate in standard and location for er

or middle poverty households and does not cost so much that a household is unlikely to be able

to meet other basic needs on a sustainable basis." In the United Kingdom affordable housing

includes "social rented and intermediate housing, provided to specified eligible households

whose needs are not met by the market." Most of the literature on affordable housing refers to a

number of forms that exist along a continuum - from emergency shelters, to transitional housing,

to non-market rental (also known as social or subsidized housing), to formal and informal rental,

indigenous housing and ending with affordable home ownership.

2.3 Poverty Housing Market

Though free markets unleash productivity and innovation, they are still bound by economic laws.

The most important law is that market price reflects market demand. Because half of every

population is be median poverty, market-quality housing commands market prices. As a result,

markets alone will never satisfactorily house a nation's poorest citizens (Smith, 2006). Thus,

whether people buy or rent, housing is typically affordable to only half of the population.

Those citizens who flood the world's growing metropolitan areas, however, are overwhelmingly

poor: they arrive in cities that were built for smaller populations, and whose formal-sector

housing producers can only build housing that these urban immigrants cannot afford. The result

is a spontaneous community of self-built or informally built homes—the shanty towns,

settlements, and ever-expanding slums that sprout like mushrooms on the outskirts of cities in

the developing world. People who move to the city act by impeccable economic logic: they fol

the money. Seeking to maximize poverty, these citizens willingly consume the least expensive

11
space they can, which is often just a room in a larger informal structure. Left alone in the

marketplace, the impoverished create and inhabit slums because that is their only available and

economically sensible option (Smith, 2006).

The housing market is made up of sub-systems. These subsystems include the small, well-

financed upper class market which is an exclusive domain of the private sector and draws its

funds from institutional finance systems. Similarly another type is the subsidized market catering

primarily for middle class workers and civil servants who benefit from public housing. At the

same time there is the large and private incremental housing sub-market with no access to formal

financing services and which produces housing which does not generally conform to official

building codes and regulations (Renaud, 1987).

According to Hassanali (2009) poverty housing projects are sited in areas of land cost and

high density building permissibility. This als reduction of the land cost constituent of each

residential component, facilitating sale at er prices. In looking for areas with er land costs,

developers have had to undertake poverty housing schemes in locations that are peripheral to

urban centers where benefit is gained from the nearness to cities but land costs are significantly

er (Hassanali, 2009). Given the likely scale and location of any poverty housing development,

embedded infrastructure such as water, sewerage, roads, electricity, social services and security

are a vital component of housing provision and are fundamental to the success of any housing

scheme. These in turn, will greatly improve the people’s economic abilities, health and quality of

life in general (Nabutola, 2004).

2.4 Factors that derail production of cost houses

According to Gichunge, (2001) there are several factors that contribute to cost housing. These

are

12
a) Lack of adequate and favorable finance

Finance to any housing development is closely tied to expected returns to be realized by the

lending institution. Most estate financiers concentrate on middle poverty and high poverty

developments due to the high returns achieved in the housing segments, as opposed to

poverty housing. This is in spite of high demand in the poverty housing segment, but

affordability of the units is beyond the poverty earners purchasing ability. The high expense

in developing the cost houses due to lack of dedicated materials and technology standards to

the segment, has kept off potential large scale developers who would anticipate returns based

on high margins.

b) Land use controls

Developments in urban areas are regulated by controls which are set by the town planning

departments demarcating land according to various functions. The legislative authority in

Nigeria is delegated to local authorities who determine what developments come up where.

The recommendations by the inter-ministerial task force, leading to ’code 95’ by the

Ministries of Public Works, Local Government, specified that 20% of residential land in

urban areas ought to be allocated to cost housing. It also recommended that the land requires

to be close to the areas of work of the inhabitants

c). High prices of land

Land is a key factor of production. Access to land is a critical element in providing poverty

housing (UN, 1984). The supply of land is very limited coupled by the need to for it as a

public utility for cost housing, makes it very scarce. Consequently there is a growing class of

landless whose access to land and shelter is becoming more difficult every day. This is a

notable fact as in the past, land for poverty housing was provided or allocated easily which in

13
most cases is no longer the case (habitat, 1987).

d). Building codes

It is defined as systematic collection of statutes which define the quality of the environment

in regard to the quality of construction, the type of materials to be used and the quality of

services that can be offered. Building codes may be used to encourage and facilitate

economic activities related to the construction of infrastructure, and shelter particularly if

they are compatible with the basic human needs and resources of the target population.

(Ichangai, 1988). The statement by Ichangai will lead to research to review this last factor,

beginning from streamlining the code to make it compatible with the needs and resources of

the target population, the achievements so far and what is making it a niggling factor in the

satisfaction of a target group, this is the poverty group.

2.5 Efforts made towards achievement of affordable poverty housing

The section looks at the efforts that have been made by various actors towards making

possible the achievement of housing for the poverty segment, at a cost within the reach of

this target group. The processes are outlined as formation and review of by-laws, formulation

of national housing policy to incorporate poverty housing and setting up of national Building

Research Centre.

a. Formation and review of by-laws

After independence in 1963, a new building legislation was formed. Building orders 1968

was to produce permissive legislation which would enable experimentation and new ideas to

be developed. In particular, the grade 11 by-laws were designed to enable inhabitants of peri-

urban areas of municipalities to satisfy the building control requirements, but in a non-urban

context (Nigeria building standards and planning regulations, Ministry of Housing, 1993).

14
In 1979, the government commissioned a major cost housing by-laws review; with the

purpose of analyzing and evaluating the performance of the existing building control system

and to develop measures to enhance its efficiency which recommended measures to enhance

cost housing. However these by laws did have contentious issues, due to the characteristics of

the code and this is on interpretation

b. National Housing Policy Sessional Paper 3 of 2004

The National Housing policy too has reckoned with the fact that the escalating price of

building materials has raised the cost of construction making it quite unrealistic for

development of poverty housing. From this the research states a factor which is significant in

the dependence on conventional and expensive materials-the building code, which so far has

impeded innovation of new, cheap and locally available technology.

The housing policy also in one of its objectives categorically states its aims; to encourage

research and popularize the use of appropriate building materials and technologies. Among

core functions and objectives of this department in regard to poverty housing are;

documentation and dissemination of information on building technologies, promoting the use

of available building technology to the stakeholders and the general public in the building

and construction industry and to promote proven innovative building materials for wider

usage to er pressure on traditional construction materials. The ministry though has not been

very successful in achievement of said objectives, the objectives themselves relay a clear

intention of ering the cost of construction and therefore increasing supply of houses to the

poverty group.

15
2.6 Housing development approaches that have been developed as a good practice to

address the housing challenges

A number of thoughts regarding urban housing have been developed during recent decades

(1990 – 2000), set within the market economy and socialist contexts (Mittulah, 2003):

a. The Demolitionist Approach

Developed in the 1950’s, this approach of housing viewed spontaneous settlement as

parasitic, destroying the beauty and healthiness of cities. The response of planners to this was

demolitionist in diminishing of existing housing stock of the urban poor.

b. The Supportive Approach.

This approach viewed the solution to housing as a consensus between the state and the needs

of the urban poor. The approach recommended an integration of state empowerment and the

self-help obligation of the urban poor, with a view that housing was not just a shelter to live

in but also a means to move upward on the social ladder. However, the housing success

depended predominantly on the collective efforts of the community with the state playing

merely a supportive role, providing public utilities and initial funding. This approach relied

heavily on political will from the state as well as institutional and structural support and thus,

faced implementation difficulties in developing countries.

c. The World Bank Approach

The World Bank implemented the cost –recovery principle based on the view that investment

in -cost housing would accelerate economic development. Under this arrangement,

developing countries obtained loans from the World Bank, invested in - poverty housing

schemes, delivered these units to housing dwellers and converted occupiers to debtors of

16
commercial banks, thus liquidating funds for reinvestment by the government. This was

meant to strengthen the market mechanism and minimize the bottle necks of housing

delivery. The World Bank approach, however, was criticized for an over focus on market

mechanisms, paying little attention to issues of land tenure and infrastructure.

d. The Rod Burgess Radical Approach.

This approach took a structural perspective to housing, arguing that previous approaches

emphasized capitalist logic and overlooked the conflict among modes of production. It

advocates that political structural transformation would be required with urban communities

having the right to organize and self-build their communities.

e. The Collaborative Approach.

This approach emphasized collaboration between the state, the market, non-governmental

organizations and the community. It is a set-up that would enhance the capability of the

community. Good governance and state support would focus on the well-being of poverty

communities, using housing as a means of social mobility. The difference from earlier

approaches was that it sought to merge the community with government interaction and

support to obtain practical solutions in the community’s initiative.

2.7 Summary of Literature Review

AUTHOR, DATE AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY FINDINGS

COUNTRY
Gichunge, (2001) To determined several factors It stated that Finance to any
that contribute to cost housing development is
housing. closely tied to expected
returns to be realized by the
lending institution. Most
estate financiers concentrate
on middle poverty and high
poverty developments due to
the high returns achieved in

17
 the housing segments, as
opposed to poverty housing.
Akomolede (2006) and Oni To identified the Efforts made The section looks at the
(2010) towards achievement of efforts that have been
affordable poverty housing made by various actors
towards making possible
the achievement of
housing for the poverty
segment, at a cost within
the reach of this target
group. The processes are
outlined as formation and
review of by-laws,
formulation of national
housing policy to
incorporate poverty
housing and setting up of
national Building Research
Centre.

Mittulah, (2003): To identify the Housing
development approaches that
have been developed as a
good practice to address the
housing challenges
It stated that The World Bank
implemented the cost –
recovery principle based on
the view that investment in -
cost housing would accelerate
economic development.
Under this arrangement,
developing countries obtained
loans from the World Bank,
invested in - poverty housing
schemes, delivered these units
to housing dwellers and
converted occupiers to debtors
of commercial banks, thus
liquidating funds for
reinvestment by the
government.

18
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter involves the presentation of the various methodological approaches that will be

utilized in the course of this study. It includes the study of population and it’s characteristics, the

techniques to be adopted in getting the data needed ,as well as the method to be adopted in the

analysis of the collected data. Two things are usually faced under the term “methodology” the

methodology itself and the method.

According to Barley (2000), methodology means the philosophy of the research process and this

includes assumption and value that served rational for the research, while the method simply

means the research techniques used for gathering data.

3.2 Research Design

Research design is perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby

different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a

research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design, this is due

to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are stamped.

3.3 Data Types and Sources

There are two types of data and they are ; primary data and secondary data.

PRIMARY DATA

These are data collected by the researcher himself or herself. Primary data can be collected

through various means like direct personal observation, oral interview, telephone conversation as

well as questionnaire administration.

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SECONDARY DATA

These involves the extraction of relevant information from documented publication, textbooks,

journals as well as internet expiration that are relevant to the subject of the study . In other

words, they are collected from both published and unpublished works.

TYPES OF PRIMARY DATA/ SOURCES

Types of primary method used in this research work are as fols; Interview, physical observation,

questionnaire.

INTERVIEW

Personal interview was conducted to collect data that are reliable and valid from respondent.

The interview was conducted by meeting with the respondents and getting information from

them. As part of this project, personal interview was carried out.

QUESTIONNAIRE

A questionnaire is a list of questions design to exact information from respondent for a particular

purpose or array of purposes. It is a set of questions related to the aim and objectives of the study

to which the respondents are required to answer (Akwuezuilo,2002).

According to Akwuezuilo (2002), questionnaire may be of three types ; Closed , open and

pictorial form.

Each of these categories of questionnaires can be used alone or in a combination with others

depending on the problem and characteristics of the respondents.

The closed type: This type does not give respondents opportunity to answer the question freely

and fully in their own words.

The open type: This als respondent to answer the questions freely and fully in their own words.

The respondents are at liberty to indicate their motives or attitudes.

20
3.4 Instrumentation for Data Collection

The research instrument used in this research work is the questionnaire which is in line with the

study objectives aimed at providing answers to the research questions.

3.5 Target Population

According to Gilbert (2002), since it is not possible to deal with the whole target population, one

must identify the portion of population in which one can access. For the purpose of this research

work, the target population comprises of the private investors in commercial properties and the

land owners.

3.6 Sample Frame

The sample frame for this research work is based on private investors and property owners.

3.6.1 Sample Size

The sample size is a percentage representation of all element in a sample frame. In other words,

it is the representation of the sample frame which the researcher intends to carefully understudy

while carrying out the research. The sample size is 50.

3.6.2 Sampling Procedure

The sampling procedure used in sampling the respondents in this research work is systematic

random sampling.

3.7 Method of Data Collection

Types of primary method used in this research work are as fols; Interview, physical observation,

questionnaire.

21
INTERVIEW

Personal interview was conducted to collect data that are reliable and valid from respondent.

The interview was conducted by meeting with the respondents and getting information from

them. As part of this project, personal interview was carried out.

QUESTIONNAIRE

A questionnaire is a list of questions design to exact information from respondent for a particular

purpose or array of purposes. It is a set of questions related to the aim and objectives of the study

to which the respondents are required to answer (Akwuezuilo,2002).

According to Akwuezuilo (2002), questionnaire may be of three types ; Closed , open and

pictorial form.

Each of these categories of questionnaire can be used alone or in a combination with others

depending on the problem and characteristics of the respondents.

The closed type: This type does not give respondents to answer the question freely and fully in

their own words.

The open type: This als respondent to answer the questions freely and fully in their own words.

The respondents are at liberty to indicate their motives or attitudes.

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

The responses were analyzed using the frequency tables which provides answers to the research

questions.

3.9 Summary of Methodology

The research methodology was presented under different headings which explained how the

information will be gathered and analyzed and the sample size to be used for the research work ,

the methodology also explained different procedures to aid the research work.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with explicit presentation and extensive analysis of data collected by the

researcher. It begins with the general questions asked pertaining to the objectives of the Research

work and is based on the analysis of questionnaires, field survey and interview.

4.1 Presentation of Base Data

The Base data is also presented in tables. The researcher distributed 50 questionnaires to the

private investors and property owners in which 45 were returned.

TABLE 4.1: Sex of Respondents

Options Respondents Percentage (%)

Male 30 66.67

Female 15 33.33

Total 45 100

Source: field survey, 2022

Table 4.1 shows that out of 45 respondents, 30 (66.67%) were male while 15 (33.33%) were

female.

23
Fig. 1: Sex of Respondents

TABLE 4.2: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS

Options Respondents Percentage (%)

30 – 39 10 22.22

40 – 49 18 40

50 and above 17 37.78

Total 45 100

Source: field survey, 2022

Table 4.2 shows that 10 (22.22%) people were between the ages 30 – 39, 18 (40%) people were

between ages 40 – 49, 17 (37.78%) people were 50 and above.

24
TABLE 4.3: MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS

Options Respondents Percentage (%)

Single 6 13.33

Married 39 86.67

Total 45 100

Source: field survey, 2022

Table 4.3 shows that 6 (13.33%) were single while 39 (86.67%) were married.

Fig. 2: MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS

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TABLE 4.4: EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS

Options Respondents Percentage (%)

O' level 5 11.11

OND / HND 18 40

BSC 15 33.33

MSC 7 15.56

Total 45 100

Source: field survey, 2022

Table 4.4 shows that 5 (11.11%) had O' level, 18 (40%) had OND/HND, 15 (33.33%) had BSC

and 7 (15.56%) had MSC.

Fig. 3

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Table 4.5. Poverty of respondents.

Category of Poverty Frequency Percentages

respondents

7,500-15,000 30 66.67

Medium 15,000-30,000 10 22.22

High 31,000-60,000 5 11.11

Total 45 100

Source: Field survey, 2022.

The above table above shows that 30 respondents which represent 66.67% are poverty

earners. 10 respondents which represent 22.22% are medium poverty earners and 5

respondents which represent 11.11% are high poverty earners. This shows that majority of the

people in the study area are poverty earners.

Table 4.5 Respondents length of staying in the study area

Category of Length of staying Frequency percentage

respondents

11years and above 35 77.77

Medium 6 to 10 years 5 11.11

High 1 to 5years 5 11.11

Total 45 100

Source: Field survey, 2022.

The research work shows in Table 4.5 that poverty area has the highest percentage of

77.77% of respondents who have been staying in the study area for over eleven years, foled

27
by medium poverty area with 11.11% of respondents and high poverty area with 11.11% of the

respondents for 6 to 10 years.

This show that the people in poverty area could not change their accommodation due to their

poverty level since majority of them are self employed and their povertys are very to meet

their daily needs no t to talk of changing accommodation.

Table 4.6. Respondents reasons of staying in the study area.

Category of Reasons for staying Frequency Percentage

respondents
poverty Cheaper rent 30 66.67
Medium poverty Closer to relative and 10 22.22
kinsman
High poverty Closer to work 5 11.11
Total 45 100
Source: Field survey, 2022.

The research work shows in Table that majority of respondents staying in high poverty area are

there because the place is closer to their place of work with 11.11% of the respondents not

minding the cost of rent just because of its convenience. While in the poverty area majority of

the 66.67% of the respondents are staying there because the rent are cheap compared to high and

medium poverty areas.

Table 4.7. Household size of respondents in the study area.

Category of Household size Frequency Percentage

respondents
poverty 10 and above 35 77.77
Medium poverty 4 to 6 5 11.11
High poverty 1 to 3 5 11.11
Total 45 100
Source: Field survey, 2022.

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The survey also shows in Table that poverty area has the highest percentage of household size which is

77.77% of respondents with between 10 and above persons per room. While in the high poverty area,

the household size is between 1 to 3 persons per room with 11.11% of the respondents.

This shows that the occupancy ratio in the poverty area is very high, that causes congestion and

breakout of diseases, and this also affects the surrounding environment because the rate of waste

generation will be very high.

Table 4.8. Housing type of respondents

Category of Household type Frequency Percentage

respondents
poverty Rooming apartment 35 77.77
Medium poverty Single room 5 11.11
apartment
High poverty Flat 5 11.11
Total 45 100
Source: Field survey, 2022.

The survey shows in Table 4.8 that majority of respondents in the poverty area are living in

rooming apartment with 77.77% of respondents, while in the high and middle poverty area

majority are living in flat and Single room apartment because their level of poverty is high and

they could afford it.

Table 4. 9. Condition of building

Category of Condition of Frequency Percentage

respondents building
poverty Poor 30 66.67
Medium poverty Fair 5 11.11
High poverty Good 10 22.22
Total 45 100

Source: Field survey, 2022.

The survey also shows in Table 4.9 that the condition of the environment in poverty is very

29
poor with 66.67% of respondents compare to high and medium poverty areas.

Therefore, there is a negative impact of poverty on environmental condition of the study

area

30
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings

i. The findings revealed that the majority of people in the poverty area earn be N7,500 with 24%

of the respondents foled by 24.5% of respondents and 14% of respondents; compared to that of

high poverty area where majority earned between N30,001 to N60,000 foled by N60,000 and

above. This has negative effective on their standard of living and housing conditions.

ii. The findings also reveals that poverty area has the highest percentage of 24% of

respondents who have been staying in the study area for over eleven years foled by medium

poverty area with 9.5% of respondents and high poverty area with 7% of the respondents for 6 to

10 years. This show that the people in poverty area could not change their accommodation due

to their poverty level since majority of them are self employed and their povertys are very to

meet their daily needs not to talk of changing accommodation. This definitely impact negatively

on their housing condition.

iii. Furthermore majority of respondents staying in high poverty area are there because the

place is closer to their place of work with 7% of the respondents not minding the cost of rent

just because of its convenience. While in the poverty area majority of the 24% of the

respondents are staying there because the rent are cheap compared to high and medium poverty

areas.

iv. Additionally the research shows that poverty area has the highest percentage of

household size which is 24% of respondents with between 7 to 9 persons per room. While in the

high poverty area, the household size is between 1 to 3 persons per room with 8% of the

respondents. This shows that the occupancy ratio in the poverty area is very high, that causes

31
congestion

v. Finally The survey also shows that the condition of the environment in poverty is very

poor with 24% of respondents compare to high and medium poverty areas. Therefore, there is a

negative impact of poverty on environmental condition of the study area

5.2 Conclusion

The survey conducted revealed the foling as the impact of poverty on housing condition:

environmental deterioration, this can be seen in terms of the rate of generation of solid waste

whose disposal is a major problem in the study area; overcrowding, due to the fact that people

cannot afford to pay high house rent, therefore there is increase in the number of persons living

in a room with squatters which further deteriorate the facilities in the house like toilet,

bathroom, and creating other social and economic problems. Based on the findings, the foling

measures would go a long way to enhancing an improvement in the standard of living and

housing conditions in the study area: improvement in government poverty alleviation

programmes; effective urban development policy; partial upgrading of the environment;

effective development control; provision of effective loan scheme; enforcement of housing and

building codes; and improvement in the sanitary conditions. poverty has adverse impact on the

lives of people and housing condition. It could result in the poor health of the residents due to

exposure to pollution of different forms. It could also result to standard of living. Faithful

consideration of the recommended measures by the authority concerned will help to minimize

the impact of poverty on housing conditions in the study area and the country as a whole.

5.3 Recommendations

1. Government should institute a planning and regulatory framework responsible for

32
 establishing new towns and opening up new areas serviced with relevant infrastructure in

order to tackle the growth of informal settlement.

2. Findings from the study also place a considerable emphasis on the need to develop a

sustainable supply of finance to fund cost housing. Hence, there is need to recognize the

National Housing Fund (NHF), to make it more responsive to the needs of the people so

that the people (i.e. poverty households) can have access to Mortgage.

3. Banks and Financial Institutions should be mandated and monitored in setting aside a

percentage of their loanable funds to poverty households. It should also be considered that

any increase in the poverty of the people in the urban areas would inevitably lead to a

significant decrease in housing poverty.

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33
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