THE IMPACT OF MASS MEDIA ON NIGERIA POLITICAL SYSTEM

“A STUDY OF POLITICAL CAMPAIGN IN NIGERIA “

BY

Adedara Oluwafunbi Ayomide

MATRIC NUMBER: Espam/mac/20/0108

A FINAL YEAR PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MASS

COMMUNICATION, FACULTY OF ARTS &SOCIAL SCIENCES, ECOLE SUPERIEURE
PANAFRICAINE DE MANAGEMENT APPLIQUE, (ESPAM - FORMATION
UNIVERSITY), PORTO-NOVO, REPUBLIC OF BENIN.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) DEGREE IN MASS COMMUNICATION
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this research project works on "THE IMPACT OF MASS
MEDIA IN NIGERIA POLITICAL SYSTEM"has been read and approved to satisfy the
regulations and standard of the school management towards the award of the
bachelor of science degree.

______________ ____________

Mr Ojochenemi Date

_____________ ____________

HOD Date

_______________ ____________

External Examiner Date

 DEDICATION

The research project is dedicated to Almighty God and my parent Mr and Mrs
Adedara.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I'm obliged to mention names of those who have been helpful in one way or the
other in the course of this project work. First and foremost I'm eternal grateful to
Almighty God for life and strength throughout my stay in the university. My
profound gratitude goes to my parent Mr and Mrs Adedara and my family for
their unfailing encouragement throughout my time of studies. I wish to
appreciate my supervisor in person Mr Ojochenemi Benjamin for his guidance and
counsel during the course of this research work. Finally I will like to extend my
heartfelt gratitude to those who have been instrumental to the successful
completion of this project but are too numerous to mention.

God bless you all.

 ABSTRACT

The aim of study is to ascertain the impact of mass media in Nigeria political
system factor such as impact of mass media in Nigeria political system cause of
political system and the extent in which the campaign structure the masses posed
to establish their relative influence on the entire masses towards political system.
An empirical survey was diligently conducted and data were analysed to
determine the impact of mass media on Nigeria political system. The findings
shows that mass media house have been the main source of information to the
read of the people. They made use of different strategies (phone-in-programmes,
audience opinion etc) so as to know the public perception in the impact of mass
media.
 Resume

L'objectif de l'étude est de déterminer l'impact des médias de masse dans le facteur
du système politique nigérian tel que l'impact des médias de masse dans le système
politique nigérian cause du système politique et la mesure dans laquelle la structure
de campagne les masses posées pour établir leur influence relative sur l'ensemble
des masses vers le système politique. Une enquête empirique a été menée avec
diligence et les données ont été analysées pour det l'impact desmédias de masse sur
le système politique nigérian. Les résultats montrent que la maison des médias de
masse a été la principale source d'informations à la lecture des gens. Ils ont fait
usage de différents stratégies (téléphone dans les programmes, opinion d'audience,
etc.) afin de connaître la perception du public dans l'impact des médias de masse.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ----------------------------------------------------------- I

Certification -------------------------------------------------------- II

Dedication ---------------------------------------------------------- III

Acknowledgement ----------------------------------------------- IV

Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------- V

Resume -------------------------------------------------------------- VI

Table of contents ------------------------------------------------- VII

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1: Background of the study

1.2: Statement of research problem

1.3: Objective of the study

1.4: Research questions

1.5: Research hypothesis

1.6: Significance of the study

1.7: Scope of the study

1.8: Definition operational terms

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0: Conceptual clarifications

2.1.1: Overview the history of mass media and politics in Nigeria

2.1.2: Mass and politics in Nigeria

2.1.3: First generation of newspaper in Nigeria

2.1.4: Symbolic relationship between media and politics

2.1.5: The role of mass media in any democratic set up

2.2: Theoritical framework

2.2.1: Framing theory

2.2.2: ImperativeofsocialmediainNigeriainthetimeofelection

2.3: Theoritical review

2.3.1: Review on empirical studies

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1: Introduction

3.2: Research design

3.3: Population of the study

3.4: Simple and sampling technique

3.5: Research instrument and instrumentation

3.6: Validity and instrument

3.7: Reliability of instrument

3.8: Method of data collection

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1: Introduction

4.2: Analysis

4.3: Analysis of psychographic data

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1: Conclusion

5.2: Recommendation.
 May 2023.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Scholars have been concerned for centuries with the possible influence of the
media of communication on the formation of public opinion and attitudes, but there
have been divergent and diametric opposing views on the subject. Many
communication scholars, among them: Daramola (2013), McQuail (2010),
Sambe&Nyitse (2007), Adesoji (2006), Akinfeleye (2003), Nwosu (2003) and
Aliede (2003) argue that the mass media and politics in Nigeria are interwoven.
The perception and claim is that the mass media are the driving force of politics
and its processes, but nature of the relationship between the two institutions has
been rarely properly and closely examined. Therefore, this vital area is still vague
and needs further x-raying. Again, studies and discourses on media and politics in
Nigeria tend to be skewed towards the effect of the mass media on politics and
political processes, yet the studies hardly enquired deeply into the effect of politics
on the mass media. What role have the media played or should play for there to be
vibrant, people-centered and impactful political system is more often the subject of
enquiry in communication studies. What politics should do for the media is less in
contention, even though it is as important to carry out studies to find out what the
political system should do to ensure the prevalence of vibrant press in Nigeria. In
the course of the Nigerian 2019 General Elections, such challenges like voter
education and political apathy arose and critics tended to blame the media for not
performing their roles of voters mobilization. Nevertheless, the media did not shun
this responsibility, just as they never did in other facets of the nation’s life. Yet, the
government has, notwithstanding such partnership roles, very often acted in

unfriendly posture towards the press. For instance, despite wide and popular
opinion of Nigerians and civil societies, the Federal Government illegally and
unilaterally amended (against the recommendation of the NBC Board) the National
Broadcasting Code, stipulating N5m as the fine against ‘hate speech’. Its first
casualty, according to Ikpoto (2020) is Nigeria Info, a Lagos based FM station.
While slamming the fine on the station, NBC spokesman claimed any speech
intended to ‘abuse, insult or denigrate our leaders and those in authority –
president, governors, MPs’ would be guilty of the law as it is ‘not our culture’ to
do so. This has attracted wide condemnation of all sections of the media,
stakeholders, politicians and the entire society as it is clearly an instrument of
gagging the press, (Blueprint, 2020; Daily Independent, 2020; Daily Sun, 2020;
Leadership, 2020); New Telegraph, 2020; This Day, 2020 & Vanguard, 2020).
While focusing on the interface between the mass media, on oneand, and
government, governance and politics, on the other, in Nigeria, this paper sought to
examine the kind of dominant affinity between the mass media and politics. To
achieve this, the paper adopted qualitative research method of exploring available
secondary data in the area.

The media, emphatically newspapers, are given a significant amount of attention

during elections. In point of fact, it is not an exaggeration to state that a transparent
election in Nigeria and elsewhere is impossible if there is no media present to
cover it. This is because the media are expedient channels that can be utilised for
monitoring, correlation, teaching and spreading information (Arijeniwa, Nwaoboli,
Ajimokunola&Uwuoruya 2022; Nwaoboli, 2021, 2022, 2023) to electorates. The
reason for this may be found in the fact that the media are effective in bringing
about behavioural and attitude change. Omoera (2010) agrees with the above
assertion when he stated that the Nigerian press has always been useful as a vehicle
for constructing the political landscape of the country, an avenue for agitation and
proper political leadership. To express this in another way, we could say that the
Nigerian press has always been useful as a vehicle for structuring the political
landscape of the country. This illustrates that the mass media have an important
role to play in the electoral process of any democratic government which is
indisputable and crucial in its own right. Elections take place all over the world in
the contemporary, modern civilisation and as a result, they are the focus of a great
amount of interest and coverage from the media. People from all over the world
pay attention to the elections in Nigeria since it is the black nation with the most
people and is considered to be the giant of Africa. As a consequence of this, greater
dependencies on the media for obtaining information on the electoral process, the
parties and campaigns in the media are closely followed by citizens for the purpose
of deciding on their voting behaviour (Arijeniwa&Nwaoboli, 2023). In addition,
citizens place a higher amount of reliance on the media as their primary source of
information regarding the political process, as well as the parties and campaigns
that are covered in the media. This is done with the intention of making voting
choices (Jackson &Lilleker, 2009). Newspapers have a reputation for having a
significant impact on the populace, particularly in regard to the manner in which
individuals participate in the electoral. The mass media have the ability to impact
our cognitive processes. It follows that the vast majority of what we know about
both our internal environment and election is the product of information that has
been distributed through the various forms of the media. This is true for both our
knowledge of the election and our knowledge of our internal environment.
Elections are carried out in every democracy. Democratic government, which is
presided over by individuals who were elected to their positions, is the system of
administration that continues to have widespread support and approval in the
contemporary world. Voting by the populace to choose their leaders is the defining
characteristic of this form of democratic administration. According to Omoera
(2010), the metaphor of a watchdog being a member of the media is a reflection of
the vigilant function that the media plays in any administration. The Nigerian
presidential election was slated for February 25, 2023. Although there are more
than eight parties and people who contested for the 2023 presidential elections, the
major ones include Prince Malik Ado-Ibrahim who is representing the Young
Progressives Party (YPP) party, Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso who is representing the
New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP), OmoyeleSowore representing the African
Action Congress (AAC), Peter Obi representing the Labour Party (LP), Prince
Adewole Adebayo representing the Social Democratic Party (SDP) Kola Abiola
representing the People's Redemption Party (PRP), Asiwaju Bola Tinubu of All
Progressive Party (APC) and AtikuAbubakar who is representing the People’s
Democratic Party (PDP). This study is therefore carried out to examine how mass
media, specifically The social media, covered the campaigns of the contestants.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS

The main purpose of this research topic “The roles of the mass media in Nigeria
politics” is to highlight the work of the media within the context of Nigeria
political revolutions. The study which intends to talk about the Nigeria people, will
also present us the geographical spread, tribes, customs and traditions and the
diverse social cultural settings of the people.

The contributions of the media in harmonizing these Herculean trends in pre-

independent, independence and post-independence of Nigeria periods would be
critically examined and extensively narrated. The study would also explain the
impact of the media toward the political development of the country and identify
the constraints, tribulations, ordeals facing the media as a social institution in
performing its certain functions of an inevitable channels or stations for political
consciousness.

1.3 OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The topic of the study, “the roles of the mass media in Nigeria politics” will
evaluate and investigate the roles and travails of the media practitioners in the
storming Nigeria political arena. It also applies to the journalists to be aware of
their professional ethics, responsibilities, certain roles, and expect any form of
report in political issues and events.

The study would also enlighten the students of mass communication to the impacts
of mass media in the society and the nation at large. It is aimed at finding out the
opinions of the people on the expected roles of the mass media in Nigeria politics,
most especially, the entrenchment of democracy and governance in Nigeria.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study find answers to the following questions.

1. What are the functions of the media in political activities?

2. What are the functions of the media in Nigeria politics?
3. What are the contributions of the media in the politics of Nigeria?
4. What are the challenges facing the media in reporting political clients and
issues in Nigeria? How can media help to improve Nigeria politics?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS 1
Ho: There is no significant difference between The Roles Of The Mass Media and
Nigeria Politics

H1: There is a significant difference between The Roles Of The Mass Media and
Nigeria Politics

HYPOTHESIS 2

H0; There is no significant relationship Mass Media And Nigeria Politics

h1: There is a significant relationship between Mass Media And Nigeria Politics

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study cannot be over emphasized, because, Nigeria is the
most populous black in the whole of African nations and it is recognized as the
giant of Africa.

Considering the large human and natural resources, the political transformation and
revolutions witnessed by the country from the pre-colonial era up till date is one of
the major hallmarks as a nation. It is also worthy to note the ever increasing
political awareness and enlighten campaigns played majorly by the media. The
study is rested in examining and evaluating the functions, roles and responsibilities
of the media in the political development of the country in order to place the mass
media in appropriate position of the forth estate of power, and taking after the
executive legislature and judiciary.

Furthermore, the roles of the media is said to be the “watchdog of the society” in
relation to their status of the omnipotence universal character since the media
serves as social tools for political restrictions.
As turbulent and storming as the Nigeria political situations over the years now,
the contributions of the mass media towards achieving an egalitarian society for
the country through good governance cannot be ignored.

In addition, readers, researcher, students and learners would find this academic
effort informative, educative, analytical and indicatively, entertaining in the course
of their individual and collective endeavors most especially, while trying to
identify and appreciate the institutional responsibilities of the mass media within
the context of Nigeria political history.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the historical background of media activities in
Nigeria politics landscape with specific emphasis selected in the past and present
public and private owned media houses, radio and television stations as well as
notable news magazines.

The difficulties encountered in carrying out the research are due to inadequate and
non-availability of relevant textbooks in the school library most especially on mass
communication, political science and other related courses.

Lastly, the study therefore limit our views and opinions of the staff in media
houses such as radio and television stations which is the broadcast media,
newspaper and magazines which is the print media, the opinions of notable
individuals, professionals such as, politicians, political scientists, academicians,
journalists and other relevant stakeholders.

1.8 DEFINITIONS OPERATIONAL TERMS

It must be understood that during the course of study, one would come across
some notable key words that are relevant and judiciously used to express ideas,
views and explanations. These notable key words are not strange but based on the
topic “the roles of the mass media in Nigeria politics,” they need to be identified
and briefly explained for easy understanding of the passage.

Media: It consist of all channels of mass communication which are radio,

television, newspaper, magazine, journals, books, films, telephone, billboards etc.
the media is categorized into two namely; the print and electronic media.

Politics: It is the act of science of government, the management of a political

party, political affairs and opinions.

Politician: This refers to a member of government or law making organizations or

a person versed in the science of government or a person who is interested in party
politics.

Hero: It is a person, especially a man who is admired by many people for doing
something brave or good in the society.

Decree: It is an official order from a ruler or a government that becomes the law or
a predetermined judicial decision for a specific purpose.

It is a system of government in which all the people of a country can vote to select
their representative and can be voted for.

Editorial: Are articles in a newspaper page which express the editor’s opinion on a
subject of particular interest at any given time.

Programmes: The things that people watch on television or listen to on the radio
station to educate, entertain and inform them.

Challenges: Means difficult task that tests somebody’s ability and skills.
Constitutions: The system of law and basic principles that a state, a country or an
organization is governed by
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0. CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS

What politics should do for the media is less in contention, even though it is as
important to carry out studies to find out what the political system should do to
ensure the prevalence of vibrant press in Nigeria. In the course of the Nigerian
2019 General Elections, such challenges like voter education and political apathy
arose and critics tended to blame the media for not performing their roles of voters
mobilization. Nevertheless, the media did not shun this responsibility, just as they
never did in other facets of the nation’s life. Yet, the government has,
notwithstanding such partnership roles, very often acted in

unfriendly posture towards the press. For instance, despite wide and popular
opinion of Nigerians and civil societies, the Federal Government illegally and
unilaterally amended (against the recommendation of the NBC Board) the National
Broadcasting Code, stipulating N5m as the fine against ‘hate speech’. Its first
casualty, according to Ikpoto (2020) is Nigeria Info, a Lagos based FM station.
While slamming the fine on the station, NBC spokesman claimed any speech
intended to ‘abuse, insult or denigrate our leaders and those in authority –
president, governors, MPs’ would be guilty of the law as it is ‘not our culture’ to
do so.

An election is a formal procedure that helps select a person or group of people for
public office or that accepts or rejects a political proposal by voting. Elections may
also be used to approve or reject a political proposition. The voting process is the
most important institutional component of democratic governments and electoral
systems. This is due to the fact that under democratic systems and voting
procedures, the legitimacy of the government comes directly and exclusively from
the permission of the population (Adibe, 2015). The conduct of elections that are
free and fair is the primary process that converts that consent into governmental
power. Elections are the process that are used to choose candidates for public
office as well as various types of private jobs. According to Chibuike and Fafiolu
(2015), an election is the process through which the members of a community or
organisation pick one or more individuals to exercise power on their behalf.
Elections may also be used to choose representatives for organisations. In a
democracy, the provision of elections is meant to guarantee that the government
will use its powers with the agreement of the governed, and this is the goal of the
provision (Chibuike and Fafiolu, 2015). To put it in another way, having
legitimately elected representatives adds credibility to the power that the
government has. Hence, election is the process through which members of a group,
club, society, community, or organisation pick some of its members to occupy
posts at regular intervals. Elections are a cornerstone of every contemporary
democracy, yet not every election is conducted in a democratic manner.
Authoritarian governments of all stripes, including Marxist regimes and one-party
states, hold elections in order to provide the appearance that their authority is
legitimate. In these kinds of elections, there may be just one candidate or a list of
candidates and there may not be any other options. Udeze&Uwem (2013) notes
that democratic elections are not merely symbolic, they are competitive, periodic,
inclusive and definitive elections in which the chief decision-makers ina
government are selected by citizens who enjoy broad freedom to criticise
government and to publish their criticism and to present alternatives. Thus,
democratic elections have a level playing field for candidates. It is essential that
opposition parties and candidates have the freedom of expression, assembly and
movement that is required in order for them to be able to publicly criticise the
administration and provide voters with alternative candidates and programmes. It is
not sufficient to just provide the opposition access to the balloting process.
Elections that are not democratic include those in which the opposition is either
prevented from using the media, has its rallies hounded, or has its periodicals
suppressed. The party that is now in power may enjoy the benefits of being in
power, but the rules of the election fight and how it is conducted must be fair.

2.1.1 OVERVIEW THE HISTORY OF THE MASS MEDIA AND POLITICS

IN NIGERIA

The mass media in political communications and their effects on national issues,
election campaigns in particular, is not confined to Nigeria. Anywhere in the
world, the press has always been involved in politics, formation of public opinion,
perception of images of candidates for political offices, the definition of social
reality and social norms, the education, information, enlightenment and
entertainment of the public, as well as presentation and clarification of issues,
values, goals and changes in culture and society/Some kinds of communication on
some kinds of issues, brought to the attention of some kinds of people under some
kinds of conditions have some kinds of effects' (Berelson, 1948). Scholars have
been concerned for centuries with the possible influence of the mass media of
communication on the formation of public opinion and attitudes,but there have
been divergent and diametrically opposed views on the subject. The result of many
disputes about the role of the press is, arguably, what the French call a 'dialogue of
the deaf', where nobody hears the other side's argument. "The entire study of mass
communication is based on the premise, that there are effects from the media, yet it
seems to be the issue on which there is least certainty and least agreement'
(McQuail, 1983).Aristotle and Plato (Thomson, 1964), for instance, acknowledged
the immense power of propaganda carried out in the face-to-face setting during
their days. Some writers believe that the media are very powerful, while others see
the powers of the press as very limited. For example, politicians and journalists are
agreed that the role of the media is crucial, though they disagree about how
effectively it is being played. Further tribute to this role is paid by the various
social scientists that have made research into mass media and political
communications a growth point in academic industry. Yet clear and specific
descriptions, definitions and analyses of what the mass media actually contribute,
or ought to contribute, to the political communication process are still
inconclusive. In the words of C.R. Wright (1960:4)It is customary to speak of 'the
influence of the press' in global terms, as if it were a single, indivisible pressure at
work within society, but closer examination reveals that newspapers are actually
multi-functional institutions which make their presence felt in a variety of ways.

2.1.2 MASS MEDIA AND POLITICS IN NIGERIA

An Overview the history of the mass media and politics in Nigeria is entwined
(Aliede, 2003). Although the media in the country started as missionaries, colonial
administrators, nationalists, politicians, political parties and private foreign
organizations. During the period, the press served as instruments for sustained
public debate and political protests, an uncompromising advocate of administrative
and political reforms, and a seething critic of the excesses of the colonial order,
(Keghku, 2003). They were successful and unequivocally vocal, accomplishments
that were to; in future, partly culminate in the ordeal the mass media were to later
face. Through their political activities, according to Omu (1968) and Duyile
(1987), the pioneer press not only stimulated the emergence of nationalist
movements, but also played prominent role in the constitutional development of
modern Nigeria. During the period of nationalism, the press served as political
recruiters and mobilizers. First, the party newspapers served as vehicles for
changing political consciousness and through them the idea of nationalism was
propagated and nurtured. Secondly, the press generally recruited people for
political movements. Thirdly, they contributed to party organization. Fourthly, the
press encouraged the penetration of political activities into the provinces and rural
communities. Indeed, the press were among the major weapons used by the
nationalist leadership to gain and consolidate political power and government
control in the country. The first known newspaper in Nigeria, IweIrohin, which
was established in 1859, partly came to leverage on the political circumstances of
the time, while the first radio/television station in Nigeria, WNTV came into
existence as a reaction to political controversy between its owner, Chief
ObafemiAwolowo, the Premier of Western Region, on one hand and the Federal
Government on the other.

2.1.3 FIRST GENERATION OF NEWSPAPERS IN NIGERIA

The birth of the first generation of newspapers like IweIrohin and Anglo African,
which was predicated on politics, consolidated and sustained largely on political
gains they achieved for their masters. This apparently gave impetus to Nigerian
nationalists and political gerrymanders to take up newspaper not only as a serious
business, but much more as political weapon for wrestling power from Nigeria’s
British colonial masters. This, therefore, ushered in the second generation of
newspapers in the coast of Nigeria. These newspapers included but not limited to
The Lagos Times, African Challenger, Lagos Observer and Lagos Echo. There
were a lot of political intrigues that led to their demise at different times. But
before their departure, they had set the stage for more vibrant and vitriolic mass
media for the nation. Another group known as independent newspapers
championed the sustenance of Nigeria’s political independence. They coerced and
pressured military regimes and their jackboot temperaments in the country till they
were trounced in the 1990s to enthrone the present democratic governance,
thereby, bringing Nigeria into the same stream of leadership with the rest of the
world. The enthronement of democracy as government of the people by the people
for the people, thus brought with it greater responsibility for the mass media.
Today, the Nigerian mass media have grown in leaps and bonds. They are also
stronger and better positioned to sustain politics. As well, they are diverse in their
various industries: newspaper, magazine, radio, television and other adjuncts.
Besides, the coming on board of the social media is no less a big boost and
advantageous to the media landscape and to political development in Nigeria.
Therefore, the mass media are of immense influence on Nigerian politics and
political development, fact that has been practically evident before, during, after
political independence, military era and since the emergence of the current
democratic dispensation in 1999.

The Role of Mass Media in Democratic Growth The mass media involve the
entire system within which information is generated and transmitted for public
education, enlightenment, socialisation and entertainment, (Aliede, 2003). They are
also often interchangeable with the press. Taken together, the mass media and
democracy are inextricably linked. Media for Democracy Monitor (2007) clearly
understands this interface when it observes that modern democracy and the mass
media are vital and indispensable link between those who govern and those who
are governed. It is in similar vein that Ugande (2010) and Auwal (2018) insist that
if the mass media do not inform the citizens thoroughly and impartially about
government policies and their consequences as well as about alternatives of
government policy proposed by opposition parties and civil society, the people’s
democratic choice is severely limited. Umaru&Abdullahi (2012) equally note that
the mass media are very important and centrally located in the lives of the people
and the democratic process. They went further to establish that because of this
centrality, the media justifiably focus their attention and accord high priority to
government programmes. Lending credence to this, Ende (2013, p. 33) while citing
Balkin (1998), argues that the mass media stimulate political transparency for
“without the mass media”, openness and accountability is impossible in
contemporary democracies. He further contends that transparency would entail the
assistance the mass media give to citizens to understand the operations of
government; participate in political decisions and hold government accountable to
the people.

2.1.4 SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEDIA AND POLITICS

To McQuail (2005, p. 241), “Politics cannot do without the media, the…media

would have to struggle without politics”, underscoring the need for their symbiotic
relationship. Ojo (2015, p. 9) points out that the media and political system “are
involved in an intricate nexus of relationship, cooperation and complimentary
activities, all geared at promoting individual and collective interest of the society”.
He equally opines that in the performance of these roles, both estates exert
considerable influence on one another. Not only do they exert considerable
influence on each other, both the media and the political system work towards the
same end in the society; ensuring good governance, providing a sense of direction
and exercising control over the affairs of a state, protecting the rights of citizens
and defending the rule of law. Indeed, the press are, as well, catalytic instruments
of conflict management, particularly in times of political imbroglio, (Clary, 2015).
They recommend, initiate and participate in consultations, dialogues, diplomacy
and discourses that assist to end such crises. Undeniably, the mass media perform
variety of functions for democracies growth and transformation. Sheila (2015)
aptly sums up the role of media thus: A fearless and effective watchdog is critical
in fledgling democracies where institutions are weak and pummelled by political
pressure. When legislatures, judiciaries and other oversight bodies are powerless
against the mighty or are themselves corruptible, the media are often left as the
only check against the abuse of power. This requires that they play a heroic role,
exposing the excesses of presidents, prime ministers, legislators and magistrates
despite the risks, (Sheila, 2015, p. 26). Though Sheila (2015) only considered the
oversight function of the media, there are other roles the press should play to
ensure that the right government is enthroned. They educate and inform the voters
to enable them make right choice of candidates for leadership positions. The mass
media in politics portray parties and candidates, their antecedents and prospects for
better for worst. Without reliable information, Katrin (2017) maintains, it would
not be possible for the citizens to use their power effectively at election time, nor
would they be aware of the problems and issues that need active consideration
beyond voting. Since the media are the main source of information and a vital link
between the government and citizens they are an indispensable precondition for
both government accountability and social accountability. The media also provide
forum where broad range of voices – opposition parties, civil society actors,
independent experts and ordinary citizens can express alternative views, (ACSPN,
2018). All these ought to be sufficient grounds for mutual coexistence between the
two: government and the mass media, in Nigeria.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on the other hand notes that
addressing poverty requires not just the transfer of economic resources to the
needy, but also making information available to the poor so that they can
participate more meaningfully in political and social life. The poor cannot assert
their rights if they do not know what these rights are. If they are unaware of the
laws and procedures for availing themselves of their entitlements or the
mechanisms, they can use to remedy their deprivations, they will always remain
poor. Democracy cannot take root if the poor and powerless are kept out of the
public sphere, UNESCO (1980). Sheila (2015) argues that the media are the key as
they can provide the information poor people need to take part in public life. The
media provide voice to those marginalized because of poverty, gender, or ethnic or
religious affiliation. By giving these groups a place in the media, their views –and
their afflictions – become part of mainstream public debate and hopefully
contribute to a social consensus that the injustices against them ought to be
redressed. In this way, the media also contribute to the easing of social conflicts
and to promoting reconciliation among divergent social groups, Sheila (2015, p.
28).

2.1.5 THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN ANY DEMOCRATIC SET UP

1. To convey information to the people with a view to letting them know how
the mandate they gave their representatives is being discharged;
2. To provide a forum through which the governed could react to government
policies and activities;
3. To assist in the articulation and pursuit of national interest;
4. To monitor the performance of government with a view to preventing their
deviation from clearly stated objectives;
5. To assist in setting an agenda of priorities in the social, cultural, political and
economic development of the nation;
6. To function as an agent of modernization; and
7. To provide informed criticisms on viable alternatives, among a host of
others.
The media equally play key roles in regime change, Aliede and Ogodo (2018). Not
only democratically. Their role in the Arab Spring that swept through Egypt,
Tunisia, Sudan and Venezuela is obvious. The media are key to the dramatic and
revolutionary events (mass demonstrations, clashes with police forces, vigils and
boycotts) that culminate in the resignation of the autocratic leaders. Heavy
international media coverage often triggers “demonstration effects” whereby
citizens become aware of political changes elsewhere and emulate it in their own
country, which further fuels mobilization against the existing authoritarian regime.
Katrin (2017) notes that dictators (in the past) attempt to suppress mass upheavals
by cutting off international communication links, a situation currently difficult with
the prevalence of the social media.

2.2THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

2.2.1 FRAMING THEORY

Arowolo (2017) describes framing theory as the one that describes a frame
as a concept used for making sense occurrences in media texts, and the theory
explains the way mass media report news to the public through the use of frames.
Asemah, Nwammuo&Nkwam-Uwaoma (2022) opine that media frames influence
the choices people make about how to process the information, and describes
framing as the temporal bounding of interactive messages. Erving Goffman
developed this theory in 1974 and it asserted that framing theory explains framing
as a mental schema that helps people to organize their experiences, interpret it, and
communicate it (Funderburk, 2019). Therefore, the framing theory explains how
media coverage impacts public perception of reported news, and enhance the
message meaning to them . Frames can be used to enable the understanding of
media messages, or portray the media stand on the messages they propagate.
Asemah, Nwammuo&Nkwam-Uwaoma (2017) state that the theory depicts how
media purposefully making use of, pictures, , headlines, slants, and tones to
influence public perception of the issue. This is because it highlights certain over
others so as achieve its aim with the message delivery, and governs what members
of the society consider as important, or not important. The theory is relevant to this
study because it explains how the 2023 presidential campaign messages are
presented to audience in consciously shaped forms.

2.2.2 IMPERATIVES OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN TIMES OF ELECTION

In democratic governments like Nigeria, elections are the primary source of

political recruiting. This is true even when the procedure by which parties
nominate candidates for office is taken into consideration. Therefore, politicians
have a propensity to possess talents and skills that are related to electioneering,
such as charisma, and oratorical skills but not necessarily those that suit them to
carry out constituency duties, serve on committees, run government departments
and so on. Nonetheless, this recruiting would not be feasible in any way, shape or
form without the support of newspapers. This is due to the fact that the mass media
are responsible for establishing the agenda for recruiters, also known as voters, by
doing research on the available candidates to vote for and directing electorates in
the path to guarantee they choose the most suitable candidate (Ngara&Esebonu,
2012). Another factor in the formation of governments is the election of political
leaders and the publication of news in states in which the political executive is
chosen by popular vote. Among the most prevalent types of parliamentary systems,
elections have the greatest amount of impact on the formation of governments in
situations in which the electoral system has a tendency to award a clear
parliamentary majority to a single party (Uwa, 2013). However, the slants and
tones in which newspapers frame political contestants could help form the
governments by making electorates support or fight the government. Also,
newspapers endorse that the appropriate candidates be chosen and that there is a
free and fair election. When elections are free, fair and competitive, they are a
vehicle through which demands from the public are funnelled from the people to
the government. Newspapers further have an important role in determining the
outcome of elections. In addition, elections almost always dissuade governments
from enacting measures that are very controversial and widely unpopular; yet,
elections may only be considered to directly affect policy in rare circumstances,
such as when a single subject dominates the election campaign (Ugiagbe, 2010). It
is also possible to claim that the variety of policy alternatives that are presented in
elections is often so limited, which means that the outcome of the election may
only have a little impact on policy. Moreover, the act of campaigning via media
provides electorates with a wealth of knowledge on parties, candidates, policies,
the records of the present government, the political system, and other related
topics. On the other hand, this will only result in education if the information that
is presented, as well as the manner in which it is delivered, arouses the attention of
the public and encourages discussion, as opposed to indifference and alienation.
Since politicians and parties are more interested in convincing voters than
educating them, politicians have a strong incentive to deliver information that is
either insufficient or inaccurate (Ugiagbe, 2010). Electioneering efforts conducted
via newspapers may also serve as a medium for elites to influence and control the
populace. Newspaper electioneering campaigns may be used to defuse political
dissatisfaction and resistance by directing these forces in a direction that is
consistent with the constitution. This allows for administrations to come and go
while the regime as a whole continues to function (Ugwu, 2015). Electioneering
efforts are especially successful in this regard due to the fact that, at the same time,
they offer people the feeling that they are exerting influence over the government.
2.3THEORETICAL REVIEW

In all circumstances, the media are relevant in politics, governance and in

the democratic process (play role in both giving the mandate and in what
politicians do with the mandate), according to Uche (1999). This responsibility is
bound to continue with the emergence of concept of civic or public journalism.
The mass media are overcoming existing limitations like political barriers as faced
in the past in reporting for mainstream media. Originated in the Unites States of
America, (Dominick, 2009 and McQuai, 2005) public journalism fosters public
dialogue and civic participation. By engaging more closely with the audience and
with local communities, it distances itself from the symbiotic relationship with
political elites and gives ordinary citizens public voice, chance to set agenda and
be part of the democratic process. Thus, the mass media live up to their social
responsibilities in line with the social responsibility theory of the press and
accordingly meet the objectives of the study, especially in terms of contributing to
the political development of the nation. Thus, the mass media are key players in
the consolidation of the Nigerian political process and development. But do these
positive and functional roles translate to mutual coexistence between the mass
media and the political class.

The mass media in general has been, is being, and will particularly continue to play
immerse roles in sustenance of political campaigns as displayed in this article.

2.3.1REVIEW OF EMPERICAL STUDIES

This section discusses a number of studies that are pertinent to the current research.
Arijeniwa and Nwaoboli (2023) study shed light on the impact of social media in
electioneering campaign and political participation amongst Nigerian youths. The
study was anchored on the Agenda Setting Theory. The researcher employed
survey research method and simple percentage was used for the analysis. In the
survey, a sample size of 400 respondents made up of youths was selected through
convenience sampling in Benin City, the capital city of Edo State. The study found
that social media during electioneering campaign is used in promoting aspirants
and their political parties to the electorates. The study also found that social media
has been largely successful in their agenda-setting function on political issues in
Nigeria especially as the race for 2023 general elections kicks off. This study
recommended that social media information about politics, political parties and
their candidates should be verified by users before engaging them. It was
recommended that political parties and aspirants should refrain from spreading
falsehood in their electioneering campaigns on the social media. Ugwu (2015)
examined the contributions made by the media to the upkeep of democracy in
Nigeria. The goal of the research was to ascertain the degree to which media
coverage of democratic processes has increased political engagement in politics
and democratic transparency. Additional goals included evaluating the mass
media's efficiency in lowering election violence in Nigeria and assessing its
effectiveness in avoiding electoral violence in Nigeria, as well as analysing the
relevance of the link between democratic sustainability in Nigeria and the media.
The study was built on the idea of agenda formation. Survey was used as the
research design and questionnaire was the research instrument. On purpose, 200
copies of questionnaire were distributed to citizens of Benin City. After
completion, each questionnaire was collected, reviewed, and approved as valid.
The study's findings showed that the mass media had a significant impact in
preserving Nigeria's democracy. Additionally, the research showed that some
environmental elements that have a propensity to weaken democratic values
constrain the Nigerian type of democracy. It is crucial that the media continue to
support democracy by supporting peaceful election procedures. The study's
findings led it to the recommendation that the mass media must avoid from taking
political sides in order to be impartial in its support and promotion of democracy
and elections free from violence. This suggests that media owners should always
uphold the ethical norms of journalism while covering political issues rather than
using their platforms as means of unethically achieving their political aims. Ukwa
(2020) studied The Vanguard and The Punch newspapers in Nigeria in order to
look at how violent occurrences that happened during Nigeria's 2019 presidential
election were covered. The study employed Development Media Theory as
theoretical framework and content analysis as research design. A total of 70 issues
of newspapers were examined for the investigation, including 35 issues from The
Punch and 35 from The Vanguard. Thereafter, the information in these newspapers
were examined and analysed. The results showed that media coverage influenced
the decision on the 2019 presidential candidates and informed the electorates about
the importance of voting, their voting rights, and the necessity to refrain from
electoral violence. The study came to the conclusion that while reporting and
interpreting instances of electoral violence in elections, newspaper journalists,
editors and managers should use sound journalistic judgement. The main
intersection of interest between the aforementioned studies and the current one was
the fact that they all studied about elections. The studies, however, were different
from this one since, in contrast to the previous research, the focus of this one was
on the 2023 presidential election.
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter covers the description and discussion on the various techniques and
procedures used in the study to collect and analyze the data as it is deemed
appropriate

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

For this study, the survey research design was adopted. The choice of the design
was informed by the objectives of the study as outlined in chapter one. This
research design provides a quickly efficient and accurate means of assessing
information about a population of interest. It intends to study the impact of mass
media in Nigeria political campaigns. The study will be conducted in Abuja
metropolis.

3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The populations for this study were residents of Abuja metropolis, FCT, Nigeria. A
total of 134 respondents were selected from the population figure out of which the
sample size was determined. The reason for choosing Abuja metropolis is because
of its proximity to the researcher.

3.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The researcher used Taro Yamane’s formula to determine the sample size from the
population.

Taro Yamane’s formula is given as;

 n = N

1+N (e)2

Where N = Population of study (134)

n = Sample size (?)

e = Level of significance at 5% (0.05)

1 = Constant

.: n = 134 = 134 = 134

1 + 134 (0.05)2 1+134(0.0025)

1+0.335

n = 134 = 100

1.335

The sample size therefore is 100 respondents.

3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

Data for this study was collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary
source of data collected was mainly the use of a structured questionnaire which
was designed to elicit information on the impact of mass media in Nigeria political
campaigns. The secondary source of data collections were textbooks, journals and
scholarly materials.

3.6 VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT

The instrument of this study was subjected to face validation. Face validation tests
the appropriateness of the questionnaire items. This is because face validation is
often used to indicate whether an instrument on the face of it appears to measures
what it contains. Face validations therefore aims at determining the extent to which
the questionnaire is relevant to the objectives of the study. In subjecting the
instrument for face validation, copies of the initial draft of the questionnaire will be
validated by supervisor. The supervisor is expected to critically examine the items
of the instrument with specific objectives of the study and make useful suggestions
to improve the quality of the instrument. Based on his recommendations the
instrument will be adjusted and re-adjusted before being administered for the
study.

3.7 RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT

The coefficient of 0.81 was considered a reliability coefficient because according

to Etuk (1990), a test-retest coefficient of 0.5 will be enough to justify the use of a
research instrument.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

This study is based on the two possible sources of data which are the primary and
secondary source.

a. Primary Source of Data: The primary data for this study consist of raw data
generated from responses to questionnaires and interview by the respondents.

b. Secondary Source of Data: The secondary data includes information

obtained through the review of literature that is journals, monographs, textbooks
and other periodicals.

Data collected will be analyzed using frequency table, percentage and mean score
analysis while the nonparametric statistical test (Chi- square) was used to test the
formulated hypothesis using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences). Haven
gathered the data through the administration of questionnaire, the collected data
will be coded, tabulated and analyzed using SPSS statistical software according to
the research question and hypothesis. In order to effectively analyze the data
collected for easy management and accuracy, the chi square method will be used
for test of independence. Chi square is given as

X2 = ∑ (o-e)2

Where X2 = chi square

o = observed frequency

e = expected frequency

Level of confidence / degree of freedom

When employing the chi – square test, a certain level of confidence or margin of
error has to be assumed. More also, the degree of freedom in the table has to be
determined in simple variable, row and column distribution, degree of freedom is:
df = (r-1) (c-1)

Where; df = degree of freedom

r = number of rows

c = number of columns.

In determining the critical chi _ square value, the value of confidence is assumed to
be at 95% or 0.95. a margin of 5% or 0.05 is allowed for judgement error
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with the presentation and analysis of the result obtained from

questionnaires. The data gathered were presented according to the order in which

they were arranged in the research questions and simple percentage were used to

analyze the demographic information of the respondents while the chi square test

was adopted to test the research hypothesis.

4.2 Analysis of Demographic Data of Respondents

Table 1: Gender of Respondents

Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent

Valid Male 65 65.0 65.0

Female 35 35.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2020.

Table1 above shows the gender distribution of the respondents used for this study.

Out of the total number of 100 respondents, 65respondents which represent

65.0percent of the population are male. 35 which represent 35.0 percent of the

population are female.

Table 2: Age range of Respondents

Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent

Valid 20-30years 15 15.0 15.0

31-40years 10 10.0 25.0

41-50years 25 25.0 50.0

51-60years 20 20.0 70.0

above 60years 30 30.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2020.

Table 2 above shows the age grade of the respondents used for this study. Out of

the total number of 100 respondents, 15 respondents which represent 15.0percent

of the population are between 20-30years. 10respondents which represent

10.0percent of the population are between 31-40years. 25respondents which

represent 25.0percent of the population are between 41-50years. 20respondents

which represent 20.0percent of the population are between 51-60years.

30respondents which represent 30.0percent of the population are above 60years.

Table 3: Educational Background of Respondents

Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent

Valid FSLC 20 20.0 20.0

WASSCE/GCE/NECO 25 25.0 45.0

OND/HND/BSC 35 35.0 80.0

MSC/PGD/PHD 15 15.0 95.0

OTHERS 5 5.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2020

Table 3 above shows the educational background of the respondents used for this

study. Out of the total number of 100 respondents, 20 respondents which represent

20.0percent of the population are FSLC holders. 25 which represent 25.0percent of

the population are SSCE/GCE/WASSCE holders. 35 which represent 35.0percent

of the population are OND/HND/BSC holders. 15 which represent 15.0percent of

the population are MSC/PGD/PHD holders. 5 which represent 5.0percent of the

population had other type of educational qualifications.

Table 4: Marital Status

Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent

Valid Single 30 30.0 30.0

Married 55 15.0 45.0

Divorced 5 20.0 65.0

Widowed 10 15.0 80.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2020.

Table 4 above shows the marital status of the respondents used for this study. 30

which represent 30.0percent of the population are single. 55 which represent

55.0percent of the population are married. 5 which represent 5.0percent of the

population are divorced. 10 which represent 10.0percent of the population are

widowed.

Table 5: Category of Respondents

Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent

Valid Civil servant 25 25.0 25.0

Self-employed 45 45.0 70.0

Students 30 30.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2020.

Table 5 shows the category of respondents used for the study. 25 respondents

representing 25.0perrcent of the population under study are civil servants. 45

respondents representing 45.0perrcent of the population under study are self-

employed. 30 respondents representing 30.0perrcent of the population under study

are students.
4.3 Analysis of Psychographic Data

Table 6: There is no relationship between mass media and political campaigns

in Nigeria

Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent

Valid Strongly agree 30 30.0 30.0

Agree 42 42.0 72.0

Undecided 10 10.0 82.0

Disagree 10 10.0 92.0

Strongly disagree 8 8.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2020.

Table 6 shows the responses of respondents if there is no relationship between

mass media and political campaigns in Nigeria. 30 respondents representing

30.0percent strongly agreed that there is no relationship between mass media and

political campaigns in Nigeria. 42 respondents representing 42.0percent agreed that

there is no relationship between mass media and political campaigns in Nigeria. 10

respondents representing 10.0 percent were undecided. 10 respondents

representing 10.0percent disagreed that there is no relationship between mass

media and political campaigns in Nigeria. 8 respondents representing 8.0percent

strongly disagreed that there is no relationship between mass media and political

campaigns in Nigeria.

Table 7: The mass media helps in building a democratic culture in Nigeria

Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent

Valid Strongly agree 10 10.0 10.0

Agree 15 15.0 25.0

Undecided 5 5.0 30.0

Disagree 40 40.0 70.0

Strongly disagree 30 30.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2020.

Table 7 show the responses of respondents if the mass media helps in building a

democratic culture in Nigeria. 10 of the respondents representing 10.0percent

strongly agree that the mass media helps in building a democratic culture in

Nigeria. 15 of the respondents representing 15.0percent agree that the mass media

helps in building a democratic culture in Nigeria. 5 of them representing 5.0percent

were undecided. 40 of the respondents representing 40.0percent disagree that the

mass media helps in building a democratic culture in Nigeria. 30 of the

respondents representing 30.0percent strongly disagree that the mass media helps

in building a democratic culture in Nigeria.

Table 8: Mass media can be used to monitor the proper use of campaigns

regulatory processes

Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent

Valid Strongly agree 60 60.0 60.0

Agree 25 25.0 85.0

Undecided 10 10.0 95.0

Disagree 5 5.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2020.

Table 8 show the responses of respondents if mass media can be used to monitor

the proper use of campaigns regulatory processes. 60 of the respondents

representing 60.0percent strongly agree that mass media can be used to monitor the

proper use of campaigns regulatory processes. 25 of the respondents representing

25.0percent agree that mass media can be used to monitor the proper use of

campaigns regulatory processes. 10 of them representing 10.0percent were

undecided. 5 of the respondents representing 5.0percent disagree that mass media

can be used to monitor the proper use of campaigns regulatory processes.

Table 9: Mass media can be used to derail political campaigns in Nigeria

Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent

Valid Strongly agree 25 25.0 25.0

Agree 32 32.0 57.0

Undecided 13 13.0 70.0

Disagree 15 15.0 85.0

Strongly disagree 15 15.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2020.

Table 9 shows the responses of respondents if mass media can be used to derail

political campaigns in Nigeria. 25 of the respondents representing 25.0percent

strongly agree that mass media can be used to derail political campaigns in

Nigeria. 32 of the respondents representing 32.0percent agree that mass media can

be used to derail political campaigns in Nigeria. 13 of the respondents representing

13.0percent were undecided. 15 of the respondents representing 15.0percent

disagree that mass media can be used to derail political campaigns in Nigeria. 15 of

the respondents representing 15.0percent strongly disagree that mass media can be

used to derail political campaigns in Nigeria.

Table 10: Mass media endangers good governance and national development
 Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent

Valid Strongly agree 65 65.0 65.0

Agree 30 30.0 95.0

Disagree 3 3.0 98.0

Strongly disagree 2 2.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2020.

Table 10 show the responses of respondents if mass media endangers good

governance and national development. 65 of the respondents representing

65.0percent strongly agree that mass media endangers good governance and

national development. 30 of the respondents representing 30.0percent agree that

mass media endangers good governance and national development. 3 respondents

representing 3.0percent were undecided. 3 of the respondents representing

3.0percent disagree that mass media endangers good governance and national

development. 2 of the respondents representing 2.0percent strongly disagree that

mass media endangers good governance and national development.

 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION

The study attempted to ascertain the nature of the relationship between the political

campaign and the mass media in Nigeria and also to identify the role of the mass

media in building virile democracy in the country. Its qualitative method relied on

the assessment of other works in similar area with a view to assessing their

positions on the issue.

Available literature indicates that the media have promoted politics and good

governance and as well fought to enthrone democratic rule in the country. This is

in line with their social responsibilities and as well affirms one of our research

questions. These the media did right from the inception of the premier newspaper

in the country. By so doing, the press has contributed measurably to the nation’s

socio-economic and political development. In pursuit of this goal, the mass media

in no small way aided the activities of the ruling class. However, regrettably, the

gesture instead of been reciprocated, is punitively treated. Indeed, whether under

military administration or civilian government, the mass media have had chequered

history in their over 160 years of existence. In addition to prevailing harsh laws

inimical to the congenial operation of the press, they government continually apply
extra-judicial measures, through security agencies and politicians, which not only

disrupt media operations, but also instils fears into media practitioners. The

aftermath is rancorous co-existence between the two parties. This positively

confirms the second research question.

Therefore, the relationship between the two has never been cordial. Somewhat, it

had always been adversary, while the media had through resilience and doggedness

tried to manage the situation so as not to jeopardise its duties to the people. In fact,

the negative disposition of politicians never deterred the Fourth Estate of the

Realm. They are rather emboldened as they soldier on in carrying out their

statutory social responsibility by focusing on their services to the people in order to

aid good governance and national development.

The pliability of the press, on the other hand, pays off. It yields such motivating

factor like the further liberalisation of the polity following the institutionalisation

of democracy in the country since 1999. Democratic governance bolstered freedom

of expression and facilitated constitutional processes and development which

stimulated fertile ground for smoother press operation. This is exemplified by

Sections 22 and 39 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, as

amended. Additionally, the tenacity of the Nigerian media forced the government

to join other nations in enacting the Freedom of Information Act in 2011. Its

provisions provide for public access to public records and information, paving the
way for smoother and more effective operation of the press and robust service

delivery to the people.Thus, theefforts of the press are not in vain, notwithstanding

its nasty predicament.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Following observations made from the revelations of the review of the study, we

make the following recommendations:

1. The role of political leaders, governments and the mass media are

complementary and supplementary and geared to enhancing the wellbeing and

welfare of the masses; hence they should work in synergy, cordially and

cooperatively.

2. The political class should be more proactive in directing efforts towards the

protection of the rights of the press, enhancing media accountability, building

media capacity and democratising media accessibility. This will boost media

vibrancy and aid their championing the cause of democracy and political

developments in Nigeria.

3. The media should further be encouraged to crusade for deepened democratic

culture by guaranteeing their independence, financial viability and freedom

from political manipulation, vital conditions for conducive environment for

media institutions to thrive.