Unit 1

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TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS

[18TE55]
UNIT 1
Introduction & Evolution of Switching
systems
Bhagya R
Associate Professor
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
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Engineering Introduction Go, change the world
⮚ All human activities depend on using information. Information comes in

variety of forms including human speech, written, typed and printed
documents and computer data. They are so many technologies to processes, to
store in memory and to transport the information.
Fig 1.1 Growth of telecommunication services

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⮚ Telecommunication is the most important means of transporting information.

It is done by converting information into electrical signals and transmitting
these over a distance.
⮚ Electrical communication began with the invention of the telegraph by
Wheatstone and Morse in 1837. Telegraphy system consisted mainly of
separate point-to-point lines, sending information in one direction at a time.
Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in 1876 and first telephone
exchange at New Haven.
⮚ The telephone network made it necessary for lines to be connected together
to permit two way conversation.
⮚ The many participants of telecommunication business are, namely the users,
the public telecommunication operators (PTO), provider of services that
involve telecommunications, the manufactures of equipment and components
financials investors and governments.
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Telecommunications
⮚ The exchange of information between two or many individuals is called
Communication. The word tele is a Greek word which means distance.
Hence, Telecommunication means the exchange of information between two
distant places.
⮚ Telecommunications represent the transfer of information, from an entity at
one place to an entity at another place, whereas the information can be in the
form of data, voice or symbol. The entities can be human beings, computers,
facsimile machines, telegraphy machines, phones or so on.
⮚ In telephone conversation, the one who initiates the call is referred to as the
Calling Subscriber and the one for whom the call is destined is the Called
Subscriber. In other cases of information transfer, the communicating entities
are known as Source and Destination, respectively.
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⮚ In March 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented and demonstrated his

telephone set and the possibility of long distance voice communication. He
demonstrated the point-to-point communication, in which a calling
subscriber chooses the appropriate link to establish connection with the called
subscriber.
⮚ This system also requires some mode of Signalling to alert the called
subscriber about the incoming call and a signal to indicate the calling
subscriber, when the called subscriber is busy on another call.
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Introduction
➢ Network :A telecommunications network is

a group of nodes interconnected by links that
are used to exchange messages between the
nodes.
⮚ The links may use a variety of technologies
based on the methodologies of circuit switching,
message switching, or packet switching, to
pass messages and signals.
⮚ Network Structure: There are mainly
five types of network .
⮚ They are mesh, bus, ring, star and tree.
Fig. 1.2 Network configurations (a) mesh (b) Bus (C) ring (d) star and (e) tree
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Fig. 1.3 National Telecommunication network (Public Switched Telecommunication Network)

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⮚ A national Public Telecommunication Network (PSTN) as shown in figure

1.3 consists of the following hierarchy
1. Local network: These connect customer’s stations to their local exchanges.

It is also called as customer loop, customer access network, or the subscriber
distribution network.
2. Junction network: This interconnects a group of local exchanges with a
tandem or trunk exchange.
3. Trunk network or toll network: This provide long distance circuits
between local areas throughout the country
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⮚ A telecommunication network consisting of a large number of transmission

links joining different locations, which are known as nodes of the network
.there are four different nodes
⮚ Customer nodes: a customer terminal forms the node
⮚ Switching nodes: a switching centre forms the other node.
⮚ Transmission nodes: here certain circuits are not switched but their
transmission paths are joined semi-permanently.
⮚ Services nodes: Customers require connection to nodes where there are

telephone operators to assist them in making calls and to public
emergency services e.g. police, fire, and ambulance services.
.
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Link, trunk & tandem

⮚ In a telecommunications network, a link is a communication channel that
connects two or more devices for the purpose of data transmission. The
link may be a dedicated physical link or a virtual circuit that uses one or more
physical links or shares a physical link with other telecommunications links.
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⮚ A link (or edge) of a network (or graph) is one of the connections between
the nodes (or vertices) of the network. Links can be directed, meaning they
point from one node to the next, as illustrated by the arrows in the first figure
below.
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⮚ A trunk is a single channel of communication that allows multiple entities

at one end to correspond with the correct entity at the other end. It is a
“link” that carries many signals at the same time, creating more efficient
network access between two nodes.
⮚ Tandem is a telephony term meaning "to connect in series." Thus, a tandem
switch connects one trunk to another. A tandem switch is an intermediate
switch or connection between an originating telephone call or location and the
final destination of the call.
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⮚ Trunk or tandem exchange : A central switching centre, these make

connection between the customer’s local exchanges.
⮚ Multi exchange area : It usually has a direct exchange between some
exchanges, but traffic between the other is routed via a tandem exchange (T).
It is shown in figure 1.5, is a mixture of star network, joining local exchanges
(L) to the tandem exchange, and mesh networks connecting some of the local
exchanges together
Fig. 1.4 subdivision of an exchange area: Fig. 1.5 Multi-exchange area:

a) Area with a single exchange L=Local exchange, T=tandem exchange
b) Area with several exchanges
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Signaling:
⮚ To make connection to the required destination, and clear it down when no
longer required, the customer must send information to the exchange. Such
information must be sent between all exchanges on the route. This
interchange of information is called is Signaling.
⮚ A telecommunication network is a system consisting of the following
interacting sub systems:
⮚ Transmission system
⮚ Switching systems
⮚ Signaling system
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Network Services:
⮚ The different services required by the customer of the public
telecommunication networks are
⮚ The public switched telephone network (PSTN)
⮚ The public switched telegraph network (Telex)
⮚ Private networks for voice and data

⮚ Cellular radio networks providing mobile communication
⮚ Public data networks (PDN), usually employing packet switching
⮚ Special service networks, introduced to meet specialized demands from

customers.
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⮚ Relationship of the service and bearer networks is shown in figure1.6, the

different services all use a common transmission bearer network consisting of
junction and trunk circuits. Customers are connected to this at their local
exchanges via the local access network.
⮚ The services provided over telecommunication networks can be divided into
two categories.
1. Teleservices: Here provision of the service depends on particular terminal
apparatus (e.g. a telephone or teleprinter)
2. Bearer services: In which present the customer with transmission capacity
that can be used for any desired function (e.g. private circuits)
Fig. 1.6 Relationship of services and bearer networks: PC=Private Circuits,

PDN=Public Data Network, PSTN=Public Switched Telephone Network
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Terminology:
⮚ They are different type’s networks and switching centers are present
worldwide. A same network or switching centre named differently in different
countries.
⮚ For example, a switching centre is called an exchange in the UK; in North
America switching centre is called central office. The different nomenclature
is tabulated in the table 1.1.
Table 1.1. Comparison of Nomenclature
North America British

Customer’s loop Local network/ Access network
Central office Exchange
End office Class 5 office Local exchange
Inter office trunk Junction
Junctor Trunk
Toll office Trunk exchange
Toll network Trunk network
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Regulation :
⮚ Telecommunication network is still a monopoly in most countries or under
central government controlled.
⮚ In European Union, the EU commission has issued an Open Network
Provision (ONP) Directive which requires the telecommunication operators of
member states to allow other service providers fair and equal access to leased
lines.
⮚ Similar requirement is introduced in USA, known as Open Network access.
⮚ Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) and Department of

Telecommunication (DOT) are taking care of the regulation activities along
with other service providers.
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International telecommunication union
Standards: The work of ITU is carried through two main bodies:

1. The ITU telecommunication sectors (ITU-T): formerly called as the
Comite Consultatif Telegraphicque et Telephonique (CCITT).
It’s function includes
⮚ the study of technical questions,
⮚ operating methods and
⮚ tariffs for telephony, telegraphy and data communications.
2. The ITU radio communication sectors (ITU-R): formerly called as the
Comite Consultatif International des Radio communication (CCIR).
It’s function are
⮚ Studying all technical and operating questions relating to radio
communication, including point-to-point communications,
⮚ mobile services and
⮚ broadcasting.
Associated with International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB),
which regulates the assignment of radio frequency to prevent interference
between different transmissions.
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ISO Reference Model for Open System Interconnection

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Layer 1: The Physical layer: Defines an interface in terms of the connections,

voltage levels and data rate, in order for signals to be transmitted bit by bit.
Layer 2: The link layer: Provides error detection & correction for a link to ensure
that the exchange of data is reliable. It may require the data stream to be
divided into blocks, called packets, for inserting error checking bits or for
synchronisation.
Layer 3: The Network layer: This is connected with the operation of the network
between the terminals. It is responsible for establishing the correct
connections between the appropriate network nodes.
Layer 4: The transport layer: Responsible for establishing a network-independent
communication path suitable for the particular terminal equipments for eg:
providing the appropriate data rate& end-to-end error control.
Layer 5: The session layer: It is concerned with setting up & maintaining an
operational session between terminals. For eg,: ‘signing on’ at the
commencement of a task & ‘signing off’ at its end.
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Layer 6: The presentation layer: Concerned with the format of the data presented,
in order to overcome differences in representation of the information as
supplied to one terminal & required at the other. Its purpose is to make
communication over the network machine-independent.
Layer 7: The application layer: It defines the nature of the task to be performed. It
supplies the user with the applications programs needed . For eg.: include
electronic mail, word processing, banking transaction etc.
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Need for Switching Exchanges

⮚ The point-to-point connection for establishing communication requires the
telephone sets to be linked using wires. If the number of telephone sets or the
subscribers present is low in number, the type of connection will be a little
complex. However, if this number is high or moderate, then the connections
will lead to a mess.
⮚ To understand the complication, let us consider a network of 5 subscribers.
⮚ The following illustration shows a point-to-point connection for five
subscribers (telephone sets):
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⮚ In the point-to-point connection, for n entities, we need n(n-1)/2 links. All

these links form a network. Networks with point-to-point links among all the
entities are known as Fully Connected Networks. The number of links
required in a fully connected network becomes very large even with moderate
values of n.
⮚ Hence, a system of switching the networks is needed in-between these
subscribers. Alexander Graham Bell recommended the Switching between the
subscribers using a switching office that maintains the telephone connections.
Switching Systems
This network connection cannot be made with telephone sets and bunch of wires,
but a good system is required to make or break a connection. This system is
known as the Switching System or the Switching Office or the Exchange.
With the introduction of the switching system, the subscribers instead of
getting connected directly to one another, are connected to a switching office
and then to the required subscriber.
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⮚ With the introduction of switching systems, the need for traditional

connections between the subscribers reduced. All the subscribers need to
have a connection with the switching system, which makes or breaks any
connection, requested by the calling subscriber. The switching system, which
is also called the Telephone Exchange, takes care of establishing the calls.
Hence, the total number of such links is equal to the number of subscribers
connected to the system.
⮚ The early systems required manual operations to establish telephone calls.
⮚ An operator used to receive a call from the calling subscriber and then
connect the call to the called subscriber. Later on, the system was automated.
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⮚ Switching Systems and associated signalling systems are essential to the

operation of telecommunication networks.
⮚ The functions performed by a switching system, or a subsystem of it, in order
to provide customers with services are called facilities.
A Switching system can be understood as a collection of switching elements
arranged and controlled in such a way as to set up a common path between
any two distant points. The introduction of switching systems reduced the
complexity of wiring and made the telephony hassle-free.
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Telephone Model
⮚ The following figure represents the model of telephones in the early stage of its
invention.
⮚ the dialer part and the microphone are connected to a stationary wooden plank;
and the speaker to listen, was connected by a wire at the side. The top portion of
the telephone has two bells connected - these bells ring when there is an
incoming call. This is one of the earlier models of the telephone.
⮚ The telephone sets of the calling subscriber and the called subscriber are
connected through a switching system or a telephone exchange in order to
establish the calls requested.
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Classification of Switching Systems

⮚ At the initial stages, the switching systems were operated manually. These
systems were later automated.
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▶ a) Message switching, Circuit switching, Functions of

switching systems, Distribution systems, Basics of
crossbar systems, Electronic switching, Digital
switching systems.
▶ b) Fundamentals : Purpose of analysis, Basic central
office linkages, Outside plant versus inside plant,
Switching system hierarchy, Evolution of digital
switching systems, Stored program control switching
systems, Digital switching system fundamentals,
Building blocks of a digital switching system, Basic
call processing.
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Message switching
▶ Telegraph – torn tape system - Morse code

▶ Dynamic link establishment
▶ Priority based done
▶ Traffic congestion reduced
▶ Store and forward facility
▶ Large buffer space to store the message.
▶ Not applicable for real time
▶ Modified form is packet switching
▶ Delay/Queuing system
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Message Switching
⮚ In earlier days of telegraphy a customer might wish to send a message from
town A to town B although there was no telegraph circuit between A and B.
However if there was a circuit between A and C and one between C and B,
this could be achieved by the process known as Message Switching. It is an
example of delay system or queuing system.
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Packet Switching
⮚ It is used extensively for data communications.
⮚ A packet switch divides the longs messages into smaller packet units known as
packets.
⮚ Packets of different messages are interleaved on an outgoing circuit and a single
packet does not wait a long message to be completed.
⮚ Packet switching is an approach used by some computer network protocols to deliver
data across a local or long-distance connection. Examples of packet switching
protocols are Frame Relay, IP, and X. 25.
Circuit Switching
⮚ Telephone introduced a new requirement : simultaneous both-way communication in real-
time.
⮚ Message switching could not meet this requirement due to its inherent delays.
⮚ It demands a connection between the circuit of a calling telephone to that of the called
telephone on demand and maintain this throughout the duration of the call. This is called
Circuit Switching.
⮚ Lost call System: If the required outgoing circuit from a switch is already engaged on another
call, new call offered to it cannot be connected. The call cannot be stored as in Message
Switching.
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⮚ Packet switching: Eg.,: Everything we do on the Internet involves packets.

For example, every Web page that you receive comes as a series of
packets, and every e-mail you send leaves as a series of packets. Networks
that ship data around in small packets are called packet switched networks.
⮚ The defining example of a circuit-switched network is the early analog
telephone network. When a call is made from one telephone to another,
switches within the telephone exchanges create a continuous wire circuit
between the two telephones, for as long as the call lasts. – circuit switching
⮚ Examples for message switching: Hop-by-hop Telex forwarding and
UUCP (UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Protocol) are examples of message switching
systems. When this form of switching is used, no physical path is established
in advance between sender and receiver.
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⮚ UUCP (UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Protocol) is a set of UNIX programs for

copying (sending) files between different UNIX systems and for sending
commands to be executed on another system. ... uucico , which runs on a
UNIX system as the program that carries out the copying and initiates
execution of the commands that have been sent.
⮚ The UUCP command is a Basic Networking Utilities (BNU) command that
copies one or more source files from one system to one or more
destination files on another UNIX system. Files can be copied within a
local system, between a local and a remote system, and between two remote
systems.
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Circuit Switching
▶ Telephone :to maintain the connection during the call to

connect the circuit between two callers.
▶ If line –busy ,no store and forward facility,call lost
▶ Lost call system
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• Circuit switching (Example ) - dedicated commu path(circuit)

between an O-D pair - data are transmitted along the path
with pre-negotiated rate - path (i.e., the link
capacity/bandwidth) is occupied for the entire lifetime of
communication - Three phases of the CS: 1)
ciircuit/connection establishment (call setup) 2) data transfer
3) circuit disconnect (release the granted capacity) - only
propagation delay while transmission Ex. Telephone
network: dial .Æ talk Æ hang up
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Manual Systems
⮚ The earlier form of switchboard had incoming circuits connected to vertical
metal bars and outgoing links connected to horizontal bars.
⮚ The operator makes a connection by inserting a brass peg where the
appropriate vertical and horizontal bars crossed, i.e. at a crosspoint.
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Features
▶ Cord type of switch board and automatic systems

▶ Central battery operation
▶ Loop/disconnect signalling
▶ Multiple – check the status of the customer
▶ Busy test-tip ,ring and sleeve.
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▶ T, R and sleeve-busy condition –switch in automatic

▶ Metering and ticketing
▶ Class of service –ordinary telephones & pay phones
(coin)
▶ Stored program control in modern
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Source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYXOGdEkS6A
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⮚ Larger exchanges with many operators to handle the traffic, led to the cord
type of switch board.
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Manual exchange demonstrates following features that are also present in

automatic switching systems
⮚ Central battery operation

⮚ Loop/ disconnect signalling
⮚ The multiple
⮚ Busy Testing
⮚ Concentration
⮚ Metering and Ticketing
⮚ Classes of Service
⮚ Common Control
⮚ Scanning
⮚ Stored-Program Control
⮚ Common channel Signalling
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Functions of a Switching System
⮚ Attending
⮚ Information receiving
⮚ Information processing
⮚ Busy testing
⮚ Interconnection
⮚ Alerting
⮚ Supervision
⮚ Information sending
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1. The system must be continually monitoring all lines to detect call requests.
2. In addition to receiving call & clear signals the system must receive information from
the caller as to called line or other service required. This is called the address signal.
3. The system must process the information received, in order to determine the actions to
be performed & to control these actions.
Since both originating & terminating calls are handled differently for different
customers, class of service information must be processed in addition to the address
information.
4. Having processed the received information to determine the required outgoing circuit
the system must make a busy test to determine whether it is free or already engaged
on another call.
If a call is to a customer with a group of lines to a PBX (private branch exchange) or to
an outgoing junction route, each line in the group is tested until a free one is found.
In an automatic system, busy testing is also required on trunks between switches in
exchange.
5. For a call between two customers, three connections are made in the following
sequence: (i) A connection to the calling terminal. (ii) A connection to the called
terminal (iii) A connection between the two terminals.
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6. Having made the connection, the system sends a signal to alert the called customer
to the call for eg., by sending the ringing current to a customers telephone.
7. After the called terminal has answered, the system continues to monitor the
connection in order to be able to clear it down when the call has ended.
When the charge for the call is made by metering, the supervisory circuit sends
pulses over the P wire to operate a meter in the line circuit of the calling
customer.
When automatic ticketing is employed , the system must send the number of the
caller to the supervisory circuit when the connection is setup. This process is
known as calling-line identification (CLI) or automatic number identification
(ANI).
In a stored-program-controlled system the data for call charging can be generated by
a central processor as it sets up & clears down connections.
8. If the called customer’s line is located on another exchange the additional function
of information sending is required.
The originating exchange must signal the required address to the terminating
exchange & (possibly to intermediate exchanges if the call to be routed through
them).
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Limitations of Manual Exchanges

⮚ Language dependent: The operator of human exchange is language
dependent as the subscriber needs to communicate with the operator . In
multilingual areas (big towns and cities ), this language dependency poses
severe problems.
⮚ Lack of privacy : As a human operator is involving in connecting two
subscribers , he may be willing to hear the conversation of two persons and
record the messages . So in human exchange privacy is not possible.
⮚ Switching delay : Before setting path between two subscribers , the operator
has to monitor various signalling and if operator is not active the delay in
switching is high .
⮚ Limited service: An exchange can provide service only to minimum number
of subscribers . If subscriber rate increases , overload and congestion are not
avoided. To avoid congestion more hardware should be duplicated and more
operators are necessary. These all will results in overhead for the exchange.
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Automatic Switching System

⮚ The Manual Switching system requires an operator who after receiving a
request, places a call. Here, the operator is the sole in-charge for establishing
or releasing the connections. The privacy of the calls and the details of the
called and the calling subscribers are at stake.
Overcoming the disadvantages of Manual Switching systems, the Automatic
Switching systems come with the following advantages:
⮚ Language barriers will not affect the request for connection.
⮚ Higher degree of privacy is maintained.
⮚ Faster establishment and release of calls is done.
⮚ Number of calls made in a given period can be increased.
⮚ Calls can be made irrespective of the load on the system or the time of the
day.
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how dialing is done without the help of an operator

Dialing
⮚ Unlike in Manual Switching system, an automatic switching system requires a
formal numbering plan or addressing scheme to identify the subscribers.
Numbering plan is where a number identifies a subscriber, is more widely
used than the addressing scheme in which a subscriber is identified by the
alpha numerical strings. So, there needs to be a mechanism to transmit the
identity of the called subscriber to the exchange.
⮚ This mechanism should be present in the telephone set, in order to connect the
call automatically to the required subscriber.
⮚ The methods prevalent for this purpose are Pulse Dialing and Multi
Frequency Dialing. Of them, the Pulse dialing is the most commonly used
form of dialing till date.
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Pulse Dialing
⮚ The digits that are used to identify the subscribers are represented by a train of
pulses. The number of pulses in a train is equal to the digit value it represents
except in the case of zero, which is represented by 10 pulses.
⮚ Successive digits in a number are represented by a series of pulse trains.
These pulses have equal number of time intervals and the number of pulses
produced will be according to the number dialed.
⮚ Two successive trains are distinguished from one another by a pause in
between them, known as the Inter-digit gap.
⮚ The pulses are generated by alternately breaking and making the loop circuit
between the subscriber and the exchange.
⮚ An example pulse train is shown in the following figure.
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Rotary Dial Telephone

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A rotary dial phone uses the following for implementing pulse dialing:
⮚ Finger plate and spring
⮚ Shaft, gear and Pinion wheel
⮚ Pawl and ratchet mechanism
⮚ Impulsing cam and suppressor cam or a trigger mechanism
⮚ Impulsing contact
⮚ Centrifugal governor and worm gear Transmitter, Receiver and bell by-pass
circuits
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Signaling Tones
⮚ As the manual exchanges were replaced, the operator who used to
communicate the calling subscribers regarding the situation of the called
subscribers, needed to be replaced with different tones indicating different
situations.
Consider the following five subscriber related signaling functions that are to be
performed by the operator:
⮚ Respond to the calling subscriber that system is ready to receive the
identification of the called party.
⮚ Inform the calling subscriber that the call is being established. Ring the bell of
the called party.
⮚ Inform the calling subscriber, if the called party is busy.
⮚ Inform the calling subscriber, if the called party line is unobtainable for some
reason.
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Dial Tone
⮚ The dial tone is the signaling tone, which indicates that the exchange is ready
to accept the dialed digits from the subscriber.
⮚ The number should be dialed only when this signal is heard. Otherwise, the
digits dialed before this signal will not be considered. This will lead to the
dialing of a wrong number.
⮚ The dial tone is generally a 33 Hz or 50 Hz or 400 Hz continuous tone as
shown below.
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Ring Tone
⮚ After dialing the number of the called party, when the line of the called party
is obtained, the exchange control equipment sends out the ringing current to
the telephone set of the called party, which is a familiar double-ring pattern.
⮚ Simultaneously, the control equipment sends out a ringing tone to the calling
subscriber, which has a pattern similar to that of the ringing current.
⮚ The two rings double-ring pattern are separated by a time gap of 0.2s and two
double-ring patterns by a gap of 2s, as shown in the below figure.
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Busy Tone
⮚ After dialing the required number, if the called subscriber or the lines at the
exchange are not free to place a call, the calling subscriber is sent a busy tone
indicating that the lines or the subscriber is busy; this is called a busy tone.
⮚ A busty tone of 400Hz signal with silence period in between. The burst and
silence durations have the same value of 0.75s or 0.75s.
Number Unobtainable Tone
⮚ If the called party is out of order or disconnected or if an error in dialing leads to
the selection of a spare line, such a situation is indicated using a continuous
400Hz signal, called as Number Unobtainable tone. The following illustration
shows a continuous 400Hz signal.
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Routing Tone or Call-in-Progress Tone

⮚ When a subscriber call is routed through a number of different types of
exchanges, one hears different call-in-progress tones as the call progresses
through different exchanges. Such a signal is a 400Hz or 800Hz intermittent
pattern. This signal has different patterns in different systems.
⮚ In electromechanical systems, it is usually 800Hz with 50 percent duty ratio
and 0.5s ON/OFF period.
⮚ In analog electronic exchanges, it is a 400Hz pattern with 0.5s ON period and
2.5s OFF period.
⮚ In digital exchanges, it is 400Hz signal with 0.1s ON/OFF periods. The signal
for routing tone or call-in-progress tone is as shown below
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The Automatic switching systems are classified as the following:

⮚ Electromechanical Switching Systems - Here, mechanical switches are
electrically operated.
⮚ Electronic Switching Systems – Here, the usage of electronic components
such as diodes, transistors and ICs are used for the switching purposes.
Electromechanical Switching Systems

⮚ The Electromechanical switching systems are a combination of mechanical
and electrical switching types. The electrical circuits and the mechanical
relays are deployed in them.
⮚ The Electromechanical switching systems are further classified into the
following.
Step-by-step
⮚ The Step-by-step switching system is also called the Strowger switching
system after its inventor A B Strowger. The control functions in a Strowger
system are performed by circuits associated with the switching elements in the
system.
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Crossbar
⮚ The Crossbar switching systems have hard-wired control subsystems which
use relays and latches. These subsystems have limited capability and it is
virtually impossible to modify them to provide additional functionalities.
Electronic Switching Systems

⮚ The Electronic Switching systems are operated with the help of a processor or
a computer which control the switching timings.
⮚ The instructions are programmed and stored on a processor or computer that
control the operations. This method of storing the programs on a processor or
computer is called the Stored Program Control (SPC) technology.
⮚ New facilities can be added to a SPC system by changing the control
program.
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⮚ The switching scheme used by the electronic switching systems may be either
Space Division Switching or Time Division Switching.
⮚ In space division switching, a dedicated path is established between the
calling and the called subscribers for the entire duration of the call.
⮚ In time division switching, sampled values of speech signals are transferred at
fixed intervals.
⮚ The time division switching may be analog or digital. In analog switching, the
sampled voltage levels are transmitted as they are. In binary switching, they
are binary coded and transmitted.
⮚ If the coded values are transferred during the same time interval from input to
output, the technique is called Space Switching.
⮚ If the values are stored and transferred to the output at a time interval, the
technique is called Time Switching.
⮚ A time division digital switch may also be designed by using a combination of
space and time switching techniques.
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Telecommunication Network
⮚ A Telecommunication network is a group of systems that establishes a distant
call. The switching systems are part of a telecommunication network.
⮚ The switching stations provide connection between different subscribers. Such
switching systems can be grouped to form a telecommunication network. The
switching systems are connected using lines called the Trunks. The lines that
run to the Subscriber premises are called the Subscriber Lines.
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Strowger system
▶ Automatic exchange to improve speed and carry more subscribers
▶ Several electromechanical exchanges invented
▶ 1880 to 1890
▶ Strowger step step system was most popular
▶ The 1st electromechanical was developed by Almon B Strowger , an undertaker
in Kansas city ,USA.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/56449050/2/Basic-Elements-of-Strowger-Switching-
System
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Basic Elements of Strowger Switching System:
Two types of basic elements which perform most of the functions of the
strowger switching system
▶ (a) Uniselectors and
▶ (b) Two motion selectors
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Strowger Step by Step Switching System

⮚ The first practical system was invented by Almon B. Strowger in 1891 and it
has been used worldwide.
⮚ Strowger invented a two-motion selector which connects an incoming trunk to
any one of a hundred outgoing trunks.
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⮚ Both of these selectors are constructed using electro-mechanical rotary

switches. The Uni- selector has a single selector pole and multiple throws to
reach the bank of contacts for each number dialed.
⮚ The two-motion selector has two rotary switches for vertical and horizontal
stepping movement, to reach the bank of contacts.
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Stroger Step by Step demonstration

⮚ https://youtu.be/HcvA5q8yOTo
⮚ Dialing through the step-by-step telephone switching system

⮚ https://youtu.be/QOTQic5231w
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General working of Strowger Exchange

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Uniselectors. A uniselector is one which has single rotary switch with a bank of
contacts. Depending upon the number of switching contacts uniselectors are
identified as 10 outlets or 24 outlets uniselectors.
⮚ A single 10 or 24 outlets uniselector can be used as switching elements for 10
or 24 subscribers.
⮚ Several uniselectors can be graded together so that multiple incoming circuits
can be connected to multiple outgoing circuits.
⮚ Fig 4.5 shows the simple uniselector , the contact arm (wiper ) moves across a
fix set of switch contacts .
⮚ In case of single uniselector each contact is connected to outgoing channel ,
so a caller can choose to connect to any of 10 subscribers by dialing any digit
from 1 to 10 .
⮚ As this uniselector moves in just only one plan , this selector is known as
uniselector. An uniselector is operated by (wiper movement ) is performed by
a drive mechanism of rotary switch
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Uniselector
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Two Motion Switch: Two motion selector is a selector in which a set of wipers
is moved in two different planes by means of separate vertical and horizontal
mechanism.
⮚ Wipers are required to move both horizontally and vertically to move around
that bank to required outlet , such selector is known as two motion selector .
As shown in fig 4.6 shows two motion selectors.
⮚ Outlets are arranged in banks of 10 rows each . A given outlet may be reached
between one and ten vertical steps followed by one to ten horizontal steps.
Thus the wiper in a two motion selector has access to 100 switching contacts.
⮚ It has two rotary switches one for vertical and other one horizontal movement
of wiper.
⮚ There are 11 vertical positions & 11 horizontal positions . The lowest vertical
position and first horizontal position are home position.
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Two motion selector

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Step by Step Switching

⮚ The Strowger switching system consist of subscribers line circuit , line finder
and allotter circuit , group selector and final selector.
⮚ Fig 4.7 shows the block diagram of Strowger switching system , which is
process of connecting calling subscriber to called subscriber.
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Strowger step by step system

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Strowger system
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Disadvantages
▶ 4 digit numbering scheme

▶ Junction calls- separate digits for call and routing
between exchanges
▶ A -3456 within exchange
▶ B – 68-3456 to A
▶ C – 74-3456 to A
▶ D – 23-74-3456 thro C to exchange A
▶ Different dial numbers for same destination
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Linked Numbering Scheme
▶ Unique number for each customer

▶ Local numbering covers a number of exchanges.
▶ First part is the exchange code and remaining customer
number
▶ STD,ISD
https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=knywVoT8O8
OL8QfYtpDQCA&gws_rd=ssl#q=linked+numbering+sc
heme+
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TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS

⮚ All human activities depend on using information. Information comes in

Fig 1.1 Growth of telecommunication services

⮚ Telecommunication is the most important means of transporting information.

⮚ In March 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented and demonstrated his

➢ Network :A telecommunications network is

Fig. 1.3 National Telecommunication network (Public Switched Telecommunication Network)

⮚ A national Public Telecommunication Network (PSTN) as shown in figure

1. Local network: These connect customer’s stations to their local exchanges.

⮚ A telecommunication network consisting of a large number of transmission

⮚ Services nodes: Customers require connection to nodes where there are

Link, trunk & tandem

⮚ A trunk is a single channel of communication that allows multiple entities

⮚ Trunk or tandem exchange : A central switching centre, these make

Fig. 1.4 subdivision of an exchange area: Fig. 1.5 Multi-exchange area:

⮚ Private networks for voice and data

⮚ Special service networks, introduced to meet specialized demands from

⮚ Relationship of the service and bearer networks is shown in figure1.6, the

Fig. 1.6 Relationship of services and bearer networks: PC=Private Circuits,

North America British

⮚ Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) and Department of

International telecommunication union

Standards: The work of ITU is carried through two main bodies:

ISO Reference Model for Open System Interconnection

Layer 1: The Physical layer: Defines an interface in terms of the connections,

Need for Switching Exchanges

⮚ In the point-to-point connection, for n entities, we need n(n-1)/2 links. All

⮚ With the introduction of switching systems, the need for traditional

⮚ Switching Systems and associated signalling systems are essential to the

Classification of Switching Systems

▶ a) Message switching, Circuit switching, Functions of

▶ Telegraph – torn tape system - Morse code

⮚ Packet switching: Eg.,: Everything we do on the Internet involves packets.

⮚ UUCP (UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Protocol) is a set of UNIX programs for

▶ Telephone :to maintain the connection during the call to

• Circuit switching (Example ) - dedicated commu path(circuit)

▶ Cord type of switch board and automatic systems

▶ T, R and sleeve-busy condition –switch in automatic

Manual exchange demonstrates following features that are also present in

⮚ Central battery operation

Functions of a Switching System

Limitations of Manual Exchanges

Automatic Switching System

how dialing is done without the help of an operator

Rotary Dial Telephone

Routing Tone or Call-in-Progress Tone

The Automatic switching systems are classified as the following:

Electromechanical Switching Systems

Electronic Switching Systems

Basic Elements of Strowger Switching System:

Strowger Step by Step Switching System

⮚ Both of these selectors are constructed using electro-mechanical rotary

Stroger Step by Step demonstration

⮚ Dialing through the step-by-step telephone switching system

General working of Strowger Exchange

Two motion selector

Step by Step Switching

Strowger step by step system