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102,U:!:OlJ:~ u.JI
100: ;...)J
2:-15 :J+.41'U-.) ,:"'1-Ylll
Z0H/S/t:~

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, ...)€; 20): ,lt'I'~

:¼yi JjJ.,141i.il~~J,1,llj.i,1, t>2.a,~J,:,,, ~,:,,,}j.ilt)<IJ'".:Ot,ii( 10) ,:,,,JJ'i!Jlj..JI ..:,,r.,

Tn=N v-,o)IU&J.l11.1~J~.ni'i14t..1
32(> 18(~ 16(-.- 4(1

!~""1.;~~>~~•'.Jt!Ja.tuJ.,.upi~J.;;.;,/11~~,J>t~;.;~~-2
:;,/'11.).:.J:.J.fO'i' ("' il_,.IW(t .:.,~~I~(.... .:.,,j&l"/1 ~ ( I

!Of• J , C=6 Nc:7 <I_;». .WI) UCN .,.t.,...:i J (xr-t,:JA J.11:. t. -3

6(> <(c 2(... 1c1

TJJ.-/J>t#l7S7tJj..,,:.•Be~~~1ul..:.1.1Ll!~c),):,JlaJ.~t.-4

737 (J 1158 (c 14840(-.- 3800 ( I

T (JJ,1¥~ 98 •t,J)..W•~ PH JJ.400 4jn HiSO.~ ~J.Jla.oi,,i H:SO. ~t..5

39.2(> 19.6(c 14.7(-., 9.8(1

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,,,.,.,,..,__,, (y ,',4JIJ."'1!;.._,.(I

J+J•Hi.ai:.Ll!1t:--,\~Ji;UiV-C-,.l.;J1~,:J,£~C,8,AJ1,-.ll.....:,._,:Jl~iJ.to,bW.7

T8.5tJ.J-wC~,,H~()
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P-1.:.it.uci..:c,-..,,,;,.:.&.u:u,~ .......... ="<..,..
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µ~~:C,¼-,:.t.K.U•U•.;~--: ,.\(.1
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J- < 6l l , i- > 6S (J
J- > LI ii J ;.- < LIS (c

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(<. & lO I ,,,,.,.Jl:,..JI

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f u.,i~I 1/J.J-l!I JJ~I '-,-l,FJill~ _,_I.WI u,o o.l..c-1 ] 0 u,o d ~ I ull..:;. J
f -' • .
~.,.r~ .t.lu:u'JI
. ul ·-1~11ul.iy,I Y.JA-J.
•• 2
f ~WI u J_);.11 ~~./JI •_,_Uc. ~! ~WI 'j .3

jfojill ..;1; 8 Jc,ill11 ,.5..,u...1J j,l/ J_,.. O,l t1J~ A ~UWI o.lWI c.J,l~'jl jpj,ll ,J.S ljJ (y

( u ~ 8) .~Ji-JI ~)I u,o Jc,l&i i.) j,l/ J_,.. 0.06 ~)

f ~Yl~UWI e.lWI rj)l.llu,o)I t.. .2 f k .I
fu.-,)1 y,c. L. .3

G+c1z
I -~·~ I 1R7~
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I KMnO,/W ICHJCH2COOH
11 -C-H-iO_H_/H-.--,

_I_N•-OH_I E

( ~ 20) :~-f.,ll Jlj:,JI

( 0) i.$_,:i..-ll ~I v--iUI IS_µ~, ~ J ~ l o.;-il 0Jfi'l'I o.l_,i:. ~ I 0.,;_,i11 .l.lj, ,JS tjt (I
14
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f ( 0) 0Jfi'l'I 9 1.l~ 11~1uji..JI ,-iJ .1
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\'L.. rJ c) jfi _µi fa J fe J iJ- .fo-JI c) u.!.S,j u.fi-1
Tu~JJ_,lSJ Jli~)'I I.>" ~ I .:ii_,;~~ u'}J~ c.J:!,/-2
rY-J_,....ll ~JJ.l:!A ~ 1 ..:.il_,;l,!Jy Jc.li:i Jw wt.... ~1-3

TulJ.SJYI Jc.w tY L.. -4

¥.I L..c.. ~ ' i~ ~ I U"yl ,L.. Jc.wl A2(g) +2 Ccg) ~l_}i'JI Jc.wll y,.,, JJ~I ((

( ..:..L..~ 6 ) T...t..11.>"

T.b.!.WI .lia..JI A.iU. ) ~ L.. . I

. 6 H Jc. wll A.iU. ~ I .2

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( ~ 20) :~I.a.II JI.J.,JI

~fa. HCOONa J _;,J/J_,.. 0.5 &-S°Y (4-1ox 1.8 - Ka)HCOOH I.>"~_;.! ( I ) ~ ~ J__,h... ( I
,_;.JfJ_,.. 4-l0x l -½5 [HJO+J J_,h.JI ~I ~w.l ~I ~ I NaOH I.>" L.!Jc. ._;,J/J_,.. 0.5
(.:it..~ 6) (J.,../ri- 40 - NaOH r-~) .~ti J~I ~Li,, u-=,.j

,j!Jy BJ A.:.,.. JS J!,ji~~ .ijc. uly 4 <....JC.W,jj Jc.wll '-':.>-' ul ~J A+B -c Jc.w!I v-9 (½-1
( ul..~6) . B J!,.J ul,u uly A J!,ji~~ .ijc. wly 9 '-':.y-JI 1..-ic.~J

BJA~Jt...l
Jc.wll '-':. >-' uyli ~1.2

k '-':. y-JI w,i~ OAJ L...)

4
 Cu•2<aql + Fe<s> - Cu <s> + Fe +2(a q1:~ ~I ~
I c.S~) i} w.i.,,.,i !Jill <Fli:ill 4.fJ~I ~.bla..JI JW (c
(uL .~ 8) :~I (1:i..)'I c:.F- ~I \+:!k- bWc.l
:~ L. )I ulc- J~ t' ,~L..JI <Fli:ill u-1c- ~I ~ I ~ I ~). J
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1 fa.jll u4_;.,, .~,J · ~ ' ~ I J ,~I J ,Ja...
-.JI
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• - .L::11 __j~ ..II
..>-- ' 1.#""" •• , - J

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Fe•2 uuJ:!I fa...>' J Cu L>"Wll

( ~ 20) :u-oJL...ll Jl.:,..JI

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( ut.. ~ 6) 1\,1....)'I oJc.lall fa.Y t.. .12 ~-ull
J_,h..Jl PH ulSs , jil/J_,..

( ~ 8 ) .L..t,,~ L.c. ~I (Yv=7 , M=5 , Y=9.t ) W2Y2 J MY

3 _u~l .fo' il (Y
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! W2Y4 ~'-ifi'- W 1.F'.JJ ~1) 1 iY.fo ~IJ:i .1I ~)ti) 'I L. .3
•.....- u-> 1.#"""i. cu• uuJ.>--.
' - • • IC .....
-~<I\ J.lC. •
- U'" ' • •__
u:-':!..r."-' uH IJJ\1 .4
I \ ' '

(ut.. ~ 6 ) : ~ ' (1:i..'ii c:r ~I ,(t = 2 , n =4) ir-.) c..s fo-1 ~ ' JIJc.\11 ul ..::...k. lj! (c
!,r- _;ill r..5fo-}I I~ ~)ti) 'I L..2
J.lC. ,,r-. )ll r..5fo-ll I~ j..J ~1. 1
!Jja.1I .4-,JI ~IJ ,r- _;ill r..5fo-ll l.lA lt-,,c- ul ul ~I UU Jftl. :.,.. .lJc. ~ I t...3
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5
 0 (10 y

:i.r''\!l\ Jl:,-11
:wl_»JjiS.,i.JI j4-,. ( j
r~I wufa uk u_;z:tll .,._; , d e ~ ~ I ~ I •4ifill .We. j'-.,.
'-:!J~I J_ii\ IJ.J"'l:ill
_y;.i ,.)J 0-- J~ WJJ r..wl 0-- 'lJ 'l ~1...bll
:J.;~fo u.!.~
J.iS]i ~lA u4,ll fa.'/1 .,._; (Mg)r~I 0.la.o (R-X)J.iSli ~lA Jclli 0-- <.$_,.:..,:, ..,.,S~
RMgXr~

l( A) A ,.)}11 .._,,~1 :Z ,( III A) A..mll -4.c~I: L-1 (Y

2-3 M-2
R-5 L < R < X-4

HZ <HY< HX :~_,. y=,. V"'_,..,..!1 Yi'Y k:

.;_,§i z- <ii ~ i .;_,§i oocli--1
HZ > HY > HX <ii [OH-] J.i tS_,.i ~ 2
~1_,;}1 <ii ~YI ~I'-;!' <$.:,JI u_;l.JI Jclilll .~I jw,i HY+ Z-"" HZ+ Y--3
KZ >KY > KX-4

,.Jl,;';I wl_,;~: HCOOCH2CH3 , 0~ _,.;,..i: CH3 NH2 (o

( ~ 20 ) :~I Jl_)..JI
U" 0.fo. (d)._.c_;ill .;_,,....11 ~J •t)LlJfolJ ,)}-e ooc\.; y=,. .i,.l_,ll tS_,....ill ;__._..]\ ui .1 (i
wuJfoll ._;.:,c. 4.... u\..; ~ i
~I.; Y,t- wuJfol! i:::IJji ~ I uk ,_;ot.; ~.)\_; .,J~j c!lt..:i ~y .2
~_,.. 0fi:i (~G)0l' tY'R- .J,.IA.. y=,. ,)\:illiJ ,~_,.. (AH) 0fo ~-U. .)) i:::tw .~_,.. (~S) .3
Jb.:i ,)l:il\.iJ ,~WI ,_;1_;,,..11 w4,._;o .)c ~ul:i ~ I ufi:iJ ,~ul:i Y,t- ~1-'..fa:.J -..,,WI ,_;1_;,,..11 w4,._;o .l.ic.
_;__,,w1 uJ_;.l;.!1 .,._; A! 'l .>-'°Llc ul! .w1

..:..i __;,!JJ_,.. 0.005= k -u..J 8 x k -0.1 = 0.06 j k - [A]o = [A](1 (Y

: -'..fa:.J A ,oWI jf,y .)l:i L..,jc. (2
 1 1
_jjl/J~ 0.033 =X0.13 = _;,1..ll/y1 fo..Jill 3 = .;+Wi[A]
[A]o
"-:!-i~13.4= k = j-G..J j 0.005 - 0.1 =0.033

[A]0 1
~10={2x0.005)+0.1 = 2k =2j(3

A: CH3CH,CH3 B: CH3CH2CH2 CI C: CH 3CH2 CH2OH k:

D: CH3CH,COOCH3 E:CH3CH,CH,NH3CI F: CH3CH,CH,NH,

, ~ 20) =~-A)I JI_J..JI

(i
.JP.10·'0 x48.57 = ( 1014 X 7.33) x 1Q·14x 6.626 = .1. A .. u x-" = .1. A (1
1 1
,2 - , ' ] 1• = ..1. A ..;~1 u-- n ~)11.S_,:i....!1 .,..__,
cjlJ.-G..J ylt..J\ •.J~'!I t'° <.fa,.,.J ,_;UJ\ cji l./
I I l
0.222-0.0278- = ; ¢:, [ ; - 36 ] IO·"x 2.18 =10·'0 x48.57-

2 =,u ¢:, 4 = 2u o.249 = ;

u--J

2=~',11~(2
LJ"AWI J (Yl-lt..ll J.l..ll 0-- '?i ..;\.1, 0.J' J§~ ~_,.JI J_,J., (3
1 I 1 l l I
- -
36 25 2
107x 0.0132 = ( - ] 107xl.l = •
i' ] 107xl.l =[ 2 -

fa 10 7 x75.76 =J
0H t.. ~_;.JI.,~""~ Y ".J~ ~.JA .Ji:- -'"-JJ _fa..._.,.iu 7576 = 109 x fa 1Q-7x75.76 = (.fa..._.,.iu )J
.fa..._.,.iu 750-380

y..il.J LJJlli 0.J) J_,h.. .,.1.,;,.::,..t,, L o ~ t"-' ..... j.,S-.,4,JI fa ~-1 {<.,J
-'P.J ,jc
.,..&ill _,,..,ii '-"-..F.""' -'P.) fall ~ i l~J j,c..,,
-2
0
/<(Ylnoy) C ll3 .!J -- oLI
J-l -t

2
 CH3CH2COOCH3 + NaOH ---+ CH3CH2COONa + CH3OH-3
J\~1-4

Jya/JY!-.# 35- = 55 -20 = L.H -2 J_,../ JY!-.# 1-115 k

J_,../JY!-.# 60 = 115-55 = ~ I "-3\h..4 ..i_;\h..3
~ \ r._;1__,.,..ll u~y ..l.ic _,ilili-5

:U"-"WI Jl_,,..JI
~.it..... (1) HCOOH + H,O HCOO· + H,O+ ( i
.::Lll U,t..... (2) HCOONa +H,O HCOO· + Na+

[Hp·][HCoo-]
[HCOOH] = Ka

0.5 = eLll lJA !'"'till jf.J; = [HCOO·] , yJ/J_,.. 0.5 =[HCOOH] :~_,.!\ li.ic.lil\ ._;1...:a) u,, jf.l_jill
__jil/J_,..

.ua = [NaOH] = [OH·] u<>.fa • NaOH Na1,st' + OH1,s1·

.104 x 1 =[H,O+] • ua + 0.5 = [HCOO·] • ua - 0.5 =[HCOOH] :~_,.!\ li.ic.lil\ ;_;1...:a) k/ jf.\_jill ut..

10-4 X 1( + 0.5)
( -0.5) = 1Q-4X 1.8 :ui ..i,..._; Ka .} -~I ,.foll U"":!.,-:i/J

ua 2.8 = 0.4 4- ua+ 0.5 = ua 1.8- 0.9 4- ua + 0.5 = (ua-- 0.5 }1.8
0.4
_L.iw...l\ [OH·] =J;l/J_,.. 0.14 = 2.8 = ua

_yJ/J_,.. 0.14 = [NaOH] .;i 1 :1 ~ \ u'i [OH·]= [NaOH] ut.. li.ic.lil\ ~L.... ()A uSJ

J_,.. 0.14 = 0.14 xl=jf.J;ll x = NaOH u'i_,.. ..l.ic.

5.6 = 40x 0.14 = .-..el x u'i_,..l\ == UiS.11 •••

3
 .,.[Bl ~[Al K = -.cy.ill u_,.ilil ~WI ~ I tfa>fa (1 (Y

(6 __ji.l/J_,..)¥1.ii;YI Jc~I -.cy,, yl/J_,.. [Bl _ji.1/J_,.. [Al "-!~Ir'_;

,t y I 1

,t4 y2 i2 2

,t 9 y i3 3

(U") .,,._; 1 "--/_;;,.:i uk 3 :l..i~I

A "-,u_; 2 =V' ~ J ~3 = 9 f- ~i + ~i 3 = ,t .,t9

(u<>) .,,._; 1 "--/_;;,.:i uk 2 "-!~I

[A]' K = Jc.~1-.cy,,(2

6_J_,.. /yl k O..U..J (3

k:
(1

:IY'~WI Jl.,..JI
(i
• ..bt....Ji Ll'" HCI + H2O -+ H,O• + Cl·
J_,.. 0.005 =0.1 x 0.05 =wx i:::: =HCI wY_,.. = H,O• wY_,..
, Ba(OH), + H,O -+ Ba•2 + 2OH·
J_,.. w 0.25 = wx 0.125x2 =wx i::::x2 =Ba(OH)2 wY_,.. x2 =OH· wY_,.. .,.,,,_
yl/J_,.. 10-12 X 1 = [H,O·J ¢::, ¢::, [H,O·J _,l - = PH LJ'"J ' OH· _,. ~tili 12= PH

4
 10-14 xl Kw
_;,!JJ_,,. 0.01.,.i yl/J_,,.10-2x 1 = 10-12x1 = [Hp•]= [OH-J
r~""J.,h.. c + __,J.,h.. c) .._w.;lill wY_,.Jl .>.JC- = ~lill [OH]
u;l_,h..11 ~"'"(~IL)"" H3O' ..:.,y_,,. - •-"'-Lill L)"" OH- wY_,,.) =
0.005 --LJ 0.25 = 0_00175 ¢, (0.05+0.125) "'"(0.005- w 0.25) = 0.01
_;,!JJ_,,. 0.027 = o.>ct.ill jf,J, -ti..J

(Y
-
/'4 /
V•

,I
-1
Jill..
.,._;,..,.
w~J__,,.~
2p-2p -2
sp'-sp' -3
2 -4
k:
wU.Jfoll 5 -3 ~::t.i 5 -2 4d - 1
•>.fa wU.Jfol! 4 -4

5
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.........2:-!!.iilljllJ
u.L~,~"-: V-:J.I
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100 : t>"+-" 202-&/Sll :~~~"!

- - - - ~ ' t : " : ~ ~ ( 6 ) ·,l,,w.'jl..:,_IJS, : ~

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•~;...i.,...,:14.,..,~ ~.:rJ...+Jl;,ii,)..,: Vl..,:.J~"'l,~JI.J

(.,C..lfa,J.)-.:..1:.'. ,~.J'J_ \J}llfa,J.),_,,,:.~J...., ;i_..)_
(..:..J:.llj,:.Jl_,.1'~•) )..._~..,.) _ tJ;l/1j:.JI_,~(:') ,1-,_,.J_
!uTt _,...,;i,.,1tn""4 ,ml•..-1) ~,i..,\it:.a:.,,:- 'l~.1
(] I_ i 1J
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t<:l,l 1F;1
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T•t..:l_,1 ILX~~~~J'-• ~i:,l,,.;_,;'tljo ,11.~
(110)_ (~;r;XI.
p;aCI)_ l:,..a()HI
?J.;;..!...:.JJ1f.Jf.1 -._..~;-.w1,c~~ ;_;'t1.:.a.l.11
1HC01 ) \IKOO I
{lll'O,:J ,-.11,·1
1 .........~..;.}J-.,.~.:.:U.lt lle,-,J,i,.i,,~..,:'il~ ;.,,.:,.i,"
I K-..J.;,:...~,.;:....J~ .:.J.J...I ;,..,.~~p_,._,;,.>f.j,!1,.i,>U>.... ,-.;:..)_
(.!>.J,.. j:..,.):. ,>t.:.:~,...:.~1.... ,1
(2)1K. ,1J-,..,..,;.,~_;:,-.J- ,..,:,,-J..,.~..,.__:... ..l'.,..1
(..k<..:.J,~.,--"i ~~..,..;,,.-..Ji. -.,...-~1
T~.>1ilUJit..,1 l~•J.,J.:.r+..,i,:. :J !A1t1 - AJ111 _;'i•.)l.,..:.,,i .I
<•---!UJ.,J.:.I....J ')_ ,~,,,_.,.,,.:.•.j.,..,,,.J
(~..J...,"i) p.,.,--+.,.~I
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.9
( Jj,\ ;Jy_ ;,/ ( Jj,l uy- J ) -
(,..AA.uy) ( ~fo .JY ...., ...,. ) -
! -; (CH ,), NH :<)Ull UJAYI .10
( .)} .:,;.\) (Jk.,.:,;.I)
( Ii~ .:,;. I)=

(;_. ~20 ) : ~
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( 6) <.;Jl .,_.JI l.ll..'ii _,; :. i+. .....,_,.,, .<&/l)IJ
::~l -l
;_-u ,.;,,1 ~<,1 :.Ji_ ;.,A A)IJ _;.. _,1' "")1 04(
-C: <»._,l\A ...,. c:,\l uil:.

• J~ J.,\a.S <.J$~1 J:...,JI _;.,AA)\ -> \

.. ,.,._,:ii1 ~'~ .:, -.A 8 C _,..,ua.11 - I : 0!i

,:,Ji -2
-,,
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i11 .._3
.C. JM c:,; .,.,, :...l l~l. :,-. ~1~ 1... ...,.

.w•• Wi':,J <,'JJlSJ'il e;.).,.ll ..,..SI -4

.~ I • ~ I ,...,_,i .!l:...I_,.,u,, (-,,
u ~ '+Jl\ _µ.. JI ~_,..,.JI o\.,..JI I,;- ..,..SI~ _,),:JI ~1. _,._ ,.,1 (A, B, C, D, E, G)
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0
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NH, NaOH (ao) Cu/300\~

0
NaO H

0 -A
CH1CH2CH1:Br
H,O
+
-

CH,MgCI
0

l HCI
H"
H:O-t- CH1COOCHzCH2CH, 4 = .0 0
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, HCI ,K, Cr, O, , H", KO H , Mg , CH
~ I Jl_,.JI u" ffa. L. f ~ I
.u'l'.>la..ll l,1.5 ..;,_,b (F- u;.;...~1 ..,.s.,.
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t I <IJ-,4l pH,,.,.J.A,fll,..,11.,_'IIJ,llo.llJ-1
(KOH_,;IIJ,-0.3) • ( HCIO _,;IIJ,-0.1) •
(HI _,;IIJ,- 0.2) • (H,SO, _,;IIJ,- 0.05 ) •

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,.
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,.,..,............ ~e""-"·'

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t.:i,,,11~ ¥,NI .>,,,>,;JI <M,11 ~ - L.-6

( NH,> • (C=O I •
(OH)· (C00)-

!~'11~.,.Jlu;tu,'~'t.UU,1,,-l..ll~~lllllel.JIW ,7
(KF) - <NH.Cl> -
(NaNO, I· (LlCl) •
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( ,,<::U-' I· ( ..Fe·').
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( 3 )- ( 2 )-
( 5 )- ( 4 )-

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(l..»20) .,.W, J;..11

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TF.,..:..11~.»JII.-I
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. ..!Ip .Jbl l,_i.ll ~.J -6

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~J•A- 8 • C "1MJ.,..._~u,.~~C,8 ~Wl~Al.lWl.:.Ual(~

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(""-"'" 6) ,.,,~ I. -~0.6)........
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15
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,fa.,o.J,ili 1280 l.\)\Ji.. 4..,_. J.J1,,,, \.;_,:;.J9 .!.,&,I .UU. Jil _;l.1.o ~J '4.+JI Ji.i..ll u,o ~ I
:u~ ,'4.+JI ~ I l.iA Jil;I ~\ ~Jl.i..l\ ~J ..,..-I
(..::.~ 6) . (i!..J..P.. 34-10x 6,626 =.A'~ u-10x2.1s=I, (~ 710 XI.I= ~..!J ~U)

~\ {;J/J.,,. 0.01) I f . . . ~ ~ . ) ~ $ . ~ c,ja_,,_J u,o J.al ..::.4,la.o J.Jl+JI ~ \ (..,.

( ..::.~6 ) :~~\ 4ll...~I

.:.l.t_,lo..JI J.!!1-!1 u-- ..,._;iu..i1 ['.l;'il f, ,~WI t:" CH3NH2 5.ic.WI ~t.. -wlA.. ..,.:.SI -1
4-10 x6 = Ka HF
10-10 x4 = Ka HCN .5.l,c.\il',~I
3-1 ox 1=[H3Q+] HCIO
. Clo- l"I cN- ~I ~);.JI ~I.ill ($1 -2
'}- 10 X4=1<i, CsHsN
,ulJ,'il i+-.JI .;JI 4,JI .ll>. ,:O•r e:- HCN~lli llit.... ...,.:&I -3
4- 10 X4=1<i, CH3NH2
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,j,l/J,.. 0,04 o_fiy

- -
I CH3CH=CH2 I HCI • I B
I

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B1S0,l1i
C
I
CH,CH2CH2Br +NaOH
I
I I
K2CriO, u-

1. CB~lsCI
E D
I I
:.HCI I I

.~UI .hhi....11 .j ( E• D , C. B , A) 4:~1 ..:..lp.;.JI I.JA J..uu,JI ~ I ..,_..sl-1

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\' A ~_;JI u,o E ~.;.JI~ I.JA '-?:i.11 ~\.i;l\ i--1 t.. -3

,A ~.;.JI .)! CH3CH2CH2Br ~.;.JI ~p:il ..,....u..11 .b...._,11 t..-4

 [lfj.,, ~1 ":-':!'!': ul ~ji.!..JI ~J il....1 u-o 1:i. uJS.:i.:! :'F'ui1 ~1 J

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~I
21000 14900 1757 900 X ,y _;s\S:lll wl.i..Jfoll L. -2

5870 4600 3070 420 y . ~ ~ I o . ~ ! , ' - ' ~ ~ ~ ,?I ->-l.ia.1I '='1-3

9500 6950 1150 590 z ,.J,\4 .bl.!.:i fol o.i:..!,ll ' - ' ~ I ->-lie. '='I -4
10550 7732 1450 740 Q
Jlt.:i:I ul..~ ~JJ~I J ~ &...!)J J~ u,o (..,.

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fA, B u,o JSJ ~l,, Jc.1.i::,1I '¥i.J l..-1
.:.,,jl/JJ,' J',\&JI ~.,.. jl/J,.(B) jl/J_,..[AJ ....,...,i,~)
!Jc.1.i::,11 '-'_,... u.,)l! i..,.uSI -2
3-10x3.4 0.1 0.2 1
2-lOxl.02 f<U.J.:.._, 4.,.., Jc.1.i::,1I "'..,... L. -3
0.3 0.2 2
2-10x4.08 0.3 0.4 3 -~~IF-' !o.i:..!, Jc.1.i::,11 J.-4

t 0.25 0.5 4 !4 '-;>~I t L. -5

(u~6) :~"ii ~'ii ~I ~_,....JI ut,.s'~ ~!JJ ([

t""-' Jc.1.i::,11 lilt... i..,.uSI ,fiyJI ~yS!I JY."-Y. .;t.. /-=·~~~YI ~~_,;~YI~ Jc.~ -1

-(IUPAC) <r1t...11 i'lJ:.ull ~WI ($_,...-.II <fiyJI

.~WI <fiyJI 'i'.J:!-l_,...,JI ~ ~ _ , ~YI~ u~ _,J.J:! Jc.1.u ~l.i i..,.uSI -2

~2i}:._,n '-'~\.,, J_,...,.i,JI F-'-3

-~~!, u ~ I CE! ~ I wYJ~ F-'-4

(~20) u-liJIJ!j....11
(.:.~8) :~Ull 4ll...'il ~I , NOCI , C2"2 :.:.~~ ~l,J IJWl:-1 (1
. ½_,!)II )Ji.. L. - 2 . ~ I tJJ l..-1
. ..:.il.i.Jfol'il ~!,_)I~ L. -4 .J.,,!,)I ~fo ._,i lli.l..ill ~YI tY L. -3
(u~6) :r;~ ~I •~~I &...!)J •~ (..,.
u-k b1....c.1 .l:>.!, .k..._, u- ·25 ~JJ ~1 ~i_,..11 ._,i J_,.,...,..i1 ~wI .J~ r_,,...llS.ll ..:.it..._fi. - I
CaSO4(s) + 2H2O (gl CaSO4.2H2Ocgl :~'JI Ulla..!\

~till ~!,:JI ..:.i~y <#I J,.Jl,, ( J_,,./J..,.,. # 104.5-= .MI ,<.ft./J.J'!> 290.2- =~S ) u1 u..Jc, lj\

. .;I.it _Y.t. i..,J, ~I.it Jc.1.i::,11 , (<.ft 450 .-I 300)

.~)µI i_,i iJ~jll ull J~~I ~-\j:i :~ L. -2

50-4~
, KN02 t;1oJ ( 4 -10xS.6=Ka) HN02 ~Iva .fiJ/J.,. 0.02 va l.'.J~ (Jlll) (~
( .:.I..&, 6 ) Y 41.!Jl...:! 4.3 pH ~J.>l:!fll ~Jll ½ii > J.,..,,.Jl lf.l,al:SI rjj.11 ~ I 4.1:iS' Lo
• (14-toxt=Kw , J.,./,,t, 69 = KN02 r ..!I) 2,1,.

( ~20 ) IJ"Jl...l\ Jij,wJI

:~Ull 4ll...~I 1.F- ~1 , 3zB , .24A 4!Jl (1

.~l:ia.JI w\i..JI va UJl! -3

(.:.1..&, 6) ~I 'I"~' .~ &..!J.i •~":'

'~-"" .ilc. ufa-'9 ~l.b J§l ~ ' ,u-,)1...JI ).i...11 .)l ~..tfill ~\j ~ I ~.J.A!fll f, -1
.(1-i' 7 10 x 1.1= [fa.!.> LI/ti•~ 18-10x2.18=1) ul Wc.

:~Ull ~ I Jl~'il ~I .:.li~I J~ 1..-2

.(n = M / ms=½ ) -2 . (n = 3 It= 2 )-1

4ll...~I 1.F- ~1 i ~ """Joli -½.,.all .:.t,,s.;..ll ~I va ·,~ l.!.lll ~'ii ~ I iJ~\ (~

(.:.I..&, 8) :",/,ti i;l'

(.1) ([) (":') (I)
ClliCH2CHO ClliCH2ClliCI Clli-CH-Clli HO-C(Clh)3
l>H
(d (J) (.J) (-')
CIC(Clh)3 ClliCOClli ClliCH2COOH ClliCH=CH2

!o.l...!.)U ~\! _J:i;. ~ I .j w'i_,....s.JI '='l -1

. ~1_,;I .)l ( c , _,) u#.;,..!I u i - -2

Y(d <-,Ay,11 U" (-') <-,Ay,11 U" '='ill Jc.li:;ll i--1 L. -3
w'i.i~ .fil/~l ~.J ! (.i ,j) u#y,11 .._;.,p-4
-~_,.i..1 ..!!_,I... (y) <-,Ay,11 :Jlc. -5
.(_,) <-,Ay,11 .j l2q:b_,ll 4<:.~1 i--1 L.-6
.w'i.i~. illl:l b.....~,-!bu..
. - L. ~\...JI
. w~·•'I
-~U".>"'- L·.tu., -2
• •• 1 ,.~ . L•. •
LJ:!-1:!A -2 ~-- 11 • - .....lb
•• 1211-7
 State Of Palestine
Ministry of Education & Higher Education
Directorate of education South Hebron
U ,::

.......,~-•Ii< J#,.11
'irl&Jl ~!., ~jill
/ ~ J ~jill
4.I_J,1
WJ
'½.J:!.1.o
r202" -2023 cr!,-11' rUI ~1.\Jll J~1 ~'-t-l
W1c. 20 :J_,~I J1_;..J1

~~:y\ ,)ill ~l.i-"'1'1 ,)ill

(C:O) 6 ~ 4 j I J_,.o.os 1

I.tel 7 J,r}f20= Ea JDIIIII 2

Mzi•2 8 B(OH), 3
5 • ).J.I ~J ~'u,.11.p
11"5 , I,. 0 , ml,.. 0 , D11a 1/2
9
10 .u'bll i.}DI.IJ o.» .,.A.. ..,.W
"'s
.... 20: ~WI Ji;-JI

20.l(i
Eei.Jli //R~jllA// G ~1.2
B<A .3

e3 .4

SP3.5

. ..,..wl ~Ci.P.-i) '-:!S.;w.:i ufh:i.JoA ~Jj i,,ril.J,i a......J1 u..a.l .JA .6

J.,.. 0.0179 = ! = KOH u = OH· u (1

56 i'~

( .J,J) C X [ HN03 ] = HN03 u = "30+ u

=
0.04 X 0.02
J.,.. 0.0008 =
o. 0008 - 0.0179 = ~ , oH· u
J.,.. 0.0171 =
.J,J I J_,.. 0.4275 = 0.0171 - ~ I ( OH· )u = ~ 1[ OH· J
0.04 ( ji! ) ~I C

8<>-1~
 .J,l I J,.t 14-10x2.34 = 14-toxl = [ Kw ] = [ ILO+]
0.4275 [ OH· ]

2.34,Jl- 14 =PH
13.63= PH
~ 1 4bll i) 4bl1 i) lf.,.jl '-:!~ i.~li Ji : i..i.S.W1 (2
(l!:~1Jl,,-..ll

'-:!.;Wl1 '-:!a.Jl1 u-- ~\i..11 .1

..J,l I J,.t 0.02 = ( 0.02·) • = K = ~I

15 = ....!!&_= [A]o = 112j .2

2x0.02 2K
JK - [ A ].= [ A ] .3
( lOx0.02 ) - 0.6 =
.J,l I J,.t 0.4 =

20 : .!JWI Jl_,...11
i)J'll '-1il11 (I

15
10 X 3.17 X 34-10 X 6.626 =
J.P.- l!l- 10 X 21.0044 =

IS
•10 x 2. I 8 = ( -- -
1 I
--) I =
• .k~
2 0 2 0
2 I

( 2 2u / 1 - 1 ) IS- 10 X 2.18 = l!I- 10 X 21.0044

5= 2u ¢== 25 = 0.04 = /1 ¢== /1 -1= 0.96

J~4la.~

7
f ·1ox 0.946 = 15
8
10x3 =~ =J
10 IC 3.17
( _! __
1_ ) 710 X 1.1 : _!_
Zu Zu J
2- 2 1
y..fa!4 _,.11 J_,J., ufa. 1-.llc. 10 ,. 1.1 .J JU.i _,.11 J_,J., ufa. t...ll<:. 710 • 1.1 r::.JH1.J : '-.k..)L.
I ri1; • 10 = r I
 ( !. _ 1 ) 710 X 1.1 :
7
1_
__
lOx 0.946

221J /1 -1= 0.96

5 = 21J 25 = 221J 0.04 = 221J /1
~1~1
.----~-S=o
-12so=J
5= 21J m l1J

( 1 2· 1
_!_)
21u nm 10 X 1.1= -J-
2u
2 nm
Hz 15 10• 3.17 :.:. 1 2· 1
( _!_) nm 10 X 1.1 = - -
25 21u 1280
nm

3 = lU 9 = 21u 0.04 - 2!.. = 0.07

1u

<~
.1
(1 ) iJ<>IJ (2)LJ'M" (1) LJ'M" (2) iJ<>\J

(OH-/ H2O) •(CH3NH2 / CH3NH3+) [I.JJ'lll

Clo- < CN- .2
HCN + F- HF+ CN- .3

C5H5N + H2O C5H5NW+OH- .4

[ C5H5N ] Kb = [ OH- ]
(5H5NW ]

0.01 x 9• 10 x 4 = [ OH- ]
0.04
Kw = (H3O+]
[ OH-J
14
- 10 )( 1 -
_;,J/J_,.. 5- 10 )( 1 = 9• 10 x 1 -
5 = PH 5- 10 x 1 _,! - = [ H3O+ ] _,!- = PH
 Cl ([
cHiH-CH3 : B CH3CH2CH20H :A (1
OH 0
CH3CHz(: H :E CH3CH2~HCH3 :o

IJ:P.>-J.A/A C;:Jfa. J_p.S.ll iJA ~WI uh iJA ~ ) I ~'1..1\ o~ 01,J";\ ~ : ~ l j 5-»\I •2

l.l.lc. i.;_;,:.;:.J ~ J . J ~ ..b.,uji _;11 uJuSll ojll O.JJ~\ u-'lfll ojl iJA ~w,
• IJ:P.>-J~I wl.Jj 1JA Jsi

o.l.waSi I.F .3
~I.A .h...., .4

( 20): ~\)I Jl_,..JI

( Q, Z, X) .1 (i

e 1 = .2
X.3
Z.4
'-""[ B ] <Jo'[ A ] = 1.F\jjj\ ~->'"' (1 ('-:I
( uWlc-8)
2~~/3 ~~t...J A ~_;J~~
'-"" ( 0.3 ) <Jo' ( 0.4 ) K = 2- 10 x 4.08

'-"" (0.3 ) u,o (0.2 ) K 2- 10 x 1.02

2=U" 1.1"2=4

1~~/2 ~~t...J B ~_;J~~

'-"" ( 0.3 ) I.I" ( 0.2 ) K = 2- 10 x 1.02

'-"" (0.1 ) <Jo' (0.2 ) K 3• 10 x 3.4

[ B ] 2[ A ] = ~\jjjl ~->'"' -2
 3
-10 X 3.4 = K ~wi,~..,.... -3
----=K
(0.1 ) 2(0.2 ) 2[
[ B ] A ]

J.,.a / 2 Ji.l 0.85 =

• 2

Ulla.&11 ~la.&11 iJ.J~ "i 1..;U.)I u'i ."i (4

[8)2 [A] K = t (5
~.Ji.l /J.,.a 2"10 X 5.3125 : ( 0.25 ) 2 (0.5 ) 0.85 :

H-tto-H + H--oJJ_H H+ H-t~--0-1-1-H + H 20

I I I I I I
H H H H HH
~'!I .:.IAI

-2

+ -
CH 3 NH 3 I + NaOH

jJ:fJ.J iJ_,.JI ~JA,11 ~JS o_;~ ~JA ~l.;.lll uA .Ji o_;j: .3

. '-:1,l~I.J '-:1,l~I

2C6H130H +2 Na - 2 ~H130Na + H2(g)

 ( 20 ) :L>"'"~I J!;.Jl

.I

NOC! Czlli ~V"

.s-,;"':.."""':{t H-C=C-H
Sp2 Sp ~lt,l---1
0
120 U"" J.i 0
180 ~J)jll).ii..---2
N-CI O=N C=C C-H 4li.l.!l.ll ~1-3
er: Sp2-P er: Sp2-P er: Sp- Sp Sp-S
n: 2P-2P n :(2P-2P)

_;,......~ .:.1.l.,J.1NI ~!,JI~

(wt..~ 6) :(JllS 300 =-1 ('-:-'

( L\S0 xT ) - L\lI0 = L\ Go
(300 x0.2902 -)-104.5 - =
~ # 17.44- = 87,06+104,5- =
-(~ 300 = .;lib ) 0 > L\ Go
~450 ·2 =
( L\S xT ) - MI = L\ Go
0 0

(450 x0,2902 -)-104,5 -=

# 26.09+ = 130.59+104.5-=
(~ 450 .i;c. .;lib fa.) 0 < L\ Go
.ll~_, .llJ_jj_, wlli~l .b,,!;, Ji.is Ui\...Jl '-.!WI .)! ~ l '-.!WI (>" 6.lWl u~ -2

(wt..~ 6)

(H30+]x [N02·]
- - - - = Ka
[HN02]
""IOx l x [N02·]
_ _ _ _ = 4·10x5.6
0.2
0.2 x5.6 = [N02·]
_jil ;J..,.. 0.112 =
 .yl/J_,.0.112= [N02-] = [KN02]

..:, = [N02-J
C
1 X 0_112= U
,J_,. 0.112 =

=u
69x0.112=r-~
rt, 7.728 =
20 ) : u-oJl-11 Jl,;..JI

(~6)
2-iA 328

24A: [Ar]4s 13d5 328: [Ar]4s2 3d 104p2 0-'~ ~I

L
4s
i-3d'
1
i i i- i- u
4s2
uuuuuLk2
3d 10
~l~I

( ~ I J . . i fol ) .,..,.i.t:.:.... I).; .,..,.i.t:.:....1J1.i ~l.:.Ll\ ula..JI

( c:.,L.:;k6 ) : -...,
u_;..,s ~lb J§l ~ I 'U"JL.ll ).i...11 .)) ~.J..i&l! ja:ul..! ~ I f, -1
.(1-i' 7 10 x 1.1- 1:Y.-1->..!J u;t. ,J,,.. 18-10x2.18=1) ul We.
(5 2/1- 62/1) is-1ox2.18 = +- (/u/1 - /u/1) I= ..b t,,,
.J,,.. 20-10 X 2.4=(1008/11 )18-lQX2.18 = (25/1 - 36/1) IB-10X2.18 =

. 10 .:.U.JjiSl~I .1$. : 3d . (n = 3 / t = 2 )-1

9 .::.U~I JJI:. .(n = M / ms= ½ ) -2

(
. ( l ) fo~ LHI.! Y."- Jfa.JI .} u\lpS!I I.fl -1
•( J:!ill J:!llA> :c , ~ . ; S :_,) ~j..11 u:...... -2
f ( C ) ..,.S_;..ll 0- (_.) yS_;..ll 0-- A!<i~I Jc.t.;li ,....1 L. -3
 w'l.:.~~4-l ~.,! (.:i•j) u#.;..11 U!! ~1 ~u.p,.-4
: .,1 jl!ji u--

0
CH..Clli-e-H
Ju4J.>I ..,....ii

.!ll..,.j ~.JAIA uk ·w.fi_,...1 ~.,i..... (...,.,) ~yJI :Jlc. -5

wll..Jfol'll u-- i.J:!i".J.J .:i-'i"_,! ~ I .h..._,11 ._,s o.i.:.~ .!ll..,.j., W .la!~ u-- ~.i.:.lill .h..._,11 ._,s
.W ~!;JI fa.
.J.!....S'J:'.fi .(.,) ~yJI ._,s ~4.,1:,)1 !""'I L.-6

• , .)
~., U.I...JI
. . :·•r1
wlo' 1 1.-'-""
L·,ti.,. -2 - - -2 . :··
-14,. r1
1 • - ..ili.. '--lib
. 1~1-7
.

.w'l:i~

: >' .;~ t.jl Ji u"iJla.JI j ..,.S.;,,oll, [ ..,.S,>oll .;~I

CJI-,Cl + Mg -4" h'. CJI1MgCl

0 qMgBr
II HBr qH
,c, + ClH1MgBr - - - • H,c-9-cH, HJ C-C-CH
I J
+ MgBr2
H,C CH, CJH1 C3H7
 •
..,...,.._,.,..;,;.YI
-
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f-

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-
.:.i,..i1.i.,.
~,~..,;lli.11,jJ
,2024/05/23/.,...U: ,.,......,,
41,1, w-.), .,..., .:/l<l.o : .:,.........jll 2024- 2023 ..,...,.. ....,.
.loil,.._(.__..!.,_..,..i . ..._;!;._/.;.;,.Yl~l,...,u.;..
"""'-~-.:,l.,JJ,J1~,.i...l1.::.::.:,.~i.,.:,,s,,,J,'i1~
J.,t. 11
-10•2.II ,1M(I)~ • .:.i, 1 1oxJ11;-.•,...u.,..: ¥f,Y1Ji.&..,i1:i_...,a4;.Dua,,
H,i.•11•l•tl• •-t'IG• l.l 11Mr.;_~.J,.:., ,i!..J.,t. "-t0•6.62611.J-Ji0.t~
{~?0} : '11">1!:t:::!!
._.l! .....1J• ....... <J.>1Jfol .Ja,, ...).:,. ..... .:,.....,.1e,:.:,.(.:,_,li l0 1.:,.Jl:,..Jll:,,..:,,S,,
: <J.>11 fa,
,~_,.....,...,.,_...,.::::i.._,,'t, ~I .1
( ......... ~.,......,,......,..) ('oJl,lu.11.)i..,.....:,.,;f#t'.,..e"')
( .,.'I o"".:,. .:,,;&J11 JJl.'I '+<" _,.a,) ( ~ ..... Jl,U..:,..:,,S,,)
! r.,.11 ~ ~ O J _ ; . u f l uJ. ~._,:.ll ~ I J\s"JI \..o .2
( IJO > ( .... > ( .Ioli( > ( .1,11 D)

!( ,.X >,-.:.Jl;.>'.,I( n• J, m1•0) 4,,.111 J1-.Y1.a....v-11~_,_;.s111 w .3

( 4) ( 5) ( 6 ) ( 2)
1681 •,F »W'J,'"1 .;P <lll., • J,./J,+ Jl;S 1402 • ,N .:..,_;,aiJ,'11 .;P <illo .:.l1 Ill .4
! J,.,,J.,. #1< ,o .,.._..,., .i.....,,, w,... JJYI uP <ill,...;. w ,J,.,,J.,.,,.,.
( 11760) ( 1760) ( 1550) ( 1314)
!sp'e,:.:,...,.....~.;i,,a,i..,i~...,.,,.,,;.,.,~1.s
(<lll,Ji.) ...... ) (.,.1.iill"+-"tl.).:.....) ,..,...,,..,1 ....... 1 ,,,..i,.,1.:.....1
.,...,,,, +t,·-1.,.1 ........... 111-'f.,.1 +C~-,.., )
. ., J,.\i:Jli).~:;"llui.:..Ja;.1.'.i!,6
!~~'/l.:.l_;..lit,1U~p,.,
( CN-tsllll,:,.i,.J,AF-.Slll) ( HCN..,.....K,,>HF..,.....K,)
( F- ;.,.llllK,,.:,..,i-1 CN-;..1111K,,) ( ~;.r,.,.._ HCN .:,..,i-1 HFJ,i..l pH <4)
!~J,1.a,..o.S~~~'Jl~I.J;~ll#l,7
( HNO,iKNO,) ( N,H,i N,H,CI) ( H,co, I HCO,) (HCN/KCN)
!"'411:.,,...,l...-.11.,..,i..,i;..,._._,,'"1.:.l;.,.>~l.8
(....sl.all.i,w..,..:...., • .,.._.,,w, ( ....sl.all J,W..,. .:...., • .,._.. .,,W I
( Jlja.YI J,W ,.._ .:...U, .,.._.,,WI ( Jl;aYI J,W..,. .:...., , .,._.. .,,W )
! v''/\J,.1.i..11 ~'-':fi~~'/t ~IA-JI ,9
2c1,011, ~ 20zts>+ oleal + 161 KJ/mol
(;.J.,....,.,._,._.._..,...<6G)
( ;.J_,...,.,._,._.._ ..,W>6G I
( ........,;_,,.,....,.,._,..._..,...<<1GJ""-.,.>;;_,.n"""_,..._..,...MG )
( ""-_,.b;.J.,.n.,.,._,. ... ..,i..<.1G,........,;;,w1.,.,._,. ... ..,i..><1G )
4!J.H'l);,~.,..a...1~JM.,j.~ ~ · ' i , . s ~ ...1~1~r,1jJ1",....n~,;,irJ1,.1.o.10
,..,.....i....,.,i
( .i,,.,.,.i,) (.:,,J,U,) ( JJl.11) (J4,l\)

2i.a..L..~ ~W......tilu.'i
 -2-
r 202-4 - 2023 r\.J
,:,..,..201 :,cl!Jl>::,1I
( .:J.& 8) ~.,...i ,,J,...J,o#, ,,.,.J,'t1 uP- a.i., ~_;.. """,:,., U,,.,, ,!.., ,..... ,JLl.11 (I
.=,..m
.,..,,,.y1...,.. ~J ·~..... ~,,i....,.,,i, »"JI
:¥' .;ii .i..'tl .p .,.., -........., .
......:,.J.1,SJ$ill,J<,.:Jlyl,..,.,..,~l.1
.M.,.....,'E.,......)IIS·-~'-f<\.2

---
,.,i,,i,,.,w.:,.;J_;.&t/1 ......J
,R.,.....
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l
i ...
1100
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.Y .,...n~R
! a.ia il,all ~,.a.JI ~J .6
E L ,..,;1,.,...,~;..~I,,i.,.lliill.,...u!.7
,_.,.. ,,i ._m.-i, _,...... uP a.. ,,i
It II -¥lo.:..-,IIJ-,ll,:,.llll.ai.,s ...1)1
.,.. .... _ _ ,,;,,,.~-~.,......u ... .Ji,
, 6> ...,,..i YI ••J111,u1o,..i,.,.,.,..,...,11 .,...i;y1.,.,.,..h.JtMci.:,:,.,...,a,.1 <..
!1>.,sll.:.i,..al1,:,.4.
·~•.W..•.,..i..11~J.2
(COi,, + c,.., -coci..,.) J<.WldG"ul.:..!o1l!.l(t
• ,:,Ill_.,,....,_,. 2835 = coc1,.., .J s• .:.as.,.,.• 15"" .i,. # 67.7' ~,,_.,
.J<.WldH'.,...1,,:,lll.J,....,_,. 197.9-CO,~ _Js•,,:,lll.,,....,_,.223-CI,.., _Js•
1....,.lbo.j.JiH',~ . .,.W.JJ)lllyi ~,'tl,_,.,.,..,J!,i.11,Jlol,,Y.2
(t&?O) :.!J.aJIJ:::lll
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,.,. ... .,..1
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,(<i}-l!,....,..l)~ ..... y;li~•lo.,:,;.J
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. (I• 2) .,.;111 ~;.-,,yi41Jti1 .... '- .s
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-.-,o)C t.4 C,H,N .;,s;ll,..,.....,..i·w.,u"1.i.,....11~1.2
·10-s.o
4
CH~ .........~1,:;;..;i.;...s,...,.i..3
··-10 ,c 3.8 C.,H.,NH1 ,,.. C,H,NW .;,..JI~ NH,OH ;,.w, ,J<.li. <.lM.. .,.:SI ,4
"·10 x 8.7 NH,OH f>tM.,... ,J<.WII yi ;..lilJ .,:...S,,:,. UI"_,.... C:..J.Jh •
• ~.;Jl·"--'M
. ,J<.Wll yi .;ljl'il ""1 ~~:., ...."ii,.. •
.,w,,ic,H,N••Wlui:.J..,......,.i,.,...,.s I
IJW...b",
 -3-
_,..l,JI eJ&ll r 2024 - 2023 rw ,.~, : '-1.....i ~1..
(~5) :.:."iJl&.J.., .&:i 'U:H,o ..>F Jt.,. ~I f t ~ ~ 1.w JS .»&i U:fS (~
• ( ~.JH _,._,.JI -1 1)1 u.,l:i,JH -2 ) . ( u~'/1 Ji- Vo ~'/I )

( 20 ) : e,,t..,Jt Jl.:,..ll
•.;I~ 4..,.i C .J B ~ I ~ ! A iJL.Jt (I
Ac,> - -.. B(g) + C<&>
"-I"-. ' u,oJll.J (A) UH ~ I ()HJ i1jJt .).Jl+all JS,!Jt u,o
: ~'JI 4ll.."it ,:,:, """'I
"-I"-. . iFli:ill _,... uJli .µI .1
.~.Jl.o.Jk~..,...ll.:4,4.o:,i~ .2
,""-. u..a. fJjll u,ojll JIJl. l.o .3
I""-. . A iJL.JI~

"- iJ\.oll JJS.J, Jii:..J iFl.i:ill _,... UH ~ I l.o .4

""'- .A4k-~t

""'-
"-
0 50 100
( ~ ) u,ojll
( .:.L..~ 8) ( 9F • 8 0 • 4 Be): u,o0F2 • BeF2 UH ufl ("r'
. I.of.la yS i) ,;iWlt .::.i.;_,~1 ~I.J.ji ~.jl,JI .::.i.;_,~1 ~1.J.jl .1
• I.of.la~ i) ""'~ .2
. I.of.la yS i_,i 4_;lJA11 •~I iljJI ~ I e.J,i .3
. ~.)all .:.l~I 4_;lyJI e_;n ~ I ~ I ~IJ:i i.,i .4
( 6) ! u.,,i\i.JJill .J J\.i~'/1 UH - ~ ~ I U:fS .:."i~ ~.J .1 (~
..:.AJi i,;i1_, ~ I •~ .:..Ii i,;i1 (,,,)"W"il i;. l.o , ( '"'.,_.ii ) ~ I &.IJJ u,o .2
! .::.i.;_,~, - ~ .:.1~1 - ~ 'l.oti.J '"i,ii,a \ ~
. ~ I ~ I i_,i ~ I ~ I flJM..I 4-AI UH .3
20 ) : U"""WI Jl.,._..JI
(
c.:.1.o~ 6 ) ,c 1
'-10 x 2.42 - ) ".;.,... ~ , ~.JJJ:lfJ' •~ i) ~ 1 4ill, ul ,:i, (I
:""'~"""'I
! •4.JtSll ~..H •~I•~ Ja.J,.,.!, 1.o .1
! w ~ I I~ 4ill, cJ.fo- i11 i) .2
• tAI.J •A •Ji:.- -~, .~ "jJ\ ,._,..i, u;..,i 4.,.
JJla ~, .3
. J_,..1.ll ~.J .4
J~~J Lf.l,...J l.&S •~Ii) .:.&.;_,~I 4.5~ '-""1---1 ~ I ~ " i i ~ i.Ai,JI .:.'ii-JI .:..,+I.J .S
! • J.sall jMIA . "!..ms '::w.i
( .:.~ 6) u-a-
JJ1- 1)1 J. 200 ~! ~ I f.Jllll Ba(OH)2 f.JtJ.tll W ~ I .l("r'
, i) ~ I .JlWll ~! J,.,o.,il ..J,l/J.,. 0.2 •JJS.J, HN03
! ( J,,./~ 171 = Ba(OH)z f •.a )
! ,.1.o11 i) ·,~ Ir ~.JJJ:lf,ll u>.il "i :~ .2
! ( C2Hs )NHCH3 ..,.S_,.ll l.o .3
4~~-----
 -4-
~ I e.;iJI f' 2024 - 2023 rW f~I : '-l.i...l &l:i
( 8) , ~~..,.JI~ ~ I i)&, <I~ <llllJ •ii''II ~Ii)&, i~I (~
·4.:,l:i~l~'il~~I

CH3CH2COOH CH3CH2CH2OH ... CH3CH=CH2 I

OH
I J
0
II
... 0
II J

CH3CHCH3 CH3CH2CH CH3C-OCH3

. ( J) ..,.S..,.JI ~! ~ I jS..,.JI 8 2S04 4il..! u,A <llll ..,.S..,.JI .>"JI.a .I

! ( "'r') ..,.S..,.JI (Na) 19.,HJ_,..JI jli 1FW I.a .2
. .la..J i) ( KMnO4 ) J.,i-., (-' ) ..,.S..,.JI iJ..oSI ~ I ..,.S..,.JI .>"JI.a .3
. .S.,,#1 19\la. ..,.._ ( J ) ..,.S..,.JI ,... .4
. ( ~) ..,.S..,.JI ~! Li.Al"4 4il..! ~~Ulla.a ..,..Si .5
. NaOH JJl- ( J) ..,.S..,.JI 1FW UH'~ Ulla.a ..,..Si .6
!~_,Jl~~J~l~J.7
! i.,Aall _,..i, ~ I uJ.)i,ll i) KMn04 JJl- (J.,l.,J.>.'-2- J.At..-2) ..,.S..,.JI IFlii:f "i .8
( 20) : ~ I Jl:,..JI
( 4) : ~'II 4:,1'11 ul~ iJiJ 0 2 Ji:, HBr Ji:, IFlii:f (I
~ I • ~ I HBr <el + 02 <el - - - HO2Br rel
~ I • ~ I HO2Br rel + HBr <el - - - 2HOBr rel
~ I • ~ I 2HOBr fel - - - H2O2 rel+ Br2 rel
~Wll ul~ i) ~.,i, ( Jl,-.11 ) oJl.all I.a .2 . .t.Jj,-.ll 1FWll Ulla.a ..µI .1
.1FWll .1~1 ~J .4 . ~Wll ~y.. wl,i ..,..Si .3
( 6 ) Ca(NO2)2 ~J .J,J/J.,. 0.8 •:,,SJ. HNO2 u.,S,,a ( J.o 500 ) JJl- (":'
4
: v14 ~~I, -10 X 5.6 = u,\:ill ~ J ' .J,J/J.,. 0.25 •J,S.J.
. ~ I J.,i-11 t,.r'P.'JJ-l:lfll i-i.Jll .....-1 .1
i) KOH~~ 2.8 4il...! ~ I J.,i-11 t,.r'P.'JJ-l:lfll i-i.;11 i) ~ I ~ I I.a .2
. ( J,,,./~ 56 = KOH isWl 4:,1,-.11 ) ~I
6) : ~~,r~I.JllJa~I.Jlli:JHu.Ji.I (~
~1.)1 ~IJ:ill
.u"i~ ~ I ~J ! ( JJla:w 191 <lsli 191 ~ ) CH3COONa ~ I JJ1- J/b 1.a .2
( u ~ 4) _ _ . , 8 jWIJ A jWI 14\+lai JJ~I JS,.!JI (J
~.,a <r.J-
.,.:.11 .&...11 . ..i ·i.. .• c11 J .~,,
.,.- i,r . ~ . - U"J..r'
•t. ..••~1 · I ~ 1j1
• U .
. B~!A~wS:!
:v14~~i
! ~11.af-h .-....11 ~ I <Ii .1
i.)w.11 i)NO3- ul....HI 4SJ& •¥1 JJa. .2
. KNO3 JJl-i)&- <I~ i;ll ~ I
i) A jWI 1jl,. .3
.~l_,..i!'~l4:IWI
 •
¼<t1r.:.,.. -
.ia.,.11~~'11
.,....~,m.,.:,,.........n .:.,i...i<J_,.
,.....,.,,,, ......._;,, ,;;,
Joi"'.,_.,,,,..,.,,.,....,;.,,....,,..
•~l:u.,__.J\
, 2024105/ 23 =~
- ~ - J j....... ,:p,,i..: ,:,.......,ill - , 2024-2023 ..,_,,., W1

c-..><20> :Jfi' Jl,-.l\ 4:tl

~'ii • ..,..., i-i.J

........ JW.o-.:,.i,M I
(,n 2
.:.Li,Ji'l.15 3
1314 4
5-
~.,i..r...a.
6
- F. i»WI K,, .:,..,»I CN ·,.WIK,,
HNO,/KNO, 7
......,,,.,.11, ....................... 8

-- ..,..,,,.,
;Jl..,.S~.,a~.a..J->AG 9
10
-
-
: ~ l Jl.i::,!l '/-+j

(.:,..:,, HJ YR.S Z<X<V .4

""'-""' .3 E ........2 Z,..,...I~
....... ~J~~J~~u..t--'"""1~~1':ag il~l~uA•..iitJ'" :"'-ilil,-!1~.6
.11,a,~ ·i,i;.
3c1.,,,.........,.:..,-u~•""""1'_.,......<lalll11Jlll~~.,iu,ii.,'""Jll..,.....7
.,,.,a~~U"~,>uJI
c=6> ,.,,..,.,..,....,...,.,..,.;11++>,,.,.i,.:.,.w11.,c...
(OH")~..,....,._,...~;,.a,.:1,a,..,_...i,a..,_,1..-~.,.,._,.,_,,..,...;,.,.,,.,., •
. NH,.,,-'11._,,,,.,.J:,
...... .,;. J,1-".)•'-"'J .,.,... _"' __ .,,. ..,,.,.,..,... ...,......,,.. ,,.... )-A, •
. KF. NU.a J:.c:,..~, .;,.,.,..a,,.., ~•WI,,.,.....~..... ,...,...,,....,,.,..
~.,i ........ ~,._.,..,. ..,.i1,,,-,u.J<.l,....:u!1.:..,!1.1.,. .A.;,t,<lollll.,. :<.;+lll<loll.2
.:,llsll<loll~·,._a..-,.,.,,........
I_,.
I("'-""6) :...,iaJ_...Jl°'N'!~
.:,Ill' 2911 • 273 + 25 • T .I(~
~s-:r- eJ.,;S-] -Jol,i',ll~

(C0<&1 S-XJ;ol+ Cl111vS-xJ;ol)- COCll(a>S-xJJ.-lu.>111a6S

(.:,111.J,.;J,. 197.5 x J,- I + .:,111.J,.;J,. 22JxJ,- I) • .:,111.J,.;J,. 2113.5 xJ,- I •"'"'AS'
.:,111/J,. 137.4" • .:,ill/J,.420.9-.:,11</J,. 2113.5 •;,... AS'
65' .T- 11H" • 11G•
b'='IJ,+# U.1374 •A.~•I<::= AS•.T+6G0 •AU-
( (/,J!,/J,_ # 0,l374· X .:,111298) +J,_ # 67,7" =6fl"
J,. # 108.64. =611"
., ...... Mf)<ll.l.ll.__....,...,,.,,.,...~ .... Jl,,:i.2
( ...... 65 , ...,.,.. ,,.;i.........,,....,,.,.. ~;. JUI •""'Jla:i.:,.""'
(11H >AS' .T)._,w;.,; ..,_.,.....,i11;.,..._,.JO..;. ._.,.u,&.,1G<)\I.-<& ..-,
(Mi <AS' .T).1-> 11G.;'twtl,.r,IJ,-).:A+JO..;. ._,w;~u,&..:,slJ
~.:.».lJl Jl,-Jl 9tj
1

Jd>Jp>Js .J Jd, Jp•Js .l J•n .I (I

s-oblfl.aa..s ("l•0•l)•m,,-1.4

CH.,NH,.J C,U.,NHCI .I(.,.

NH:OH ,.., + CsHsNH• , - . , - - - - •
c.H,N / c,n,mr Nll.,Olr / NH.OH •
(4.a,;;..;JOI.I-V--) (f'J!MU,:.--'-sli)
( C,H,N) 1...1111 ...i '0.11 ~ll1......., ..I),_,.; ~I..,_. A,-11 _,.;,:J;,t1 J.o', ,
.(NH,OH'J~.-n,

,.,.-
u,--0.1
(i+,t,r,~~•..-iwu-t.J)
IC,H,NH'I 1ow1
IC,U,N I • K,
,.,.
.;J/J,,, 5 ·19,ct.lB•(OH-J•"" < : : = u-•-toxJ,,t

'/,IOI• (,.,.);.;,i.J.....,, •.:J.11..,._.....-,

• ....."1.....,,
 :.!.!WI Jl,-.JI 4+1
(~5) (t
Gy •
i ;I~ Ji ~I-._,,;.
Cl2 i:,.o~~

c.,l~~
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + KOH -'-----+ CH3CH2CH=CH2 + KBr + H20

OH
I
CH3CH2CHCH3

:&1)1 Jl_,..JI
(~6) ~ I ~JI i:,.o ~1.1.ll u(i i:,.ojllJ [A] UH ~::la.II ul ""i (l
k=~Wll~..>"".1
o.oor = 0-100, 0.1 - o=~, [AJ~ = ~ 1 ~1 J.t.o .2
..J,J/J.,,. 0.001 = -=K
.J,J/J.,,. 0.1 = 0[A] < : ~I ~I = 0[A] .3
~50=0.001 x2/0.l=½j ~: 2k/o[A]=~
. ~Ji..11 ~JI i:,.o ~1.1.ll u'l A iJL..11 )15.J, .Ji,:./ ~1.1.ll ~->"" jJ:., 'l .4
("r'

..
BeF2
..
OF2
·o··
.-F~
.. . ':·F.- ..
: F-Be-F:
.. 4.l}i..Jl~J

MX2E2 MX2
~J'll ,..i;.~.; ...i... .:.U,.,.;sJ'il r,-1.Jjl JS.:.
...i... ,.s,»11 JS.:.
Sp' Sp ¼)SyJli.)11~
.....,j .sJil ",/i.)oll .:.1.)11 Ji,.l.i.ll i_,i

3~
 ; ~ \ Jl,-11 ""4,1 ~I..
( ~ I ilul ) JJ~I ilul c)I J.,..,.,ll fa Jl.;..JI l.)Ai 1)1 .1 ("'

Ba(OH)i 0$.\lll PJl.,;jl HN03~l

Ba(OHhc,i - Ba2+ (uqJ + 2OH-,aq/ HN03 <•ql + H20m - H30\uq1 + NOj"<•qJ

o.~llll 1)1 OH- o;.'i.,_. ~ I Vo 830+ o;.'i.,_.

OH- ux r,.!1 J.!I H30+ u X (_,;l) CX .;,

2 X 171 / <!) 1 X 0.2 X 0.2

~3.42 = 2 / 171 x 0.2 x 0.2 = Ba(OHh .!I

,j~ ~~_,..JI~ ~~.J ~I_.,;,.- iJ,jl .JA.J •~.J..M-11 •iii) u.J:l.JJ,,ll Ir iJ,jl u'i .2
iJ,Ji l..JM ~1 i>-
~I.J ,-1.o '<SM la\+ijj.1 l»1'J J,a ~ I ~.J'il i) oJJil,t ~_,. u\
'i
HJo+ r.Hl.J..M-1'

<S.J',:. u;,-1 ( C1Hs )NHCH3 ..,.S_,..!1 .3

(.:L& 8) (~
CH3CH=CH2 ( I ) ..,.S_,..!1 .1
UP.-.J~I fl .w..~ CH3 CH2CH2ONa .2

CH3CH2COOH (~ ) ..,.S_,..!I .3
JA,,u -2 .4

.s
0 0
II II
CH3 COCH3 + NaOH - - - - C~CONa + C~OH .6

):;,_, <S..,...._i1 ..,.S_,..!1 c) WJ.JS iJj,. ¼u 4¥_,. .:OliiJI 1)1 ~~.JI •ii : ~_,II ~ I •7
. ..,.S_,..!I i!llll ~ I . J ~ I ~ I u,o .JS c)

. Jr,..S.J..M,11 '-¥_,..!I WJ.;SII :;..,:i,. 4¥_,. H iii <S_,.-a.J 'i J.p.s i#, ..,.S_,..!I u'i .8

5-..,.i
 0

CHJCH3 + 12cu2+ + 50H-1 /:J.

. . c.,.»li.......,

: r)&- <r-"_,..JI ~ I ~1.S;.all ~_);.i I .2

(i.,l.t.Ji c.,J 1.i,,.o) '-S~I ~_,..ii ~ I •
.. 4.,..i1 -

. ._,.;~1 l,/~I.) cr1-ll ~ I 1"1~1 .3

',JJla.,J ..w.i u1I '-,al\,wJI ci.~'il J\iai cL-11 ~ I ~ I i ) ~l,i.JfS!I •.;I.ill ~ I •
. i~ljll ~ I .:Li~'il ',J,lla...l JI.JA'il ..w.i u11 ~_,..ii .:Li~'il cJU:i.l.t , •~ljll ~.,..il .:Li~'il
. i.,1,1.JfS!I ~ I C:,ljal ~I • i>
: ~ I Jl,-.11 4t1

( uL.~ 6) (I
.U:,.W...l:ii...o~jl&.c.,~ ....,,..i~~.Y'~~Jj~i_,l,#..,..SJ.i,JJ.)A'.1
2c:,/l-=c:,Ji. .2
C:,Ji./ 1- = le:,

9= 19 " 10 x2.42 /IB· 10x2.}8- = 2C:,

<2zM-2 1u/1)7 tOxl.1 = J/1: J.....-.11 t)l 3 c:,..i .3

(9/1- 1/1 ) 7 IOxl.l = J'l
,.'-10 xt.02 =J

.( ~.t.;sJ'il 4_,..i1 jS~ .ti ) ~I ~I.J" il_,.!I u,a, : .!llill .4

4.iUi .u.i ~1,lu.fill ui,ll.,i .,......_, il_,.!I J_p. ~->-I .!IA ( ~ ~ ) ~ I c:,'i .S
.11.;lll ,\.l,ill .&:i,.., Ji.i..J tl_,.!1 .,w ~.JI J.- i) .!IA ).;,,o:....l,i u.,...,
4-.,.:i
 :1->":I...JI Jl):.31 ~4,1
(~4) (I
: 4a.Jjj,,JI ~l.i:ill 4JJla.. J.-l '4l.J'il .:&-1.i:ill .1
2HBr<i> + O2(g) - - - H2O2 + Br2(g)
HOBr .J H02Br .2
[02 I[ HBr )k = ~l.i:ill ~->'"' ~ I i.,i.il u,,a .3

• ~1_,.11 ~ . J ~ I ~l.i:ill <!a.J.la. u... «;11 '4J.J'il .:.1.,i.i1 u,,a ~-"""' c,A : ~1.i:i11 '4ll .4
(~6) ( ....
HNO2 <aq> + H2O m ,.:::==:::::t> O3O\aq> + NO21aql : u,,,,,.ll ~ I as.A.~ .1
J,J/J.J,A 0.8
Ca(NO2h<,i HzO Ca2\aq> + 2NO21aqJ : ~ I as.A.~
0.25 0 0 (_;.l/J.J,A ) U:!~I ~_;JI
0 0.25 2 x 0.25 (J,J/J.J,A ) U:!~I Ja./ ~_;JI
_;.l/J.,,,. 0.5 = 0.25 x2 = [No2·1 : ~_;.!...11 ~'ii ~_;.

o.5 x [HJo+ I = 4-10 x 5.6 <:~==:::J [ NO2 -u0.,o+ I

0.8 I [HNO2 l =K•

.J,JtJ.,. 4 ·1ox8.96 = [H3O+)

3.05 = 4 • 10 x 8.96 .JI-= (H3O·1 .JI-= pH
.2
J.,,,. 0.05 = 56/2.8 = ,...f.f~ = ( KOH ) u
.J,J/J.,,,. 0.1= 0.5/0.05 = <.A'/::/u= [KOH]

KOH (,t __ H_z_O_ _ : oslill as.A.~

0.1 0 0 (_;.l/J.,. ) U:!~I A,,:.ll

0 0.1 0.J (_;.l/J..,_. ) LJ:!~I Jo.,; ~_;JI

~l_;JI ~l.i:ill ~t.!,;.JI osli

JJf+l:[H3O1
_;J / J.,,,. 0.7 = 0.1 - 0.8 = [HNO2)
J.,,,.tJ.,. 0.6 = 0. 1 + 0.5 =[ NO2·l
0.7 X 4 -10 5.6 [ HNO2 ] xK
0.6
X
(H3O• I <::~--' [NO2-)
• = (H.,O• l

4
_;J /J.,. 10 X 6.53 = [H3O·1
•
4
3.185= • tox6.53 .Jl-=pH
(oJ\,jj) 0.135 = 3.05-3.185 =pH,) ~I

6__,.:i
(~6) : u,a it 4lo,,1)1.J a 4lo,,1)1 UH u)l . I (~
4lo,,1)1 ·~ 4,~1 ~ 1 i>1"'"11

PuiSJiUH~
J.,.a1.,i1 ~ 1 ejjl:i J.,.al,Jl1 ~ I JA,...l,, tjjl:i
c:,,,.1.,.i1UH c:,,,.1.,m UH
4lo,,1)1 .~

.2
CH3COON3<,>
Na\aql + H20o> _ _ _..
CH3COO-<•ql + H20(I> ~====I!:- CH3COOH1aql + OU-<•q> ,-w1 ..,.i...l1 ~1 ..FW UJla..

W.- .,ti ~ J NaOH ~1 i$.Wl r:JJ..a '--'"'l ,-L..11 i,i Na+~~~

,-w1 IF~ 4li 1:ii CH3COOH ~ 1 r:JJ..a '--'"'l 4,i 0$\i .,ti CH3COff6'J1 1..\
1 < pH c.,$.li ~, J.,ia... uli ~ . , c830• 1u,a ~1 c 1 mr
.:...,,.,1 mr

(~4) (J
.-....11 .JA A ..,.loill . 1
J.,+.11 _,,. B ..,.loil1
• a.M1jl1 A 2• .:.1.i,.,1 Uila..l ~ 1 ..i..l ~, NO; .:...,,.,1 .a~ .2
~ 1 ,.~., J.,ia... i) i,;J1A + .:.1.i,.,1 ~1 J..,w.., .i...s1:.i A jW1 .:.1..,.i u'J A jW1
2
4liS J1, .3

7-.,.
 ,2024/ 4/23 ,~..
.......,...,.1...,.:,,)1\
(100),.:.L<lalle,-.-

•
, 2024/2023 ,'.J.,.... <lJ'U _,;i:. .....i, .,,.,.. ..... _,; .,..."-"
.Joli .... ($).,..._,;~.,,.,·""'-'( 6) """'"11.J ...
I.,..,._.._ . , I ~ > ,"11.J 3.,. ,-.ill"" uA ,JJ~• ,-IIA
,"'f,'IOX3 • .,... ~,.. ,.:...i,."-IOX6.626 •(A)..,._ .:.,il ,.i,."-1ox2.18 • (I) ,,..:.,t.
I- 1
f 1ox1.1 - .~ ll]Ox6.023 - ~ .a.s.
.:,i...iil.l,,
,,.......,..""""w,
.....,.,,,.,,,,""""~

(..._..20) ,JJ~I .J;..n

¼~1,1<, ....... ~e,,-1.i,..n ,,.i ,.)11~ ~Ju, ..... .,. .J;,alt.f,u, .:.!,Ii (10) u, J\)-JI ,.. uA
,.,,....,...,,., .... .i.-,..,,.,,e,,..... J-1
"'""!-"""c,.._- ,.__.fo.c,.._- .l,;,l,Jfo.c,.._- .:u,.;..,nc,.._-
ns :zs 2P'JS 3P'3d' 1,a..m ;.n...,; !ill~ _,;.,.<N• ....,_,,. ..._
1 1 1
"'°""'.,,. ,.,.,.. 1. .2
J.<4,I- ,,.- yli-,- .... -
...i,>11> ~_,;lllaJ.,~1ui;,,<11lo,,...i..=!lJ X _,....(,,Cl) '!»"Jl.i""'1~J .3
T(7730 ,1445 ,738) .,,.x.,...,,, (J.,./ J,,.-"Aj
X2CIJ - XCIJ - XCl1 - XCI -
T(d-block) II'-_,. .,lllll'UllJIJ ....._. !.t,>11 ,,i v"'"' _,...., .,w"NI ~;.,>II.,.,.,:.., .4
5d1 - ,d 10 - U' - 3d1 -
:,,.,>UetJ:,,V.Jlwi 3 <IJ4.,._.JtV.JSl•I ,Kai ..i.J HCN .;,.-u,u_,..J.,lo,o-5
!'Kai.N~
I
Ka' - ii; - 3Ka - l
Ka-
T<UJ',,1,,-,.,.,.., ,i,JJ-6
CH,OH - KHO,- HCOONa -
!'•Wl~.W.~~lA-o.7
L,l..e,-,- <l/U.,t,,- .Ji>- .i,_;,-

toG ;..,I I. ..,.• 127 (.:,lll/J,,.100 • 6 S) J (J.» 120000 • 6 H) I.'-" ,,i-8

J.» 1200- JJ. # 1200- JJ. # 10- J.,o 80-
,,.,..,... .,...,,.,. e- >-'!' .l<"'.,...,,... _9
,:,,..,- o..Ji-

I 2W...c,>,[
 t<;iW,J!......,..,..,<,J.._..,,,.,!J<ol,t•I0
........ .,.wii,. ...... - .Jlii"'J<IG_.....,..._._

(..:,020):.,a:i,,cJj.,I
,,.,....., .......... (1
- ~ ._......., -3 ..,a:,. .:.,bll <lllo-2 ._.... ...~-I

lla(OH), J,i...,:,. ',- 200 ulJ _;J/J,. 0.25 t,1,1 .p HCI J,i...,:,. ',-500 ...,_.1 (.,.
(.:.L.:,.6) -e""'J.,lo.,IIPH..-1._;,J/J,.0.25,;,<;l

.l!l,ll).,,. - y J,.~35- J<IGII......,.>' .:J .._,, 4PH,---+ P, + 6H, Joi.Ill!.}(~

(.:.L.:,. 6) ,..,,, ...,_~,~ .,..i ,,,.,..'11
.~l&JJl@...... ~~--=-'-2 ,~~~Jl.-1

i
..,.,-,,y, 00 ..'! p11, Jo(; _,;,1a1 r.;JJ .:,<)II .,...i -, t K1.a., t..-3

(..:,020) :,lolllcJj.,I
(=8):v',I..Jl<(I
.,.c.f.,,.. .,.....,.»""I' ~J,1l\ ...... -1
.,,Al..,,...,,""= .:,bn<lllo,:,.,;,t.,,>1,,Mg.......... " " = (,Pll<lllo-2
-~ .S..... (HCIO,,'NoCIO,) ,:,. u~ .i,,...11 c'--, Y -3
.l.l,oJl ....>'~J<IGll <>,-.'lJl-4
(=3) :..,-ii .........~\,:,. .__.... J< "'1.l .:J ~,,,,, .:I..J.Jl"II .ur, . . I..!>'.}(._.
ml• I, n • 2 (I
m. • -1/2 , n • 2 (2
mo• +1/2, ml• I , n • 3 (3
( = 6) . ...,.~Jo,i..4 .:.:.,a (n•2) ;wo,,:,,(n•6) .,....,.... .,,._,.,.,..'-".,..,,.. o.,....:, (~
-~.i....n;.,;,..~....,...~1...1
-J,,/J,o# . _ ..... ,i.:I (.:.,..,I) uJ.J"l'll 16..W,.,,. .......... .,...I .2
·""-t"-'l<lllo.J\..,,_,.,,..,.:.,.J...,.ilJ.,1,.,...i.3
, ......,,.,.... .,..., ...... .}~(3 ~) .:.,..,1 ._.. •».Jo .4
("""'" 3) (•
........ ~,:,.PF, ~ ~ , F .,,:,S.,le-- 1,1'~ - . . , .... ~,_._;,,.:.,,-1
~1 --e,,,-·~1
J-. ..... i-.,. "-2 .....,. ..
 (~20) :~Jlj..11
(.:.~ 7) ,~I J ~ I ~ I .:.Li4:JI fl 2A + B ~ C + 2D IJ',l.illl (1
:4.:!!UII 4.U...'il ~1
( o!.. jil/J.,..)~lilll ~->"" [BJ [A] ~>,lll ~J
310 X 1 0.1 0.1 1
310 X 9 0.1 0,3 2
310 X 4 0,3 0.2 3

.~li...ll U" ~4 ~\.Gll ~J -1

-~~J ~J K ~_,...Jl .:.,,U ~ l -2
.i!l.,,~! T)sl fl 5~!., J ~\.Gll ,!,~ c.i. -3
(.:.Lo~ 7) : ~ ~14.ll...'il ~I ,.:.~j.ll U" i.)$. 1/~I ~'ll ~ l > iJWic.l (y

HCHO (~) CH 3COOH (y) ~J~(l)

ul.a (J) CH3CH2CH(OH)CH 3 ( .A) CH3CH2 CH2OH (J)

CH3CHO (~) CH3CH 2CHCICH3 (C) (J)

TI.P'U J:!S.ll .l;!!IA 1/:i!l ..,.Sj.ll lo -1

T~\.G o!.~ > ~ l l.o ,(I) (~)~l.G 4JJ\a.o ..,..Sl -2
.JS.).ll (J) (.A) ~l.G 4JJla.o ..,..sl -3
TKMnO4'H+ ~IJ:, (~) a~l ~l. lo -4
T(J) (y) ~\.G u,,o ~Ull ..,.S.).11 lo-5
·(J)J (J) ~J:IM J:!.w ~.:.'iJla.o.14 ~J -6
(.:.~ 6)
4
( -lOxt.8 = Ka) HCOOH U" .;ll 1 (~

NaOH 4l:iS ~ l .Jll /J.,.. 0.5 HCOONa ~ l .:.t,.~ ~J ,_;;JJJ.,.. 0.5

- ~ .#J f.:i&, ~JS> 4 = J,l-1l pH J,1-ll ~l ~Wal fj).11 (J.,../~ 40

3
 :.,:;~ I... ~I .AB~ %75 &.i:il '-:!a~ 30 f)J •'-:!a~ 20 = AB~ u-.ll ulSJ
.Jl:,lA:ill 4+i_; ~ I -1

.K Jl:,lA:ill 4':._,.. .:.,.~ ~1-2

-~W. Jl:.li:ill ~u.. b~ .:.~_;.1 'ii ~J -3

(.:.~ 7) :~~I ~ I ~j..11 U:!' ~U.. .1!,,o 'ii r l ~ J w'i.11&...14 ~J (":-'

- ~ .,...M -1 w,i~ (1
.J.,.i~ -1 JU~ (2
.JU~J uU:!I ~.M -1 (3

42B,2D •21C :4:!11:i.ll ~U&ll ¥ ([

, 42B,2D •21C .:.)Jlll ~JJiS111 ~jj:ill ..,..SI - 1

,42B,2D •21C .:.!Jlll j!IS:ill .:.UJJiS11 J:!i.:lll ,..,._;1 -2

27C, bJ '15 5~1 .:.U~I ~ l -3
.~i.:...~.1 JI ~l&olJ4 u-11 42B bj -4

,(4':.~!., b.J-1!1) ~ I ~Ii.} 2D ~I~.,_. .1.1a. -5

(~20) :u,,.il..11 Jl)..II

(.:.~ 10) :'-:!J"<il 4.1....cil u&, ~l , BH 3 + NCl3 - - + H 3B + NCl3 :.,:;"<JI Jl:,\.i:ill i.} (l
•"+il,jJ!., ~lil.ll .:.~~ J!.!. ,..,._;1 ,1
.Jl:,\.i:ill i.} 5$.liJ .1.1a. .2
.(2) eJi !) ~~'./$.\.ill, ~ I 4,iwill ..,..i ,3
.4a:jl,jJI. ~l.i:i..l\ wU.'•- 11 ,.! •·- ,.,II C.Li • ,4
• I.J _..-. .,--- I.>'"" ~J
!BH3 ,NCl 3 ij.ll.it.,;1 e,,- Lo .5
~l.i...11 ~:ili"I
! ~ > . J I ~ ~ 4':i,ilJ.11 e,,- Lo ,6

S~I~ I
4
 :~U ,~.,.;U •4.:!JI :u,!J ~"JI .:.~'ii uw (.,_.
CH3CH 2NH2 .1

(CH 3)3N .2

(C2Hs)NHCH 3 .3

va ~_;jJI IAJl~l J ~U:.. ~)):iii ~\:a:. (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J) ~l:all ul .:...l6:. I:i1 (t

( A ) ~ I ulS' I:iis ,~I J iJ~J .!.~ ( G ) u,1I ( F ) va J\.i:i.~I ~ J ~ I u,1I .;l..:!1I

(.:.~ 7) J~
,~~I b,JJll
!i,,Jli:MI ~•J:!.i.i Jli;. 41,il..ll ~\All va Ji .1
\ ' ~ .;#,'ii ~ I L. .2
!~ ~la. U:11.:i ~Ill >'ii ~ I L. .3

!J,'il IJ:!Ull ~Ill~ va ( C ) , (D ) u.;li .4

!J..Sj,e J,.~ ..()i\s ~U&ll Ji .5
!'1J_JJll ~ I J H ~ l Ji,..,l 11:ii1 ~ l JJ&ll Lo .6
.J 3 + u,jJJ ~J..>lSl11 ~.Jlll ..,..sl .7

5
 ,,:,.J,- 8 10x3 = •~' ~.JW ,..:..J.P..34-10x6.626 = (-') .:.,,e ,J.P..18-10x2.18 = (l) ». .:.,,e
1 7
-,- IOxt.l = .:.,,e ,v:i 2310x6.023 =\J;J~.,sl
(~20) :J.,''JI Jr,..JI

4-i~~.t,:i!J ~I 4.li.il la ~ I ~ I fol ,J.1.i,, 4a.tJI ,~ _;\,iAI e,,a .:.)ju (IO) Jr,..JI 1:i..

't~ iJ,&, If.la~ '-:,a~I ~l.wa.&ll c.11 • I

~ ' ci.-- - I ,.~, _;la,, c i . - - -I JJ.i~' _;la,, ci.-- - ci.-- -

't1S22S22P6 3S 23P 63d5 ).,i:i...~I 4lla. ,_,j V~ i.l''JI ~ I ~Jill lfM ~l.:i,i i.;JI 0$\ill l.. . Y
I J~I- I -"'- ~4- ~-
•1445 ,738) !," X ~I ~bll ~U:a .Jrll:i.. ~IS l:1! X ( 17CI) '-:,a'JI c11.,-
<t( 7730
X2Cl3 - XCl3 - XCl2 - I XCI -

<t(d-block) d Wa9 ~ell 4JA&l!J t....WI w,ill ,) i,Jlilil \jl..,a • t

5d 8
- 4dl0 - I 4d8 - I 3d8 -

:'f'~ Ka 4N.i,, ,-..H-iJ.A!t-11

Ka3 -
1 r-l_3_K_a__----,I :a
3Ka
't~.J&,ol ",!!Ull J!,,J c.11-'\
KN03 - HCOONa -

hw~- ~e~- Ji.:i- I Jl-!_):i-

<t~G "--:ii l.. -~127 .i,ii;. (i:)ls/J.P.. 100 = S) J (J-"' 120000 = H) l.. i.,i .A
J.P.. I 200 - J.P.. # 1200 - J.P.. # 80 I -1 J.P.. 80 -
't~I _;...,'fl ~W \jl.. • °'

u:ia. - I -I &~I -
<t4,~1 ~ I lA,at '-:,a'JI .::.);1.i&,11 ell . I ,
. ..,.JL...11 .,.m]I .JA ~ I - .J!,;oi,,1 ~W o.i.ii;. ..:,~ Jil.w:Mll -

(~20) : "''WIJl)..Jl
(.:.lo& 8) :~Ii.all,, ~ I l.. (I
,d ,f) u-" Jsl ½! -4-...H c1l.ll i,.,&-_;ill ~ ' .::.~) i..~ ~I vlll
l....i,ii;. : ~ o.w.G - '
·[UJJ~I ,.i..,a.11 J.,s Jji.11 • ~ ~ I dl:i u-o o1,,w J,ISl (P
 .JA.J ~_,.JI ',fJb.~I o!.Jl.a \hi,..:;) ua.,.a~I e,µ14..ayl!I ~lbll u-o .bJI :~WI U:!bll ~lb -Y
.4JW1 ~b.ll J
Js J .)){J . ~ 1 ..,.s.>&11 J v~ l+- '-¥->'" .:.!J.ll1 u-o .,1 v:i :'-MJ!1 -r
•...,.SjAll .!1lll '-:1,l~t, '-:1,l~I u,a.ll.i.:uJI u-o
.:.~ •.:.~ ,-1.tJI .:.~ ,-W .:.~ ~U. :,-WI i.;IjJI uil:.11 -t
.~1,-Lo

(.:.~ 6) Ba(OH)z u-o 3~ 200 i.,l! _;,J/J,.e 0.25 ti:,S_; i.fjJI HCI u-o 3~ 500 ~ I ("T'
.~Ull J-.,1-ll pH .,..-1 ._;J/J.,.a 0.25 ti:,SJ,
H3O+ .:.~I u-o J,.e 1 vll:.1I ~u:.ll .,..- fl:i ,-1.tJI J HCI
+ H2O (1) --- +
OW .:.lu:,I u-o J,.e 2 vll:.1I ~\1:ill .,..- fl:i ,-1.tJI J Ba(OH)z 0$\ill &il.
H2O • +
(~) J,.e 0. 125 = (0.25) (3-10x500) = (_;J) C x .:. = H3O• .:.'.(,.o JS
J,.e 0. 10 = (0.25x2) {3-10x200) = (_;J) C x.:. = OW .:.'.(,.o JS
J,.e 0.025 = 0.10 - 0.125 = (~U. ~ ' ) uAiWI H3O• .:.'.(,.o JS
3
._;J 0. 7 = 700 = 200 + 500 = ~W:i~I i.,lSJI ~ I
,_;J/J,.e 0.035 = _;J 0.7/J.,.a 0.025 = (_;J) i.,lSJI / J_,.. uAilill ij = [ H3O+]
1.45 = 0.035_,1-- = [ H3O+ ]y- = pH u.J1:i

•4~ 35 = ~l.i.ll u..a.ill y,s:, i:.il ~.J, 4PH3 P4 + 6H2 ~u:.ll J ([

:~'JI ll....~I ~I '"°'l~~I J.!S_;JI > J.a:i&,i 4..~
-~1~~1 J.!S_;JI > J.a:i&,i u..a.ill y,&, ij~ i).J~I '-.w)I u,o f~\1:ill '-.w.J Lo -I
.K ~u:.ll ~.J"' .,..-1 -Y
0.02 = l-10 X 1.98 = [iiiiJ = I 0.693 I = K
21d
1
-4U41" Ko~ .Ko~ Lo-f
-~1~~1 ti:,S_; i i,ll pH3 j,fS_; fJ~I u,ojll .,..-1 -t
J k- [A]
--=
:!.3 [A]
2
j "10x 1.98-
2.3

-4~ 105 = j
(t&. 20) :~Jr,..11
(.:.~ 8) :~Lo~ (I
•24Cr ~-I
-(~ u,.a.i) 3d 5 1 5
(~1) b~ .)sl u.JS,:i 24Cr: [Ar]4S 3d r.JJS.ll di
-1~1 ~ l u,il:.ll 4!\h U.O ~ > I 12Mg r ~ ' vjJ .!J~ u,ib.ll 4!\h-Y
13AI: [Ar]3S23P1 12Mg: [Ne]3S2

""~ u.HI u'-J 4!\Jall J

Ji!J oi,.11..,._;il ve ~l V" .!J~ ~ I e;. u"I
.-.,1 1
3S .mi u.o ~ I Vj V" .!J~l UJ.J:iSl1l e;. J ,JH.ll jlill ~Ji~ ~ ' f l ~Ji
.oi,.14 ~4-_;1 ua.w:i~
- ~ JJl-S (HCIO4/NaC1O 4) u.o u.,s..ll J,1-ll 1-,-
.~ I o.s.li u.o JI ~ I A~ u,,w u.o uA ~1 JJl-ll -...~
.:.~I J.S. Jl-0:, ~It, .:.~l 45~ 4!\h JIJ_j. ~ I 4JJ eli:i.;\.i - ~ 4.;J oJ~ ~li:ill ~_..,... ~ - t
"""~' ~li:ill ~_..,... oJ\tl, ,'-lla&ll .:.l.oJi-.ll J,S. oJ\tj ~l Ii~ Lo.. . ~ , 4!\h &u ~l

:4,""il Jl.s.'il U'" Js i!1lw ul UM:! ~I .:.luJ.SJ'fl ,1$, l.o v:i J (....
(2) ml= 1 , n = 2 ('
(4) m.=-1/2• n=2 (Y
(2) ms = + 1/2 , ml = 1 , n = 3 (,.

(.:.~ 6) -4.>" .b_,h.;. 4 ~ I (n=2) _;1.i..ll ~I (n=6) V" '+.!f.All ~.JJ-1:!f-ll UJ.J:iSll oJ~ ,-~I ([
. ~ l ~ I 4_;,..ll Ji;. l.&Jbll .bp J.S. l.o . I

10 = 2/(4 X 5) = .b~l ,1$, 5 = 1+2-6 = _;

6 = 4 - 10 = 4.;,..ll - i;si1 = ~ l ~ I 4.;,..ll Ji;. .b~ ,1$,
.J,,a/J.ff,#. oA..H ,.~\ (~1) ~ I \A.Ill:, ~l 4!\Jall 4's ..,..._\ . Y
2 = 2u, 6 = lu
(0-25-0.027) 18-10x2.18 = (4/1 - 36/1) 18-10x2.18 = (2 241 - 2 1u/l) I=

-vw.~ 18
-10 x o.48 - =
1000 > .JJJ~I .i.-., ..,.~ J,,a/J.ff,#. ~l o_;j/J.,t. v-
.J.,,./J.ff,#. 289 - = 210 X 2.89 - = J-10 X 23 10x6.023 X 18-10 X 0.48 - = ~ I ~
-~ ela,.;,I 4!\h Jil i!1lw ~I ~ l 4.,..!1 J,s:a ..,..._1 .,-
~l.a.ll _;1.i..ll ~l '-"'Jl.wJl _;1.i..ll u.o UJ.J,S1'il o4J'- u'- ela.;,} 4!\h Jil .Al:w:i 4,..!1
2 2 7
( 2ufl - 1u/1) x 10xl.1 = J/1
7 7 7
10x0.014 = (0.027- 0.04) x 10xl.1 = (36/1 - 25/1) x 10xl.1 = J/1
 ._A!,o.,.U 7140 = ('
7
-10x7I.4 = ('
7
10x0.014/1 = J
fljl..l.J \'i,l_)A]\ -.~I 4ibl.o i) (T' E)) ~I 4_,..n o:i.. JA . t
.(Ji:l.ulli 750 - 380 u....:a _A!.o.jlli 7140 = J u'J i,l.JA Ji; ~ I

( .I

.~I Sil c>1 PF3 - - ~ u,i,s.! 9F .J,Jlill 15P _JJi,..ill ¥.J:1 f""')\,i -I

- ~ u.!J..»- 'I" I.. -Y

SP 3
e,,. ~I u\i JS.!. c>' 15P: [Ar]3S 3P 2 3
:_JJi,..ill -~ i,UJiSl~I l+,!Sjill
~l.i:i (.;&- -.~1 i) .bialJJI ,SP3 e_,. c>1 4.... ~I ~I 2P 3S .bli.
.J,Jlill ..:.J.,j c>' ~ I u.wa. 2P ~l _JJi,..ill v:i ~I u.wa. SP3 ¼,+.ii .S~I
...!!... ...1.. ...1.. ...1..
3s 3P p : ...!!... ...1.. ...1.. ...1..
sp3 sp3 sp:, sp3

"'!P " . II v .. "'!P,-ll_uiu

sp3 :__,,,. (P) .. ,..- ' ~u .:_.a &J
p - F ' a::Aii:11 ~,.
sp3-p
• ~__,ll JP . , : . ~ I .:,_. i--t, _:)
bl_,_,..,..£:. c 9 _ _ . - 0 . ~.,-__,,,.

90 ~ . J 109.S
/I~ F
4.iu....)All 107.3 ~i..,.. F-P-F '-w3I .;1.ii.o .JA : ~ I u.!J..»-

(t& 20) :~!Jl!Jt,,.11

(..:.~ 7) • ~ i) ~ I ~ I .:.Li~!~ fi 2A + B C + 2D ~\i:ill i) (l
:4Ull 411...'JI """'I
(i:..Jil/J.,..)~\i:ill ~..,.. [B] [A] ~l~.J
310 X 1 0.1 0.1 1
310 X 9 0.1 0.3 2
310 X 4 0.3 0.2 3

.~la:W Jsl ~\i:ill ~.J ~ - ,

.',;i.ia..J .IA.J K ....,.-1 -Y

-~~I \'~I ('I o.ia.!.J •~i) ~\i:ill ..:..1a,i JA -T'

 "J_JLJ '?A 'J :: J
' - - - - - - - _ d'(..o_, L) ~(p,IJ K .:::. '\,.lJ G) ~..):'

c/ - - .%
- - 3 =- ..3
--~~-~~rcf-i;,:.,'-=-=w -3

-- !, -
Lo~ I

' -.;.....> ( ,e/).:,1_ ,__::::: .6- <7~ ~ - =- K

( ?JtJ.f) (__;.1/v?; 2£ J o,?
\ -,..:.> (_c)Y /jJ)
.
a~',, _,k Sv~ Jf.W 1
---, p
( \J;) ~ ) 0

d'fj;J' C\t.,,--u;,, i:;

-
..U
-
c.;,;' u
l'<
(!)

0
 HCHO ([) CH 3COOH (":') (l)

ul.w.SA (J) CH 3 CH2CH(OH)CH 3 (-") CH 3CH 2CH 20H (J)

CH 3 CHO (.b) CH 3CH 2CHCICH 3 (c) H2S04/1.J"

0
160 (J)

CH 3CH 2CHCICH 3 C ·#"~ J,sll .l:fl\A l#~l .,.Sj6ll I.. -I

,iFl.i:i i>, ~Jll I.. ,(l) (.b) !FU. Ulla.. .,..SI -Y
2
CH3-(C=O)-H + 2Cu • + SOW IJJ£:.li tJ. CH 3COO- + Cu 20(S) + 3H 20
(JJ.jl) ~4"'..,...l.,uJS:iJ:,lJJI
.JSj6ll (J) (-") !FU. Uii... .,..sl _,.
H H H H H H
cH, ¢~j9f, 25 0 4
_H_- - -•CH 3 -C=C-CH 3 +CH 3 -f-C=CH 2 + H2 0
1 H H H ,_/t 6 o H
./'}C'\.;
d'.r-i-1
HCOOH .Ai__,.;~~ .KMn04/W 4.b...1,,, ([) o~l ~li 1..-t
CH3COOCH 2CH2CH 3 ,(J) (":') !FU. u,o ~lill ..,.S_}ol]I I.. -o
·(J) J (J) .»'" ...i:fS .:.~Jla.ol~ ~J-'\
UR-.J.J-1:!f,ll jli;. JI;,~ jWI ~ I J.psll ~1.1:i,, i".»l.,..all J.. .:.Jjlill iFl.i:iJI J,!)a u-,

- ~ .:.JjWI iFl1..! ul...Sf.11 Ltl

(
4
-10 x 1.8 = Ka) HCOOH u,o uA _;J I ([
NaOH W ..,...,a.I ._;,J/JJ,A O.S ..,»s~ HCOONa Ml~I .:.!,l~ ,_;JfJ,,A O.S Jp~

-~ i",ll;, ~ _ ) iJ&, 4 = J,i-ll pH JJl-31 ~1 \+li~l I"~ (JJ,A/~ 40 =i"•.a)

HCOOH(aq) + H20 HCOO-(aq) + H 3o•(•q)

_;.l/J,,A O. S .),,.4 .),,.4 '-"'~'ii jp_;JI

U" - U" + U" + jp_;JI i)

O.S =U" -0.S ~U" U" "'lf1ll J!S_;JI

...
 HCOONa(•q) ...!!z9. Hcoo-(•q> + Na+(•q) e:l..J.lfl:i&i:i
.;,J/J.,.a 0. 5 JW JW ~1~'/1 J!S_,:.ll

JW 0.5 0.5 J!S_;,JI

r.,.:i = [NaOH] ul u,a.;1,

NaOH(•q) ...!:!e ow,.q) + Na\•q) iis.lillf\:i~

JW u.:i u.:i ~If.ill jiS_,:.11

.[H 30+] ~1 ,p,.i ~li:iJI H3 0+ OW .:.14.HI ~w:; NaOH jjWa!

(~1 ,p,.i $'/1) •.l:IJ+ll JtS1al1

r.,.:i +0.5 = [HCOOl , r.,.:i -0.5 = [HCOOH] , _;,J/J.,.a 4-lOxl = [H30i
(u.:i -0.5) / (u.:i +0.5) 4-10 = 4-lOxl.8 - - - [HCOOH] / [HCOOl [H 30+] = Ka
.[NaOH] i.µ1.4, .;,J/J.,.a 0. 14 =r.,.:i ul 4.!J\a.all J..., ,r.,.:i +0.5 = (u.:i -0.5) x 1.8
.J.,.a 0.14 = 1 x 0.14 = ~ I x J!S_;,JI = NaOH .:.~ Js.
-~ 5.6 = 40 X 0.14 = NaOH~~ X .:.~I JS.= 4.o3)lll NaOH W

(~20) :'-""'WIJr,..11
(.:.~ 6) ,_;,J/J.,.a 1 = [AB]0 ulS ljl , W""' + AB(a) - - ~ A(a) + B(a) Jl;li:iJI (I
~JI .AB u,.o % 75 &1;J '-:1,l~ 30 fJlJ ,4,~ 20 = AB .&.i..11,,,W.lll y,&, u~
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