Math 232 D100, Fall 2023

FINAL EXAM

det(A) = a1j C1j + a2j C2j + · · · + anj Cnj , Cij = ( 1)i+j Mij = ak1 Ck1 + ak2 Ck2 + · · · + akn Ckn
 
d b a b
Inverse: A 1 1
= ad bc ; A =
c a c d

Lines and Planes: x = x0 + tv, ax + by = c

x = p + tu + sv, Ax + By + Cz = D, n · (p x) = 0
1 z̄
Complex numbers: z 1 = = , (z 6= 0)
z |z|2
z = |z|(cos ✓ + i sin ✓) = rei✓ , z n = rn (cos n✓ + i sin n✓)

Eigenvalues: pA ( ) = det( I A) = ( 1)n det(A I)

Standard Matrix of a Linear Transformation: [T ] = [T (e1 ) T (e2 ) · · · T (en )]

x·a
Projection: proja x = a
kak2
1 1
[T ] = P = aaT = aaT where T is the matrix for proja
aT a kak2
P = M (M T M ) 1M T

Normal System: AT Ax̂ = AT b, x̂ = (AT A) 1 AT b

Change of Basis: [w]B2 = PB1 !B2 [w]B1

h i
PB1 !B2 = [v1 ]B2 [v2 ]B2 · · · [vn ]B2
h i
(PB1 !B2 ) 1 = PB2 !B1 = [w1 ]B1 [w2 ]B1 · · · [wn ]B1

[ B2 | B1 ] ! [ In | PB1 !B2 ] = [ In | B2 1 B1 ]

[L(x)]B = [L]B [x]B [L]B = P 1 [L]

SP

Diagonalization: P 1 AP =D

Orthogonal Diagonalization: P T AP = D

SVD: A = U ⌃V T

Pseudo-inverse: A+ = V ⌃ + U T