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Network Final Revision

Chapter1
Networks of Many Sizes:
1. Small home network
2. Small office/home networks
3. Medium to large networks
4. World wide networks
Network types (depends on components):
Peer-to-Peer: a group of computers is connected so that users can share resources and
information
Means that users must log on to each computer to access the shared resources on that computer.
Advantages: Disadvantages:

1. Easy to setup 5. No centralized location

2. Less complexity 6. Not secure
3. Lower cost 7. Not scalable
4. Used for simple tasks 8. All devices act as server and
client

Clients and Servers: The server is the central location where users share and access network
resources.
Means that users have one user account and password to log on to
the server and to access shared resources.
Network components:
 End-Devices: use network(PC, laptop, mobile phones)

 Connections (Ports)-media: wired & wireless.

 Network devices: generate network(switches, routers, hubs)

Network types (depends on Geographical Distance):
 Local Area Network LAN:
Small geographical Area (Room, Building or a Campus)

 Metropolitan Area Network: MAN

It normally covers the area inside a town or a city.

 Wide Area Network “WAN”: WAN is most wide used network technology in the world

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Chapter2
Location of the Cisco IOS: IOS stored in Flash
 Non-volatile storage – not lost when power is lost
 Can be changed or overwritten as needed
 Can be used to store multiple versions of IOS

Console Access Method: OS Examination Commands:

Most common methods to access the CLI:

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Chapter3
Rules of Communication:

Network Protocols:
1. How the message is formatted or structured
2. The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other
networks
3. How and when error and system messages are passed between devices
4. The setup and termination of data transfer sessions
Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models: Communicating the Messages:

Network Addresses & Data Link

addresses:

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Chapter4
Physical Layer Media: Bandwidth

Physical Layer Fundamental Principles:

Media Physical Components Frame Encoding Technique Signalling Method

Copper • Coaxial • Manchester Encoding • Changes in the

cable • Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) electromagnetic field
techniques

Fiber Optic • Single-mode Fiber • Pulses of light • A pulse equals 1.

cable • Multimode Fiber • Wavelength multiplexing using • No pulse is 0.
different colors

Wireless • Antennae • DSSS (direct-sequence spread- • Radio waves

media • Access Points spectrum)
• OFDM (orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing)

Copper Media:
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable

Coaxial Cable

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Types of UTP Cable:

Types of Fiber Media:

• Larger core
• Used in LAN’s
• Shorter than multimode
• LED light
• Small core
• Used for distances of
thousands meters
• Laser Light

Types of Wireless Media:

Wi-Fi • IEEE 802.11 standards
• Variations include:
• 802.11a: 54 Mbps, 5 GHz
• 802.11b: 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
• 802.11g: 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
• 802.11n: 600 Mbps, 2.4 and 5 GHz
• 802.11ac: 1 Gbps, 5 GHz
• 802.11ad: 7 Gbps, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz

Bluetooth • IEEE 802.15 standard

• speeds up to 3 Mbps
• Distances from 1 to 100 meters.
Wi-MAX • IEEE 802.16 standard
• Provides speeds up to 1 Gbps
• Uses a point-to-multipoint topology

Common Physical WAN Topologies: Physical LAN Topologies

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Chapter5
LLC and MAC Sublayers:
Ethernet
• Most widely used LAN technology
• Operates in the data link layer and the
physical layer
• Supports data bandwidths of 10, 100, 1000,
10,000, 40,000, and 100,000 Mbps (100
Gbps)
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Ethernet standards
• Define Layer 2 protocols and Layer 1
technologies
• Two separate sub layers of the data link
layer to operate - Logical link control (LLC)
and the MAC sublayers

MAC Sublayer LLC Sublayer

• MAC address is a 48-bit binary • Handles communication between upper
• Constitutes the lower sublayer of the data and lower layers
link layer • Takes the network protocol data and adds
• Implemented by hardware, typically in the control information to help deliver the
computer NIC packet to the destination
• Two primary responsibilities:
1. Data encapsulation: error detection,
addressing and frame delimiting.
2. Media access control: frame replacement
and media recovery
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
process
Used to first detect if the media is carrying
a signal
 If no carrier signal is detected, the device
transmits its data
 If two devices transmit at the same time -
data collision
CSMA/Collision Detection
IEEE requires to follow two simple rules:
 Must use that vendor's assigned OUI as the
first 3 bytes
 All MAC addresses with the same OUI
must be assigned a unique value in the last
3 bytes

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Frame Processing:
 MAC addresses assigned to workstations, servers, printers, switches, and routers
 Forwarded message contains the source and destination MAC address.
 Each NIC views information to see if the destination MAC address in the frame matches the
device’s physical MAC address stored in RAM
 No match, the device discards the frame
 Matches the destination MAC of the frame, the NIC passes the frame up the OSI layers, where
the de-capsulation process takes place
Ethernet Frame Size:
 the minimum frame size as 64 bytes and the maximum as 1518 bytes
 Less than 64 bytes >> "collision fragment" or "runt frame”.
 If size of a transmitted frame is less than the minimum or greater than the maximum, the
receiving device drops the frame.
Broadcast MAC and broadcast IP Address: Used by the source to forward a packet to all hosts
on the network.

MAC address IP address

 This address does not change.  Based on where the host is actually located
 Similar to the name of a person.  Known as a logical address because assigned
 Known as physical address because logically
physically assigned to the host NIC  Assigned to each host by a network administrator

Introduction to ARP:
ARP Purpose
 Sending node needs a way to find the MAC address of the destination for a given Ethernet
link
The ARP protocol provides two basic functions:
1. Resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses
2. Maintaining a table of mappings
ARP Role in Remote Communication:
 If the destination IPv4 host is on the local network, the frame will use the MAC address of
this device as the destination MAC address
 If the destination IPv4 host is not on the local network, the source uses the ARP process to
determine a MAC address for the router interface serving as the gateway.
 ARP cache timer removes ARP entries that have not been used for a specified period of
time
ARP Issues:
 Broadcast, overhead on the media
 Security

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The major types of Layer 3 interfaces are:

1. Switch Virtual Interface (SVI)
2. Routed Port
3. Layer 3 Ether-Channel

Parameter TCP (CONNECTION ORIENTED) UDP (CONNECTION-LESS)

Transmission Data transmission in TCP occurs in a Sequencing of data does not occur in
of Data particular sequence. It means that the data the case of UDP. It means that a
packets arrive in the intended order at the user can implement ordering only by
receiver’s end. managing it by the application layer.

Speed TCP is comparatively slower than UDP. UDP is faster as compared to TCP.

Efficiency TCP is less efficient as compared to UDP. UDP is more efficient as compared to
TCP.