1 - Functions and Graphs - 05+

Pure Mathematics.
2023/2024 ANU
Chapter (1)
Functions and Graphs
• A function is a rule that assigns to each input number exactly one output number.
• Function is often represented by 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙).
• We refer 𝒚 as dependent variable, and 𝒙 as independent variable.
• Domain: the set of all values of 𝒙.
• Range: the set of all values of 𝒚.
• Univariate function: contains only one independent variable.
• Multivariate function: contains more than one independent variable, 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 )
• We will study 9 functions:
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = Name
1 𝒚=𝑪 Constant
2 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 Linear
3 𝒙𝟐 Quadratic
4 𝒙𝟑 Cubic
5 √𝒙 Radical
6 |𝒙| Absolute
𝟏
7 Rational
𝒙
8 𝒃𝒙 Exponential
9 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 Logarithmic
Ahmed Karosa [1]

Pure Mathematics. 2023/2024 ANU
1) Constant function (Zero degree)
➢ The general form is: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄 , where 𝒄 is a constant.
Example (1):
Graph the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓 , and state the Range and the Domain of the function.
Solution:
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-3
▪ Domain: (values of 𝒙) is 𝑹 ( the real numbers or (−∞, ∞)).

▪ Range: (values of 𝒚) is the value {𝟓}.
2) Linear function (1st degree)
➢ The general form is: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒎. 𝒙 + 𝒃
▪ Where, 𝒎 is the slope, and 𝒃 is the constant or the 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕.

▪ The Domain is: (−∞, ∞)
▪ The Range is: (−∞, ∞)
Example (2):
Graph the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔 .
Solution:
Put 𝒙 = 𝟎, then 𝒚 = 𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟔 = −𝟔
Put 𝒚 = 𝟎, then 𝟎 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔, → 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟔, →𝒙=𝟑
𝒙 𝟎 𝟑
𝒚 −𝟔 𝟎
Ahmed Karosa [2]

y
2
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
▪ Domain: (−∞, ∞) -4
▪ Range: (−∞, ∞) -6
-8
▪ The 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 is: (𝟑, 𝟎) -10
▪ The 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 is: (𝟎, −𝟔)
▪ The function is increasing because the slope =2, is positive.
Example (3):
Find the slope and the y- intercept and graph the function:
𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐𝟒 .
Solution:
𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟔𝒙 (÷ 𝟐 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔)
𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙
Put 𝒙 = 𝟎, then 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑(𝟎) = 𝟏𝟐
Put 𝒚 = 𝟎, then 𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙, → 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐, →𝒙=𝟒
𝒙 𝟎 𝟒
𝒚 𝟏𝟐 𝟎
y
12
4
x
2 4
▪ Domain: (−∞, ∞)
▪ Range: (−∞, ∞)
▪ The 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 is: (𝟒, 𝟎)
▪ The 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 is: (𝟎, 𝟏𝟐)
▪ The function is decreasing because the slope =−𝟑, is negative.
Ahmed Karosa [3]

3) Quadratic function (2nd degree)
➢ The general form is: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒄

• Where 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄 are constants.
Example (4):
Graph the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 ,
and state the properties.
Solution:
Let 𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = 𝟐, 𝒄 = −𝟑
(1) Because 𝒂 = 𝟏 is positive, the function is upward.
(2) Y-intercept is: 𝒚 = −𝟑 (The vale of 𝒄 = −𝟑).
(3) X-intercepts: Put 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 → (𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎 →
𝒙 = −𝟑 and 𝒙 = 𝟏
−𝒃 −𝟐
(4) 𝒙 −vertex: 𝒙 = = 𝟐×𝟏 = −𝟏
𝟐𝒂
𝒚 = (−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟐(−𝟏) − 𝟑 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 − 𝟑 = −𝟒
The vertex is: (−𝟏, −𝟒), and it is a "minimum" (because 𝒂=1, is +ve)
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2
-2
-3
-4
(5) Concave upward (because 𝒂 is +ve).

(6) Increasing right to the vertex, decreasing left to the vertex.
(7) The line of symmetry passes through the vertex and is parallel to the (vertical) Y-axis (yy/).
(8) The Domain of the function (values of X) is 𝑹 ( the real numbers or (−∞, ∞)).
(9) The Range of the function (values of Y) is [−𝟒, ∞).

Ahmed Karosa [4]
Example (5):
Graph 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 , and state the properties.
Solution:
𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = −𝟒, 𝒄=𝟑
(2) Y-intercept is: 𝒚 = 𝟑 (The vale of 𝒄 = 𝟑).
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 → (𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎 →
𝒙 = 𝟑 and 𝒙 = 𝟏
−𝒃 −(−𝟒)
(4) 𝒙 −vertex: 𝒙 = = =𝟐
𝟐𝒂 𝟐×𝟏
𝒚 = (𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟒(𝟐) + 𝟑 = 𝟒 − 𝟖 + 𝟑 = −𝟏
The vertex is: (𝟐, −𝟏), and it is a "minimum".
4y
1
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1

(9) The Range of the function (values of Y) is [−𝟏, ∞)
Ahmed Karosa [5]

Example (6):
Graph the function: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙
Solution:
𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = −𝟒, 𝒄=𝟎
(2) Y-intercept is: 𝒚 = 𝟎 (The value of 𝒄 = 𝟎).
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎 → 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟒) = 𝟎 →
𝒙 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 = 𝟒
−𝒃 −(−𝟒)
(4) 𝒙 −vertex: 𝒙 = = =𝟐
𝟐𝒂 𝟐(𝟏)
𝒚 = (𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟒(𝟐) = 𝟒 − 𝟖 = −𝟒
The vertex is: (𝟐, −𝟒), and it is a "minimum".
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

(9) The Range of the function (values of Y) is [−𝟒 , ∞)
Ahmed Karosa [6]

Example (7):
Graph the function: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙
Solution:
𝒂 = −𝟏, 𝒃 = 𝟐, 𝒄=𝟎
(1) Because 𝒂 = −𝟏 is negative, the function is downward.
(2) Y-intercept is: 𝒚 = 𝟎 (The vale of 𝒄 = 𝟎).
−𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎 → 𝒙(−𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟎 →
𝒙 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 = 𝟐
−𝒃 −𝟐
(4) 𝒙 −vertex: 𝒙 = = =𝟏
𝟐𝒂 𝟐(−𝟏)
𝒚 = −(𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟐(𝟏) = −𝟏 + 𝟐 = 𝟏
The vertex is: (𝟏, 𝟏), and it is a "maximum".
x
-1 1 2 3
-1
(5) Concave downward (because 𝒂 is -ve).

(6) Decreasing right to the vertex, increasing left to the vertex.
(9) The Range of the function (values of Y) is ( −∞, 𝟏].
Ahmed Karosa [7]

4) Cubic Function
Example (8):
Graph the function: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑
Solution:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -27 -8 -1 0 𝟏 8 27
y
100
80
60
40
20 x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
Some properties:
1. The function is "cubic" or 3rd degree.
2. The graph is symmetric about the origin.
3. Domain: 𝑹
4. Range: 𝑹
5. Increasing function.
6. (0,0) is the X-intercept and Y-intercept.
7. The graph lies in the quadrants: 1 and 3.
Ahmed Karosa [8]

5) Radical function
Example (9):
Graph the function: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚 = √𝒙

Solution:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y 0 1 1.4 1.7 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Some Properties:
1. Domain: [𝟎, ∞)
2. Range: [𝟎, ∞)
3. Increasing function.
5. The graph lies in the quadrant 1 only.
Ahmed Karosa [9]

6) Absolute function
Example (10):
Graph the function: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙|
Solution:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 3 2 1 0 𝟏 2 3
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
Some Properties:
1. Domain: 𝑹
2. Range: [𝟎, ∞)
3. Increasing on the interval (𝟎, ∞), and decreasing on (−∞, 𝟎, ).
5. The graph lies in the quadrants: 1 and 2.
Ahmed Karosa [10]

7) Rational function
Example (11):
Graph and state the properties of the following two functions:
𝟏 −𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙 𝒙
x -3 -2 -1 -.5 0 .5 1 2 3 x -3 -2 -1 -.5 0 .5 1 2 3
y -.33 -.5 -1 -2 ∞ 2 1 .5 .33 y .33 .5 1 2 ∞ -2 -1 -.5 -.33
y y
12 12
10 1 10
8
2 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
x x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-2 -2
-4 -4
3 -6 -6 4
-8 -8
-10 -10
-12 -12
Properties of the graph: Properties of the graph:

(1) The graph is called hyperbola. (1) The graph is called hyperbola.
(2) Lies in the quadrants one and three. (2) Lies in the quadrants two and four.
(3) Decreasing function. (3) Increasing function.
(4) Has two asymptotes, Horizontal and Vertical (4) Has two asymptotes, Horizontal and Vertical
(x and y axis). (x and y axis).
(5) Symmetric about the origin. (5) Symmetric about the origin.
(6) Domain: 𝑹 − {𝟎} (6) Domain: 𝑹 − {𝟎}

(7) Range: 𝑹 − {𝟎} (7) Range: 𝑹 − {𝟎}
Ahmed Karosa [11]

8) Exponential Function
➢ The general form of the function:
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙 , where 𝒃 > 𝟎 and 𝒃≠𝟏
The base 𝒃 is a constant, and the exponent 𝒙 is any real number (variable).
➢ The graph of the function:
𝟎<𝒃<𝟏 𝒃>𝟏
For example, 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒙 For example, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
y y
(1,2)
(0,1)
(0,1)
(1,0.5) x
x -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
1- Has horizontal asymptote (the X-axis, 𝑦 = 0). 1- Has horizontal asymptote (the X-axis, 𝑦 = 0).
2- Y-intercept is (0, 1). 2- Y-intercept is (0, 1).
3- Domain: all real numbers 𝑅, (−∞, ∞). 3- Domain: all real numbers 𝑅, (−∞, ∞).
4- Range: (0, ∞), All positive numbers. 4- Range: (0, ∞), All positive numbers.
5- Decreasing function (when 0 < 𝑏 < 1). 5- Increasing function (when 𝑏 > 1).
6- At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑏, it passes through (1, 𝑏). 6- At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑏, it passes through (1, 𝑏).
7- The graph lies in quadrants: 1 and 2. 7- The graph lies in quadrants: 1 and 2.
8- If 𝑏 = 1, the graph is a horizontal line at 𝑦 = 1. 8- If 𝑏 = 1, the graph is a horizontal line at 𝑦 = 1.
➢ Rules for exponent:

1- 𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙+𝒚
𝒂𝒙
2- = 𝒂𝒙−𝒚
𝒂𝒚
3- (𝒂𝒙 )𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝒚
4- (𝒂𝒃)𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 𝒃𝒙
𝟏
5- 𝒂−𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙
Ahmed Karosa [12]

Example (12):
The graph of the functions: 𝒆−𝒙 and 𝒆𝒙 , where 𝒆 ≅ 𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝟖 (natural base).
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆−𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙

y y
6
4
5.5
5 3.5
4.5
3
2.5
3.5
3
2
2.5
1.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
x
x
-1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
-2.2 -2 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-0.5
9) Logarithmic Function
The exponential function has an inverse function. The inverse function of the exponential function 𝒃𝒙
is the logarithmic function to the base 𝒃.
𝒚 = 𝒃𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒚 = 𝒙
Example (13):
Converting from Exponential to logarithmic Form.
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form
a. Since 52 = 25 It follows that log 5 25 = 2
b. Since 24 = 16 It follows that log 2 16 = 4
c. Since 100 = 1 It follows that log10 1 = 0
Ahmed Karosa [13]

➢ The general form of the function:
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝒙) , where 𝟎 < 𝒃 < 𝟏 or 𝒃>𝟏
➢ The graph of the function:

𝟎<𝒃<𝟏 𝒃>𝟏
For example, 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟎.𝟓 𝒙 For example, 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
y 2.5 y
4 2
1.5 (2,1)
3 1
2 0.5 (1,0) x
(0.5,1)
-0.5 1 2 3 4
1
(1,0) x -1
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 -1.5
-1 -2
-2.5
-2 -3
-3.5
1- X-intercept is (1, 0).

1- X-intercept is (1, 0).
2- It has a vertical asymptote (the y-axis, 𝒙 = 𝟎).
2- It has a vertical asymptote (the y-axis, 𝒙 = 𝟎).
3- Domain: (𝟎, ∞), the positive numbers.
3- Domain: (𝟎, ∞), the positive numbers.
4- Range: 𝑹, (−∞, ∞)
4- Range: 𝑹, (−∞, ∞)
5- Increasing function (when 𝒃 > 𝟏).
5- Decreasing function (when 𝟎 < 𝒃 < 𝟏).
6- The function passes through (𝒃, 𝟏); (𝟐, 𝟏)
6- The function passes through (𝒃, 𝟏) ; (0.5, 1)
(because 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒃 = 𝟏).
(because 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒃 = 𝟏).
7- The graph lies in quadrants: 1 and 4.
7- The graph lies in quadrants: 1 and 4.
• For example: 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
➢ Notes:
➢ Logarithms to the base 10 are called the common logarithms, and 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 means log10 𝑥 .
➢ Logarithms to the base 𝑒 are called the natural logarithms, and 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 means log 𝑒 𝑥.
Ahmed Karosa [14]

➢ Properties:
For positive real numbers 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 with 𝒃𝟏
1) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝟏 = 𝟎
2) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒃 = 𝟏
3) logb (a.c) = logb (a) + logb (c)
4) logb (a/c) = logb (a) – logb (c)
5) logb (ar) = r logb (a)
6) logc (a) = (logb (a)) / (logb (c))
7) logc (a)=1/ (loga (c))
Example (14):
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 = 1 & 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 = 1
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔 100 = 2 since 102 = 100
• since 𝑒 0 = 1
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.1 = −1 since 10−1 = 0.1
• log 36 6 = 0.5 since 360.5 = 6
Example (15):
Solve log 2 𝑥 = 4
Since 24 = 16, then 𝑥 = 16
Example (16):
Graph and state the properties of the function:
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 (𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙)
1.2 y 2.5
y
1 2
0.8 1.5
0.6 1
0.4 0.5 (1,0) x
0.2
(1,0) 1 2 3 4
x -0.5
10 20 -1
-0.2
-1.5
-0.4
-2
-0.6 -2.5
-0.8 -3
-1 -3.5
Ahmed Karosa [15]

Exercises (1)
MCQ (35 questions)
1. If y= f(x) = 2x -3, then

A) x is a dependent variable.
B) y is an independent variable.
C) x is a dependent variable, and y is an independent variable.
D) x is an independent variable, and y is a dependent variable.
2. If y= f(x) = 2x -3, then
A) slope = -3
B) y- intercept = 2
C) slope = 2 , and y- intercept = -3
D) slope = 2 , and y- intercept = 3
3. If y= f(x) = 2x -3, then the function is:
A) a decreasing function
B) an increasing function
C) a non-decreasing function
D) a non- increasing function
4. which of the following functions represent this graph? y
A) Y= -2 x +6 6
B) Y= 2 x +3 2
x
C) Y= -2 x +3 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
D) Y= 2 x +6
5. which of the following functions represent this graph? y
A) Y= x +8 2
x
-2 2 4 6 8
B) Y= - x +8 -2
-4
C) Y= - x - 8 -6
-8
D) Y= x – 8
6. y=f(x)= x2 -2x -3 has vertex:

A) (1, -4)
B) (-1 , 4)
C) (4, -1)
D) (-4, 1)
7. y=f(x)= x2 -2x -3 has two roots:
Ahmed Karosa [16]
A) x= -3 and, x= 1
B) x= -1 ,and x= 3
C) x= -1 ,and x=0
D) x= 3, and x= 0
8. y=f(x)= -2 x2 intersects the x-axis at:
A) x= -2
B) x= -1 ,and x= 2
C) x= -1 ,and x=0
D) x=0
9. y=f(x)= x2 -2x – 3 is a:
A) concave down function
B) concave up function
C) concave right function
D) concave left function
10. y=f(x)= x2 -2x – 3 has:
A) a maximum
B) a minimum
C) both maximum and minimum
D) an inflection point.
11. y = f(x) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 has vertex:
A) (1, 2)
B) (2 , 1)
C) (-1, -1)
D) (1, 1)
12. y = f(x) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 has two roots:
A) x= 0 and, x= 2
B) x= 0 ,and x= -2
C) x= 2 ,and x=-2
D) x= 2, and x= -1
13. y = f(x) = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 intersects the x-axis at:
A) x= 0 and, x= -4
B) x= 0 ,and x= 4
C) x= 4 ,and x=-4
D) x= -4, and x= -1
14. y = f(x) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 is a ………. function:
A) concave down
B) concave up
C) concave right
Ahmed Karosa [17]

D) concave left
15. y = f(x) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 has:
A) a maximum
B) a minimum
C) both maximum and minimum
D) an inflection point.
16. The graph of the function:
y = f(x) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 , has a:
A) Minimum at the vertex (1, 1)
B) Minimum at the vertex (0, 1)
C) Maximum at the vertex (1, 1)
D) Maximum at the vertex (1, 0)
17. Given the following graph of a function:
y
4
3
2
1
x
-3 -2 -1 1
-1
The vertex is:

A) (1, 0)
B) (0, 3)
C) (-1, 4)
D) (-3, 0)
18. From the given graph, the Range is:
A) (-∞, 4]
B) [-4, ∞)
C) [4, ∞)
D) R
19. The function y= f(x)= x3 :
A) is decreasing
B) has vertical asymptote
C) has domain: (0, ∞)
D) None of the above
20. The function y= f(x)= x3 :
A) is increasing
B) has Range: R
C) has domain: R
D) all the above
Ahmed Karosa [18]
21. The graph of y= f(x)= 1/ x :
A) is called “hyperbola”
B) lies in quadrants 1, and 3
C) has 2 asymptotes
D) all the above
22. The function: y= f(x)= 1/ x has:
A) Domain: R
B) Range: R
C) Domain: R- {0)
D) Range: (0, ∞)
23. The function: y= f(x)= 1/ x is ……… function:
A) a decreasing
B) an increasing
C) a non-decreasing
D) non- increasing
24. The function: y= f(x)= -1/ x is ……… function:
A) a decreasing
B) an increasing
C) a non-decreasing
D) non- increasing
25. y=f(x)= e-x is:
D) non- increasing function
26. y=f(x)= ex is:
D) non- increasing function
27. y= f(x) = e-x lies in the quadrants:
A) one and two
B) one and three
C) one and four
D) two and four
28. y= f(x) = e-x has:
A) one asymptote XX/
B) one asymptote YY/
Ahmed Karosa [19]

/ /
C) two asymptote XX and YY
D) no asymptotes
29. y= f(x) = e-x has Y-intercept:
A) (0, 0)
B) (0, 1)
C) (1, 0)
D) 0, -1)
30. y= f(x) = e-x has:
A) Domain: (0, 1)
B) Domain: (0, ∞)
C) Range: (1, ∞)
D) Range: (0, ∞)
31. y= f(x) = Ln (x) is:
D) a non- increasing function
32. y= f(x) = Log (x) lies in the quadrants:
A) one and two
B) one and three
C) one and four
D) two and four
33. y= f(x) = Ln (x) has:
A) one asymptote XX/
B) one asymptote YY/
C) two asymptote XX/ and YY/
D) no asymptotes
34. y= f(x) = Ln (x) has X-intercept:
A) (0, 0)
B) (0, 1)
C) (1, 0)
D) (-1, 0)
35. y= f(x) = Ln (x) has:
A) Domain: (0, 1)
B) Domain: (0, ∞)
C) Range: (1, ∞)
D) Range: (0, ∞)
Ahmed Karosa [20]

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Answer D C B A D A B D B B D A B A A C C A D D
Question 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Answer D C A B A B A A B D B C B C B
TRUE or FALSE (5 questions)

1) The function: y=f(x) = 2x+9, the slope =9, and the y- intercept =2.
2) The quadratic function is concave up when the coefficient of x2 is negative.
3) Y=f(x) = x3 is increasing.
4) Y= f(x)= ex has x-intercept (0, 1)
5) The Logarithmic function: 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑥) has a vertical asymptote.
Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer F F T F T
Question (3):
Graph 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 , and then complete the following:
(i) The X- intercepts are (….., 0) and (……, 0).
(ii) The Y- intercept is (0, …… )
(iii) The vertex is (……, …….. )
Question (4):
Graph 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 , and then complete the following:
Question (5):
Graph 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 , and then complete the following:
Question (6):
Graph and state the properties of the following functions:
a) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟔
b) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓
Ahmed Karosa [21]

1 - Functions and Graphs - 05+

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1 - Functions and Graphs - 05+

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Pure Mathematics.

Functions and Graphs

Ahmed Karosa [1]

1) Constant function (Zero degree)

➢ The general form is: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄 , where 𝒄 is a constant.

▪ Domain: (values of 𝒙) is 𝑹 ( the real numbers or (−∞, ∞)).

2) Linear function (1st degree)

➢ The general form is: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒎. 𝒙 + 𝒃

▪ Where, 𝒎 is the slope, and 𝒃 is the constant or the 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕.

Ahmed Karosa [2]

Ahmed Karosa [3]

3) Quadratic function (2nd degree)

➢ The general form is: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒄

(5) Concave upward (because 𝒂 is +ve).

(9) The Range of the function (values of Y) is [−𝟒, ∞).

(5) Concave upward (because 𝒂 is +ve).

(9) The Range of the function (values of Y) is [−𝟏, ∞)

Ahmed Karosa [5]

(5) Concave upward (because 𝒂 is +ve).

(9) The Range of the function (values of Y) is [−𝟒 , ∞)

Ahmed Karosa [6]

(5) Concave downward (because 𝒂 is -ve).

(9) The Range of the function (values of Y) is ( −∞, 𝟏].

Ahmed Karosa [7]

Ahmed Karosa [8]

Graph the function: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚 = √𝒙

Ahmed Karosa [9]

Ahmed Karosa [10]

y -.33 -.5 -1 -2 ∞ 2 1 .5 .33 y .33 .5 1 2 ∞ -2 -1 -.5 -.33

Properties of the graph: Properties of the graph:

(6) Domain: 𝑹 − {𝟎} (6) Domain: 𝑹 − {𝟎}

Ahmed Karosa [11]

➢ The general form of the function:

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙 , where 𝒃 > 𝟎 and 𝒃≠𝟏

➢ Rules for exponent:

Ahmed Karosa [12]

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆−𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙

Exponential Form Logarithmic Form

a. Since 52 = 25 It follows that log 5 25 = 2

b. Since 24 = 16 It follows that log 2 16 = 4

c. Since 100 = 1 It follows that log10 1 = 0

Ahmed Karosa [13]

➢ The general form of the function:

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝒙) , where 𝟎 < 𝒃 < 𝟏 or 𝒃>𝟏

➢ The graph of the function:

1- X-intercept is (1, 0).

• For example: 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙

Ahmed Karosa [14]

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 (𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙)

Ahmed Karosa [15]

MCQ (35 questions)

1. If y= f(x) = 2x -3, then

6. y=f(x)= x2 -2x -3 has vertex:

Ahmed Karosa [17]

The vertex is:

Ahmed Karosa [19]

Ahmed Karosa [20]

TRUE or FALSE (5 questions)

Ahmed Karosa [21]

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