CALA COMPONENT C

CALA TYPE : PRACTICAL

SYLLABUS TOPIC : DATABASES SYLLABUS PAGE 10-12

SUBTOPIC : DDL AND DML

CALA TITLE : SQL COMMANDS

COMPETENCES : RESEARCH, CREATION

BACKGROUND
People in your community are using pen and paper to store records and associated data. They are not
even aware of the existence of Database packages.
PART A

A. Tools used to define database structure and manipulate data

Here's a research overview on some common tools used to define database structure and
associated data:

1.Database Management Systems (DBMS): DBMS software, such as MySQL,

PostgreSQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and SQLite, provide built-in tools and
interfaces to define database structures, including tables, columns, data types,
relationships, and constraints.

2. Database Design Tools: Specialized database design tools like:

-SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS): A comprehensive environment for managing
any SQL infrastructure, from SQL Server to Azure SQL Database.
- pgAdmin: A popular open-source administration and development platform for
PostgreSQL.
- MySQL Workbench: A visual database design tool that integrates development,
administration, database design, creation, and maintenance.
- Oracle SQL Developer: A free integrated development environment (IDE) for working
with Oracle Database.
- DBDesigner: A free, cross-platform database design tool that allows you to create,
visualize, and edit database schemas.

3. Diagram Tools: Tools like Lucidchart, Draw.io, Microsoft Visio, and ERDPlus allow you
to create visual entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs) to model and design database
structures.

4. Code Editors: Integrated development environments (IDEs) and code editors, such as
Visual Studio Code, IntelliJ IDEA, and Sublime Text, often include database integration
plugins that enable database schema definition and management.

5. Command-Line Tools: Some DBMS provide command-line tools for managing

database structures, such as mysql for MySQL, psql for PostgreSQL, and sqlcmd for
Microsoft SQL Server.
6. Database Migration Tools: Tools like Flyway, Liquibase, and dbmate help manage
database schema changes and migrations over time, allowing you to define and version
control your database structure.

7. No-code/Low-code Platforms: Platforms like Appian, Mendix, and OutSystems

provide visual tools to define database structures as part of building applications
without writing extensive code.
B. Advantages of using Database

1. Data Integrity Assurance: Databases enforce rules and constraints to ensure the
accuracy, consistency, and reliability of the stored data, preventing data corruption or
integrity issues.

2. Robust Data Security: Databases offer advanced security features, such as user
authentication, access control mechanisms, and backup/recovery capabilities, to protect
data from unauthorized access, tampering, or loss.

3. Effective Data Concurrency Management: Databases enable multiple users to

simultaneously access and modify data while maintaining data consistency, using
concurrency control mechanisms to prevent conflicts and maintain data integrity.

4. Powerful Data Querying and Reporting: Databases provide sophisticated query

languages, like SQL, that allow users to efficiently retrieve, filter, sort, and aggregate
data, enabling complex data analysis and comprehensive reporting.

5. Scalability and Flexibility: Databases can handle growing volumes of data and
support increasing numbers of users and transactions as the business expands, scaling
both vertically and horizontally to accommodate changing needs.

These advantages make databases an essential component of modern information

systems, empowering organizations to effectively manage, secure, and leverage their
valuable data assets.
PART B

 Using SQL Commands to create Database and Table

 Populating the Table using SQL Commands

 Using SQL Commands to select particular records in the table