(ASSIGNMENT # 1, SEMESTER FALL 2022)

BY
AMMARA ZAHEER

ROLL NO #

5050-BS-LLB-22

LAW CS 1101 (LWA2)

SECTION B

SUBMITTED-TO

MA’AM RABBIA MASOOD

1
Title:
History and evolution of computer
First computer developed for calculation purpose in Abacus then in 17th century by Napier Bone
aroused. General purpose electronic computers using valves were developed in 1940. In
1823Charles Babbage an English mathematician designed for automatic computing machine for
automatic computing of mathematical tables. That machine is called as Differential Engine. First
Computer developed is known as ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator).

Generations of Computers
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But
nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire
computer system. There are totally five computer generations known till date.

First Generation
The period of first generation was 1942-1954.First generation of computer started with using
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central
Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were prone to
frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by
very large organizations.

The main features of First Generation are:

• Vacuum tube technology

• Huge size
• Very Costly
• Need of A.C.
• Non portable

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 • Consumed lot of electricity

Some examples are:

• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094

Second Generation
The period of second generation was 1952-1964. This generation using the transistor were cheaper,
consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first-generation
machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary
memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.

The main features of Second Generation are:

• Use of transistors
• Reliable as compared to First generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to First generation computers

Some examples are:

• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094

Third Generation
The period of third generation was 1964-1972. The third generation of computer is marked by the
use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single I.C has many transistors, resistors
and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The I.C was invented by Jack Kilby. This
development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation Remote
processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System were used.

The main features of Third Generation are:

• More reliable
• Generate less heat
• Faster
• Still costly
• A.C needed

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Some examples are:
• BM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series

Fourth Generation
The period of Fourth Generation was 1972-1990. The fourth generation of computers is marked
by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000
transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip
made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth Generation
computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.

The main features of Fourth Generation are:

• VLSI technology used

• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable very small size
• No A.C. needed

Some examples are:

• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PDP 11

Fifth Generation
The period of Fifth Generation is 1990-till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology
became ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. All the Higher-level languages
like C and C++, Java, .Net etc. are used in this generation.

Ail includes:

• Robotics
• Neural networks

The main features of Fifth Generation are:

• ULSI technology
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 • Development of true artificial intelligence

Some examples:

• Desktop
• Laptop
• Notebook

Question no 2:
Computers are commonly used devices in many areas. It’s a crucial system for people, especially
the folks that run organizations, industry, etc. Most of the items you recognize are created by or
pass by computers. Designed on computers were cars and jets, run by computers were traffic
signals, using computers is most medical equipment, and was started with computers was space
exploration.

Most of the roles today require the utilization of computers. Despite the imperfections on some
aspects like the Windows issue nvspcap64.dll error (which can easily be fixed), what made an
enormous impact on society are these “mechanical brains.” Every type of system has a good and
bad impact but the bad impact should be in minority.

Use of computer in banking:

In the field of banking and finance, computers are extensively used. People can use the ATM
services twenty-four hours of the day in order to deposit and withdraw cash. When the different
branches of bank are connected through the computer networks; then inter branch transactions can
be done by the computers without any delay.

Used of computer in communication:

Electronic Mail is a facility supported by computers to send messages from one place to another.
Email facilitates sending the messages from one person to different persons by the aid of computer
and telephone line. Here each person/user has mail box which is accessed via terminals or
workstations within the system by entering an account number and a password.

Uses of computer in business:

Many of today's successful small companies simply would not exist with computer technology.
Each, year hundreds of thousands of individuals launch the business based at their homes or small
office locations. They depend on computers companies. These tools enable business owners to
handle tasks such as accounting, inventory management, marketing, payroll, and many others.
Businesses are also using the networking of computers, where a number of computers are
connected together to share the data and information. Use of Email and internet has changed the

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ways of being used business. Nowadays, computers are used to design the product, ship and
process control in the industries. As a result, small business and industries become most self-
sufficient, competitive and reduce their operating expenses.

Positive impact:
• Any professional individual like doctors, engineers, businessmen etc. undergo a change in
their style or working pattern after they get the knowledge of computer.
• An individual becomes more competent to take a decision due to the computer because all
the information required to take the decision is provided by the computer on time. As a
result, any individuals or institutions get success very fast.
• The person working at the managerial level becomes less dependent on low level staff like
clerks and accountants. Their accessibility to the information increases tremendously. This
improves their working patters and efficiency, which benefit the organization and
ultimately affects the society positively.
• In common life also, an individual gets benefited with computer technology. When
airports, hospitals, banks, departmental stores have been computerized, people get quick
service due to the computer system.

Negative impact:
• Due to any reasons, if the data stored in the computer is lost, the person responsible for
handling the computer will have to tolerate a lot.
• People do not use their mind for common arithmetic, which gradually results in loss of
their numerical ability.
• Today, any person who does not have the knowledge of computer is considered the second-
class citizens.
• People have fear that growing children may lose their common-sense abilities like
numerical ability due to total dependence on computers.
• As a result of introduction of new technology in an organization, the organization may need
to spend a tremendous amount on the training of its employees.

Conclusion:
• From the time of the invention of the computers to the present day, computers have met
tremendous changes. Time to time incorporation of the latest technical achievement has
made the use of computer easier.

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• More and more application has been developed and almost all the areas of the professions
have been computerized. Computerization is continuously becoming an important part of
many organizations. Computers have proved almost all the fields whether related to
numeric processing or non-numeric processing or document processing in the developed
countries and all the walks of life.
• Computers have become the part of every organization but at the same time there are also
some negative impacts of computer on society which are needs to be overcome.