INTERNATIONAL Iso STANDARD 3685 Second ection 199811-15, Tool-life testing with single-point turning tools Essais de durée de vie des outils de tourage & partie active unique Reference number 180 3685:180316)ISO 3685:1993(E) Contents 1 Scope : 1 2 Normative references 3. Definitions 4 Workpiece AA Work meteriat 42 Standard conditions for the workriece Si itooie eg ee neers 5.1 Too! meters : 52 Too! geometry 5.3. Stendard conditions for the tool 6 Cutting fie 7 Cutting conditions. 7.1 Standard cutting conditions 7.2. Other cutting conditions 7.3. Cutting speed 8 Toobiife criteria and too! wear measurements. 8.1 Introduction 2 3 3 3 5 8 ® s ® ° : 8 ° 3 82 Toolite criteria 1&3 Tool wear measurements, 9 Equipment... 1B 9.1 Machine too! B 92. Other equipment B 10 Tootite test procedure " 11 Recording and reporting results 6 111 Tobie tests 5 © 150.1080 1 ites reserved. No pat of is auleaton may be reproduced cuted in ey form ot by any means, stone or mechanical noua phetsconing erg microti, witout et ‘mission In wtng tom te publish. Inertial Organization for Stardardzaton Case Postse 36» C1211 Ganbye 20 Swtzertend Printed in Switerond1SO 3685:1993(E) 192 Data sheets and diagrams 11.3 Evaluation of toohlfe dat@runnsnn a9] Annexes General information Reference work materials Tool wear and toobiife criteria. Data sheets Preliminary toolife test Evaluation of toolite data Chip characteristics Zo rmoowepe Ba SRURes BibliographyISO 3685:1993(€) Foreword SO tthe International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work Cf preparing International Standards is normelly carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for Which @ tachnical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Intemational organizations, governmental land non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work, ISO collaborates closely with the Intematonal Electrotechnical Commission HEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization Draft International Standards adopted by the tachnical committees are Circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an international Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 3685 was prepared by Technical Committee ISOPTC 28, Small tools. This | second edition cancels and replaces the first _ edition (ISO 9686:1977), of which it constitutes a technical revision. ‘Annexes A,B, C, D, E, F and G form an integral part of this International Standard, Annex H is for information only.180 3685:1993(E) Introduction ‘The adoption by both industry and testing bodies of the recommendations Contained in ISO 3685:1977 created a demand for the publication of simi- lar recommendations for other commonly used cutting processes. Tootlfe testing in milling is covered in ISO 8686-1:1989 and ISO 8688-2:1969. During the final stages of their preparation, it was rec- ognized that there was @ need to update the recommendations for singlepoint tuming tools, This International Standard contains recommendations. which are appli- cable in both laboratories and manufacturing units. These recommen ations are intended to unify procedures in order to increase relia comparabilty of test results when making comparisons of cutting work materials, cutting parameters or cutting fluids. In order to com close as possible to these sims, recommended reference materials and Conditions are included and should be used as far as is practical. In addition, the recommendations can be used to assist in finding 1 ‘ommended cutting data or to determine limiting factors and machi characteristics such as cutting forces, machined surface characteristics, chip form ete. For these purposes in particular, certain parameters, which have been given recommended values, may have to be used as variables. ‘The test conditions recommended in tis International Standard have been 0,4 mm, then r, = 0,03 mm to 0,05 mm. The conditions of the cutting edge for ceremics shall be in accordance with the magnified view in figure 1. ‘Values shail be those obtained by grinding and sha Bo noted in the test report, All other cutting tools shal be used with the normally sharp edge produced by the grinding or finishing ‘operations indicated in 6.3.5.180 3685:1993(E) 0-0 ew en tol orthogonal pane 2 regatve Oimensions in miteneves View on curing age rarmel a ZEA Ay ef Eatnagatve) Mejor fark Figure 1 — illustration of toot angles Table 1 — Standard too! angles cerame age runes £1 carnice Angesn son ‘carting oo! mateat | Rake | Cierenen) | CHIDG "2° ] rang eage angle | included angle , « A % © FP Tahapeed Hoa =] 7 % oe 7 % Sitre cori pt = % Tan po = % 1) The too! rake and too! clearance angles may be messured in either the cuiting edge ormal plane (P,) orthogonal plane (P). The appropriate subscript shal be added toy and « to denote the plane of measur ye and a OF ay ont523 Other tool geometries. Alloys unusually difficult to machine, such as nickel base and refractory materials, may require a departure from the standard tool geometry, but such a departure shall only be made when itis impossible to employ the standard tool geometry. In such a case or where tool geometry is the test variable, the following infor- mation shall be indicated in the test report 4a} values of the tool angles and the corresponding ‘working angles (specified for the condition where. the feed speed is zero as shown in table 1); ) condition of the cutting edge: normaly shar, ‘ounded to @ spectied feds or charfered (the widths and angles of any lands on the face or flan, 5.3. Standard conditions for the tool 53.1 Tool type and size A straight roughing tool shall be used, The shank cross-section hy x b for tool holders, in ac- cordance with ISO 610, shall be 25 mm x 16 mm for solid high-speed stee! tools; 25 mm x 25 mm for carbides; and 32. mm x 26 mm for ceramics, ‘The distance from the corner of the tool to the front of the lathe tool post holder (overhang) shall be 25 mm, sintered carbide inserts shell be 12,7 mm square and with @ thicknass of 4,76 mm for negative rake and 3.18 mm for positive rake (see ISO 883) Ceramic inserts, in accordance with ISO 9361-1 and 1S0 361-2, shall be 12,7 mm square and with 2 thickness of 4,76 mm. 532 Tolerances Tolerances for all tool angles shall be +: 0,5* (30") for the complete cutting tool ‘The angle between a tangent to the rounded corner and the major or minor cutting edges at the point Where these blend shall not be greater than 5° (see figure 2). Trg jolerance for the comer radius (7) shall be Vr The tolerance on paralleism between the tool refer- ence plane P, and the tocl back plane P, (see 1SO 3002-1:1882, subclauses 4.1.7 and 4.1.3) and the fixed setting axes Xq and Zp (see ISO 3002-2:1982, ‘subclause 2.2) of the machine tool, shall be + 0,5. in ISO 3685:1993(E) ss ss | % % % % % 0.42 10 0,50 0.10 to 0,40 | 0.50 to 0,80 [ 0,038 max. 10.036 max Itis recommended to use mean values, if possible. The presence of the following elements in excess of the maximum values given below shall disqualify the ste! as a reference test material. Ni = 0,20% Cr = 0.185% Mo = 0,05 % Vv = 002% Cu =0,20% The steel shall be ioxidized with aluminium and the minimum aluminium content shall be 0,01 % and the max: ‘mum aluminium content shall be 0,03 %. Special deoxidants shall not be used. The nitrogen content, being to some extent dependent on the steelmaking source, shall be as follows: Source ‘Nitrogen content % Open hearth or oxygen convertors 9,003 to 0,006 Arc, single slag 0,004 to 0,008 It will be necessary to analyse the steel for nitrogen. The steel shall satisty ISO 689-1 delivery condition 1 (chemical analysis oniyl. The fimits of the elements and deoxidation practice shall be discussed with the steelmaker and analysis of C, Si, Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, P, S, V, Cu, Al and N requested at the time of the order, In order to reduce dispersion of test cesults, attempts should be made to obtain material in which the actual ‘composition is within closer limits then indicated above. ‘The microstructure shall be specified and recorded, For the recommended reference work material the minimum initial test bar diameter shall be 90 mm. The actual initial diameter shall be reported. if other work materials are being tested, it can be necessary to use smalier dk ‘emeters in order to achieve a homogenous structure in the zone to be tested. It required cutting speeds, or forISO 3685:1993(E) reasons of stability, bigger diameters would be needed, itis recommended to use tubes with » wall thickness of maximum 40 mn, Test bars or tubes after being cut to length (see 4.2 "length/diameter ratio") shall be normalized to a hardness within the range specified in ISO 683- For testing purposes where the work material is not the test variable, it is recommended that the hardness should fall within closer tolerances than those indicated in !SO 683-1. The actual hardness values and points of measurement should be recorded and reported (see 4 2) B.2 Castiron The cast iron reference material shall be supplied to ISO 188, grade 25. ‘The microstructure throughout the entire volume of each cast iron test bar shall consist essentally of a matrix of 100 % pearlite with flake graphite within the following specification: — free iron carbide: 0 % — free ferrite: § % max. — steadite (ronson phosphide eutectic): 5 % max. — graphite: flake graphite only — peartita: balance For testing purposes where the work material is not the test variable itis recommended tht the hardness values, should fall within closer tolerances than those indicated in ISO 185. The actual hardness values and points of measurement should be recorded and reported (see 4.2). B.3_ Other work materials Where the work material is not one of the reference materials, the grade, chemical composition, physical proper- ties, microstructure end complete details of the processing route of the work material for example hot-rolled, forged, cast or cold-drewn) and any heat treatment shal, if possible, be noted in the test report. a180 3685:1993(E) Annex C (normative) Tool wear and tool-t C1 General Tho aim of tookife testing is to determine exper mentally how one or more factors affect the useful life of cutting tools ‘The reason why the useful lfe of a cutting tool should be considered to be ended is often different in difer- {ent machining operations. The mast simple case that may occur is that the tool becomes completely use- less. in most cases, the tool wears gradually and the work done by the tool becomes less satisfactory, for in- stance the roughness of the machined surface be- comes too high, cutting forces rise and cause intolerable deflections or vibrations, the too! wear rate increases so that dimensional tolerances cannot be ‘maintained, etc. For reasons of comparability the determination of the tend of tool life has been established. ©2 General remark The numerical values in this annex and in 8.2 are a reasonable compromise and apply to the cutting con- ditions specified in clause 7 for nor-alloyed and low- alloyed steels and cast irons, with tools having the approximate characteristics specified in clause 5. (AS an example, the presence of sintered:in chipbreaking ‘grooves or special surface treatments may influence the wear behaviour sigrificantly and make the as- sessment of the amount of wear more difficult) In circumstances which differ greatly from those speci- fied, it may be necessary to select other values for the toobiife criteria. In such cases, values being either 50 % lower or 50 % higher than the indicated values are recommended. Under no circumstances should the too! life be assessed by extrapolating the wear versus time graph, C3. Wear of the major flank C31 Flank wear This is the best known type of tool wear (see figures). In many cases the flank wear land has rather uniform width along the middle portion of the straight part of the major cutting edge, The width of the flank wear land is relatively easy to measure, The fe criteria ‘growing width of the flank wesr land leads to a ré- duction in the quality of the tool. All cutting tool ma- terias normally have a high initial rate of flank wear ‘which usually decreases considerably after a short time of cutting, unless excessive cutting speeds are sed (s9e figure 9). The flank wear of high-speed steel frequently develops differently from the wear of sintered carbide and ceramic tools, High-speed stee! tools may have prolonged periods of very litle measurable increase of flank wear. This phenomenon occurs especially at low cutting speeds ‘when machining ductile materials. At higher cutting speeds the increase of flank wear of all cutting tool materials is usually approximately uniform (see. figure 9) subsequent to the initial high wear rate. The final portion of the flank wear versus time graph often shows an accelerated rate of woar which leads to catastrophic failure. The width of the flank wesr land VBp max. (see figured) is a suitable tool wear meas- ure and a predetermined value of VBq max. is re- ‘garded a8 a good tockife criterion, Too low 2 value would cause more dispersion of re- ‘sults since the initial high wear rate would have too ‘much influence, Too high a value would be costly and may not be reached in all tests, ‘An irregularly wor flank is often caused by chipping ‘of the cutting edge and is therefore dealt with in C62, ©.3.2 Notch wear ‘This is 9 special type of combined flank and face weer which occurs adjacent to, but outside, the point where the major cutting edge intersects the work surface, and may under certain circumstances make the change of tools necessary (see 8.2.2). The profile and the length of the wear notch VBy, (see figure) depend to a great extent on the accuracy of repeated depth settings. For these reasons the notch wear is excluded from the evaluation of the width of the flank wear land (see 8.2), In special cases where the notch wear is pre- dominant over all other tool weer phenomena, the length of the wear notch may be used as the tool ‘wear measure. In such cases the value for VEy may be used as the toabif criterion.C.4 Wear of the face Crater wear is the most commonly oceuring type of face wear. ‘The depth of the crater AT (see figure 8) may be used as a tool wear measure and 2 predetermined value of KT may be selected as a tootife criterion. Crater ‘wear is more important for carbide tools than for cer- amic and high-speed steel. Recommended values are given in 8.22. ‘The position of the crater relative to the cutting edge has also some importance. A deep, wide crater far away from the cutting edge can be less dangerous to the tool than a less deep, narvow crater close to the cutting edge. ‘The distance from the front edge of the crater to the major cutting edge is sometimes a usoful criterion ‘which if limited can eliminate catastrophic faiture. This is one of the reasons why the values for AT as 2 toollfe criterion are given in relation to the feed. For special purposes, the crater centre distance KM and the crater width ‘KB may be measured as adcitional information. However, they should not be used as tookife criteria, The crater centre distance KM (the distance between the original mejor cutting edge and the deepest point of the crater) is measured in zone B paraliel to the face and perpendicular to the major cutting edge (see figure 8). ‘The crater width KB (the distance between the orig- inal major cutting edge and the rear side of the crater) is measured parallel to the face in zone 8 and per- ‘pendicular to the major cutting edge (see figures. As the crater centre distance KM depends not only on feed but also on work material and tool material, the cater ratio K (K = KTIKM) is sometimes calculsted, A.chasen value may then be used as the tootlfe cc terion and the value K approximately 0,1 is rec- ‘ommended. 5 Wear of the minor flank In turning, the machined surface is shaped mainly by the tool comer and the minor cutting edge. This ‘means that any change of the tool comer as_a result ‘of wear has an effect on the machined surface, In finish turning with small feeds, one or more {grooves are often found in the minor flank after a pe- riod of cutting. These grooves cause increased roughness of the machined surface. A direct evalu- ation of this type of tool wear is difficult but its effect ‘may be assessed by the measurement of the rough- ness of the machined surface. A certain value of the roughness may be used as the toollfe criterion. Sur face roughness is a common criterion for finish turn- 180 3685:1993(E) ing and the following R, values, in micrometres, in accordance with ISO 468, are preferred: 0.4: 0.8; 1.8; 3,2; 6: 5 12.8. (Oxidation of the minor flank often leads to the de- struction of the tool when turning with carbide tools at sufficiently high temperatures caused by high feeds and high cutting speeds. In such cases the tool may become useless because of oxidation of the minor flank before the criteria VB, = 0,3 mm or the rec- ommended value of KT are reached. In such cases, the sudden deterioration of the machined surface caused by the destruction of the minor flank has to be used as the toolife erterion. In general this happens quite suddenly, otherwise 3 Certain deterioration has to be taken as a criterion, C6 Various other phenomena €.6.1 Deformation of the tool corner This can lead to destruction of high-speed steel and carbide tools when cutting conditions are severe. Coramics do not deform plastically under practical cutting conditions, Deformation of the tool comer should not itself be used as a toohife criterion; however, deformation will in most cases lead to a more rapid occurrence of catastrophic fallure of high-speed steel tocls and it ‘makes the consequences of oxidation of carbide tools ‘more severe. It can happen thet cutting conditions are 30 savare that deformation starts immediately after the tool starts cutting. In such cases the too! life is Usually very short. This is why itis recommended in 7.3 that tool life should be not less than § min for ‘normal materials or not less than 2 min for expensive materials ©.6.2. Chipping The chipping of fine particles from the cutting edge ‘and thermal cracking (frequently met in interrupted cuts) is important with brittle tool material. The ‘amount of chipping and thermal cracking is evaluated toa certain extent by the maximum width of the flank. ‘wear land VB, max. (see figure ). Therefore the value VB, max. = 0/6 mm is indicated in 8.2 a8 a toobii criterion, C63 Premature failure All abnormally quick, and therefore uncelisble and unr predictable, modes of tool failure and heavy defor- mations which end tool life immediately can be ‘caused by a hard spot in the work material or an ac- cident in the operation of the machine tool. One tool of a series can break, chip badly, deform or otherwise fail unpredictably. The occurrence of premature failureISO 3685:1993(E) disqualifies the test, unless special cases arise where premature failure is more frequent than wear and the ‘other criteria are seldom reached. This may be the case when machining very hard and heterogeneous work materials with britle tool me- terials and delicate tool shapes. In such cases it is recommended that more experimental points be used to determing the veT, curves. €.6.4 Catastrophic failure ‘The rapid deterioration of the cutting edge after a pe- fiod of successful cutting under the combined action of load and increasing temperature is a reliable cri- terion for high-speed steel tools and is therefore indi- cated in 8.2.1. I may also be used in cases of testing carbide and ceramic tools under severe metal cutting conditions, but this is not recommended. C65 Preliminary failure This phenomenon, sometimes observed prior to the catastrophic falure of highspeed steel tools, is evi- denced by @ shiny, burnished appearance of the ma- chined surface and the transient surface, usually 24 during a few revolutions of the workoiece. This may ‘occur seconds before catastrophic fallure or as early 26 half of the tool life. Preliminary failure shall not be used as a toohlfe criterion and cutting shall be con- tinued until one of the preferred toohife criteria is reached. The instant of preliminary failure shall be re- corded, C7 Surface roughness, cutting forces and temperature Surface roughness is @ common criterion for finish turning. ‘A major increase of cutting forces and temperature with cutting time is sometimes used as the basis for 2 toobife criterion in scientific research and in adapt- ive control systems. This is not covered in this International Standard. ‘Surface roughness, forces and temperature may be ‘measured as additional information. Chip formation is normally not recommended for de- termining tool life. Chip form, however, is useful as a “control instrument” as described in annex GISO 3685:1993(E) Annex D (normative) Data sheets1SO 3688:1993(E) Data sheets oo General conditions Ta Manure Gargene ==Telsivelels[wle[mola]v Al * jo * N % Ms = ‘Slag analvivwrdincustone [SG | w,0, | Fe | _wn0 | neunione ype sie ee) ce Sauna mae Trea ofingt (ingot oie roling a) : Hest Vente cns : 7 = [owecwe Mechevice! prepeten ugg maa Niwm? [inet pardrets [Adonai da at in| Ball diareter ia | Secec aia Rg | ton s Toot Mente Gouri [resister Sintered cae Dineen designation. z Group of application 080 513) ceramic: ALOrtwe | Toololder type and designation. a SiNetwe 0 oe Fighapeed mee! Compesivon mn Hee Ween Grinding mato. - aoe Tool geometry 1 | gaan late az Manufecre a Wi rs ae Rated outpur™ Height of ents | Maximum datonce between ww om _on ne. Machine mounting Wot SOW) -eeeennnennnnnen | intl variable op veo Noo Tsselaneote Sasa ee eee 2 Fixing eoviee ner ‘omercenre # : conten | ate = Caring ai Cutng uid used Yes Te | Oesgnaton oranaiais —[Pesevwe [Yomperswe | Volume noo| ee i Ain isceianeous 261SO 3685:1993(E) Tog No. company Wear Vg AT versus time tmessirement cr Dave | Ordered By ee Peviorned Test bara, tol and cutting data inser ortool | Edge ugh diameter | Diameter belore | Lengih of | Machined one machining | worepace mm a) men Cchipereaker (Gung speed rmimin |} heignt | iatance cratering | criptorm | Remares aT Tooke edterian Tschiploring afeces by ehipbreaker? Ye Noo Vo..KT-am ‘The scales ofthe two ares shal bo adapted tothe values obtained,1SO 3685:1993(E) aT TE aR fa Sas Deere By Tieecered By esata Tastee Tea rea sare > mam fon fene [ee fee Dee [aa rena ; Tear a a) ee oem rio =| Se [ee Es ws m ” ” ° * . ° : : ; : : : ee eee te re : =ISO 3685:1993(E) Annex E (normative) Preliminary tool-life test It is recommended that @ preliminary tootife test be carried out in order to determine @ cutting speed which will result in @ reasonable too! life and avoid inordinately time-consuming cuts. ‘A-cut should be taken with the machine set at an ar- bitrarly selected low cutting speed and, it necessary, the chip breaker distance should be adjusted until an acceptable chip form is obtained. The period of time ‘over which the cut is taken should be short, and wil probably vary between indvidual cases. The too! ‘should then be examined for indications of felure, and if none appear, a further cut should be taken with the cutting speed’ increased. This procedure should be repeated until the tool has failed. ‘A toolite point thus obtained should not be recorded in the test report: howover, itis valid in establishing the correct operating level. The cutting time taken during the test at the lower speeds is an insignificant portion of the life of the cutting tool when operating 2at the speed at which the toot failure occured. The cutting speed for the first toohlife tests is deter- mined by estimating the slope, k, of the tooHife curve. Using 2 fogdog graph paper module 83,33 mm rece ommended), a fine having an estimated slope can be ‘drawn through the tookife point obtained in this pre- liminary test, This line can then be used to determine the cutting speed for the first tool lfe desired. This cutting speed can also be calculated by using the tootife equation in the following formul vel ZE Ta A reasonable estimate of the slope of the toobife line for flank wear for different cutting tool materials is given below. — Highspeed steel: k=-7, but values between ~ 12 and ~5 can be obtained; — Carbide: k=~4, but values between -6 and =2.5 can be obtained; — Ceramics: k=-2, but values between -2.5 and = 1.28 can be obtained. Values near the initial estimated values are frequently found when cutting reference work material with ref- erence tools. The cutting speed thus chosen will rarely yield the 100] fe selected; however, it wll provide a reasonable Cutting speed at which the test may be started. With some experience the preliminary test can be omitted.1SO 3695:1993(E) Annex F (normative) Evaluation of tool-life data F.1 General It should be noted that the symbo's N, X, 7, X, F. ‘and ¢! used previously for the work relative to toolife testing with single point turning tools have been re- placed by n, x,y. Z,5, s and s* respectively in accord ance with ISO 3534 F.2 Evaluation “by eye’ Procedure and calculation ‘A log-log graph paper of equel scale moduli shall be ‘used with the tool ie 7, (dependent variabe) on the Varies! scelo and the esting speed ¥. (ndependent variable) on the horizontal scale. ‘All observations of ¥, and T, for the particular toobife criterion shall be plotted with the exception of obvi ‘ously false data. Errors frequently occur by averaging the results of observations at one speed prior to plot- ting on the double logarithmic graph. “The best straight line shall be fitted to the graph of log T, against log. Theoretically, the line should be | tas | re Saas a | wo | 2 0808 2008 8 | ie [rss 190 2623 so | 125 | Yeo 3359 i | 440 | 25 308 ‘000 12 | 180 | és oar Br) 8 ia 8 ‘Som r= 261073 = 15,1684 | Yay = 32,8206 | TP = 56,041 09] Ty? 19,981 39) = 3607 (2) = serso07 | “Dyin T0006 (22}in=ser02 |" Citerion KT = 0.14 mm Fo-4zi64 Number of observetions n = 12 = tk= 0,237 2 3-Din=217561 any = Syne 1.264 08 log C=¥-Fik= 2.476 4 (€=298,9(mmin} a1SO 3686:1993(E) Table F.5 — Example of assessment of dispersion and Part 1: Mean-square sum due to deviation from the regression line (residual variation) ead from tableF 4 fy = 19.981 29 b= =4216 4 y 2126003 ay = 92,8206 By 16.1684 DeTyla = 32,000 8 Compute Exy-ExEy/n= 0.180 Compute residual variation Dy -yy-# (t-PeDvn) wT =0,004 96 Part 2: Mean-square eum due to variation explained by regression (explained variation) Reed from part 1 ok (Do-DeD Part 3: Calculation of variance ratio and comparison with Fvelue ‘Source of variation | Degrees of freedom (21) | Mean-equare sum Ratio Regression 1 hn 07835 Bats393 # Residuals, n-2=10 # =0,008 96 Confidence leva: 95 % Read Fevalue from Fisher's Fable for df. 1,n=2= 104.96 Significant Yora, NooTobie Part 1: Input data ead from table F 4 Re naa f= 0,008 98 F-21756) from part 1 of tebleF.S — Example of calculation of confidence intervals ISO 3685:1993(E) ve-{erfneoceres [comes s=0097 vasa oneanas woo roe rd wa-2:22 far 2 Cone naa eg tes men at) TT? J? 5 3 wpa] fer | eaibeefe] | one o7655 [ona [aaa | ome oneoa7 ome zoet | oozes oro ee nie ass | “a0 oma aa asso sen 0002 4 Pa cong nra r nea fie-(eJp = 42104 0185 TORT In 498 eceiea e078 [mn 0am = 02 Fan conten inal «6 rss F 1] Yn 1,264 + EE 8 viz weimreas (| nie aos isee (02 Fg = 2480 = [enna (108 Chea = F~Fiknge = 2.541 = | Com 473ISO 3685:1993(E) Table F.7 — sdistribution for 95 % confidence level Number of degrees of | Tworsided interval ‘reedom ie 7 12,708 2 4303 a 37182 4 2718 5 2371 6 2aa7 7 2.966 8 2,306 8 2262 10 2,228 n 2201 2 2179 1% 2,160 1“ 245 15 2131 18 2120 7 2110 8 2101 39 2033 20 2.086 2 2,080 2 2,074 a 2.068 mo 2.064 25 2.080, 26 2056 2 2,052 28 2048 2 21045 30 2,082 40 021 60 2.000 100 1,904 120 1380 = 11960ISO 3685:1993(E) Annex G (normative) Chip characteristics ‘The chip formed during a cutting process has charac teristics which are related to the work material, tool material, tool geometry. condition of the cutting ‘edges, cutting edge position and cutting data and conditions. For any given set of conditions, the chip formation wil emein unchanged unless one of the above men- tioned factors changes. Observations of chip forma- ‘an therefore be a useful indicator when attempting to reproduce test conditions used in a previous test, a6 an indicator of changing conditions uring @ given tooklife test. to indicate varying stabity in the cutting conditions, as an indicator of changing ‘machinablty of the workpieces oF a8 an indicator of unexpected edge failue. It is therefore essential to be able to report charac- teristics of chips and their form in a consistent man- ner (see “Wear versus time measurement“ data sheet, annex 0). Table G.1 can be used, together with informaton on chip cross-section and length, to de- fine chips produced. The table also includes a numeric coding system for the more commonly observed chip types. ‘The basic coding system composes two digits which relate to the basic chip characteristics, ie, 2.2 is the code to denote 2 short tubular chip. AA third digit can be added to designate either the d- fection in which the chip flows or the mode of chip breaking, e.9. 1.3.4 would denote @ “snarled ribbon chip” which flows away from the workpiece and in @ direction opposite to the direction of feed motion, Code 6.1.5 would denote a “connected arc chip” which breaks against the transient surface on the workpiece. TableG.1 is to be looked upon as an example. Re- garding the fect that an almost unlimited number of various chip types can be produced, it is rec- ‘ommended that 9 classifying system is established for ‘each actual machining process.ISO 3685:1993(E) fetal) Elemental chips @ & 3 ¢ Ry 63 Shared 42 Show 43 Srailed Table G.1 — Chip forms: 2 Sokal chive | 4, Westerns [ sss 6 Arcehioe» | 7 Bz Concal 2 Tubular chips? & % a 23 Shared 1+ Ribbon chipat? iT 13 Snavied S23ISO 3685:1993(E) ‘soepns poULDeW sue LORD 8 aneqins yom isueBe ueyorE uel Joo wuye0@ UerOIG e0epne Wetsuen TeUBte UeYOIg § ‘smoyo} se YB pm own Aq pozvorDereys 61 LoBIpGNS JeUpIN} ‘vonow 9995 10 uonDe.p eu 01 asoddo DUE soeKdIOM oul WO: ARMY -uoniow poo} o vonoenp au 01 eyseddo pus eoedyoM aun SPIOMOL ‘VouoU pac} 0 UORDOND a1 PLE EOOKDHOM BER SPIEMOL {woreys eur ue uwous) vonow poe 70 uondoNp ax [UE DextyoM BU LOH KeMY L yang nN wous Kony | ojou a4 40 uae mu or sse6e e z 4 namtion sovonon ssmojo} Se vOip puny aun Aq pozvarsereyo SI AND OY? JO UOHDOHD OU fk oun peg a180 3685:1993(E) Annex H (informative) Bibliography [1] 180.3:1973, Preferred numbers — Series of preferred numbers. [2] ISO 1832:1991, indexeble inserts for cutting tools — Designation. [3] ISO 9002-2:1982, Basic quantities in cutting and grinding — Part 2: Geometry of the active part of cutting toals — Generel conversion formulae to relate tool and working angles. [4] 1SO 30023:1984, Basic quantities in cutting and grinding — Part 3: Geometric and kinematic {uentities in cutting [5] 1SO 3002-4:1984, Basic quantities in cutting and ‘grinding — Part 4: Forces, energy. power. (6) 180 3834-11993, Statistics — Vocabulary and ‘symbols — Part 1: Probability and genere! stat- Istical terms. [7] 1S0 9634-2:1993, Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Part 2: Statistical quality control [8] 1S0 3834-3:1985, Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Part 3: Design of experiments. [9] SO 9688-1:1989, Too! life testing in milling — Part 1: Face miling. (10) 1$0 8688-2:1989, Too! fe testing in milling — Part 2: End miling. [11] Hao, A Statistical theory with engineering applications. London, 1957, [12) Lesue, ALT. and LORENZ, G. Too! life exponents jn the light of regression analysis. National Standards Laboratory. Technical Paper No. 20, CSIRO, Australia, 1964. [13] NATRELLA, G. Experimental statistics. NBS Handbook 91, Washington, 1966.