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1.13
 NUMERICAL METHOD-I |41

DFFERENTOPERATORS
(1.14) We willstudy the following operators :
1. The Shifting Operator (E) : i.e., Eyo Y1
Ef*) =fx + h)
E'A) =fx + 2h) i.e.,
i.e., E"yo Yn
E"fx) =Ax t nh)
values.
Here, n takes up integral or fractional, positive or negative E-ly =y'I
i.e.,
For examples : E-fr) =fx- h)
Efc) = f(*+th) i.e., Elly1 Y3/2
Properties of OperatorE:
() Operator E is distributive. constant.
(i) Operator E is commutative with respect to
(iii) Operator E obeys laws of indices.
2. ForwardDifference Operator (A) : differencing h and ify =x), then Ay) =
equally spaced with interval of
If x0,X1, 2, , n are
fx+ h) f*) or Ayo ' I -'O
... n- 1,
i.e., Ay; = yi+1- V; for i 0, 1, 2, 3,
operator and Ay, is called first forward differences.
The symbol A iscalled forward difference Ay;
Similarly, the second forward differences are Ay; = Ay;+1-
-2y1 + yo.
For example :Ayo = Ayj - AyO = 02-)-Û1-o)=2
easily be expressed in terms of ordinates.
Clearly any higher order difference can difference table :
Forward
Third Fourth Fifth
First Second
Arugments Entry difference difference difference difference
y=f() difference
Ay Ay ASy
Ay

Vo
Ayo
A'yo
Ayi
A'y, 'yo
V3
'y
Ay, A'y,
Ay4

called leading diferences.

Here the first entry Vo is called leading term and Ayo, Ayo, .... are
Properties of A:
1. A) + )] = A) ± Adx)
2. A[e fx)] = c Af); c is constant.
3. N"A" fx) = Amtnf), where m, nbeing positive integers.
4. Ac =0
5. If given n-observations (, y), then "y = 0.
 3. Backward Difference Operator (V):
Xnare equally spaced with interval of differencing h and y = ) then V*)=J)
1 0, X1, X2, ..
-x- h)
i.e., Vy; =y; - yi-1, for i= 1, 2, 3, ...., n
diferences.
The symbol Viscalled the backward difference operator and Vy;is calledfirst backward
Also, the second backward differences are V'y; = Vy;- Ay;- 1, i=2, 3, 4, .., n
For example : V²y =V(Vy) - VÛ2-y) = Vy-Vy1
-(y2-yi)-1-o)
= y2-2y1 t yo
Similarly, the higher order backward differences are defined as follows :
vky, = yk-ly- yk-ly,-].
 NUMERICAL METHOD-I | 43
Backward difference table :
Third Fourth Fith
First Second difference
ument Entry
JArgument diffe re nce difference differen ce difference
y= Ax) v²y
Vo
Vy, =y1 -o yv, =Vy, - Vy1
y2 Vy2 v'ys
Vy3
Vy4
y4
V5
Vy5 v'y5
4. Central Difference (8) :
If xo, X1, X2, ...n are equally spaced with interval of differencing h and y =), then the first
order central difference of y is defined as :

h
Or - fx + h) -f).
The symbol Sis called the central difference operator.
Central difference table :

y=f«) 6y s²y 8y sy

8'y

X4
5. Averaging Operator (4) :

2
 4RELATION BETWEEN THE OPERATORS
We can express each of A, V, åand Din terms of shift operator E. These relations may
regarded and remembered as standard result.
(i) A =E - 1. (ii) V=1-E-1,
1
(ii) S= E -E (iv) 4=E
2
+E)
(v)E= ehD or ehD = 1+ A [RGPY, June 20l]
(vi) log (1 + A) =- log (1 - )= hD [RGPY, Dec. 20II]
Proof:
(i) By definition of A : Ar) =fx + h) fx)
= Efx) -fx) [: EAr) =Ax + h)]
Hence A =E -1.
(i) By definition of V: VA) =f) -f«- h)
Vfx) Ax)- E-1f) [: E-1fx) =fx- h)]
VA) =(1-E-'))
Hence =1E-1,
h)
(ii) By definition of 8: 6f) =
- Fl2 fx) - E- 12 f)
= (El2 E- 12) f)
Hence S = El2-E- /2

(iv) By definition :
1
or f) EV'f()
2 +E-/2f(w)
1
-(EV2
2
+E-V2)f(*)
1
Hence (El2 + E-1/2).
2
Evample 1.67 : Given that ys 4, 63, y, 4,Vg 10 and yÍ 24, find the value of dys :
()By using the difference table and (i) Without using the difference table.
Solution. () By using the difference table :
Ay A'y A'y A'f()
5 4
-1
6 3 2
1 3
7 4 5
6 3
10 8
14
9 24
Ans.
From the difference table Ays =0.
Example 1.68 : Given 3 4
2
10 17 26
2
|RGPV June 2005)
Find the value ofVys
Solution. (i) By using the diference table to find 2ys:
Vy y'y
y; = 2
1 y, = 5 3
2
2 Y = 10 5 0
2
3 Y =5 0
2
4 9
Y4 = 17
5
y, =26
Ans.
Fromthe difference table, we get V'ys =2.
1.18 INTERPOLATION WITH EQUALINTERVALS
Interpolation is the process of finding the intermediate value of a function y =x) from a set of
its values at specific points given in a tabulated form i.e.,
Suppose we are given the following values of y=f) fora set of values of x :
y: yn
Thus the process of finding the value of ycorresponding to any value of x=x, between xo and x,
is called interpolation.
Hence interpolation is the technique of estimating the value of a function for any intermediate
value ofthe independent variable while the process of computing the value of the function outside
the given range is calledextrapolation.
 Curricula)
(Based
MATHEMATICs-III on AICTE Flexible
64| ENGINEERING INTERPOLATION FORMULA EOx
GREGORY-NEWTON'S FORWARD
1.19
EQUALINTERVALS
|RGPV, June 2014)
Statement :
value of y = fr) corresponding to equidistant values ot
Let yo, y), V2, ... yn are the
Such that x=xo + uh ’ u=
h
[h= length of interval]
X= X0, X], 2, . . xn,

Then, 1!
Ayo + ulu-)A2
2!
yo t uu-1)(u-2
3!
3y t.....
u(u-1)...u -n-1)
n!
Proof :
Let y =f) =fxo + uh) [::x=xo +uh)
[Using Shifting operator]
= (1 + A)M yo
= l+Ayo u(u-1) A2yo + u(u-1)(u-2) A3yo t ..
1! 2! 3!

ulu-1)....u-n-1)-
..+
n!
A" yo-
[Since A" tlyo, A"+2yo. etc are zero]. Proved.
Remarks:
() Since the formula derived involves the forward differences ofy at yo, it is called
Newton's forward interpolation formula.
(ii) If three value of y, namely, yo, V1 and y2 corresponding to x = x0, X| and x) are
given, then Newton's forward interpolation formula is called parabolic interpolation
formula.
1.20 GREGORY-NEWTON'S BACKWARD INTERPOLATION FORMULA FOR
n EQUALINTERVALS |RGPV Dec. 2002]
Statement :
If yo, y1, y2, ......yn are the value of y = fx)
corresponding
x= X0, X1, X2, ..... xn, such that x; - xi -1 = h for i = 1,
toequidistant values of
2, 3, ..... n, and x - Xn = ut
’u= then

u(u +1) u(u +1)...(utn-)yny, .(1)

y =fr) = y, tVy, + Vy, t......
! 2! t n!
Proof : Let y =x)
y =an t uh)
lo ::x-x, = uh]
= (E-l)-u f(x,) =(1-V)" yn
(Using shifting operator
[::V=1-E-']
 NUMERICAL METHOD-I | 65

1+V+ u(u +1) u(u + 1)(u + 2) +

ulu +1)......u+n -1) n
1! 2! 3! n!
[Since Vn+yn, V" +y, etc. are zero]

y =fo) =Y, t 1! Vy, + ulu2!+1) V2y, +.... + u(u +1)...(u+n-1)

n!
Proved.
Remark :
Though it is usually suggested that the forward formula should be used for interpolating or
extrapolating y atpoints near xÍ and the backward formula should be used for interpolating or
extrapolating near Xn, it is not necessary. Either of the formula can be used for interpolating or
extrapolating y at any point. In fact that the interpolating polynomials of fx) that occur in the
R.H.S.'s of both the forward and backward formulas are identical.
1.21 ERROR IN NEWTON'S INTERPOLATION FORMULAE
a 1.Error in Newton's forward interpolation formula :
u(u-1)(u-2)...(u -n)
E() =
(n +1)! (Aly)xec,
where xo <c<x, and u = h
2. Error in Newton's backward interpolation formula :
u(u +1)(u +2)....u + )(yn-ly),xec .
E(x) = (n+1)!

where xo <c< xn and u = h

Example 1.76 :Estimate the sale for 1966 using Newton forward interpolation formula1981
:
Year: 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971
Sale in thousand : 12 15 20 27 39 52

Solution. Here given interval is equal and h= 10.

The forward difference table is :
Year Ay
Sale (y) Ay A²y Aây Aty
()
1931 12
1941 15 2
5 0
1951 20 2 3
7 3 - 10
1961 27 5 -7
12 -4
1971 39
13
1981 52
66|ENGINEERING MATHEMATIcs-III(Based on AlCTE Flexible Curricula)
We know that, Newton forward interpolation is
+ u(u-1) A2yo + u(u-1)(u-2)
2! 3!

Here, U=
h
1966 -1931
At, x = 1966, taking xÍ = 1931 and h= 10, so that u = = 3.5.
10
Hence (1) becomes :
(3.5)(2.5)
V1966 =1966) = 12+ (3.5) x3 +: 2! x2+ (3.5)(2.5)(1.5)0
3!
(3.5)(2.5)(1.5)(.5)-x3+ (3.5)(2.5)(1. 5)(,5)(-.D) x(-10)
4! 5!
= 12 + 10.5 + 8.75 + 0.8203 + 0.2734 = 32.34
Thus, the sale for the year 1966 = 32.34 thousands.
Ans.
Example 1.77 : Estimate the sale for the year 1966 using Newton backward interpolation formula:
Year 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981
Sale in thousand : 12 15 20 27 39 52
Solution. Here given interval is equal i.e., h= 10.
The backward difference table is :
Year (x) Sale (y) Vy v'y v°y
1931 12
v°y
3
1941 15 2
5 0
1951 20 2
7 3
1961 27 5
- 10
12 -7
1971 39 - 4
1
13
1981 52

We know that Newton backward interpolation is

u(u +1)
1!
+
2! V2y, +.... ...()

Here, 1966-1981
h 10 =-1.5
Hence (1)becomes :
Y1966(1966) = 52 +(-1.5)x13+GL.5)-.5) x1+.5)(-.5)(,5) x(-4)
2! 3!
.1.5)(-.5)(.5)(1.5) x(-7)+G1.5)(.5)(.5)(1.5)(2.5) x(-10)
4!
5!
 NUMERICAL METHOD-I |67
= 52 19.5 + 0.375 0.25 -0.1641 0.1172 = 32.34
Thus, the sale for the year 1966 = 32.34 thousands. Ans.
Example 1.78 : The table gives the distances in nautical miles of the visible horizon for the given
heights in feet above the earth's surface :
x= height 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
y= distance : 10.63 13.03 15.04 16.81 18.42 19.90 21.27
Find the values of y, whenx= 218 ft and 410 f.
Solution. Here h = 50[equal interval]
The difference table is :
Ay Ay y Ay
100 10.63
2.40
150 13.03 -0.39
2.01 0.15
200 15.04 -0.24 -0.07
1.77 0.08
250 16.81 -0.16 -0.05
1.61 0.03
300 18.42 -0.13 -0.01
1.48 0.02
350 19.90 -0.11
1.37
400 21.27

() At x = 218 : Which is near to x0= 200, so using Newton forward interpolation formula :
=fx) = Yo t,Ayo + u(u-)'yo t ulu -1)(u-2) A³yo +.....
2! 3!
...(1)
218-200
Here = 0.36 and
h 50
Vo = 15.04, Ayo = 1.77, A²y'o =-0.16, A³yo 0.03 etc.
Hence (1) becomes :

Y218 =218) = l5.04 +0.36(1.77)

+
0.36(-0.64)(-0.16)
2

0.36( 0.64)(-1.64)(0.03) +....

= 15.04 + 0.637 +0.018 + 0.001 t .... = 15.696 i.e. 15.7 nautical miles. Ans.
(ii) Atx =410: Which is near the end of thetable, so using Newton backward interpolation
formula :

Vy, +
u(u +1)
2!
v2y, + u(u+1)(u+Z
3!
y3y, +..... ...(2)

410 - 400
where, u = =0.2
h 50
etc.
Here, x =410, x, = 400, y,=21.27, Vy, = 1.37, V'y, =-0.11, V3y, = 0.02
Hence (1) becomes :
+ (0.2)(1.2)2(-0.11) +....
Y410 A410) = 21.27 + 0.21.37) 2
Ans.
=21.53 nautical miles.
 Hence area 0f Circle at aiameter a U4.

Example 1.81 : Find the cubic polynomial which takes the following values:
2 3
fox) : 2 10
Hence or otherwise evaluate f4). [RGPV Dec. 2001 and Feb. 2010, Dec. 2014]
 AICTE Flexible Curricula)
MATHEMATICS-III(Based on
70 | ENGINEERING
table is :
Solution. T he difference A'y A'y
y=f(x) Ay
1 1 -2 12
1 2 -1 10
2 1
9
10

X-0
=X
Here, h=landu= 1
h
formula,
.:. By Newton's forward difference
u(u -1) A2yo +....
fx) =yo t Ayo +
1! 2!
x(r-1)(x-2)
fr) = yo + xAyo +
x(x-yo
2!
+
3! [u=
= l+x(1) + x(x-) (-2) +x(x-1)(*-2) (12)
2 6

[: o=1, Ayo = 1, A'y, =-2, A'y, =12

=1+x-x(r- 1) + 2x(x - 1)(r- 2)
=|+r-+x + 2r3 6x2 + 4r
=2y3-72 + 6x +1
fx) = 2x3-7x2 + 6x + 1. ....(1) Ans.
Also, put x = 4 in (1), we get
f4) =2 x 43 - 7 x 42+ 6 x 4 + 1
= 128 112 + 24 + 1 =41.
Examnle 1.82 : GivPn sin As0 = n 7071
Ans
Example 1.83 :Form the table, estimate the mumber of students who obtained marks between 40 and
45.
Marks 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
No. of students 31 42 51 35 31
[RGPV 2001, Dec. 2012|
Solution. To find f40 and f4S).
The difference table is :
Marks less then
y=f(x) Ay Ay A'y A'y
(x)
40 31
42
50 73 9
51 - 25
60 124 - 16 37
35 12
70 159 4
31
80 190

From the table : At x = 40 (40) = 31. .(1)

45 40
Now, At x= 45, then u = = 0.5
h 10
:. Using Newton's forward interpolation formula :
u(u-1) u(u-1)(u -2)
A3yo +....
fx) = yo t Ayo t 2! 3!

(0.5)(-0.5)
A45) = 31+ (0.5) x 42 + 2
-x9+
(.5)(.5)(-1.9)x(-25)
6

(.5)(-.5)(-1.5)(-2.5)
24
37
= 47.87 48. ..(2)
Hence the number of students getting marks between 40 and 45
-45) -f40)= 48- 31 = 17. Ans.
 NUMERICAL METHOD-I|77
Example 1.90: Athird degree polynomial passes through the points (0,-1), (1,1), (2, 1)and (3, -2),
find the polynomial.
Solution. The forward difference table is:
y=f() Ay A²y A'y
-1
2
1 1 -2
-1
2 1 -3
-3
-2

x-0
Here x0 =0, h=1. s= = X
h 1
By Newton's difference formula for interpolation,

-A'yo + x(*-1)(* -2)

x(*-1)
fx) = Yo + *Ayo + [u= *]
2! 3!

=-l+x(2) +
x(s-)(-2)+ x(x-1)(*-2(-1) 6

a8-312+2*
= -1+2x-x2+x
6

1 8
2*1-- G -1. Ans.
Example 1.91 :Find the cubicpolynomial y() which takes the following values :
y(0) = 1, y(l) = 0, y(2) = 1, y3) = 10, Also find y(4).
Solution. The difference table is :
y=f) Ay A'y A°y
0 1
-1
1 0 2
1
2 1 8

3 10

x-0
=X
h T1
By Newton's difference formula for interpolation, we have
yx) = )Yo + xAyo +
x(x-1) -A2yo +x(x-1)(x-2) 3y [u=x]
2! 3!
T6|ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-III (Based on AICTE Flexible Curricula)

=- l+x(-1) -D (2)- x(r-1)(*-2),

2 6
=1-xtx?-xt-3x2 +2x =x³-2r2 + 1. Ans,
Also, y(4) =43 -2 x 42 + 1 = 64-32+1=33. Ans.
Example 1.92 : Find the cubic plynomial in x for the following data :
2 3 4 5
-3 3 27 57 107. JRGPV, June 20131
Solution. The difference table is :

Ay A'y A'y
-3
6
3
8 6
2 11 8
16 6
3 27 14 0
30 6
4 57 20
50
5 107

Here u=
1- =x. [:: x0 =0, h= 1]
By Newton's difference formula, we have

f() = o +uay, +"-Du(u

2!
u(u -1)(u -2+...
3!
[Here yo =-3, Ayo =6, Ayo =2, A'yo =6, Aty =0]
**-D2+*-)(r-2),
f() = -3+ x(6) + 2 6
=-3+6x + (r²-x) +x(2- 3x +2)
x(x-1)*9(6)+0
f(x) =x-2x2 + 7x-3. Ans.
1.31 LAGRANGE'S INTERPOLATION FORMULAFOR UNEQUALINTERVALS
Statements : Let fxo), fx), . fx) be the values of the function f) corresponding to the (n + 1)
arguments xo, X|, X2, ..., X, not necessarily equally spaced.
(x-)(*- *9)....x-,) -x Yo
Then y=AX) =(to
(0 -)(x -z)...*o
*)....(*0 -n)
+
(*-x%)(x- x,)....x-x)
(31 -3,)( - *,)....31 - )
(-x)(x-x)....o-X,-1)
t...... +
-x yn'
(*n -0)x, -)...(3p - y-1)
 Given the values 13 17
Example 1.106 : 11
5 7 5202
1452 2366
392
150
f(x):
formula, (i) Newton's divided difference formula.
Evaluate fS(9), using () Lagrange's |RGPV, June 20Il, Dec. 2013,
June 2014

Solution. (i) Lagrange s Formula:

(x-x)(*-x,)(*-x,)(x-x)
-xYo

+.... +
(x-x0)(x-x)(*-x, )(x- x;) ...(1)

Here xo =5, x1 =7, x) = 11, xy = 13, x4 = 17

 ethaeb NUMERICAL METHOD-I | 95

and Vo = 150, V| = 392, y» = 1452, y3=2366, y4 5202.

Putting x =9 and substituting the above values is (1), we get
(9-5)(9-11)(9- 13)(9-17),,292
(9-7)(9-11)(9-13)(9-17) J50+ (7-5)(7-11)(7-13)(7-17)
x +
(5-7)(5-11)(5- 13)(5-17)

+
(9- 5)(9-7)(9-13)(9-17) -x1452
(11-5)(11 -7)(11-13)(11¬17)
(9-5)(9-7)(9-11)(9-17) x 2366
(13-5)(13-7)(13-11)(13 -17)
(9-5)(9-7)(9 -11)(9 -13) x5202
+
(17-5)(17-7)(17-11)(17-13)

=
23
50 + 3136 3872 2366 578
=810. Ans.
3 15 3 3 5
Example 1. I15 : Find the polynomial of degree three which takes the values given below:
2 4
1 1 2 5

Solution. Using Lagrange's formula,

(x-1)(x-2)(x 4) x1+ x(x-2)(x-4) x1+ x(*-1)(-4)9
fr) = (0-1)(0 -2)(0 4) 1(12)(1-4) 2(2-1)(2-4)
x(*-1)(x-2)-x5
4(4-1)(4-2)
1
-(-x`+9x2 - 8x +12). Ans.
12
Example 1. 116 : Thefollowing table is given below. Find the Lagrange's interpolating polynomial f():
2 5
| 147
f(x) : 3 12

Solution. Here,
Xo =0, X1=1, x) =2, x, = 5 and yÍ 2, y1 =3, y, = 12, y3 = 147.
By Lagrange's interpolation formula,
(x x)(*-,) (*- x;) Yo t....... +
(x-x%)(-x)(*-x)
f*) (0 -X)(x0 -2)(x
=

- *,)(*o-x;)
 AICTE Flexible Curricula)
102 | ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-III (Based on
(x-1)(x -2)(x-5)..o. (r-0)(*- 2)(r-5)
-x 2+ (x-0)(*
(0-1)(0- 2)(0 5) (1-0)(1-2)(1 - 5)
(x-0)(-1)(*- 5)Zx12+ (x-0)(x-1)(«-2)
(5-0)(5-1)(52) -x141
+
(2-0)(2-1)(2 - 5)
(x-1)(x - 2)(x -5) 3x(x -2)(* - 5) - 2x(x -1)(x 5)
-5 4

+ 49(x)(*-1)(*- 2)
20
=x3 + ?-x+ 2. Ans,