Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations

The Euler equations govern the motion of an inviscid, adiabatic and

non conducting gas can be written in the following conservation
vector form as

where u , v , w are the cartesian components of the velocity vector,

ρ is the density, p is the pressure, E is the total internal energy and
H is the total enthalpy given by → H = E + (p/ρ).
For one-dimensional flow the Euler equations can be reduced to
the following form

A one dimensional mathematical model of the Euler equation is

defined by

where u = u (t , x) and λ is constant

Explicit finite difference methods
1. Euler explicit method
(1.a.) (forward time central space scheme) or (FTCS scheme)
This finite difference approximation is a first order in time and
second order in space. Truncation errors is of order [Δt, ∆𝑥 2 ].
Consistent
lim T .E   0
t 0
x 0

Stability

When the Von-Neumann stability analysis is applied, the following

amplification factor “G” is obtained as → G = 1 - i c (sinθ). For all
values of “θ” , the modulus of [G] is >= 1 , then this FTCS scheme is
unconditionally unstable.
(1.b.) (forward time backward space scheme) or (FTBS scheme)

This finite difference approximation is a first order in time and first

order in space. Truncation errors is of order [Δt, Δx].
Consistent
lim T .E   0
t 0
x 0

Stability
Using the Von-Neumann stability analysis, the FTBS scheme is
stable if c > 0 and c < 1
(1.c.) (forward time forward space scheme) or (FTFS scheme)

This finite difference approximation is a first order in time and first

order in space. Truncation errors is of order [Δt, Δx].

Consistent

lim T .E   0
t 0
x 0

Stability

Using the Von-Neumann stability analysis, the FTFS scheme is

stable if c < 0 and │c│ < 1
 2. Lax explicit method : Using forward time and centered space
differences, the Lax method is obtained by replacing the “𝑢𝑗 𝑛 ” by
a space average value as

FTFS scheme

This finite difference approximation is a first order accurate with

truncation errors is of order {Δt,[ ∆𝑥 2 / Δt]}.
Using the Von-Neumann stability analysis, the Lax scheme is
stable if │c│ =< 1
Example
The propagation of one-dimensional wave equation can be
written in the form:
u u
a 0
t x
with a=2 m/sec
Initial conditions

Boundary conditions
At x=0 → u=1
Calculate the numerical solution in space domain from x=0 to =1.
take (∆𝑡 = 1/2∆x )
a) Using FTCS-scheme

L
x   1 / 6 & t  1/2x  1/12
imax  1
C 1
X=0 X=1/6 X=2/6 X=1
i=1 i=2 i=3 i=4 i=5 i=6 i=7
t 0 n=1 1 1 1/2 0 0 0 0
t  1 / 12 n=2 1 1.25 1 1/4 0 0 0
t  1/ 6 n=3 1 1.25 1.5 3/4 1/8 0 0
b) Using FTFS-scheme C  1

L
x   1 / 6 & t  1/2x  1/12
imax  1
C 1
X=0 X=1/6 X=2/6 X=1
i=1 i=2 i=3 i=4 i=5 i=6 i=7
t 0 n=1 1 1 1/2 0 0 0 0
t  1 / 12 n=2 1 1.5 1 0 0 0 0
t  1/ 6 n=3 1 2 2 0 0 0 0
c) Using FTBS-scheme C  1

L
x   1 / 6 & t  1/2x  1/12
imax  1
C 1
X=0 X=1/6 X=2/6 X=1
i=1 i=2 i=3 i=4 i=5 i=6 i=7
t 0 n=1 1 1 1/2 0 0 0 0
t  1 / 12 n=2 1 1 1 1/2 0 0 0
t  1/ 6 n=3 1 1 1 1 1/2 0 0