Efficient Multi-Port Power Converter Design using

a Single Inductor for Electric Vehicle Systems

Ranjith Thati
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of
Engineering and Technology
Hyderabad, India
thatiranjith2401@gmail.com
Srikanth Gajjala
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of
Engineering and Technology
Hyderabad, India
srikanthgajjala7201@gmail.com
Anil Kumar Rajagiri Vishnu Teja Veerla
Assistant Professor Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of
Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology
Engineering and Technology Hyderabad, India
Hyderabad, India vishnuveerla6@gmail.com
rajagiri_anil04@yahoo.co.in
Vinodh Kumar Pandraka
Associate Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
CVR College of Engineering
Hyderabad, India
p.vinodkumar@cvr.ac.in

Abstract— In this paper, the use of multi-port power transfer, it simplifies the power management system,
converter for electric vehicles that can integrate multiple reducing components, control systems, and
energy sources. The converter can combine a renewable solar interconnections[3]. This streamlined approach enhances
panel with a battery. The multi-port power converter enables
efficiency by minimizing inter-stage energy conversion,
flexible control of the charging and discharging processes of
energy sources, making load power distribution more efficient.
resulting in a smaller, lighter power management system
The device can boost voltage levels with dual inputs, including within the vehicle[1]. The single inductor multi-port power
renewable solar PV and batteries, and provide dual outputs converter also enables bidirectional power flow and
with various voltage levels for multiple loads, such as motor advanced power routing capabilities, supporting efficient
drives, lighting, and other auxiliary supplies in electric vehicles. power sharing, distribution, and prioritization based on
The proposed converter is cost-effective, with fewer specific device or system requirements. Overall, this
components and a simple circuit design. It features two modes converter offers significant advantages over current systems,
for charging and discharging states concerning energy storage promoting a more efficient, compact, and cost-effective
units, achieved with a single inductor. By using this multi-port
power management system in electric vehicles, thereby
power converter, it can boost voltage levels with dual inputs
and provide dual outputs with various voltage levels for advancing the development and adoption of sustainable and
high-performing EVs[10].
multiple loads. It features two modes for charging and
discharging states concerning energy storage units, achieved
with a single inductor. By using this multi-port power
converter, it can boost voltage levels with dual inputs and
provide dual outputs with various voltage levels for multiple
loads.

Keywords—Multi-Port power converter

I. INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1. (a) Present converters of EVs, (b) Proposed converter of EVs
The current converters utilized in electric vehicles (EVs)
involve separate units for distinct functions, such as the DC- In the present day, electric vehicles are equipped with
DC converter, inverter, and onboard charger. These power converters that have many complex parts, leading to
independent converters operate with their own components,
control systems, and power stages, leading to a complex and
space-intensive power management system with potential
additional power losses from inter-stage energy conversion.
In contrast, the single inductor multi-port power converter
represents a notable advancement for EVs[2]. This
consolidated converter integrates multiple functions,
including DC-DC conversion, inversion, and power routing,
into a single unit. Through a shared inductor for power

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

higher power losses and lower reliability. The single
inductor multi-port power converter is a new type of power
converter.
Fig. 2. General Block Diagram of Multi-Port power converter
It is designed to convert power from two sources to two
output ports using a single inductor. This type of converter
has gained popularity due to its high efficiency and small
size[12]. With its ability to handle multiple output ports, it is
ideal for use in various applications, such as in electric
vehicles, renewable energy systems, and portable electronic
devices[9].
The described power management system employs
multiple sources to supply power to the load while also
charging the battery. During periods of higher power
demand from the load, both sources collaborate to meet
requirements and ensure optimal operation. Conversely,
when the load requires less power, the system intelligently
switches to using only the renewable source. In this scenario,
excess renewable power is directed to charge the battery,
effectively storing surplus energy for future use. This
dynamic power allocation strategy optimizes energy source
utilization, providing necessary power to the load while
maximizing battery charging efficiency [5]. Such an
approach promotes energy efficiency and minimizes waste
by relying on renewable sources during periods of low load
demand [9]. The integration of renewable sources and
intelligent power allocation contributes to a sustainable and
efficient power management solution, supporting continuous
power supply and promoting clean energy use, ultimately
fostering a more sustainable future.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig. 3. Proposed multi-port converter with two inputs and two outputs
The single inductor multi-port converter is a versatile
power electronics system designed to efficiently manage
multiple input sources, such as batteries and solar panels, and
distribute power to various loads. Using a single inductor and
multiple switches in configurations like buck-boost
converters, it allows bidirectional power flow, facilitating
energy transfer between different sources and loads[8].
Controlled switching actions regulate battery charging,
discharging, and power distribution to auxiliary and main
loads. This flexibility suits applications like renewable
energy systems, electric vehicles, and portable devices,
optimizing energy utilization and enhancing system
performance and power distribution reliability[4]. In
operation, the converter primarily functions in two modes:
charging and discharging, influenced by load requirements.
During low voltage demands, it operates in charging mode,
efficiently charging the battery primarily from solar panel
energy[6]. Conversely, in discharging mode with higher
voltage requirements, both the battery and solar panel
collaborate to meet the load's needs. The converter
dynamically switches between these modes based on load
characteristics, optimizing power utilization and ensuring a
stable and reliable power supply to connected devices or
systems. This ability to adapt enhances overall efficiency and
functionality across various applications with different
voltage requirements[8].
BATTERY DISCHARGING MODE
Fig. 4. Conduction of a circuit for given gate pulse for discharging mode
1) DISCHARGING MODE SWITCHING
CONDITION 1 (0 < t < D3T) During this
operation, switches S1 and S3 are active, allowing
current to flow through them. However, due to the
diodes D1 and D2 being in reverse bias when S1 is
switched ON, switch S4 remains inactive.
Additionally, diode D0 is in reverse bias because S 3
is turned ON. The equivalent model of the
developed converter, as shown in Figure 4 (a),
depicts Vbat supplying power to charge the inductor.
In the equation (1) the change in voltage (V 2) across
capacitor C2, is influenced by the current flowing
V2
through it .
R2
diL
L =Vpv
dt
d V 1 −V 1
C1 =
dt R1
d V 2 −V 2
C2 = (1)
dt R2
2) DISCHARGING MODE SWITCHING
CONDITION 2 (D3T< t < D1T) During this
operational mode, switch S1 is continuously active,
allowing the input voltage V pv to charge the
inductor L and increase the current flowing through
it. At the same time, switch S3 remains inactive,
preventing any current flow through it. The diodes
 D1 and D2 are in reverse bias, causing switch S 4 to 4) DISCHARGING MODE SWITCHING
remain OFF when S1 is switched ON. As a result, CONDITION 4 (D4T < t < T) During the operation
the energy stored in capacitors C1 and C2 is described, all switches in the circuit become
discharged, supplying power to the respective load inactive, causing diode D2 to be in forwarding bias.
resistances R1 and R2. This mode of operation As a result, the inductor L discharges by
ensures that the inductor is charged, and the energy transferring the energy it stored to the capacitors C 1
stored in the capacitors is utilized to provide power and C2, which in turn start to charge. The energy
to the connected loads efficiently. In the equation supplied by the inductor is utilized by the R 1 and R2
(2) the change in voltage (V 2) across capacitor C2, load resistances. This process is depicted in Figure
V2 4 (d), which presents an analogous circuit model of
is influenced by the current flowing through it . the converter being discussed. In equation 5 the
R2
current through the inductor (IL) changes over time.
The equivalent circuit model in Figure 4 (b)
Vpv the voltage provided by a power source.
represents this configuration accurately.
(V1+V2) the sum of voltages across two
diL components capacitors, resistors V1 and V2. In this
L =Vpv equation (5) indicates that the rate of change of
dt current in the inductor is determined by the
d V 1 −V 1 difference between the voltage provided by the
C1 = power source and the sum of voltages across the
dt R1 specified components.
d V 2 −V 2 diL
C2 = (2) L =Vpv−( V 1 +V 2 ) (5)
dt R2 dt
3) DISCHARGING MODE SWITCHING dV 1 V1
CONDITION 3 (D1T < t < D4T) During this C1 =iL−
dt R1
operation, switch S1 is not being used, while switch
S3 remains turned OFF and switch S 4 is active. The d V 2 −V 2
diode D2 is positioned in a way that it is in reverse C2 =
dt R2
bias. Figure 4 (c) depicts the equivalent circuit
model of the converter being discussed. The By giving the gate pulse (g1, g2, g3, g4) to the switches (S1,
inductor is discharging by storing energy, which S2, S3, S4) discharging takes place.
can be subsequently distributed to the load through
components C1 and R1. This discharge leads to a
decrease in the current flowing through the
inductor. Simultaneously, capacitor C1 is being
charged, while capacitor C2 is being discharged,
transferring the stored energy to the load resistance
R2. In equation (3) the current through the inductor
(IL) changes over time. It is influenced by the
difference between the voltage source (Vpv) and the
voltage across capacitor C1(V1). In equation 4 the
change in voltage across capacitor C1(V1) over
time. It is influenced by the current flowing through
the inductor (IL) and the voltage drop across the
V1
capacitor .
R1

diL
L =Vpv−V 1 (3)
dt
0 D1T D2T D3T T t
dV 1 V1
C1 =iL− ( 4) Fig. 5. Gate pulses for discharging mode
dt R1
d V 2 −V 2
C2 =
dt R2
BATTERY CHARGING MODE
Fig. 6. Conduction of a circuit for given gate pulse for charging mode
1. CHARGING MODE SWITCHING CONDITION 1
(0 < t < D1T) In this mode of operation, the switch S 1 is
turned ON, resulting in switches S2 and S4 being reverse
biased and inactive. Additionally, since diode D2 is
reverse biased, it does not conduct. Figure 6 (a) depicts
the corresponding circuit model of the converter during
this mode. The voltage source Vpv charges the inductor L,
leading to an increase in the inductor current.
Simultaneously, the energy stored in capacitors C1 and C2
is discharged, supplying power to the load resistances R 1
and R2. In the equation 6 the current through the inductor
IL changes over time. This term represents the rate of
change of current in the inductor, which is proportional to
the voltage across the inductor and inversely proportional
to the inductance. Vpv the voltage provided by a power
source. This voltage influences the rate of change of
current in the inductor. In this equation (6) essentially
states that the rate of change of current in the inductor is
determined by the voltage provided by the power source.
diL
L =Vpv (6)
dt
d V 1 −V 1
C1 = and its stored energy is distributed to capacitors C1 and
dt R1
d V 2 −V 2
C2 = change of current in the inductor is determined by the
dt R2
2. CHARGING MODE SWITCHING CONDITION 2
(D1T < t < D2T) During this mode of operation, the
switch S1 is rendered inactive, while the switch S 2 is
turned ON. As a result, diodes D1 and D2 become reverse
biased, causing switch S4 to remain inactive. The circuit
configuration depicted in Figure 6 (b) represents the
developed converter in this mode. As the inductor current
decreases during this period, the energy stored in the
inductor is transferred to the battery Vbat. Furthermore,
the capacitors C1 and C2 discharge their stored energy,
providing power to the load resistances R1 and R2,
respectively. In equation (7) indicates that the rate of
change of current in the inductor is determined by the
difference between the voltage provided by the PV panel
and the voltage of the battery.
diL
L =Vpv−Vbat (7)
dt
d V 1 −V 1
C1 =
dt R1
d V 2 −V 2
C2 =
dt R2
3. CHARGING MODE SWITCHING CONDITION 3
(D2T < t < D4T) During this mode of operation, both
switches S1 and S2 are rendered inactive, and switch S 4 is
turned ON. Diode D2 becomes reverse biased. The circuit
configuration illustrated in Figure 6 (c) represents the
developed converter in this state. In this mode, the
inductor is discharged, and its stored energy is distributed
to capacitor C1 and resistor R1, causing a decrease in the
inductor current. Simultaneously, capacitors C1 and C2
are charged, with capacitor C2 being discharged and
transferring its stored energy to the load resistance R2. In
this equation 8 essentially states that the rate of change of
current in the inductor is determined by the difference
between the voltage provided by the power source and
the voltage across the specified circuit element V1.
diL
L =Vpv−Vbat ( 8)
dt
dV 1 V1
C1 =iL−
dt R1
d V 2 −V 2
C2 =
dt R2
4. CHARGING MODE SWITCHING CONDITION 4
(D4T < t < T) During this mode of operation, all the
switches in the circuit become inactive. As a result, diode
D2 enters a forward bias state. The circuit configuration
shown in Figure 6 (d) represents the developed converter
in this condition. In this mode, the inductor is discharged,
C2, as well as load resistances R1 and R2. Additionally,
the capacitors C1 and C2 can be charged during this
mode. In equation 9 essentially states that the rate of
difference between the voltage provided by the power
source and the sum of voltages across the specified
components V1 and V2. In equation 10 essentially states
that the change in voltage across C1 is proportional to the
current IL and inversely proportional to R 1. In equation
(11) states that the change in voltage across C2 is
proportional to the current IL and inversely proportional
to R2.
These equations are fundamental in analyzing the
dynamic behavior of circuits containing capacitors,
particularly in scenarios where the voltages across the
capacitors are influenced by the current flowing through the
circuit and the resistance of the circuit elements[9].
diL
L =Vpv−( V 1 +V 2 ) (9)
dt
dV 1 V1
C1 =iL− (10)
dt R1
 dV 2 V2
C2 =iL− (11)
dt R2
During charging mode, the converter operates to
efficiently step down or regulate the voltage from an external
power source, such as a charging station or regenerative
braking system, to match the voltage requirements of the
battery. This involves adjusting the converter's switching
modes to control the power flow, voltage levels, and
charging currents, ensuring that the battery is charged safely
and effectively. In discharging mode, the converter facilitates
the transfer of energy from the battery to power the vehicle's
motor drive or auxiliary systems. Depending on the power
demands of the motor and other components, the converter
may adjust its operation to step up or step down the battery
voltage to match the requirements of the loads[9]. This
ensures efficient utilization of the stored energy in the battery
and optimal performance of the vehicle.
By giving the gate pulse (g1, g2, g3, g4) to the switches (S1, S2,
S3, S4) discharging takes place.
0 D1T D2T D3T T t
Fig. 7. Gate pulses for charging mode
In a single inductor multi-port power converter, efficient
energy management is achieved through precise control of
gate pulses governing the switching of four switches
(typically MOSFETs or IGBTs). During charging mode,
tailored pulses facilitate the direction of energy flow from the
solar panel to the battery, ensuring optimal charging while
meeting the load's lower voltage requirements. In discharging
mode, gate pulses are adjusted to coordinate the switches,
effectively combining power from both the battery and solar
panel[11]. This orchestrated switching guarantees the
delivery of the higher voltage demanded by the load[7]. The
timing, duration, and sequence of these gate pulses play a
critical role in controlling energy flow direction, sustaining
stability, and overall governing the power conversion process
in the single inductor multi-port converter across both
charging and discharging modes[12].
II. MATLAB SIMULATION
A. Simulation Circuit for Discharging Mode
Fig. 8. Discharging Simulation Circuit
In electric vehicle (EV) applications, a single inductor
multi-port power converter in discharging mode plays a
crucial role in efficiently managing power flow from
multiple sources to meet the varying demands of the vehicle's
propulsion system[1].
During discharging mode in an EV scenario:
1. High Power Demand: When the electric vehicle requires
high power for acceleration or sustained operation, the
converter orchestrates the simultaneous use of both the
battery pack and the energy harvested from regenerative
braking or supplementary sources, like solar panels or fuel
cells[].
2. Gate Pulse Control: The gate pulses for the switches in
the converter are precisely managed to coordinate the flow
of energy. This ensures that power from both the battery
and supplemental sources is efficiently combined and
delivered to the vehicle's propulsion system, supporting the
higher voltage and current requirements during acceleration
or continuous operation.
3. Optimizing Energy Conversion: The converter's ability
to dynamically adjust the energy flow between various
sources and the propulsion system enhances overall
efficiency. It allows for the conversion of various voltage
levels into a suitable and stable power supply, maximizing
the vehicle's performance while extending the range
through effective utilization of energy[7].
4. Regenerative Braking: Additionally, in discharging
mode, when the vehicle decelerates or applies brakes, the
converter facilitates the capture and storage of the kinetic
energy through regenerative braking. It efficiently redirects
this energy back to the battery or other storage systems,
contributing to improved overall efficiency and extending
the vehicle's range[1].
In essence, the single inductor multi-port power converter
in discharging mode for EV applications ensures optimal
utilization of energy from multiple sources, meeting the
varying power demands of the vehicle's propulsion system
while enhancing efficiency and extending the vehicle's range.
B. Simulation Circuit for Charging Mode

Auxiliary Load 13.11 VO

Components Specifications Values

Type
Main LoadLithium-ion
25.39 VO

Battery Nominal Voltage 24 V

Rated Capacity 1.3 Ah

Battery Response Time 30 s

Fig. 9. Charging Simulation Circuit Inductor Inductance 0.0025 H

In electric vehicle (EV) applications, the charging mode Capacitor Capacitance(C1) 0.001 F
of a single inductor multi-port power converter plays a
Capacitance(C2) 0.001 F
pivotal role in efficiently managing power flow to charge the
vehicle's battery system from multiple sources[3]. Resistor Resistance(R1) 35 ohms
During charging mode in an EV scenario:
Resistance(R2) 35 hms
1. Battery Charging: When the vehicle is in the charging
phase, the converter facilitates the optimal transfer of
power from external sources, such as a charging station or
solar panels, to the vehicle's battery pack[11].
2. Input Source Coordination: The converter manages the
flow of energy, directing power from external sources
(charging stations or solar panels) to efficiently charge the
battery while ensuring compatibility with the charging
infrastructure's voltage and current specifications[6].
3. Adaptive Power Management: Depending on the
available power from external sources, the converter Fig. 10. Discharging Output Voltage Waveforms for Auxiliary Load and
Main Load
adjusts the charging rate to safely and effectively replenish
the battery's energy reserves. It controls the gate pulses for
2) Charging Waveforms
the switches to regulate the energy flow and manage the
charging process to maintain battery health and optimize
charging efficiency.
4. Flexible Charging Solutions: The converter's flexibility Auxiliary Load 12.99 VO

allows it to adapt to different charging scenarios, such as

varying input voltages or charging rates from different
types of charging stations or renewable energy sources.
5. Safety and Control: The converter's role includes
implementing safety measures to monitor the charging Main Load 25.54 VO
process, ensuring proper voltage and current levels, and
safeguarding against overcharging or overheating of the
battery.
Overall, the single inductor multi-port power converter in
charging mode for EV applications efficiently manages the Fig. 11. Charging Output Voltage Waveforms for Auxiliary Load and Main
Load
flow of power from external sources to the vehicle's battery
system, ensuring safe and effective charging while TABLE I. PARAMETERS
accommodating various charging scenarios and enhancing
overall charging efficiency[11].
C. Simulation Results The circuit comprises components such as a lithium-ion
battery with a nominal voltage of 24V and a rated capacity of
1) Discharging Waveforms
1.3Ah. It has a response time of 30 seconds. Additionally,
there's an inductor with an inductance of 0.0025H, and two
capacitors, C1 and C2, each with a capacitance of 0.001F.
Furthermore, the circuit includes resistors R 1 and R2, both
having a resistance of 35 ohms. These specifications provide
a concise overview of the circuit's key components and their
respective characteristics.
D. Description of Output Waveforms
 In a single inductor multi-port power converter,
maintaining consistent output voltages for the main load and
auxiliary load is crucial to ensure stable power delivery. This
converter exhibits a specific symmetry in its charging and
discharging modes, which is reflected in the output voltages
distributed to the loads. The standardized ratio, where the
main load voltage is around 25 volts while the auxiliary load
remains at 12 volts, indicates a consistent pattern where the
main load voltage is roughly twice that of the auxiliary load.
The stability and maintenance of this ratio during both
charging and discharging modes come from precise control
over the converter's switching actions. The gate pulses,
responsible for managing the switches within the converter,
play a pivotal role in regulating the energy flow within the
system. This control determines how power is transformed
and distributed between the various loads and power sources,
including batteries and solar panels. By orchestrating these
switching actions effectively, the converter can maintain the
desired output voltage ratio between the main and auxiliary
loads.
In addition, the specified operating frequency of 10 kHz
is a critical parameter governing the converter's operation.
This frequency essentially dictates the timing and sequence
of the gate pulses, thereby optimizing the converter's
performance. The synchronization achieved through this
frequency control ensures efficient power transfer and
consistent, stable output voltages for both the main and
auxiliary loads. This delicate balance, achieved through the
synergy of precisely controlled switching actions and the
specified operating frequency, guarantees a reliable power
delivery system. Maintaining the main load's voltage at
approximately twice that of the auxiliary load ensures a
steady and dependable power supply to various components
or systems connected to these outputs, contributing
significantly to the overall stability and efficiency of the
power conversion process.
E. Hardware Model
Fig. 12. Prototype Model
The prototype model of a single inductor multi-port
power converter includes a 20-volt solar panel and a 24-volt
battery. To enhance its functionality and performance,
consider using advanced control mechanisms, implementing
enhanced feedback systems, optimizing efficiency,
incorporating improved communication interfaces, and
integrating safety features. These enhancements can increase
efficiency, reliability, and flexibility, making it an ideal
choice for various applications, including renewable energy
systems and electric vehicles. A prototype single inductor
multi-port power converter uses a 20V solar panel and a 24V
battery. An Arduino UNO board controls the switching
actions. Here are five enhancements to consider: using
advanced control mechanisms, implementing advanced
feedback systems, exploring efficiency optimization
techniques, incorporating communication interfaces, and
integrating safety features. These enhancements can improve
the converter's efficiency, reliability, and flexibility, making
it suitable for various applications.
F. Working Operation
In a single inductor multi-port power converter, the
operation is reliant on the precise control of switching actions
within the system. These switches, typically MOSFETs or
IGBTs, direct the flow of energy between different ports,
such as input sources and output loads. The timing and
sequence of these switching actions are critical for efficient
energy conversion and management.
The Arduino microcontroller, with its digital output pins,
serves as a powerful tool for generating the necessary gate
pulses to control these switches. Gate pulses are essentially
digital signals that determine when a switch should be turned
ON or OFF. By configuring the Arduino to produce specific
pulse patterns, it orchestrates the opening and closing of the
switches, thus governing the flow of energy within the
converter.
Switch 1 (g1): A gate pulse value of 67 signifies a specific
timing and duty cycle for this switch. This value corresponds
to the configuration set in the Arduino code, where a square
wave signal with a certain frequency and duty cycle is
generated to control the switching action of switch 1.
Fig. 13. Waveforms of gate pulses g1 and g4
Switch 2 (g2): A gate pulse value of 0 suggests that switch 2
remains OFF during this particular cycle. In the context of
the Arduino code, this means that the corresponding digital
output pin for switch 2 remains low, effectively keeping the
switch in the OFF state.
Fig. 14. Waveforms of gate pulses g2 and g4
Switch 3 (g3): With a gate pulse value of 49, switch 3 is
activated according to the programmed timing and duty
cycle. The Arduino generates the appropriate square wave
signal to turn ON switch 3 at the desired moment in the
switching sequence.
[4] B. N. Alajmi, M. I. Marei, I. Abdelsalam, and N. A. Ahmed,
‘‘Multiphase interleaved converter based on cascaded non-inverting
buck-boost converter,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 42497–42506,
2022.
[5] B. N. Alajmi, M. I. Marei, I. Abdelsalam, and M. F. AlHajri,
‘‘Analysis and design of a multi-port DC–DC converter for interfacing
PV systems,’’ Energies, vol. 14, no. 7, p. 1943, Apr. 2021.

[6] J. Macaulay and Z. Zhou, ‘‘A fuzzy logical-based variable step size
P&O MPPT algorithm for photovoltaic system,’’ Energies, vol. 11,
no. 6, p. 1340, May 2018.

[7] L. Wang, E. G. Collins, and H. Li, ‘‘Optimal design and realtime

control for energy management in electric vehicles,’’ IEEE Trans.
Veh. Technol., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1419–1429, May 2011.

Fig. 15. Waveforms of gate pulses g3 and g4 [8] K. Suresh, C. Bharatiraja, N. Chellammal, M. Tariq, R. K.
Chakrabortty, M. J. Ryan, and B. Alamri, ‘‘A multifunctional non-
isolated dual input-dual output converter for electric vehicle
Switch 4 (g4): A gate pulse value of 82 indicates the timing applications,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 64445–64460, 2021.
and duty cycle for activating switch 4. Similar to the other
switches, the Arduino produces a square wave signal tailored
[9] A. Ajami, H. Ardi, and A. Farakhor, ‘‘A novel high step-up DC/DC
to switch 4's requirements, ensuring precise control over its converter based on integrating coupled inductor and
switching action. switchedcapacitor techniques for renewable energy applications,’’
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 4255–4263, Aug.
By programming the Arduino, it can customize the pulse 2015.
timings for each switch, allowing for fine-tuning of the
energy transfer process within the converter. This level of
[10] K. Suresh, N. Chellammal, C. Bharatiraja, P. Sanjeevikumar, F.
control enables optimization of power flow, minimization of Blaabjerg, and J. B. H. Nielsen, ‘‘Cost-efficient nonisolated three-port
losses, and enhancement of overall efficiency. Additionally, DC–DC converter for EV/HEV applications with energy storage,’’
the flexibility offered by the Arduino platform facilitates Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 29, no. 10, p. e12088, Oct. 2019.
experimentation and refinement of the power conversion
process to meet specific performance objectives. [11] F. Kardan, R. Alizadeh, and M. R. Banaei, ‘‘A new three input
DC/DC converter for hybrid PV/FC/Battery applications,’’ IEEE J.
Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1771–1778,
Dec. 2017.
CONCLUSION
The simulation conducted using MATLAB software [12] P. Mohseni, S. H. Hosseini, M. Sabahi, T. Jalilzadeh, and M.
aimed to model the behaviour of a Single Inductor Multi-Port Maalandish, ‘‘A new high step-up multi-input multi-output DC–DC
Power Converter tailored for Electric Vehicle Applications. converter,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 5197–5208,
Sep. 2018.
It delved into the intricate process of how this converter
manages the charging and discharging of the vehicle's battery
system. By mimicking real-world scenarios in a virtual
environment, the simulation aimed to replicate the
converter's performance accurately. It likely considered
factors like input sources (such as solar panels or grid
charging), various load conditions, and the converter's
control mechanisms. The achieved outcomes from this
simulation provide valuable insights into the converter's
efficiency, its ability to regulate energy flow, and its overall
performance in charging and discharging the battery, crucial
aspects for optimizing electric vehicle power systems.

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