Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCE AND EVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF WATERSUPPLY AND ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING
PROJECT ON DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR HIT WASTE
WATER MANAGEMENT
NAME ID NO
1 MUBARAK JOHAR .................................................... 2489/12
2 JEMAL AHMED ..................................................... 2854/12
3 TAMAM SHEMOHAMMED........................................ 2859/12
4 KALI MUHAMMED ….................................................2160/12
5 MAGERSA ABDI………………………………………4130/12
6 ENDRIAS ABERA …………………………………….1821/12
7 EFREM DADE ………………………………………...1794/12

Submitted to: Mr. Kenenisa Alemu submission date:7/14/2022

I
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLE ......................................................................................................................... I

LIST OF FIGURE ...................................................................................................................... II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... III

Abstract: ................................................................................................................................... IV

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Scope of the Project ...................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Description of the problem ........................................................................................... 2

1.4 The aim needed to accomplish the problem ................................................................. 2

2 SOME APPROACH RESEARCH REVIEW ..................................................................... 3

2.1 History of wastewater treatment ................................................................................... 3

3 METHODS AND MATERIAL NEEDED.......................................................................... 5

4 DESIGN OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR HIT ................................... 6

4.1 Design considerations ................................................................................................... 6

4.2 Estimation of wastewater volume ................................................................................. 6

4.3 Preliminary Treatment .................................................................................................. 7

4.3.1 Design of Receiving Chamber ............................................................................... 7

4.3.2 Design of Coarse Screen........................................................................................ 8

4.3.3 Design of Grit Chamber with aeration .................................................................. 9

4.3.4 Design of Skimming Tank................................................................................... 10

4.4 Primary Treatment ...................................................................................................... 10

4.4.1 Design of Primary Sedimentation Tank .............................................................. 11

II
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

4.5 Secondary treatment ................................................................................................... 12

4.5.1 Design of High Rate Trickling Filter ................................................................... 12

4.5.2 Design of secondary sedimentation tank (humus tanks) ..................................... 19

4.6 Tertiary Treatment ...................................................................................................... 19

4.6.1 Design of Sludge Digestion Tank or Digesters ................................................... 20

4.6.2 Design of Sludge Drying Beds ............................................................................ 22

5 RESULT AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................... 24

5.1 Receiving Chamber ..................................................................................................... 24

5.2 Coarse Screen ............................................................................................................. 25

5.3 Grit Chamber .............................................................................................................. 26

5.4 Skimming Tank........................................................................................................... 28

5.5 Primary Sedimentation Tank ...................................................................................... 29

5.6 high rate trickling filter ............................................................................................... 30

5.7 Sludge digestion tank .................................................................................................. 32

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .................................................................................. 33

REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................ 34

III
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: minimum wastewater quality limit .............................................................................. 20
Table 2: details of receiving chamber for wastewater treatment plant ...................................... 24
Table 3: Details of coarse screen for primary wastewater treatment plant ............................... 25
Table 4: Detail of grit chamber for primary wastewater treatment plant .................................. 26
Table 5: Detail of skimming tank of primary wastewater treatment plant ................................ 28
Table 6: Detail of primary sediment tank for primary wastewater treatment plant .................. 29

I
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: Design dimension of receiving chamber .................................................................... 25
Figure 2: Design of coarse screen ............................................................................................. 26
Figure 3: Design of grit chamber ............................................................................................... 27
Figure 4: Design of skimming chamber .................................................................................... 29
Figure 5: design of primary sedimentation tank ........................................................................ 30
Figure 6: Design of trickling filter ............................................................................................. 31
Figure 7: Design of sludge digestion tank ................................................................................. 32

II
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we wish to express our gratitude to the almighty God for giving us the strength to
perform our responsibility during our project work.

Furthermore, we would like to acknowledge and express our gratitude to our department water
supply and environmental engineering faculty, and also we would like to extend our special
thanks for our teacher mr kenenisa Alemu for giving us advice about wastewater engineering
course.

Finally, we would like to thank our group members for their endless love and to work
together.

III
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

Abstract:
Wastewater treatment is a process, which is being done on the wastewater to change its quality
for drinking or other suitable purposes. Wastewater treatment takes place in wastewater
treatment plants, which should be designed under different circumstances. The criteria are
being considered in this design for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Haramaya institute
of technology Moreover, the characteristics of physical, chemical and biological waste water
also are described. Based on the population of haramaya institute of technology, the project is
undertaken to design a wastewater treatment plant. The receiving chamber, coarse screen, girt
chamber, skimming tank, primary sedimentation tank, high rate trickling filter, secondary
sedimentation tank, sludge digestion tank and sludge drying beds have been designed,and then
the values for volume of the tanks, hydraulic retention time, return sludge flow rate, sludge
production and oxygen requirement have been calculated

IV
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background

Wastewater treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household
sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological
processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce
a treated effluent and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the
environment. This material is often inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic and
inorganic compounds. The process of wastewater treatment implies the collecting of
wastewaters from occupied areas and conveying them to some point of disposal. The liquid
wastes will require treatment before they are discharged into the water body or otherwise
disposed of without endangering the public health or causing offensive conditions. Sewerage is
the art of collecting, treating and finally disposing of the wastewater. Wastewater is liquid,
consists of any one or a mixture of liquid waste origins from urinals, latrines, bathrooms,
kitchens of a dwelling, commercial building or institutional buildings. Storm wastewater is a
liquid flowing in sewer during or following a period of rainfall and resulting there from.
Generally, a wastewater treatment plant consists of physical treatment, Biological treatment and
chemical treatment sections. There are different kinds of pollutants and wastes in the wastewater
such as, nutrients, inorganic salts, pathogens, coarse solids etc. which are very dangerous for
ecology and human. In order to remove these pollutants different processes have been exposed.
There are specific processes and unit operations in wastewater treatment which are chemical,
physical or biological. All these processes should be considered before designing a proper
wastewater treatment plant which depends on the characteristics of wastewater. In this text a
wastewater treatment plant will be designed related to the characteristics of the wastewater.

1.2 Scope of the Project

Scope of the project makes the detailed design on wastewater treatment plant with a capacity of
864m3/d. Wastewater treatment facilities which includes Inlet receiving chamber, coarse screen,

1
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

grit chamber with aeration , skimming tank, Primary sedimentation tank, High rate trickling
filter, secondary sedimentation tank ,sludge digestion tank and sludge drying bed will be
designed in this project.

1.3 Description of the problem

The wastewater released from haramaya institute of technology has no separate wastewater
treatment plant. For the wastewater released from this area there is no adequate waste water
treatment plant, as the whole of haramaya university , there is only one waste stabilization ponds
which are ponds designed and built for wastewater treatment to reduce the organic content and
remove phathogens from wastewater . The existing pond is unable to meet the given
requirement. Therefore, the wastewater released from haramaya institute of technology requires
the design of wastewater treatment plant starting from primary treatment to tertiary treatment
without making bypass of each sequences of waste water treatment units.

1.4 The aim needed to accomplish the problem

The aim of our project is to verify the treatment process design of Haramaya institute of
technology wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), taking into account some characteristics that
occur in the campus. Designing a WWTP depends on the characteristics of the wastewater so
the designing process should be analysed carefully because even a small mistake can be fatal.
Design wastewater treatment plant can reduce the amount of waste that is usually released into
the environment. By doing so, the reduction in the health risks associated with environment
pollution thus improving environment’s health. Wastewater treatment is essential to remove the
suspended solids before the effluent is discharged back to the environment. Design WWTP is
utilised to purify contaminated substances such as solid, liquid and semi-solids. The article has
the potential impact in wider level in which designing a WWTP with immunizing the mistakes
in the results.

2
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

2 SOME APPROACH RESEARCH REVIEW

2.1 History of wastewater treatment

The sanitation facilities, toilets, and the treatment solutions help to treat the highly toxic
substances present in wastewater. It further prevents it from reaching precious water resources
consumed by humans as well as other living beings. However, the wastewater treatment process
used today evolved over many thousand years.

There was a time in human history where everything along with waste was treated holistically.
It was part of the process or mechanism intimately interconnected by nature. As the years went
by, humans populated the earth, production and commercial process took shape, and dealing
with a huge amount of waste became important. A sanitation facility was first discovered in
Babylon around 4000 B.C. Clay pipes, cesspit and use of water became prevalent during this
period.

Moving further, around 3000 B.C in the city of Mohenjo-Daro, first buildings with toilets were
found. The water utilized for washing and bathing was directed through canals and connected
to a sewage system. This sewage wastewater was collected and disposed of into the Indus River.
Although, systematic disposal of wastewater into rivers was not seen yet. Then came a leap in
the development of sewage systems in the Roman Empire. It is observed that hygiene became
prominent and much focus was given on this aspect. Cloaca Maxima in Rome is one of the
earliest sewage systems that was made to collect the wastewater. Also, during this period, all
households were mandatory to connect to the sewage system as per the decree. The canal has a
breadth of 3.2 m and height up to 4.2 m. Water supply and water discharge became fundamental
to various cities during this era. Yet, the need for treatment or disinfection solutions remained
absent.

In the medieval period, people completely disowned the advances made during the Roman era
and this created a lot of trouble for the countries in Europe. The sanitation became a headache

3
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

and poor facilities and disposal process threatened public health. Ultimately, it led to epidemics
like cholera and breeding ground for rats, which killed 25% population of Europe. By the 19th
century, the industrial revolution led to the extensive use of chemicals for various processes.
The amount of water used in the process was enormous and many regarded it as a tragedy for
the environment as never before was water used so extensively in earth’s history. The
wastewater from production plants was contaminating drinking water wells due to poor
infrastructure and causing diseases.

With advances in microbiology and invention of the microscope by Antonio van Leeuwenhoek,
many doctors like John Snow, Robert Koch, and Louis Pasture figured out that the harmful
bacteria in the wastewater were causing the deadly disease of cholera and other illness.

The authorities mainly in the United Kingdom and the USA began to understand the need for
wastewater treatment and removing unwanted pollutants is necessary before releasing it into the
environment. Thus, various studies were undertaken, and methods developed to treat
wastewater. More laws that are stringent were passed for better waste disposal practices.

4
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

3 METHODS AND MATERIAL NEEDED

In the methodology part, for treatment processes, it consists of preliminary treatment units. Pre-
treatment are designed for removing large suspended solids or minimizing their size by
fragmentation these solid materials may be of wood, doth, paper, plastic….etc. For removing of
heavy inorganic solids such as sand and gravel as well, as metal and glass. These materials are
called Grit (sand and any coarse material). Finally, it is designed to remove excess amounts of
grease or oils. The pre-treatment consists of screens, grit chamber and skimming tank. The
general purpose of screens is to remove large objects such as rags, paper, plastics, metals, and
the like. These units are used to store and remove large solid materials, hair, fibres, cloth, paper
and coarse materials and prevent their entry with sewage to the subsequent treatment stages
where they are placed at the beginning of the treatment plants at the entrance of the pumping
station to protect the mechanical installations. Usually fine screens are preceded be a
preliminary screening for the purpose of protection. Screens may also be classified into coarse,
medium and fine screens. For the grit chamber, it is necessary to remove the grits and other
materials that are heavier than organic matter, in order to protect moving mechanical equipment
and pumps from unnecessary wear and abrasion. There are different types of grit chambers,
rectangular horizontal flow type, detritus tanks and aerated grit chamber. Due to the additional
retention time, aeration and mixing is required in grit chamber to prevent the raw wastewater
from becoming septic and to maintain solids in suspension. After that, biological Treatment
(secondary treatment) is needed. Biological waste treatment involves bringing the active
microbial growth in contact with wastewater so that they can consume the impurities as food. A
great variety of micro- organisms come in to play that include bacteria, protozoa, rotifers, fungi,
algae and so forth. These organisms in the presence of oxygen convert the biodegradable
organics into carbon dioxide, water, more cell material, and other inert products. Two types of
growth can achieve biological treatment process: suspended growth biological treatment and
attached growth biological treatment.

In the methodology section, following steps are involved in the design of wastewater treatment
in Haramaya institute of technology as they are considered in the following steps. Firstly, the

5
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

assessment of water quality is needed. It is important to select of treatment process, so selection

is needed. Design of Some of water quality parameters are investigated too.

4 DESIGN OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR

HIT
The treatment of wastewater consists of many complex functions. The degree of treatment
depends upon the characteristics of the raw inlet wastewater as well as the required effluent
characteristics. Treatment processes are often classified as:

1. Preliminary treatment
2. Primary treatment
3. Secondary treatment
4. Tertiary treatment.

4.1 Design considerations

Following points are considered during the design of wastewater treatment unit:

 The design period should be taken between 25 to 30 years.

 Instead of providing one big unit for each treatment more than two numbers small units
should provide, which will provide in operation as well as no stoppage during
maintenance and repair of the plant.
 Overflow weirs and the bypasses should be provided to cut the particular operation if
desired.
 Self-cleaning velocity should develop at every place and stage.
 The design of the treatment units should be economical; easy in maintenance should
offer flexibility in operation.

4.2 Estimation of wastewater volume

Depending on the population of Haramaya institute of technology students, staffs, police and
care givers we have assumed the total number of population as 3000 people and the per capita
6
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

water demand as 120 l/c/d. So the present total water demand for Haramaya institute of
technology is calculated by multiplying the present population of the campus with its per capita
water demand which is 360000l/c/d or 360m^3/day. The design period is about 25 to 30 years,
so we have to multiply by some factor. We assume Total quantity of water supply in Haramaya
institute of technology after 30 year is 3 times the present water supply.

𝑄𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 3 ∗ 360𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦=1080𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦

As we know, the wastewater is about 80 to 90% of the total supply of water.

Let we take 80% of total supply = 0.8*1080m3 /day

𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 864𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑄𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 0.01𝑚3 /𝑠

4.3 Preliminary Treatment

Preliminary treatment consists solely in separating the floating materials like tree branches,
papers, pieces of rags, wood etc. and heavy settable inorganic solids. It helps in removal of oils
and greases and reduces the BOD by 15% to 30%.

The processes under this are:

A. Screening – to remove floating papers, rags, clothes.

B. Grit chamber – to remove grit and sand.
C. Skimming tank – to remove oils and greases.

4.3.1 Design of Receiving Chamber

Receiving chamber is the structure to receive the raw sewage collected through Under Ground
Sewage System. It is a rectangular shape tank constructed at the entrance of the sewage
treatment plant. The main sewer pipe is directly connected with this tank.

Design flow = 0.01m3 /sec

Volume of receiving chamber (V) V = flow x detention time
7
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

Assume the dentation time = 60sec

V = 0.01m3 /sec*60sec
=0.6m3
Area of receiving chamber (A)
Assume depth d=1.0m
A= 0.6m2
Let L=2*B, so A = 0.6m2 =2B*B
B =0.55 m take B=0.6m where L = 2*B =2*0.55=1.1m take L=1
4.3.2 Design of Coarse Screen

Assume the velocity at average flow is not allowed to exceed 0.8 m/s since (v= 0.8 to 1m/s)

𝑄𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 0.01m3 /sec

QPEAK = 2*0.01m3 /sec =0.02m3 /sec

Area =0.02/0.8 =0.025m2

Using rectangular steel bars in the screen, having 1cm width and placed at 4cm clear spacing

The gross area of the screen required:

= 0.025*5/4=0.03125m2 take =0.03125𝑚2

Assuming that the screen bars are placed at 50° to the horizontal, the gross area of the screen
needed

=0.03125m2 /sin (50) =0.0407m2 take 0.041m2

Velocity above the screen=0.8*4/5=0.64m/sec
Head loss

HL = 0.0729(𝑉 2 − 𝑣 2 ) Head loss through the screen HL = 0.0729(0.82 − 0.642 ) = 0.0168m

When the screen openings get half clogged then the velocity through the screen
V = allowed velocity x 2 = 0.8m/sec * 2

8
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

= 1.6m/sec

HL = 0.0729(1.62 –0.642 ) =0.1567=0.15m

4.3.3 Design of Grit Chamber with aeration

Grit removal basins are the sedimentation basins placed in front of the fine screen to remove
the inorganic particles having specific gravity of 2.65 such as sand, gravel, grit, eggshells and
other non-putrescible materials that may clog channels or damage pumps due to abrasion and to
prevent their accumulation in sludge digesters. The grit chamber is designed to scour the lighter
organic particles while the heavier grit particles remain settled. Here the horizontal flow type
grit chamber is designed to give a horizontal straight-line flow velocity, which is kept constant
over varying discharge.

𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 =2*𝑄𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 =2*0.01m3 /sec =0.02 m3 /sec

Assume detention time = 60sec

Grit chamber volume = flow rate* detention time =0.02m3 /sec * 60sec = 1.2m3

In order to drain the channel periodically for routine cleaning and maintenance two chambers
are used. But in this case, the volume of sewage is not a lot so we use one chamber is used

Therefor volume of one chamber = 1.2m3

Assume velocity v=0.25m/sec

Area = (0.02m3 /sec)/0.25m/sec = 0.08𝑚2

Assume depth of grit chamber d = 1m

Width (B) = 0.08m2 /1m =0.08m

Length (L) = dentation time * velocity = 60sec * 0.25m/sec = 15m

Settling velocity = depth/detention time= 0.01667m/sec

The overall depth of the tank = 1+0.3+0.5 =1.8m

9
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

Where 0.3 is free, bored and 0.5 is for sludge deposit

4.3.4 Design of Skimming Tank

Skimming tanks are the tanks removing oils and grease from the sewage constructed before the
sedimentation tanks. Municipal raw sewage contains oils, fats, waxes, soaps, fatty acids etc. The
greasy and oily matter may form unsightly and odorous scum on the surface of settling tanks or
may interfere with the activated sludge process. In skimming tank air is blown along with
chlorine gas by air diffuser placed at the bottom of the tank. The rising air tends to coagulate
and solidify the grease and cause it to rise to the top of the tank whereas chlorine destroys the
protective colloidal effect of protein, which holds the grease in emulsified form. The greasy
materials are collected from the top of the tank and the collected are skimmed of by specially
designed mechanical equipment’s.

A =q/𝑉𝑟
Where, q = peak flow of sewage in m3/day
𝑉𝑟 = minimum rising velocity of greasy material to be removed in m/min
𝑉𝑟 = 0.25m/minute in most cases
𝑉𝑟 =0.0042m/sec
A = 0.02/0.0042 =4.762m2
By using width to length 1:1.5
A=B*L where L=1.5*B

A=1.5𝐵 2 =4.762m2, B=√3.175

So B=1.78m and L = 1.5*1.78m=2.67m

Assume depth for skimming tank equal to depth of grit chamber Therefor d = 1.8m

4.4 Primary Treatment

Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended organic solids. It is usually

accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins. The liquid effluent from the primary treatment

10
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

often contains a large amount of suspended organic material and has a high BOD (about 60%
of original).

4.4.1 Design of Primary Sedimentation Tank

Primary sedimentation tank is the settling tank constructed next to skimming tank to remove the
organic solids which are too heavy to be removed i.e. the particles having lesser size of 0.2 mm
and specific gravity of 2.65. The designed tank is rectangular type. Generally carbon steel is
used for fabrication with epoxy lining on the inside and epoxy coating on the outside. Built on
the concept of inclined plate clarification was used which clarifiers use gravity in conjunction
with the projected settling area, so as to effect a fairly high percentage of removal of suspended
solids as 60 to 65% of the suspended solids and 30 to 35% of the BOD from the waste water.
Max. Discharge (Q) of sewage was estimated considering the present water supply of the
university including the prediction of future population

𝑄𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 864m3 /day

=0.01𝑚3 /sec

Normal values of overflow rates range between: 40,000 and 50,000liters/m2/day

For plain primary sedimentation tanks assume 44000L/𝑚2 /𝑑𝑎𝑦

Take Vs = 44,000L/m2 /day = 44m/day=0.00051m/sec
A = Q/Vs =864/44=19.64m2
By using width to length ratio 1:1.15

A = B*L = 1.15𝐵 2= 19.64m2

B =√17.1

Therefore B=4.133m; take B =4.5m

L=1.15*B =1.15*4.5m= 5.175m; take L = 5.2m

Assume depth d=2m

Volume=B*L*D=4.5*5.2*2=46.8m³

11
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

Detention time = V/Q= (4.5*2*5.2)𝑚3 /0.01𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 4680sec or 1.3hour>1hour ok it is safe

4.5 Secondary treatment

Here the effluent from primary treatment is treated through biological decomposition of organic
matter carried out either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

Aerobic Biological Units

I. Filters (intermittent sand filters, trickling filters)

II. Activated Sludge Plant (feed of active sludge, secondary settling tank and aeration tank)
III. Oxidation ponds and Aerated lagoons.

Anaerobic Biological Units

i) Anaerobic lagoons
ii) Septic tanks
iii) Imhoff tanks.

The effluent from the secondary treatment contains a little BOD (5% to 10% of original) and
may contain several milligrams per litter of DO.

4.5.1 Design of High Rate Trickling Filter

The improved form of conventional filters known as high rate trickling filters are now almost
universally adopted for treatment to wastewater. These filters consist of tanks of coarser filtering
media, over which the wastewater is allowed to sprinkle or trickle down, by means of spray
nozzles or rotary distributors. The percolating wastewater is collected at the bottom of the tank
through a well-designed under – drainage system. Trickling filter tanks are generally constructed
above the ground. They may either be rectangular or more generally circular. The circular filter
tanks are provided with rotary distributors having a number of distributing arms (generally, four
arms are used). The rate of revolutions varies from 2 RPM for small distributors to less than ½
RPM for large distributors. The distributing arms should remain about 15 to 20 cm above the
top surface of the filtering media in the tank. Data regarding the discharge of sewage passing

12
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

through the filter was used for the design of high rate trickling filters with the assumption that
the BOD concentration in raw wastewater we take from text book 200 mg/L.

Total BOD present in waste water to be treated per day = 𝑄𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 *BOD concentration

=864𝑚3 /day * 200mg/L

=172.8kg/day

Assuming the value of organic loading is 1600kg/ha-m/day [i.e. between 900 to 2200kg/ha-
m/day]

The volume of filtering-media required

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑂𝐷5 172.8𝑘𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦

V = 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1600𝑘𝑔 = 1080m3
/𝑑𝑎𝑦
ℎ𝑎𝑐

Assuming the effective depth of filter as 2m,

The surface area of the filter required

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 1080𝑚3

A=𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 540𝑚2
2

Using a circular trickling filter of diameter 40m

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 540𝑚2

The number of units required =𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 𝜋 = 0.43 ≈ 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
∗402
4

Check for Hydraulic loading

The surface area of the filter bed required can also be worked out by assuming the value of
hydraulic loading, say as, 30 million litres per hectare per day (between 22 to 44ML/ha/day)

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 864000𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦

Surface area required = = 30000000𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦 ∗ 10000 = 288𝑚2
ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Since the surface area, we have chosen 540𝑚2 , which is greater than 288𝑚2 its safe

13
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

4.5.1.1 Design of Rotary Distribution

The rotary distributer of tickling filter was designed by the assumption of the velocity at central
column of the distributor is within 2 m/s

Assume Peak flow as 2 times the average flow = 2*864 𝑚3 /day =1728𝑚3 /day

Flow through one unit at peak flow=1728 m3 /day

=0.02𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

Assuming that the velocity at peak flow is 2m/sec through the central column of the distributor,

0.02 1
The diameter of the central column = √ ∗ 𝜋 = 0.113𝑚 take 0.2m
2
4

Provide a central column of 0.2m in diameter, but check the velocity through the column at
average flow, as it should not be less than 1m/sec.

Check for velocity at average flow Discharge through unit at average flow = 864m3 /day

=0.01𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.01
Velocity at average flow =𝜋 = 0.353𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 <1m/sec
∗0.192
4

Since the velocity at average flow becomes less than the minimum permissible of 1m/sec, we
shall to reduce the diameter.

0.01
Velocity at average flow =𝜋 =1.05m/sec > 1m/sec it’s permissible
∗0.112
4

0.01𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝜋 = 1.05𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
∗ 0.112
4

4.5.1.2 Design of Arms

In design of spray type, rotary reaction distributor n four arms were considered.

Then, the discharge per arm =0.01m3 /day/4 =0.0025m3 /sec

Diameter of filter used = 40m (previously assumed)

14
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 40
Arm length = -1 = 2 − 1 = 19m take 11m, since it is not permissible for veiocity
2

at average flow.

We can use each arm of 11m length with its size reducing from near the central column towards
the end. Let say the first two sections each of 4m length and the third section 3m can be used.

Let A1, A2 and A3, be the circular filter areas covered by each length of arm, starting from the
central column. Allowing for 0.25m diameter in centre to be used for central column, etc., these
areas would be:

A1 = π (𝑟22 _ 𝑟12 ) = π (4.152 - 0.152 ) =54.0354m2

A2 = π (𝑟32 _𝑟22 ) = π (8.152 - 4.152 ) = 154.57m2

A3 = π (𝑟42 _𝑟32 ) = π (11.52 - 8.152 ) =182 m2

Total area of filter (At) =π (𝑟42 _𝑟12 ) = π (11.52 -0.152 ) = 390.5m

Proportionate areas served by each section of arm (numbered from the centre towards the end)
are worked out as:

𝐴 54.0354
1𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴1 = =13.84%
390.5

𝐴2 154.57
2𝑛𝑑 = = 390.5 =39.56%
𝐴

𝐴 182
3𝑟𝑑 = 𝐴3 =390.5 =46.60%

Full discharge through an arm, i.e. 864 m3 /day=0.01m3 /sec, will flow through the first section,
and this will go on reducing through the second sections.

Design of first section Discharge

15
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

𝑄𝑎𝑟𝑚1 = 0.01𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

And assuming the velocity the arm as 1.2m/sec

0.01
𝐴𝑎𝑟𝑚1 = = 0.00833𝑚2
1.2

0.00833
𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑚1 = √ 𝜋 =0.103m=103mm
4

Design of second section

𝑄𝑎𝑟𝑚2 = (100 − 13.84) ∗ 0.01 = 0.8616m3 /sec

0.8616
𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑚2 = √ 𝜋 = 1.0474𝑚 = 1047.4𝑚𝑚
4

Design of third section

𝑄𝑎𝑟𝑚3 = (100-13.84-39.56)*0.01 =0.466m3 /sec

0.466
𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑚3 = √ 𝜋 =0.770m=770mm
4

Each arm length can thus be made of three sections, i.e. first 4m from centre to be 103mm
diameter, second 4m of 1047.4mm diameter and the third is 3m of 770mm diameter.

4.5.1.3 Design of Orifices

Assuming that 10mm diameter orifices are provided with coefficient of discharge (Cd) being
0.65, The discharge through each orifice with an assumed water head, causing flow, as 1.0m,

Discharge through orifice = Cd*A*√2𝑔ℎ =0.65*π/4(0.012 ) *√2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1 = 2.2613 * 10-4

m3 /sec

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑚

Total number of orifices through each arm = =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒
0.01
=44.22 take 45 number of orifice Hence, use a total of 45 orifices in the arm; the
0.00022613

number of orifices in each section of the arm is given as:

16
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

13.84
Number of orifices through the first section = 100 ∗ 45 =6.2 take 6

39.56
Number of orifices through the second section = 100 ∗ 45 = 17.802 take 18

46.60
Number of orifices through the third section = *45 = 20.97 take 21
100

Spacing of orifices can be

In the first section, 6 number in 4m length and centre to centre spacing =4/ 6= 0.67m c/c

In the second section, 18 number in 4m length and centre to centre spacing =4/18 = 0.222m
c/c

In the third section, 21 number in 3m length and centre to centre spacing =3/21 = 0.143m c/c

Design of Under-drainage System

Total discharge through filter at peak flow =0.02𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

Let us design the under-drainage system with a central rectangular channel, fed by radial
laterals discharging into the channel.

The under-drain block lengths, containing semi elliptical openings, can be used as laterals. The
size and slope of the rectangular effluent channel should be such as to allow, say a velocity of
1m/sec through it (min. V = 0.9m/sec).

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 0.02
Area of the channel = = =0.02m/sec
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 1

Using 0.225m width

0.02
Its depth = 0.225=0.089m

The slope of the bed of this channel S is given by:

1 2⁄
Q =𝑛 *A*𝑅 3 *𝑆 0.5

17
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

Where, n = Manning's Coefficient = 0.011 (assumed)

A = 0.225*0.089 =0.02𝑚2

𝐴 0.02
R= 𝑃 = 0.225+0.089+0.089 =0.05m

0.02 = (1/0.011)*0.02*0.052⁄3 * 𝑆 0.5

𝑠 0.5 = 0.081

S = 0.00656m/m

Hence, use a central effluent channel, 0.225m in width and 0.089m in depth below the bottom
level of laterals. The channel may be laid at a slope of 1 in 153. The under-drain block lengths
can be placed in rows, discharging into the effluent channel. The radial under-drains may be
laid at a slope of 1 in 90. Let us use 10cm diameters, semi-circular under-drain blocks. These
laterals should be designed to run approximately half-full, so as to ensure proper ventilation. Let
us assume that laterals run at a depth of 0.3D, where D is the diameter of circle of which the
lateral section is a semicircle. Then

q= 0.196*Q

a=0.252A

1
Q =𝑛 *A*𝑅 2⁄3 *𝑠 0.5

Therefore, Q through a circular sewer of D = 0.1m is given by:

𝜋∗0.12 1
Q = (1/0.011)* *0.052⁄3 *(90)0.5
4

Q =0.0010

q = 0.196*Q = 0.196*0.0010=0.000200𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

Discharge through the filter =0.02 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

Discharge through each lateral = 0.0002𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

18
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

0.02
Number of laterals required = 0.0002 =100

So, use 100 laterals in all laid radially in the circular filter tank of 40m in diameter.

Velocity through the lateral at peak flow

a = 0.252A = 0.252*0.02=0.0504m2

𝑞 0.0002
V = 𝑎 =0.0504=0.004m/sec

Hence, use 100 semi-circular radial laterals, of 10 cm diameter each discharging into the
effluent channel (at a slope of 1 in 90).

4.5.2 Design of secondary sedimentation tank (humus tanks)

4.5.2.1 Design of Conical Humus Tank

Assuming the detention period as 2 hours, the capacity of the tank required

𝑄𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 0.01m3 /sec

Volume of the tank = Q* detention period = 0.01 m3 /sec *2*60*60sec =72m3

The depth of Humus tank is about 7.5 to 9

Let assume depth = 8.5m

72
Area = 8.5 =8.47m2

4.6 Tertiary Treatment

The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment stage to raise the effluent quality
before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc.). More than
one tertiary treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it
is always the final process. It is also known as "effluent polishing".

Specific Limits Effluents discharged to receiving water bodies should achieved the following
minimum wastewater quality limits:
19
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

Table 1: minimum wastewater quality limit

Parameter Raw waste Effluent

water (expected)
PH 6.4 5.5-9
BOD 200mg/L ≤20mg/L
COD 600mg/L ≤250mg/L
OIL & GAS 50mg/L ≤5mg/L
Total suspended 450mg/L ≤30mg/L
solid
Nitrogen 61mg/L ≤5mg/L
Ammonia nitrogen 50mg/L ≤50mg/L
Total phosphorus 5mg/L ≤5mg/L
Total coil form 100000MPN/ml

4.6.1 Design of Sludge Digestion Tank or Digesters

Sludge withdrawn from the sedimentation basins contains a lot of putrescible organic matter,
and if disposed of without any treatment, the organic matter may decompose, producing foul
gases and many nuisance, pollution, and health hazards. In order to avoid such pollutions, the
sludge is, first of all, stabilized by decomposing the organic matter under controlled anaerobic
conditions, and then disposed of suitably after drying on drying beds, etc. The process of
stabilization is called the sludge digestion; and the tank where the process is carried out is' called
the sludge digestion tank.

A sedimentation tank is treating 0.864 million litters of wastewater per day containing 100mg/l
of suspended solids. However, Since Sedimentation tanks the tank removes 60 to 65% of total
suspended solids take 60%.

Since suspended solids amount to 100mg/l,

20
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

The weight of suspended solids present in waste water = (100mg/l)*(0.864 million l/day)
=86.4kg/day

Since 60% of solids are removed in sedimentation tank,

The wt. of solids removed in sedimentation tank = 0.6*86.4kg/day =51.84kg/day

Since we use BOD5= 200mg/l in trickling filter plant and 70% removed

Balance BOD5 applied to filters = 0.7*200mg/l =140mg/l

Solids production in filters = 0.5*Balance BOD5 applied to filters = 0.5*140mg/l = 70mg/l

The wt. of solids removed in trickling filter plant = (70mg/l)*(0.864 million l/day) =
60.48kg/day

Total solids produced daily in treating of 0.864 million litre of waste water

= 51.84kg/day +60.48kg/day = 112.32kg/day

When moisture content of sludge is 95%, then 5kg of solids (dry sludge) will make 100kg of
wet sludge

Therefore, 112.32 kg of solids (dry sludge) will make

= (100/5) * (112.32kg) = 2246.4kg

Hence, wet sludge or sludge produced per day = 2246.4kg = 2.2464tonnes

Assuming the sp. gravity of wet sludge (sludge) as 1.02, i.e. Density =1020kg/𝑚3

Vol. of wet sludge produced per day (V1)

2246.4
V1 = =2.20m3
1020

Vol. of sludge (when its moisture content is 85%)

V2 = (1/3)* V1 = 1/3*(2.20) = 0.734m3 /day

21
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

Assuming the digestion period as 30 days, we have the capacity of the required digestion tank,

V = (V1 -𝑣2 )*t

V = (2.20 – 0.734)*30 = 1.466m3

Providing 6.0 m depth of the cylindrical digestion tank,

We have Cross-sectional area of the tank

1.466
A= =0.244m2
6

Diameter of tank D = √4 ∗ Ä/𝜋 =√4 ∗ 0.244/𝜋=0.56m

Hence, provide a cylindrical sludge digestion tank 6m deep and 0.56m diameter, with an
additional hopper bottom of 1:1 slope for collection of digested sludge.

4.6.2 Design of Sludge Drying Beds

Drying of the digested sludge on open beds of land is sludge drying and such open beds of land
are known as sludge drying beds. The digested sludge from digestion tank contains a lot of
water. Therefore, it is necessary to dry up or dewater the digested sludge before it disposed of
dumping. The wastewater sludge is brought and spread over the top of drying beds to a depth of
20 to 30 cm, through distribution troughs. A portion of the moisture drains through the bed while
most of it gets evaporated to the atmosphere. In hot town, it takes 6 to 12 days to dry. After the
period, the sludge cakes are removed with spades and they are used as manure as it contains 2
to 3% of NPK. Sludge drying beds are open beds of land 45 to 60 cm deep, 30 to 45 cm thick
graded layers of gravel or crushed stone varying in size from 15cm at bottom and 1.25 cm at
top. Open jointed under drain pipes of 15 cm diameter are laid below the gravel layers. Concrete
walls portion large beds, and a pipe header from the digesters with gated openings allows
application of sludge independently to each cell. Seepage collected in the underdrains is returned
to the plant wet well for treatment with the raw wastewater.

22
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

Let the sludge be spread in 22.5cm thick layer (i.e.betwen20 to 30 cm thick layer) on under-
drained sand beds, then

864𝑀3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
Area of the bed required = =3840𝑚2 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
0.225𝑚

Take 2 weeks as average drying time, there is 52 weeks are there in year

52
= 2 =26 times in years

Area of the bed required per year

3840∗365
= =53907.7𝑚2
26

Making 100% allowance for space for storage, repairs and resting of beds, we have

Total area of bed required

=2*53907.7=107814.2𝑚2 =10.78142hectares

Now using 15*30m sized beds, we have the number of beds required

107814.2
= =240 beds
15∗30

With the size as

107814.2
Area = = 449.226𝑚2
240

Using 15m width, length=449.226/15=30m

23
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

5 RESULT AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter deals with the various results on design of primary sewage treatment plant for
Haramaya institute of technology. The detail descriptions of the results are given as under.

5.1 Receiving Chamber

For the design of receiving chamber of the primary sewage treatment plant the influent volume
has been estimated as 0.01m3 /sec with an assumed detention period of 60 sec and 1m depth
.The planned cross-section of the designed chamber is given in fig. The detention period for
receiving chamber was calculated 60 seconds. The volume of sewage water required at receiving
chamber was estimated 0.6m³. The ratio of depth and width is taken as 2:1. The design
dimensions of receiving chamber to carry the required volume was calculated width of the
chamber is 0.55m, length of the chamber 1.5m and the depth was 1m with total cross-section
area of 0.6m2 . A free board of 0.3 m was provided for the safety purpose to avoid the overflow

Table 2: details of receiving chamber for wastewater treatment plant

No Design parameters Value

1 Detention time 60sec
2 Required volume of receiving chamber 0.6𝑚3
3 Surface area of receiving chamber 0.6𝑚2
4 Depth of receiving chamber 1m
5 Length of receiving chamber 1.5m
6 Width of receiving chamber 0.55m
7 Average flow in receiving chamber 0.01𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

24
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

CROSS-SECTION

Figure 1: Design dimension of receiving chamber

5.2 Coarse Screen

Table 3: Details of coarse screen for primary wastewater treatment plant

No Design parameters value

1 Peak flow in receving chamber 0.02m3/sec
2 Velocity through the screen 0.8m/sec
3 Screen bars angle 50°
4 The gross area of the screen 0.03125m2
5 Head loss through the screen 0.0168m
6 Head loss when screen openings 0.15m
get half clogged
7 Steel bars width 1cm
8 Steel bars clear spacing 4cm

25
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

CROSS-SECTION

Figure 2: Design of coarse screen

5.3 Grit Chamber

Table 4: Detail of grit chamber for primary wastewater treatment plant

No Design parameters Value

1 Average flow in receiving 0.02m3/sec
chamber
2 Detention time 60sec
3 Aerated volume of grit chamber 1.2m3
4 Surface area of the grit chamber 0.08m2
5 Depth of the grit chamber 1m
6 The over all depth of tank 1.95m
7 Length of grit chamber 15m
8 Width of grit chamber 0.08m

26
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

CROSS-SECTION

Figure 3: Design of grit chamber

27
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

5.4 Skimming Tank

Table 5: Detail of skimming tank of primary wastewater treatment plant

No Design parameters Value

1 Average flow in receiving chamber 0.02m³/sec

2 Surface area of skimming tank 4.762m²

3 Depth of skimming tank 1.8m

4 Length of skimming tank 2.67m

5 Width of skimming tank 1.78m

28
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

CROSS-SECTION

Figure 4: Design of skimming chamber

5.5 Primary Sedimentation Tank

Table 6: Detail of primary sediment tank for primary wastewater treatment plant

No Design parameters Value

1 Average flow of waste water 0.01m³/sec
2 Detention time 1.3hr
3 Volume 46.8m³
4 Surface area of tank 19.64m²
5 Depth of primary sedimentation tank 2m
6 Width of primary sadimentation tank 4.5m
7 Length of primary sedimentation tank 5.2m

29
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

CROSS-SECTION

Figure 5: design of primary sedimentation tank

5.6 high rate trickling filter

30
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

CROSS-SECTION

Figure 6: Design of trickling filter

31
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

5.7 Sludge digestion tank

CROSS-SECTION

Figure 7: Design of sludge digestion tank

32
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

In the present study a scheme for the waste water treatment and management of waste water

generated in haramaya institute of technology(HIT) area has been developed. The total waste
water generated in one day is 864𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦.The treated water will be supplied for irrigating the
crops on Research Farm

and the remaining sludge after treatment will be used as manure on Farm. The use of

treated water will reduce the ground water use and additionally the treated sludge will

be very useful for increasing the fertility of soil.

33
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023
Design of wastewater treatment plant for HIT waste water management

REFERENCE
1. Azad, A.S. (1995) . “ Design of primary sewage treatment plant”. Madras

Agricultural 4 Journal 1994, 81:5, pp 272 – 273;

2. Besnarek, W. and Tkaczyk , P. (1999) folia – “Waste water treatment and

disposal” agricultural journal 2001, pp 50 – 72;

3. Bose, P. and Reckhow, D. A. (2007). Effect of Ozonation on Natural Matter

Removal by Alum Coagulation. Water Research, 41: 1516-1524.

4.Caroline Snyder (2005). "The Dirty Work of Promoting "Recycling" of America‟s

Sewage Sludge". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health

11: 415–427.

5. Garg, S.K. (2006 ) . Sewage disposal and air pollution engineering. TMH

publishing Ed by laxmi publication, PP 219 – 300;

6. Waste water Engineering, Treatment, disposal and reuse, Fourth edition, Metcalfe

and Eddy, McGraw- Hill.

7.Waste water enginering textbook or hand out

34
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASEE-2023