ELECTIVE COURSE S6b-S8b

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
FOR SENSORS

The instrumentation amplifier

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 Objectives
To know, understand, learn about :
➢ The rationale for differential voltage measurement.
➢ The definition and importance of common mode and CMMR.
➢ The error induced by common mode in a measurement system.
➢ The rationale for using an IA in a measurement system.

To know how to, be able to :

➢ Calculate parameters of the DA and IA made of opamps.
➢ Determine the IA parameters from specifications.

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 OUTLINE

1. Differential measurements

2. Common mode

3. Differential amplifier

4. Instrumentation amplifier

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 Plan

1. Differential measurementts

2. Common mode

3. Differential amplifier

4. Instrumentation amplifier

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 Why do we need
noise
to amplify?
sensor

To adapt the range of the signal to the range of the ADC

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 The ideal DA

i+
V+ +
DA Vs
i-
V- -

VS = Ad (V+ − V− )
i+ = i− = 0

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 Why DA?
+
A.D Channel Y
-
ID
R
VR=RID +
G channel X
-
VD ID

VD

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 Why DA?
capteur
ec
G VS = G.Ve
B (t )
eB = G ( ec + eM + eB )

eM

+
ec
A.D
VS = Ad .(V+ − V− )
B (t ) e -
B = Ad ( ec + eB + eM ) − ( eB + eM ) 
= Ad .ec
eM
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 ECG

𝑈𝑖𝑑 ∼ 10𝜇𝑉 𝑈𝑖𝑐 ∼ 1𝑚𝑉

ECG 𝐷𝐶 − 100𝐻𝑧 50𝐻𝑧 Mains

LP Filtering ???
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 Wheatstone bridge
-
DA Ad.U0
+

 R4
=
 L R + R Ub
U


1 4
  R3
U0 = U R −U L = 
 2
R + R
−
R
R4 
+ R
U b
4 
U = R3 U 3 1

 R R2 + R3 b

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 Wheatstone bridge
balanced
-
DA Ad.U0
+
=R
R3 R1 − R2 R4
U0 = Ub
( R2 + R3 )( R1 + R4 )
R1 − R4
? =R = Ub
2 ( R1 + R4 )

U 0  0  R4  R1

U 0  0  R4  R1

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 Wheatstone bridge
unbalanced
-
DA Ad.U0
+
 1
U =
 L 2 U b

U R = R + R U b  1 1 + R  U b
 2 R + R 2  2R 

R
U0 = Ub
4R
R L
=k
R L
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 Wheatstone bridge
benefits
-
DA Ad.U0
+

➢ Measured voltage is  zero → gain is optimally linear

➢ Self-compensation of thermal drift → Reduction of cross-sensitivity

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 Wheatstone bridge
other setups

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 OUTLINE

1.Differential measurement

2. Common mode

3.The differential amplifier

4. The instrumentation amplifier

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 The real differential amplifier

V+ +
DA Vs
V- -

V+ + V−
VS = Ad (V+ − V− ) + Amc
2
Diff gain CM gain

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 The real differential amplifier

+
V+=V-=Vmc
DA Vs

V+ + V−
VS = Amc = AmcVmc
2

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 The real differential amplifier
+Vd/2
V+
+
DA Vs
V-
Vmc -
-Vd/2
 V+ + V− V+ − V− Vd
V+ = 2 + 2 = Vmc + 2

V = V+ + V− − V+ − V− = V − Vd
 − 2 2
mc
2

VS = AdVd + AmcVmc
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 Error due to CM
Vmc
 rmc
V+ +ideal
Vd AD Vs
V- -
Common mode rejection ratio
CMRR
VS = AdVd + AmcVmc
Ad
 Amc   rmc =
= Ad  Vd + Vmc  Amc
 Ad   Ad 
 Vmc   rmc (dB) = 20 log  
= Ad  Vd +   Amc 
  rmc 

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 Consequence on accuracy
-
DA Vs
+

U b = 2V 1mV 1mV
R R
= 0, 2%  Vd = U 0  U b = 1mV
R 4R  Vmc 
Vmc  U b / 2 = 1V  VS = Ad  Vd + 
  rmc 
 rmc = 1000 (60 dB)
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 Source of CM
1. unbalanced input channels

V+
Vs
V-

VS = G+V+ − G−V−
G+ + G−
= Vd + ( G+ − G− ) Vmc
2
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= 0 ssi G+ = G− 21
 Source of CM
2. Opamp inputs

R1 = R2, M1 = M2 R1  R2, M1  M2
 offset & Amc = 0  offset & Amc  0
Vmc
 rmc rmc = 70-120 dB,  with frequency
V+ +
Vd Opamp Vs
ideal
V- -
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 OUTLINE

1.Differential measurements

2. Common mode

3. Differential amplifier

4.Instrumentation amplifier

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 Basic 1 opamp circuit

R2  R2  R4
U O1 = U O (U 2 = 0) = − U1 UO2 = U O (U1 = 0) = 1 +  U2
R1  R1  R3 + R4
 R  R4 R
U O = U O1 + U O 2 = 1 + 2  U 2 − 2 U1
 R1  R3 + R4 R1
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 Parameters Ad, Amc
 R2  R4 R
U O = 1 +  U 2 − 2 U1
 R1  R3 + R4 R1

Ud Ud
U1 = U c + , U2 = Uc −
2 2

R1 + R2  R4 R2  R1 R4 − R2 R3
UO =  +  d
U + Uc
2 R1  R3 + R4 R1 + R2  R1 ( R3 + R4 )

R1 + R2  R4 R2  R1 R4 − R2 R3
Ad =  +  Amc =
2 R1  R3 + R4 R1 + R2  R1 ( R3 + R4 )

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 Ideal differential amplifier
R1 R4 − R3 R2
Amc = =0
R1 ( R3 + R4 )
 R1 R4 = R3 R2

R1 = R3 et R2 = R4
R2
 Amc = 0 et Ad =
R1
 rmc → 

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 Resistor accuracy

R1' = R1 (1 +  R ) R2' = R2 (1 −  R )
R3' = R3 (1 −  R ) R4' = R4 (1 +  R )
 R1' R4'  R3' R2'  Amc  0

4 R R2 4 R Ad
Amc = =
R1 + R2 1 + Ad
Ad 1 + Ad
 rmc = =
Amc 4 R

Example : R = 0.1%, Ad = 100  rmc = 25.103 (88 dB)

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 Basic 1 opamp circuit
limitations

 Finite input resistance R1 and R3+R4 → influence of source output impedance

 Adjustment of Ad requires changing 2 resistors to maintain Amc=0

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 OUTLINE

1.Differential measurements

2. Common mode

3. The diffrential amplifier

4. The instrumentation amplifier

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 Basic 3 opamps circuit

preamp DA
with differential input & output

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 Parameter calculation

U=0

𝑅5
𝑈𝑂1 = 1 + 𝑈
𝑅6 𝑖1
for 𝑈𝑖2 = 0
𝑅7
𝑈𝑂2 = − 𝑈𝑖1
𝑅6
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 Parameter calculation

U=0

𝑅5
𝑈𝑂1 = − 𝑈𝑖2
𝑅6
for 𝑈𝑖1 = 0
𝑅7
𝑈𝑂2 = 1 + 𝑈𝑖2
𝑅6
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 Parameter calculation

  R5  R5
U =
 O1  1 +  i1
U − Ui2
  R6  R6

U = − R7 U + 1 + R7  U
 O2 i1   i2
 R6  R 6 
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 Parameter calculation

Vd2

 R + R7   R5 + R7  U O1 + U O 2
Vd 2 = U O1 − U O 2 = 1 + 5  i1  1 +
U − U i 2 Vmc 2 =
 R6   R6  2
 R + R7  U + U i 2  R7 R5 
= 1 + 5  (U i1 − U i 2 ) = i1 +  −  (U i1 − U i 2 )
 R6  2  R6 R6 
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 Calcul des paramètres

=
Vd2

 2R  U O1 + U O 2 U i1 + U i 2
Vd 2 = U O1 − U O 2 = 1 + 5  U d Vmc 2 = = = UC
 R6  2 2

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 Parameter calculation

=
Vd2
R2
Ad 2 = ,  rmc 2
=R1 R1

=R2

 A    2R  U   2R  A
U O = Ad 2Vd 2 + Amc 2Vmc 2 = Ad 2  Vd 2 + mc 2 U C  = Ad 2   1 + 5  U d + C  = Ad 2  1 + 5  U d + d 2 U C
 Ad 2   R6   rmc 2   R6   rmc 2
 R  R  R  A  R 
Ad = Ad 2 1 + 2 5  = 2 1 + 2 5  Amc = d 2  rmc = 1 + 2 5  rmc 2
 R6  R1  R6   rmc 2  R6 
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 Instrumentation amplifier
advantages

=R1

=R2

☺ (ideally) infinite input impedances.

☺ Adjustable gain through R6 only.

10/05/2023 ☺ CMMR is proportional to preamp gain Ad1 37

 IA in an IC
INA128

➢ « laser trimmed » precision resistances.

➢ CMMR>120 dB for gain of 40dB.

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 Remember

➢ Wheatstone bridge.

➢ Common mode and its consequence on measurement accuracy.

➢ Limitations of 1 opamp DA.

➢ Advantages of 3 opmaps IA.

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 Whats up next?

➢ Friday : LTSpice tutorial.

➢ Start homework Opamp & IA → 05/21.

➢ Next week : prepare for lab = do simulation part.

➢ Monday : oscillators.

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