Section 4: Lecture 2

Effect of Pressure Ratio on Nozzle

Performance

P0

Anderson: Chapter 5 pp. 206-218

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Review
• A/A* Directly related to Mach number
! +1
A
=
1 )" 2 % "
1+
( ! ( 1) 2 % , 2 (! (1)

+$ ' $ M '.
A *
M *# ! + 1& # 2 &-

• “Two-Branch solution: Subsonic, Supersonic

• For Isentropic Flow

P0
P(x) = !
# ! "1 2&
! "1
%$ 1 + M (x) ('
2

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 1: Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (subsonic)
• What do we need to “do” to get Isentropic Flow
• For Isentropic Flow P0~constant and
P0
flow
Text Pe = ! )
# ! "1 2& ! "1
%$ 1 + Me (
'
2
! "1
* -
• Consider a Nozzle at Ambient 2 ,# P0 & !
/
Me = " 1
Temperature an Pressure ! " 1 ,%$ Pe (' /
,+ /.
• Raise Chamber (inlet) Pressure Slightly
So that PText
0 > Pe (to get flow started)
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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 1:Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (cont’d)
• Let Pe=101.325 KPa, P0=101.326 Kpa, γ=1.4

! "1
) ,
2 +# P0 & !
.=
Me = " 1
flow
! " 1 +%$ Pe (' .
+* .-

$ $ 1.4 ! 1 % % 0.5
&$ 2 % & $ 101.326 % 1.4 '' =
SSME Nozzle Geometry &" # &" # ! 1 ''
" 1.4 ! 1 " 101.325 ##

0.003755

• i.e. exit flow is subsonic

• Throat may or may not be sonic
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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 1:Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (cont’d)
• Compute ratio of geometric throat area to Sonic throat area

SSME Nozzle Geometry

flow Ae/At = 77.5

' +1
) ,
At ! At $ ! Ae $ ! At $ + 1 )! 2 $ ! (' ( 1) 2 $ , 2 ( ' (1)
.=
= # & = + 1 + M .
A* #" Ae &% " A* % #" Ae &% + M e *#" ' + 1 &% #"
e & .
2 %-
+* .-
# # 1.4 + 1 $ $
! "
1 &# 1 $ # # 2 $ # 1 + # 1.4 % 1 $ 0.0037552 $ $ 2 ( 1.4 % 1 ) ' = 1.9886
Text
&! " !! "! ! " "" '
77.5 ! 0.003755 1.4 + 1 2 "

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 1:Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (cont’d)
• Use Iterative Solver to calculate Mach number at throat

SSME Nozzle Geometry

flow
At/A* = 1.9866

A
*
! F(M ( j ) ) Mt = 0.308226
M ( j +1) = M( j) + A
# "F &
%$ (
"M ' ( j ) • Entire Nozzle is Subsonic

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 1:Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (cont’d)
• Use Iterative Solver to calculate Mach number at throat

• Entire Nozzle is Subsonic

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 2:Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (subsonic)
• Increase P0 to 101.328 Kpa

! "1
) ,
2 +# P0 & !
.=
Me = " 1
flow
! " 1 +%$ Pe (' .
+* .-

$ $ ( 1.4 ! 1) % % 0.5
&$ 2 % & $ 101.328 % 1.4 ''
&" # &" # ! 1' ' =
SSME Nozzle Geometry " 1.4 ! 1 " 101.325 ##

0.0065

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 2:Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (cont’d)
• Compute ratio of geometric throat area to Sonic throat area

SSME Nozzle Geometry

flow Ae/At = 77.5

# ( 1.4 + 1 ) $
&# 1 $ ## 2 $ # ( 1.4 % 1 ) 2$ $ 2 ( 1.4 % 1 ) '
&! " !! " !1 + 0.0065 " " '
! 0.0065 1.4 + 1 2 "
77.5
= 1.14882

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 2:Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (cont’d)
• Use Iterative Solver to calculate Mach number at throat

Mt=0.63628

• Mach Number is Higher but Entire Nozzle is still Subsonic

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 3: Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (barely sonic)
• What Pressure ratio causes sonic velocity at throat
! +1
) ,
+ 1 " 2 % " 1 + (! ( 1) M 2 %
) , 2 (! (1)
. = " Ae % At = 77.5 /1
+ M +$# ! + 1 '& $# 2
e '.
&- . $ '
# At & A *
Tex
e *
+* .-
MTexte ( > 0.007467 ( use iterative solver)

!
# ! "1 2& ! "1
P0 = P
Te %
1+ Me ( =
$ 2 '
1.4
$ ( 1.4 ! 1 ) 2% ( 1.4 ! 1 ) = 101.328955 KPa
101.325 " 1 + 0.007467 #
2
pe 101.325
= = 0.99996
P0 101.328995 11
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 3:Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (cont’d)
• Mach 1 at Throat (“Barely Choked Nozzle”

• Mach number profile

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 3: Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (concluded)
• Mach 1 at Throat “Barely Choked Nozzle”

• Pressure Profile
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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Mass Flow per Area in Choked Nozzle
• Compute mass-flow/area at throat for the three cases
• From Homework 3
•
m ! p0 M
= ! +1
Ac Rg T0
# (! " 1) 2 & 2 (! "1)

%1 + 2 M (
$ '
• Rg = 287.056 J/°K-(kg)
• T0=273 °K

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Mass Flow per Area in Choked Nozzle (cont’d)
• Case 1, P0=101.326 Kpa (Mt=0.308226)
•
m ! p0 M
= ! +1
=
Ac Rg T0
# (! " 1) 2 & 2 (! "1)

%1 + 2 M (
$ '
0.5
# 1.4 $ ( 101.326% 1000 )
! "
287.056
( 0.2913 ) = 124.76 kg/(sec-m2)
2730.5

• Rg = 287.056 J/°K-(kg)
• T0=273 °K
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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Mass Flow per Area in Choked Nozzle (cont’d)
• Case 2, P0= 101.328 Kpa (Mt=0.63628)
•
m ! p0 M =
= ! +1
Ac Rg T0
# (! " 1) 2 & 2 (! "1)

%1 + 2 M (
$ '
0.5
# 1.4 $ ( 101.328% 1000 )
! " = 215.74 kg/(sec-m2)
287.056
( 0.50374 )
0.5
273
• Rg = 287.056 J/°K-(kg)
• T0=273 °K
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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Mass Flow per Area in Choked Nozzle (cont’d)
• Case 3, P0= 101.328995 Kpa (Mt=1.0)
•
m ! p0 M =
= ! +1
Ac Rg T0
# (! " 1) 2 & 2 (! "1)

%1 + 2 M (
$ '
0.5
# 1.4 $ ( 101.328995% 1000 )
! " = 247.85 kg/(sec-m2)
287.056
( 0.5787 )
0.5
273
• Rg = 287.056 J/°K-(kg)
• T0=273 °K
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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Mass Flow per Area in Choked Nozzle (cont’d)

• Verify that maximum mass flow/area occurs in choked nozzle

•
m ! p0 Mt
= ! +1
At Rg T0
# (! " 1) 2 & 2 (! "1)

%1 + 2 M t (
$ '
• Necessary Condition for maximum
" %
$ '
"
! $m'
•
% ! $ Mt '
=0= $ ( +1 ' *
!M $ At ' !M $
# & " (( ) 1) 2 % 2 (( )1) '
$ $1 + Mt ' '
$# # 2 & '&

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Mass Flow per Area in Choked Nozzle (cont’d)

• Verify that maximum mass flow occurs in choked nozzle

! $ m %'
" •

=
!M $ At '
# &
! $ m %'
" •

Mt = 1 = 0
!M $ At '
# &

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Mass Flow per Area in Choked Nozzle (concluded)

•
Maximum
m Mass-flow/area
At For isentropic flow
kg/(sec-m2)

Mt
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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 4: Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (supersonic)
• Now assume that flow in throat is choked and At=A*

• Furthermore, Ae/At = Ae/A*=77.5

• Use iterative Solver to compute Isentropic Supersonic mach

Number at Nozzle exit

! +1
) ,
Ae + 1 )" 2 % "
= +
( ! ( 1) 2 % , 2 ( ! (1)
./ M =
+ 1 M e '.
A* + M e *$# ! + 1 '& $# . 6.546284
&-
e
2
+* .-

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 4: Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (supersonic)
• Mach Number profile

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Case 4: Isentropic Flow in Nozzle (supersonic)
(cont’d)
• Assume the nozzle exits at a pressure of 5 Kpa
Compute the required chamber pressure for isentropic
flow in Nozzle, compute Pressure Pe/P0
!
# ! "1 2& ! "1
P0 = Pe % 1 + Me ( =
$ 2 '
$ 1.4 %
" #
$ $ 1.4 ! 1 % 2% 1.4 ! 1
5 "1 + " # 6.546284 # = 13560.7 Kpa
2
Wow!
• 134 atmospheres .. That! Is a lot of pressure

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Example: SSME Rocket Engine
• The Space Shuttle Main Engines
Burn LOX/LH2 for Propellants with
A ratio of LOX:LH2 =6:1

• The Combustor Pressure, p0

Is 18.94 Mpa, combustor
temperature, T0 is 3615°K,
throat diameter is 26.0 cm

• OK so these are the chamber

pressures we are dealing with
for large rocket engines

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Two Distinct Solutions for Isentropic Flow
in Duct with (M=1) Choked Throat

• What happens when pressure ratio across nozzle is between these two options?
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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Two Distinct Solutions for Isentropic Flow
in Duct with (M=1) Choked Throat (cont’d)
• What happens when pressure ratio
across nozzle is between these
two options?

• Flow in Nozzle is no longer isentropic?

• Normal shockwave appears in divergent
section of Nozzle

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Nozzle Flow Summary!

e)!
a)!

f)!
b)!

g)!
c)!

d)!

3!
MAE 5540 – Propulsion Systems I!
 Section 4 Homework
• Develop an iterative solver for

! +1
A 1 )" 2 % " (! ( 1) 2 % , 2 (! (1)
= +$ ' $ 1+ M '.
A *
M *# ! + 1& # 2 &-

• Use any programming language you prefer

i.e. Fortran, C++, MATLAB, …

• Clearly comment and document your code

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Section 4 Homework (cont’d)
• Plot the Mach number, pressure, and temperature
distribution along the SSME Nozzle for each of the
following conditions

Pe=16.8727 KPa, P0=20.4 Mpa, T0=3500°K

Gas Properties:
, MW=22
! = 1.22
• Hint: make sure nozzle is choked first,
then program all functions you might need

• Solve for Thrust and Isp in Vacuum

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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
 Section 4 Homework (cont’d)
• SSME Nozzle profile SSME Nozzle Profile
X, cm +Z, cm -Z, cm
0.00 17.50 -17.50
4.00 15.50 -15.50
Z 8.00 13.00 -13.00
12.00 12.25 -12.25
16.00 13.00 -13.00
20.00 15.50 -15.50
25.00 18.50 -18.50
30.00 22.00 -22.00
50.00 33.00 -33.00
X 70.00 41.50 -41.50
90.00 50.50 -50.50
100.00 54.50 -54.50
120.00 61.00 -61.00
140.00 68.00 -68.00
160.00 74.50 -74.50
180.00 80.50 -80.50
200.00 86.00 -86.00
220.00 91.00 -91.00
• Note: Changes to 240.00 97.00 -97.00
260.00 101.00 -101.00
280.00 105.00 -105.00
original geometry 300.00 107.50 -107.50
305.00 107.85 -107.85
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MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow