HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.

CHARACTERISTIC CURVES student at Vaal University of Technology

5- For the system in Question4, water at 15° (γ=9.81kN/m 3, Pvap=1.7kPa flows from a closed thank through a 50cm
diam eter suction pipe (f=0.02) whose length is 2km . The pressure above the water in the sealed tank is 10kPa below
atm ospheric. The sim ilar pum p for the Question1 is placed 4m below the surface of the water in the thank, the pipe
connection to the thank is square edged and there are two 90° elbows (f T=0.017, Le/D=30). Take atm ospheric pressure
as 100.5kPa. Sketch the system . Calculate the net positive suction head available to this similar pump.

NB: The pressure in the thank always must be absolute pressure and do not
consider the suction after the pump, consider only the suction before the pump.
kN
γ := 9.81 p vap := 1.7kPa d := 50cm f := 0.02 L := 2km p g := -10kPa
3
m
Le 3
m
fT := 0.017 = 30 p at := 100.5kPa Q := 0.333 from Question4
de s

hs := 4m

 p v2 
2
2
NPSH A =  +  - hvap = hsp + hs - hL - hvap
γ 2 g  TO AVOID CAVITATION
NPSH A  NPSHR
p sp := p g + p at p sp = 90.5 kPa ( abs )
NPSH A = 1.10NPSHR

p sp
hsp := hsp = 9.225 m
γ

hL = entre + friction + 2elbows

 8 f  L Q 2 2
8 Q  p vap
NPSH A := hsp + hs -  + 2  fT ( 30)  - NPSH A = 1.171 m
 π2 g d5 2 4 γ
 π  g d 
27
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES student at Vaal University of Technology

DISCUSSION:
Many pum ps are too large to be tested in a laboratory therefore it is essential to be able to test small geom etrically
sim ilar ones and then scale the results up to the required size.
If a centrifugal pump operates in conjunction with a pipe system the two m ust handle the same volume and at the
same tim e, the head generated by the pump must be equal to the system energy requirement at that flow rate.
The point at which the system curve and the pum p rating curve intercepts is the true operating point of the pump
in the system . At operating point, the pump head and system head the are equal ( Hpump = Hsystem).
An important characteristic of the head flow curve is the best efficiency point, at this point, the pum p operates
m ost cost-effectively in term of both energy, efficiency and maintenance.
The perform ance of the centrifugal pum ps is typically described by graph plotting the pressure head generated by
the pump over a range of flow rates.

Vapour bubbles are form ed in the fluid in a m anner sim ilar to boling. If the suction pressure of pum p inlet is too low.
The propety that determines the conditions under which vapour bubbles from is hs vapour pressure ( p vap). It is very
im portant to com pute the net positive suction head available( NPSHA) to the pump in order to avoid cavitations.
The value of NPSHA depends on the vapour pressure of the flowing fluid, energy losses in the suction pipe, the
location of the fluid reservoir and the pressure applied to the fluid in reservoir.

28
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

TUTORIAL 1
1- A centrifugal pum p has external and internal im peller diam eters 600mm and 300mm respectively.The vane angle at
inlet and outlet are 30° and 45° respectively. The water the impeller at 2.5 m /s, velocity of flow is constant and there is
no whirl at inlet. Find the rotational speed of im peller in rpm and work done per unit force of water (theoretical head
developed by pump).

Solution:
m
d2 := 600mm d1 := 300mm β1 := 30° β2 := 45° v1 := 2.5 vf := v1 vw1 := 0
s

d2 d1
r2 := r1 :=
2 2

2 π N
U = ω r ω=
60

U
U ( N , r) := N  r N ( U , r) :=
r
m
U 1 := 1
s
Given
v1 m
( )
tan β1 =
U1
( )
U 1 := Find U 1 U 1 = 4.33
s

( )
N U 1 , r1 = 276 rpm N := 276 rpm
m m
( )
U N , r2 = 8.671
s
U 2 := 8.671
s

29
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

m
vw2 := 1
s
Given
vf m
( )
tan β2 =
U 2 - vw2
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 6.171
s

U 2 vw2 U 1 vw1
Hth := - Hth = 5.456 m
g g

30
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

2- Calculate vane angle at the inlet of a centrifugal pump impeller having 200mm diam eter at inlet and 400m m
diam eter at outlet. The im peller vanes are set backwards 45° at outlet and the entry of the pum p is radial. The pump
runs at 1000 rpm and the velocity of flow through the impeller is constant at 3m/s. A lso calculate t he work done per
unit force of water (theoretical head developed by pump), the velocity at which water lives the impeller at outlet
(absolute velocity at outlet), and the direction of the water at outlet (guide vane angle at outlet).

Solution:

m d1 d2
d1 := 200mm d2 := 400mm N := 1000rpm β2 := 45° v1 := 3 r1 := r2 :=
s 2 2

vf := v1 vw1 := 0

2 π N
U = ω r ω=
60

U ( N , r) := N  r

m m
( )
U N , r1 = 10.472
s
U 1 := 10.472
s
β1 := 1deg

Given

 v1 
( )
tan β1 = U  ( )
β1 := Find β1 β1 = 15.986  deg
 1
m m
( )
U N , r2 = 20.944
s
U 2 := 20.944
s

31
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

m
vw2 := 1
s
Given
vf m
( )
tan β2 =
U 2 - vw2
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 17.944
s

m
v2 := 1
s
Given

2 2 2 m
v2 = vw2 + vf ( )
v2 := Find v2 v2 = 18.193
s
α2 := 1

Given
vf
( )
tan α2 =
vw2
( )
α2 := Find α2 α2 = 9.491 deg

U 2 vw2 U 1 vw1
Hth := - Hth = 38.323 m
g g

32
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

3- A centrifugal pum p is to discharge water at the rate of 110 litres/second at a speed of 1450 rpm against a head of 23
m etres. The impeller diameter and its width at outlet are 250mm and 50m m respectively. Determine the vane angle at
the outlet if the m anometric efficiency of the pum p is 75%. Assum e zero whirl at inlet.

Solution:
L
Q := 110 N := 1450rpm Hm := 23m d2 := 250mm b 2 := 50mm ηm := 75%
s
d2
r2 := vw1 := 0
2

Hth := 1m

Given
Hm
ηm =
Hth
( )
Hth := Find Hth Hth = 30.667 m

Af2 = 2  π r b

m 2 π N
vf := 1 U = ω r ω=
s 60
Given
m
Q = 2 π r2  b 2  vf vf := Find( vf) vf = 2.801
s
m
U 2 := N  r2 = 18.98
s
β2 := 1

Given
U2 - 1
Hth =  U - vf tan β2 ( ( )) β2 := Find β2 ( ) β2 = 41.773  deg
g  2 

33
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

4- A centrifugal pum p delivers water against a head of 14.5 metres while running at 1000 rpm . The vanes are c urved
backwards 30° at outlet. The im peller diam eter and its width at outlet are 300m m and 50m m respectively.Determine the
discharge of pum p if the m anom etric efficiency 85%. Assum e zero whirl at inlet.

Solution:
d2
Hm := 14.5m N := 1000rpm β2 := 30° d2 := 300mm b 2 := 50mm ηm := 85% r2 :=
2

m
U 2 := N  r2 U 2 = 15.708
s
Hth := 1m

Given
Hm
ηm =
Hth
( )
Hth := Find Hth Hth = 17.059 m

m
vf := 1
s

Given
U2 - 1 m
Hth =  U 2 - vf tan β2( ( )) vf := Find( vf) vf = 2.92
g   s
3
m
Q := 2  π r2  b 2  vf Q = 0.138
s

34
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

5- A centrifugal pum p discharge 7500 litres of water per m inute against a total head of 25m etres when running at 660
rpm . The outer diam eter of the im peller is 600m m and the ratio of outer to inner diam eter is 2. The area of flow, through
the wheel is 0.06m 2. The vanes are set backward 45° at outlet. Water enters the wheel radially and without shock.
Calculate:

(a) m anometric efficiency, and

(b) vane angle at inlet

Solution:

L d2 2
Q := 7500 Hm := 25m N := 660rpm d2 := 600mm d1 := Af := 0.06m β2 := 45°
min 2
d1 d2
vw1 := 0 r1 := r2 :=
2 2

m
U 2 := N  r2 U 2 = 20.735
s

m
U 1 := N  r1 U 1 = 10.367
s
m
vf := 1
s
Given
m
Q = Af vf vf := Find( vf) vf = 2.083 v1 := vf
s

U2 - 1
Hth :=  U - vf tan β2( ( )) Hth = 39.435 m
g  2 

Hm
ηm := ηm = 63.396 %
Hth

35
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

β1 := 1

Given

v1
( )
tan β1 =
U1
( )
β1 := Find β1 β1 = 11.362  deg

36
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

TUTORIAL 2
1- A centrifugal pum p has external an impeller diameter as 1500m m running at 210 rpm delivers 180 litres of water per
second. The vane angle at outlet is 25o. Assum e radial entry and velocity of flow throughout as 2.5m /s, determ ine
theoretical power developed by the pum p. Find m anom etric head if manometric efficiency of the pump is 65%.

Solution:
L m
d2 := 1500mm N := 210rpm Q := 180 β2 := 25° vf2 := 2.5 ηm := 65%
s s
d2 kN
γ := 9.81
r2 := 3
2 m

m
U 2 := N  r2 U 2 = 16.493
s

U2 - 1
Hth :=  U 2 - vf2  tan β2
( ( )) Hth = 18.723 m
g  

Pth := γ Hth Q Pth = 33.06 kW

Hm := 1m

Given
Hm
ηm =
Hth
Hm := Find Hm( ) Hm = 12.17 m

37
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

2- A centrifugal pum p delivers 50 litres per second against a head of 25m running at 1500 rpm . The velocity of flow is
m aintained constant at 2.4 m/s and the blades are set backwards at 30° to the tangent at exit. The inner diameter is
half of the outer diam eter, the m anom etric efficiency is 80%. Find the theoretical power developed by the pump and the
blade angle at inlet. Assum e zero whirl at inlet.

Solution:

L m 1
Q := 50 Hm := 25m N := 1500rpm vf := 2.4 β2 := 30° ηm := 80% d1 =  d2
s s 2

kN
γ := 9.81
3
m

Hth := 1m

Given
Hm
ηm =
Hth
( )
Hth := Find Hth Hth = 31.25 m

Pth := γ Hth Q Pth = 15.328  kW

38
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

vf
( )
tan β2 =
U 2 - vw2

U 2  vw2
Hth =
g

U2 = U2

m
vw2 := 1
s

Given

vf g Hth m
( )
tan β2
+ vw2 =
vw2
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 15.55
s

m
U 2 := 1
s
Given

U 2  vw2 m
Hth =
g
U 2 := Find U 2 ( ) U 2 = 19.707
s

2 Ud22.
d22:== N 
U d2 = 0.251 m
N2
1
d1 :=  d2 d1 = 0.125 m
2
d1 m
U 1 := N  U 1 = 9.854
2 s

β1 := 1

Given

vf
( )
tan β1 =
U1
β1 := Find β1( ) β1 = 13.689  deg

39
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

3- A centrifugal fan supplies air at rate of 4.5 m 3/s and total theoretical head developed is100mm of water. The outer
diam eter of the impeller is 50 cm and the outer width is 18 cm. Determ ine the blade angle at outlet if the fan runs at
1800rev/m in. Assum e zero whirl at inlet and take air desity as 1.23kg/m 3.

Solution:
3
m kg
Q := 4.5 Hw := 100mm d2 := 50cm b 2 := 18cm N := 1800rpm ρa := 1.23
s 3
m
d2 kg
r2 := ρw := 1000 vw1 := 0
2 3
m

NB: when centrifugal fun delivers air and we have casing in the system threfore ΔHp = Hm - Hc and
Hm = Ha; when centrifugal fun is supplies air therefore Hth = Ha

γw Hw = γa Ha

ρw g Hw = ρa g Ha

ρw Hw
Ha =
ρa

Hth = Ha

Hth := 1m

Given
ρw Hw
Hth =
ρa
( )
Hth := Find Hth Hth = 81.301 m

40
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

m
U 2 := N  r2 U 2 = 47.124
s

2
Af := 2  π r2  b 2 Af = 0.283 m

m
vf := 1
s

Given
m
Q = Af  vf vf := Find( vf) vf = 15.915
s

m
vw2 := 1
s

Given

U 2  vw2 m
Hth =
g
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 16.919
s
β2 := 1

Given

vf
( )
tan β2 =
U 2 - vw2
β2 := Find β2 ( ) β2 = 27.786  deg

41
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

4- A centrifugal pum p delivers 0.3m 3/s of water at 1400 rev/min. The total theoretical head developed is 20m. The
im peller is 30 cm in diameter and 32mm wide at exit, and is designed for constant velocity of flow. Assume zero whirl at
inlet. Calculate:

a) The guide vane angle at exit ?

b) The blade (vane) angle at exit ?

Solution:
3 d2
m
Q := 0.3 N := 1400rpm Hth := 20m d2 := 30cm b 2 := 32mm r2 := β1 := 22.5°
s 2

m
U 2 := N  r2 U 2 = 21.991
s

2
Af := 2  π r2  b 2 Af = 0.03 m

m
vf := 1
s
Given
m
Q = Af vf vf := Find( vf) vf = 9.947
s
m
vw2 := 1
s
Given
U 2  vw2 m
Hth =
g
vw2 := Find vw2( ) vw2 = 8.919
s

42
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

α2 := 1

Given

vf
( )
tan α2 =
vw2
( )
α2 := Find α2 α2 = 48.12 deg

β2 := 1

Given
vf
( )
tan β2 =
U 2 - vw2
( )
β2 := Find β2 β2 = 37.269  deg

43
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

TUTORIAL 3
1- A centrifugal pum p has vane angle at inlet and outlet as 22.5° and 130° respectively, the relative velocity at outlet is
13 m /s and the vane velocity at outlet is 36 m /s. It is designed for a constant velocity of flow and assuming no whirl at
inlet.

1.1 Construct the inlet and outlet velocity triangles ?

1.2 Measure out the values of vf2, vw2 , α2, vr1 , and U 1 ?
3
1.3 Calculate the im peller diam eter at inlet if the impeller width is 10 cm and flow rate is 4.8m /s ?

Solution:
m m
β1 := 22.5° β2 := 130° vr 2 := 13 U 2 := 36
s s

Make use of graph paper to constract the velocity triangles

NB: When vane angle ( β) is

greather then 90° or whirl
velocity ( vw) is greather then
tangent velocity of the
impeller ( U) , this will be
always the type of velocity
triangle that we going to
deal with.

m m m
vf := 10 vw2 := 44.4 v2 := 45.5 α2 := 12.5°
s s s

NB: When there no

whirl velocity or guide
angle( α) is 90° this will
be always the type of
velocity triangle that we
going to deal with.

m m
vr 1 := 26 U 1 := 24
s s

44
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

3
m
b 1 := 10cm Q := 4.8
s

d1 := 1m

Given

d1 d1
Q = 2  π
2
 b 1  vf d1 := Find d1( ) d1 = 1.528 m r1 :=
2

N := 1rpm

Given
U 1 = N  r1 N := Find( N ) N = 300 rpm

d2 := 1m

Given
d2
U2 = N
2
( )
d2 := Find d2 d2 = 2.292 m

b 2 := 1m

Given
d2
Q = 2  π
2
 b 2  vf ( )
b 2 := Find b 2 b 2 = 6.667 cm

U 2 vw2
Hth := Hth = 162.991 m
g

45
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

2- A centrifugal fan delivers 2 m 3/s of air (density 1.2 kg/m 3) running at 960 rev/min. The im peller outer diam eter is
0.7m and inner diameter is 0.48m . The im peller width at inlet is 0.16m . The width is designed for constant radial flow
velocity throughout. The blades are backward inclined m aking angle of 22.5° and 50° with the tangents at inlet and
outlet respectively. There is whirl at inlet.
a) Sketch the inlet and outlet velocity triangles ?
b) Calculate blade velocity at inlet and outlet ?
c) Calculate the whirl velocity at inlet and outlet ?
d) Calculate the absolute velocity at inlet and outlet ?
e) Calculate the relative velocity at inlet and outlet ?
f) Calculate the theoretical head produced by the im peller ?
g) If 5m of air is lost at inlet, calculate the pressure head across the im peller ?
h) Claculate the im peller width at outlet ?

Solution:
3
m kg
Q := 2 ρa := 1.2 N := 960rpm d2 := 0.7m d1 := 0.48m b 1 := 0.16m β1 := 22.5°
s 3
m
d1 d2
β2 := 50° r1 := r2 :=
2 2

NB: when centrifugal fun delivers air and we have casing in the system threfore ΔHp = Hm - Hc and
Hm = Ha; when centrifugal fun is supplies air therefore Hth = Ha

m
U 1 := N  r1 U 1 = 24.127
s
m
U 2 := N  r2 U 2 = 35.186
s
2
Af := 2  π r1  b 1 Af = 0.241 m

46
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

m
vf := 1
s
Given

m
Q = Af vf vf := Find( vf) vf = 8.289
s

m
vw1 := 1
s
Given

vf m
( )
tan β1 =
U 1 - vw1
(
vw1 := Find vw1 ) vw1 = 4.115
s

m
vw2 := 1
s
Given
vf m
( )
tan β2 =
U 2 - vw2
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 28.23
s

2 2 m
v1 := vw1 + vf v1 = 9.255
s

2 2 m
v2 := vw2 + vf v2 = 29.422
s

m
vr 1 := 1
s
Given

sin( 90°) ( )
sin β1 m
vr1
=
vf
( )
vr 1 := Find vr 1 vr 1 = 21.661
s

m
vr 2 := 1
s
Given

sin( 90°) ( )
sin β2 m
vr2
=
vf
( )
vr 2 := Find vr 2 vr 2 = 10.821
s
U 2 vw2 U 1 vw1
Hth := - Hth = 91.164 m
g g

47
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

hL := 5m

2 2
p1 v1 p2 v2
+ z1 + + Hth - hL = + z2 +
γ 2 g γ 2 g

2 2
p2 p1 v1 - v2
- = + z1 - z2 - hL + Hth
γ γ 2 g

2 2
v1 - v2
H2 - H1 = - hL + Hth
2g

2 2
v1 - v2
ΔHp := - hL + Hth ΔHp = 46.395 m
2 g

b 2 := 1m

Given

(
Q = 2  π r2  b 2  vf ) ( )
b 2 := Find b 2 b 2 = 0.11 m

48
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

3- A centrifugal fan delivers 120 m 3/min of air (density 1.2 kg/m 3) running at 960 rev/min. The im peller outer diam eter
is 0.7m and the inner is 0.48m. The air enters the im peller radially without shock, the im peller width at inlet is 0.133m
and at outlet is 0.115m . The blades are backward inclined m aking angles of 22.5° and 50° with the tangents at inlet
and outlet respectively. Losses in the im peller are 70% of the velocity head at outlet and 90% of velocity head at outlet
is converted to pressure head in the casing. There is no whirl at inlet. Sketch the inlet and outlet velocity triangles.
Calculate:

a) The theoretical head developed across the im peller ?

b) The pressure head diffrence across the fan m eters of water ?
c) The theoretical power developed by the fan ?
d) The m anom etric effic ienc y ?

Solution:
3
m kg
Q := 120 ρa := 1.2 N := 960rpm d2 := 0.7m d1 := 0.48m b 1 := 0.133m b 2 := 0.115m
min 3
m
d1 d2
vw1 := 0 β1 := 22.5° β2 := 50° r1 := r2 :=
2 2

NB: when centrifugal fun delivers air and we have casing in the system threfore ΔHp = Hm - Hc and Hm = Ha;
when centrifugal fun is supplies air therefore Hth = Ha

m
U 1 := N  r1 U 1 = 24.127
s

m
U 2 := N  r2 U 2 = 35.186
s

49
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

m
vf1 := 1
s

Given

m
Q = 2 π r1  b 1  vf1 ( )
vf1 := Find vf1 vf1 = 9.972
s

m
vf2 := 1
s

Given

m
Q = 2 π r2  b 2  vf2 ( )
vf2 := Find vf2 vf2 = 7.908
s

m
vw2 := 1
s

Given
vf2 m
( )
tan β2 =
U 2 - vw2
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 28.55
s
U 2 vw2
Hth := Hth = 102.436 m
g

v1 := vf1

2 2 m
v2 := vw2 + vf2 v2 = 29.625
s

 v 2 
2
hL :=    70% = 31.323 m
 g 
2

2 2
p1 v1 p2 v2
+ z1 + + Hth - hL = + z2 +
γ 2 g γ 2 g

2 2
p2 p1 v1 - v2
- = + z1 - z2 - hL + Hth
γ γ 2 g

2 2
v1 - v2
H2 - H1 = - hL + Hth
2g

2 2
v1 - v2
ΔHp := - hL + Hth ΔHp = 31.436 m
2 g

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 HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology

ΔHp = Hm - Hc

 v 2 
2
Hc :=    90%
 2g 

Hm := ΔHp + Hc Hm = 71.708 m

kg
ρw := 1000 Ha := Hm
3
m

Hw := 1m

Given

ρa g Ha = ρw g Hw ( )
Hw := Find Hw Hw = 86.05 mm

Hm
ηm := ηm = 70.003 %
Hth

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