Table of Contents

Circular measures............................................................................................................................ 1
Worked out examples ................................................................................................................. 3
Exercise ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Answers to the exercise ............................................................................................................ 11
Subjective questions: ................................................................................................................ 12
Objective questions: .................................................................................................................. 12
Answers to the objective questions ........................................................................................... 15

i
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
Circular measures
Circular measure is a method of measuring angles by treating them as the angle formed by a sector
of a circle at its centre. In this method of measurement of the angle, we associate a central angle
of a circle with the arc that it intercepts. This system of measurement relates the radius, the angle
and the arc of a circle. The angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the
radius is termed as one radian angle. The Radian is taken as the unit of the circular measure of an
angle. We know, by definition, 𝜋 = 3.14159. .. is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its
diameter; the diameter makes an angle of 180° at the center and divides the circumference in two
equal halves. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐/𝑑 = 𝜋 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑐/2𝑟 = 𝜋 or the arc of semicircle divided by radius is 𝜋. So,
180° equals 𝜋 radian in circular measure and hence whole circle i.e. 360° equals 2𝜋 radian in
circular measure. When the symbol π stands alone, without reference to any angle, it always
denotes a number 3.14159. . ..; but when 𝜋 is used to denote an angle, it is the number of radians
in two right angles. So, one radian equals 180/3.14159 degrees i.e. 57.2958°. The circular
measure is also called the radian measure where we learn to convert radian to degree and vice
versa; to compute any unknown quantity among angle, radius and arc by using two other known
ones; and to calculate the areas of the sectors, segments and other figures involved with some parts
of the circles. This can be conceptually mapped as in the figure below.

Radian measures are useful because the scale is smaller than for degrees. One revolution in radians
is 2𝜋 ≈ 6.28318, which is much smaller than 360, the number of degrees in one revolution. The
smaller scale makes the graphs of trigonometric functions have similar scales for the horizontal
and vertical axes. Another reason is that often in surveying and mapping applications the variables
being used are in terms of arc length, which makes radians a natural choice.
Prove that the radian measure of any angle at the centre of a circle is expressed by the fraction of
subtending arc and radius.
Proof:
Let ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 be any angle at the centre of a circle, and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 a radian; then radian measure of ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶
∠𝐴𝑂𝐶
=
∠𝐴𝑂𝐵
1
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝐴𝐶
=
𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝐵
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝐴𝐶
= ∵ 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠;
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑐
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 =
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

If s be the length of the arc which subtends an angle of θ radians

at the centre of a circle of radius r, then
𝑠
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃.
𝑟

Thus, in a circle of radius r, let s be the length of an arc intercepted by a central angle with radian
measure 𝜃 ≥ 0. Then the arc length s is: 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
In geometry we know that the area of a circle of radius r is 𝜋𝑟 2 . We can now find the area of a
sector of a circle. A sector is the region bounded by a central angle and its intercepted arc, such as
the shaded region in figure. Let θ be a central angle in a circle of radius r and let A be the area of
its sector. Similar to arc length, the ratio of A to the area of the entire circle is the same as the ratio
of θ to one revolution.
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
=
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴 𝜃
𝑜𝑟 2 =
𝜋𝑟 2𝜋
Thus, in a circle of radius r, the area A of the sector inside a central angle θ is
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 𝜃 where θ is measured in radians
2
1
If s is arc length, then 𝑠 = 𝑟  𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠
2
A segment of a circle is the region between a chord and the arc it cuts off. In figure the segment
formed by the chord AB is the shaded region between the arc A B and the triangle △OAB. We
know that if two sides and included angle are given, we can find the area by applying formula 𝐴 =
1
𝑏𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴, so, area of
2
1 1
△ 𝑂𝐴𝐵 = (𝑟)(𝑟) sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃
2 2
Thus, since the area K of the segment is the area of the sector AOB
minus the area of the triangle △OAB, we have area K of segment AB
1 1 1
𝐾 = 𝑟 2 𝜃 − 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2 2 2
Note that we must have θ > sin θ for 0 < θ ≤ π (measured in radians),
since the area of a segment is positive for those angles.

So far we have dealt with the area cut off by a central angle. How would you find the area of a
region cut off by an inscribed angle, such as the shaded region in figure? Let us consider the
inscribed angle as in the picture below. In𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎, the center of the circle is inside the inscribed
angle; in figure b on the side b; and in figure c outside the inscribed angle, and the lengths a and b
of the two chords are given, as is the radius r of the circle. Drawing line segments from the center
of the circle to the endpoints and the end points their self of the chords we can easily see how to
solve the problems. In all the cases of figure a, b and c we can calculate the area of the shaded zone
2
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
by adding up the area of the triangle ABC that can be calculated by known sides a,b and the
included angle θ; and the area of the segment of arc AC formed by the central angle 2θ. In case of
figure b we can also calculate the area of the shaded zone by adding up the area of triangle AOB
that can be easily calculated from the three known sides a, r and r; and the area of the sector formed
by the central angle 2θ.

Worked out examples

1. Convert the given angles in degrees to radians
a) 246°
Solution:
𝜋
We know that, 𝑥° = 𝑥 × radians
180
246𝜋
∴ 246° =
180
= 4.2935 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
b) 243°
Solution:
𝜋
We know that, 𝑥° = 𝑥 × radians
180
243𝜋
∴ 243° =
180
= 4.2412 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
c) 86°
Solution:
𝜋
We know that, 𝑥° = 𝑥 × radians
180
86𝜋
∴ 86° =
180
= 1.501 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
d) 277°
Solution:
𝜋
We know that, 𝑥° = 𝑥 × radians
180

277𝜋
∴ 277° =
180
= 4.8346 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
e) 122°
3
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 Solution:
𝜋
We know that, 𝑥° = 𝑥 × radians
180
122𝜋
∴ 122° =
180
= 2.1293 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

2. Convert the given angles in radians to degrees

a) 1.0472 radians
Solution:
180
We know that, 𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
⸫ 1.0472 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 1.0472 × 180/𝜋
= 60°
b) 7.854 radians
Solution:
180
We know that, 𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
⸫ 7.854 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 7.854 × 180/𝜋
= 450°
c) 3.1416 radians
Solution:
180
We know that, 𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
3.1416 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 3.1416 × 180/𝜋
= 180°
d) 0.748 radians
Solution:
180
We know that, 𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
⸫ 0.748 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 0.748 × 180/𝜋
= 42.86°
e) 1.9635 radians
Solution:
180
We know that, 𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
180
⸫ 1.9635 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 1.9635 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
= 112.5°

3. Find the angle subtended at the centre and the area of the sector of the circles with the following
the arc lengths and radii.
𝑎) 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 13𝑐𝑚, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 18 𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠 = 13, 𝑟 = 18
𝑠
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝜃 = (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛), 𝑠𝑜,
𝑟
13
𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
18
= 0.7222
4
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 180
= 0.7222 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
⸫ 𝜃 = 41°
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛,
1
𝐴 = 𝑟×𝑠
2
1
= (13 × 18)𝑠𝑞𝑐𝑚
2
⸫ 𝐴 = 117 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑏) 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 10𝑐𝑚, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 7 𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠 = 10, 𝑟 = 7
𝑠
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝜃 = (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛), 𝑠𝑜,
𝑟
10
𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
7
= 1.4286
180
= 1.4286 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
⸫ 𝜃 = 82°
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛,
1
𝐴 = 𝑟×𝑠
2
1
= (10 × 7)𝑠𝑞𝑐𝑚
2
⸫ 𝐴 = 35 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑐) 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 12𝑐𝑚, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 20 𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠 = 12, 𝑟 = 20
𝑠
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝜃 = (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛), 𝑠𝑜,
𝑟
12
𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
20
= 0.6
180
= 0.6 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
⸫ 𝜃 = 34°
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛,
1
𝐴 = 𝑟×𝑠
2
1
= (12 × 20)𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
2
⸫ 𝐴 = 120 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑑) 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 2𝑐𝑚, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 22 𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠 = 2, 𝑟 = 22

5
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 𝑠
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝜃 = (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛), 𝑠𝑜,
𝑟
2
𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
22
= 0.0909
180
= 0.0909 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
⸫ 𝜃 = 5°
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛,
1
𝐴 = 𝑟×𝑠
2
1
= (2 × 22)𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
2
⸫ 𝐴 = 22 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑒) 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 13𝑐𝑚, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 5 𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠 = 13, 𝑟 = 5
𝑠
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝜃 = (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛), 𝑠𝑜,
𝑟
13
𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
5
= 2.6
180
= 2.6 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
⸫ 𝜃 = 149°
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛,
1
𝐴 = 𝑟×𝑠
2
1
= (13 × 5)𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
2
⸫ 𝐴 = 32.5 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚

4. Find the arc length and the area of the segment of the circles with the following radii and the
angles subtended at the centre.
𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 98°, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 24 𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝜃 = 98°, 𝑟 = 24 𝑐𝑚
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 (𝜃𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛), 𝑠𝑜,
𝜋
𝑠 = 24 × 98 × 𝑐𝑚
180
= 41.05 𝑐𝑚
⸫ 𝑠 = 41.05 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛,
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2
1 2 𝜋 𝜋
= 24 (98 × − sin (98 × )) 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
2 180 180
6
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 ∴ 𝐴 = 207.4 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑏) 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 43°, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 17 𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝜃 = 43°, 𝑟 = 17 𝑐𝑚
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 (𝜃𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛), 𝑠𝑜,
𝜋
𝑠 = 17 × 43 × 𝑐𝑚
180
= 12.76 𝑐𝑚
⸫ 𝑠 = 12.76 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛,
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2
1 2 𝜋 𝜋
= 17 (43 × − sin (43 × )) 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
2 180 180
∴ 𝐴 = 9.9 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑐) 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 61°, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 12 𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝜃 = 61°, 𝑟 = 12 𝑐𝑚
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 (𝜃𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛), 𝑠𝑜,
𝜋
𝑠 = 12 × 61 × 𝑐𝑚
180
= 12.78 𝑐𝑚
⸫ 𝑠 = 12.78 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛,
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2
1 2 𝜋 𝜋
= 12 (61 × − sin (61 × )) 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
2 180 180
∴ 𝐴 = 13.68 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑑) 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 77°, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 21 𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝜃 = 77°, 𝑟 = 21 𝑐𝑚
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 (𝜃𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛), 𝑠𝑜,
𝜋
𝑠 = 21 × 77 × 𝑐𝑚
180
= 28.22 𝑐𝑚
⸫ 𝑠 = 28.22 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛,
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2
1 2 𝜋 𝜋
= 21 (77 × − sin (77 × )) 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
2 180 180
∴ 𝐴 = 81.48 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑒) 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 115°, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 24 𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝜃 = 115°, 𝑟 = 24 𝑐𝑚
𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 (𝜃𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛), 𝑠𝑜,
7
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 𝜋
𝑠 = 24 × 115 × 𝑐𝑚
180
= 48.17 𝑐𝑚
⸫ 𝑠 = 48.17 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛,
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2
1 𝜋 𝜋
= 242 (115 × − sin(115 × )) 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
2 180 180
∴ 𝐴 = 317.04 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
5. The diagram shows the sector POQ, center O with radius 10 cm. the point R
on OP is such that OR: OP = 3:5. Calculate
a) the value of θ
b) the area of the shaded region
Solution:
We have 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝑄 = 10 cm and 𝑂𝑅: 𝑂𝑃 = 3: 5
So 𝑂𝑅 = 10 × 3/5 = 6 𝑐𝑚, then 𝑃𝑅 = 10 – 6 = 4 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑄𝑅 = √(102 − 62 ) =
8 𝑐𝑚
a) cos θ = OR/OQ = 6/10
⸫ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (3/5) = 0.9273 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 53.13°
b) the area of the shaded region A = area of triangle PQR + area of segment PR
1 1
= (𝑄𝑅)(𝑂𝑅) + (𝑟 2 )(𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
2 2
1 1
= (8)(6) + (102 )(0.9273 − sin (0.9273))
2 2
= 24 + 6.36
= 30.35 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
6. The diagram shows, A and B are the centers of two circles, each with
6 cm radius. Find the angle CBD and the area of the non-intersecting
part of the circles.
Solution:
Let us join AB, AC, AD, BC and BD all are equal to the radius
i.e., 6 cm. the triangles ABC and ABD are equilateral. So, the
angles CBA and DBA are each of 60° and hence the angle CBD
= ABC + ABD = 60° + 60° = 120°
Again,
Area of non-intersecting part of the circles = two times the area
circle – four times the area of segment CAD of the angle CBD
i.e. 120°. So,
1
𝐴 = 2 × 𝜋 × 62 − [ × 62 (120 × 𝜋/180 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(120 × 𝜋/180)] × 4
2
= 226.19 − 22.11 ∗ 4
= 137.75 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
7. The centers of two belt pulleys, with radii of 5 cm and 8 cm, respectively, are 15 cm apart. Find
the total length L of the belt around the pulleys.
Solution: Let us draw a line DG joining the centers A, B of two pulleys of radii of 5 cm
and 8 cm and extended up to their circumference as shown in figure. GEFDG is the belt,
8
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 where E and F are the point of
tangency of the belt on pulleys.
Join the lines EA and FB which
are the radii of the pulleys and
perpendicular to the belt. Draw a
line AC parallel to EF that meets
EF at point C. EACF is a
rectangle, so AC= EF, EA = CF =
5 cm, and hence BC = 3 cm. In
triangle ABC,
𝐴𝐶 = √152 − 32 = 6√6 = 14.70 𝑐𝑚.
3
𝐶𝐴𝐵 = sin−1 ( ) = 0.2014 radians
15
3
𝐶𝐵𝐴 = cos−1 ( ) = 1.3694 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
15
So,
𝜋
𝐷𝐴𝐸 = 𝜋 − ( + 0.2014) = 1.3694 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺𝐵𝐹 = 𝜋 − 1.3694 = 1.7722
2
Now
̂ = 5 ∙ 𝐷𝐴𝐸 = 5 ∙ 1.3694 = 6.85 𝑐𝑚
𝐷𝐹
̂
𝐹𝐺 = 8 ∙ 𝐺𝐵𝐹 = 8 ∙ 1.7722 = 14.18 𝑐𝑚
Total length of the belt 𝐿 = 2(𝐷𝐸 + 𝐸𝐹 + 𝐹𝐺)
2(14.7 + 6.85 + 14.18) = 71.46 𝑐𝑚

8. The centers of two circles are 4 cm apart, with one circle having a radius of 3 cm and the other
a radius of 2 cm. Find the area of their intersection.
Solution:
Draw a diagram as shown in the figure by joining the
centers and points of intersection.
−1
42 + 22 − 32
𝐶𝐴𝐵 = cos ( ) = 0.8128
2×4×2
−1
42 + 32 − 22
𝐶𝐵𝐴 = cos ( ) = 0.5054
2×4×3
So, 𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 2 × 0.8128 = 1.6256 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐶𝐵𝐷 = 2 × 0.5054 = 1.0108
We have area of the shaded area i.e the intersected portion is the sum of the areas of the
segments of the angles CAD and CBD.
1 1
𝐴 = 22 (1.6256 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛1.6256 ) + 32 (1.0108 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛1.0108 )
2 2
= 3.15 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
Exercise
1. Convert the given angles in degrees to radians
𝑎) 288°
𝑏) 217°
𝑐) 91°
9
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 𝑑) 193°
𝑒) 55°

2. Convert the given angles in radians to degrees

𝑎) 0.7854 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑏) 1.122 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑐) 1.0472 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑑) 0.714 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑒) 0.924 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

3. Find the angle subtended at the centre and the area of the sector of the circles with the following
the arc lengths and radii.
𝑎) 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 13𝑐𝑚, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 13 𝑐𝑚
𝑏) 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 9𝑐𝑚, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 9 𝑐𝑚
𝑐) 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 8𝑐𝑚, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 21 𝑐𝑚
𝑑) 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 9𝑐𝑚, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 14 𝑐𝑚
𝑒) 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 6𝑐𝑚, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 12 𝑐𝑚

4. Find the arc length and the area of the segment of the circles with the following radii and the
angles subtended at the centre.
𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 67°, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 7 𝑐𝑚
𝑏) 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 150°, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 5 𝑐𝑚
𝑐) 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 129°, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 12 𝑐𝑚
𝑑) 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 95°, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 19 𝑐𝑚
𝑒) 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 111°, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 16 𝑐𝑚

5. The diagram shows a sector of a circle. Given central angle 𝜃 = 1.4

radians and the arc length 𝐵𝐶 = 7 𝑐𝑚 and the ratio 𝑂𝐴: 𝐴𝐵 = 3: 2.
Find the length of OA, OB and the perimeter of the shaded portion.

6. Complete the table below, given the areas, radii of the sectors and
angles subtended
Angle
Area of sector Radius subtended
a) 90 sq cm 9.15 cm
b) 38.12 cm 50°
c) 72 sq cm 1.64 rad
d) 18π sq cm 6.5 cm
e) 200 sq cm 1.778 rad
f) 145 sq cm 8 cm

7. The centers of two intersecting circles of radii 5 cm and 4 cm are 7 cm apart. Find the area of
their intersection.

10
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
8. Three circles with radii of 4 m, 2 m, and 1 m are externally tangential to each other. Find the
area of the curved region between the circles (Hint: Connect the centers of
the circles and deduct area of sectors from that of triangle)

9. Find the area of the shaded region

10. For a fixed central angle θ, how much does the area of its sector increase
when the radius of the circle is doubled? How much does the length of its
intercepted arc increase?
Answers to the exercise
1. 𝑎) = 5.0265 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑏) = 3.7874 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑐) = 1.5882 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑑) = 3.3685 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑒) = 0.9599 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
2. 𝑎) = 45°
𝑏) = 64.29°
𝑐) = 60°
𝑑) = 40.91°
𝑒) = 52.94°

3. 𝑎) 𝜃 = 57° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 84.5 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚

𝑏) 𝜃 = 57° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 40.5 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑐) 𝜃 = 22° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 84 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑑) 𝜃 = 37° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 63 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑒) 𝜃 = 29° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 36 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚

4. 𝑎) 𝑠 = 8.19 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 6.1 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚

𝑏) 𝑠 = 13.09 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 26.47 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑐) 𝑠 = 27.02 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 106.15 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑑) 𝑠 = 31.5 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 119.47 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑒) 𝑠 = 31 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 128.48 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
5. 𝑂𝐴 = 3 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝐵 = 2 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 15.2 𝑐𝑚
6. 𝑎) 2.15 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑏) 634.05 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
𝑐) 9.34 𝑐𝑚
𝑑) 2.68 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑒) 15 𝑐𝑚
𝑓) 4.53 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
7. 7.656 𝑠𝑞 𝑐𝑚
8. 0.5225 𝑠𝑞 𝑚
9. 21.46 sq units
10. Sector area is quadrupled, arc length is doubled.
11
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
Subjective questions:
1. What do you mean by circular measure? Define the constant π.
2. Define the relation among the subtended angle at the centre by an arc of a circle with radius r.
3. Derive the formulae of conversion from radian measure of an angle to sexagesimal measure and
vice versa.
4. Derive the formulae to compute the area of a sector.
5. Derive the formulae to compute the area of a segment.

Objective questions:
1. Circular measure is also called
a) radian measure
b) angular measure
c) circumference
d) sexagecimal measure
2. What is the value of 1 radian in gegrees?
a) 180
b) 57.29
c) 60
d) 3.14
3. π radian equals
a) 57.29°
b) 180
c) 180°
d) both b and c
4. An arc of length equal to radius of a circle subtends an angle at its center of
a) 180 degrees
b) π radians
c) 100 grades
d) 1 radian
5. π is defined as the ratio of
a) circumference to diameter
b) circumference to radius
c) diameter to circumference
d) radius to circumference
6. Right angle is subtended at the center of a circle with radius r by an arc of
𝑎) 𝜋𝑟
𝜋
𝑏) 𝑟
2
𝑐) 2𝜋𝑟
√3
𝑑) 𝜋𝑟
2
7. One radian angle is subtended at the centre of a circle with radius r by an arc of
𝑎) 𝜋𝑟
12
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 𝜋
𝑏) 𝑟
2
𝑐) 𝑟
𝑑) 2𝜋𝑟
8. An angle of 120° is expresssed in circular measure as
𝜋
𝑎) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
3
2𝜋
𝑏) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
5
3𝜋
𝑐) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
2
2𝜋
𝑑) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
3
9. Angle of 31π/30 radian is expressed in degree as
𝑎) 186°
𝑏) 196°
𝑐) 166°
𝑑) 176°
10. If s is an arc length that subtends an angle θ in circular measure at the centre of a circle with
radius r, which of the following relation is true?
𝑎) 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 2
𝑏) 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
𝑐) 𝑠 = 𝑟 2 𝜃
𝑟
𝑑) 𝑠 =
𝜃
11. An angle of x° equals
180
𝑎) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑥
𝑥
𝑏) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
180
𝜋𝑥
𝑐) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
180
180𝜋
𝑑) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑥
12. An angle of x radians equals
180𝜋
𝑎) 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝑥
𝑥
𝑏) 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
180𝜋
𝜋𝑥
𝑐) 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
180
180𝑥
𝑑) 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜋
13. Area of a sector of a circle with radius r and subtended andle θ in radian is
1
𝑎) 𝑟 2 𝜃
2
1
𝑏) 𝑟 𝜃 2
2
13
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 1 2 2
𝑐) 𝑟 𝜃
2
1
𝑑) 𝑟𝜃
2
14. Area of a segment of a circle with radius r and subtended andle θ in radian is
1
𝑎) 𝑟 2 𝜃
2
1 2
𝑏) 𝑟 (𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
2
𝑐) 2𝑟 2 𝜃
𝑑) 2𝑟 2 (𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
15.Area of a sector of a circle with radius r with arc length s that subtends an angle θ radians at
centre is
1
𝑎) 𝑟 2 𝜃
2
1
𝑏) 𝑠𝑟
2
𝑐) 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏)
1
𝑑) 𝑠 𝜃
2
16. Which of the following formulae gives the area of a segment? Where θ is angle in radian and
r is radius.
1
𝑎) 𝑟 2 𝜃
2
𝑏) 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑐) 𝑟 2 𝜃
1
𝑑) 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
2
17. Which of the following formulae gives the area of a segment? Where s is arc length and r is
radius.
1 𝑠 𝑠
𝑎) 𝑟 2 ( − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 𝑟 𝑟
1 2
𝑏) 𝑟 (𝑠𝑟 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑟)
2
1 𝑠 𝑠
𝑐) 𝑟 ( − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 𝑟 𝑟
1
𝑑) 𝑟(𝑠𝑟 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑟)
2
18. 17. Which of the following formulae gives the area of a sector? Where s is arc length and r is
radius.
1𝑠
𝑎)
2𝑟
1
𝑏) 𝑠𝑟
2
1 2
𝑐) 𝑠 𝑟
2

14
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 1
𝑑) 𝑠𝑟 2
2
19. If the areas of the segment and sector of a circle are equal then the area is
𝑎) 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑏) 𝜋𝑟 2
1
𝑐) 𝜋𝑟 2
2
1
𝑑) 𝜋𝑟 2
4
20. Area of a sector of a circle with radius r and subtended angle θ° is
1
𝑎) 𝑟 2 𝜃
2
1 2
𝑏) 𝑟 (𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
2
1 2 𝜃𝜋 𝜃𝜋
𝑐) 𝑟 ( − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 180 180
1 𝜃𝜋
𝑑) 𝑟 2
2 180
Answers to the objective questions
01. a) 02. b) 03. c) 04. d) 05. a)
06. b) 07. c) 08. d) 09. a) 10. b)
11. c) 12. d) 13. a) 14. b) 15. c)
16. d) 17. a) 18. b) 19. c) 20. d)

15
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)
 16
(Madhusudan Adhikari, Malarani-8, Arghakhanchi, Nepal)